Network Analysis

Chapter 2 e, Phasor, and

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis
Chien-Jung Li
Department of Electronic Engineering
National Taipei University of Technology

Compound Interest
: P, r, n,
t
nt
r

S = P 1+
n

Let P=10, r/n=10%/12, t=1

S=11,0471

Let P=10, r/n=10%, and n=36, t=1

S=3,091,268

Let P=1, r=1, and t=1

S = 1+
n

When n goes to infinite, S converges to 2.718 (= e)

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Development of Logarithm
Michael Stifel (1487-1567)
, m 3 , m 2 , m 1, m 0 = 1, m1, m 2 , m 3 ,
m 2 m5 = m(
m7

m2

m3

= m(

2+5 )

74)

= m(

2 3 )

= m7
= m3

= m 1 = 1
m

John Napier (1550-1617)

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Definition of dB ()

( )

dB = 10 log (G ) , where G = a b
P
Power gain = 10 log 2 P

(,, ,, ,, dB)

V2
=
20

log
Voltage gain
V

1
Power (dBW) = 10 log P 1-W

( )
Power (dBm) = 10 log ( P
1-mW )
Voltage (dBV) = 20 log (V 1-Volt )

Voltage (dBuV) = 20 log V 1- V

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(,,
.. ,,
dBW
dBW,
dBW, dBm,
dBm, dBV)
dBV)

)
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Eulers Formula
Eulers Formula e jx = cos x + j sin x

(How it comes?)

A real sinusoidal signal v(t) that can be represented as:

v ( t ) = Vp cos (t + ) = Re Vp e

j (t + )

= Re Vp e j e jt

(cosine)

phasor

Phasor ()
V = Vp e

In some textbooks, phasor

def

= Vp

V may be

represented as V

Dont be confused
with Vector () which is commonly

denoted as A
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Definition of e
1

e = lim 1 +
n
n

x
e = lim 1 +
n
n

x
x x2 x3

x
e = lim 1 + = 1 + +
+
+
n
1! 2! 3!
n

Euler played a trick

let x = jx , where j = 1

jx )
(
jx ( jx )
+
+
e = 1+ +
1!
2!
3!
2

jx

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How It Comes
Since j = 1,

j 2 = 1 ,

j 3 = 1, j 4 = 1

jx )
(
jx ( jx )
e = 1+ +
+
+
1!
2!
3!
2

jx

x2 x4
= 1
+
+ +
2! 4!

Use

x2 x4
cos x = 1
+
+
2! 4!

we have

and

e = cos x + j sin x
jx

() e jx = cos x j sin x
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x3 x5
jx
+
+
3! 5!

x3 x5
sin x = x
+
+
3! 5!
e jx + e jx
cos x =
2
e jx e jx
sin x =
2j
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Coordinate Systems
 Cartesian Coordinate System
(, )
r = x2 + y 2
y
= tan1
x

y-axis

(0,y)

 Polar Coordinate System

()
y-axis
Projection
on y-axis
( 0, r sin )

P(x,y)

(x,0)

P(r,)
r

x-axis

x = r cos
y = r sin

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( r cos ,0 )

x-axis

Projection
on x-axis

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Sine Waveform

Go along the circle, the projection on y-axis results in a sine wave.
y-axis

y
P(x,y)

r

x

y
x-axis

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/2

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Cosine Waveform
y-axis

x-axis

/2

3/2

Go along the circle, the projection

on x-axis results in a cosine wave.

Sinusoidal waves relate to a Circle
very closely.

Complete going along the circle to
finish a cycle, and the angle
rotates