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2 authors:
Zhantao Li
Ken-ichi Itakura
Ningbo College
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Abstract
To evaluate the unconned compressive strength (UCS) of rocks from drilling data is a promising in-situ method and has been studied
by many researchers. In most studies, experimental methods have been used to determine the relationship between UCS and drilling
data. In this paper, an analytical model is proposed to describe rock drilling processes using drag bits and rotary drills, and to deduce
the relations among rock properties, bit shapes, and drilling parameters (rotary speed, thrust, torque, and stroke). In this model, a
drilling process is divided into cycles, each of which includes two motions: feeding and cutting. Feeding is treated as an indentation
motion. There is a linear relation between indentation pressure (thrust) and the indentation depth (penetration rate). The cutting forces
and friction forces of both the rake surface and the ank surface are examined. Also, a virtual base is set to the model to simulate the
contact surface between the ank surface of the bit and the rock.
According to this model, drilling torque consists of four parts respectively generated from cutting, friction, feeding, and idle running.
Torque caused by friction and idle running is ineffective for drilling, whereas that caused by cutting and indentation is effective. Similar
to torque, specic energy also has four parts respectively from cutting, friction, feeding, and idle running. For the purposes of this study,
effective specic energy is dened as the sum of specic energy consumed by cutting and feeding. Effective specic energy is independent
of the penetration rate. Since it is proportional to the UCS of the rocks, it is not inuenced by the penetration rate, and is more useful in
the evaluation of UCS than other parameters. Some laboratory and eld tests were conducted, and the results veried the usefulness and
effectiveness of the proposed model.
& 2012 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Unconned compression strength; Drilling; Rock cutting theory; Bit wear; Indentation; Effective specic energy (IGC: F00, G14)
1. Introduction
The unconned compressive strength (UCS) of rocks is
important in the design and construction of tunnels and
n
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: lzt2002@gmail.com (Z. Li),
itakura@mmm.muroran-it.ac.jp (K. Itakura).
0038-0806 & 2012 The Japanese Geotechnical Society. Production and
hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Peer review under responsibility of The Japanese Geotechnical Society
doi:10.1016/j.sandf.2012.02.002
coal mines. The measurement of UCS is a costly and timeconsuming task, because high-accuracy rock specimens are
required. Therefore, some in-situ methods to evaluate UCS
have been proposed in recent years. One of these methods
is to evaluate UCS from drilling data using a measurement-while-drilling system (MWD). For this evaluation
task, it is necessary to conclude the relationship between
the UCS and the drilling data. Up to now, most studies
have used experimental methods to conclude empirical
equations. Typically, UCS tests for rock specimens are
performed in the laboratory and drilling data are recorded
and calculated. Then a regression analysis is used to
correlate the UCS with the drilling data (for example:
Teale, 1965; Hoberock and Bratcher, 1996; Finnger et al.,
2000; Kahraman et al., 2003). Rather than a regression
analysis, other studies have used neural networks to
conclude the relations (for example: Utt, 1999; LaBelle
217
T
Te
Ti
218
1 1sin fi
qu
s tan fi :
2
cos fi
Feed
Cutting
r2
1 1sin fi
z
qu :
2n 1 sin c sinc b fi fj
Bit
Qf
Pf
Bit
dF1
p b fi fj
0; c
;
2
dc
2
the minimum value of F1 is achieved, Eq. (4) can be written
as presented below
F1
1
1sin fi
zqu :
n 1 1 cosb fi fj
P1 k1p zqu ;
219
Fig. 2. Geometric and mechanical model for rock cutting (Nishimatsu, 1972).
Table 1
Meanings of signs in Fig. 2.
Sign Meaning
Fj
b
z
c
Sign Meaning
F1
P1
Q1
s, t
Cutting force
Main cutting force of F1 (equivalent to machine torque if consider the distance from the axis)
Back cutting force of F1 (equivalent to thrust)
Stress components of failure plane
Q1 k1q zqu :
1 1sin fi sinb fj
;
n 1 1 cosb fi fj
k1q
1 1sin fi cosb fj
:
n 1 1 cosb fi fj
220
10
11
DN
:
Ddi
12
13
DP
;
Ddi
14
15
z
:
2pr=s
16
qu ki0 IS;
18
Qf
21
22
23
where
r22 r21 1sin fi sinb fj
;
2n 1 1 cosb fi fj
r2 2 r1 2 1sin fi sin b sin fj
kr
;
2n 1 1 cosb fi fj
kit stan fj r2 r1
kf
2p
are coefcients depending on the bit shapes and the rock
properties. Eq. (23) shows that the total drilling torque
kc
r1
221
F 2pT
:
A
Az
25
2pT
:
Az
26
27
222
2pTe
:
Az
28
2p
kc qu kf bqu ;
A
29
TACHOMETER
POTENTIOMETER
TORQUE
DETECTOR
MOTOR
PERSONAL
COMPUTER
TACHOMETER
Drill
Drill
TORQUE
SENSOR
BIT
USB MEMORY
BIT
POTENTIONMETER
COMPUTER
SPECIMEN
LOAD CELL
AMPLIFIER
LOADCELL
DATA LOGGER
223
Brick
Gypsum
Cement
400
Ore rock
Torque [Nm]
Total
Effective
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
Penetration Rate [mm/r]
0.3
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
Penetration Rate [mm/r]
0.2
0.25
Fig. 10. Specic energy and effective specic energy (laboratory experiments).
Table 2
Slopes and intercepts of the penetration ratetorque lines.
Material
UCS (MPa)
Slope
Intercept
Gypsum
Cement
Brick
Sulde ore
0.3
6.5
12
20
0.9087
7.7979
10.803
20.398
0.037
0.444
0.665
0.906
b = 0.1mm
b = 0.5mm
b = 1mm
Torque [Nm]
0
0
0.1
0.2
Penetration Rate [mm/r]
0.3
224
Stinger
Rod
Data
Logger
Table 3
Performance of the drilling machine (trussmaster).
Item
Capacity
Unit
Revolution
Thrust
Torque
Stroke
Air consumption
Height
Air pressure
850900
8.9
251
1.3
28323398
1.82.8
689
RPM
kN
Nm
m
l/min
m
kPa
Detachable
Wheel
225
Study Objecs
No. 13
Core 2
No. 9
No. 17
No. 16
No. 14
No. 5
No. 11 No. 15
No. 8
No. 1
No. 4
Core 1
No. 3
5.5m
55mm core
55mm no core
28mm no core
No. 12
No. 7
No. 10 No. 2
No. 6
85m
75m
Fig. 13. Layout of the drill holes (plan view of RTV roadway).
150
EFFECTIVE
100
4.6
TOTAL
50
10
5
Penetration per Revolution [mm/r]
Fig. 14. Total and effective specic energy. The total one is inverselyproportional to the penetration per revolution, whereas the effective one is
independent of it (eld experiments).
0.45
2.9
80
y = 1.0074x
Fig. 16. Layout of the drill holes (plan view of Adit 20 roadway).
R = 0.8187
UCS [MPa]
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
Effective Specific Energy [MJ/m3]
80
Fig. 15. Proportional relation exists between the drilling specic energy
and UCS.
torque value corresponding to the minimum penetration per revolution. Fig. 14 also shows the effective
specic energy of the same hole. It is independent of
the penetration per revolution. Results for other holes
show similar trends, just as they do in the laboratory.
Therefore, effective specic energy is more reasonable
than the total energy when evaluating drilling efciency
or predicting the UCS of rocks from eld-drilling
mechanical data.
To investigate the relationship between effective
specic energy and UCS, some core specimens were
taken from Core 1 (near No. 14 Hole) in the eld
experiment. In the laboratory, the specimens were
tested for measurement of UCS in accordance with
an established method for conned compression tests
226
30
No. 8
90
60
30
0
30
90
60
Measured UCS [MPa]
120
120
>50 MPa
20~50 MPa
<20 MPa
Crack
No.31
No.30
No.29
No.35
No.34
Core
No.33
Fig. 18. Visualization of the predicted UCS of the rocks along Adit 20 roadway.
227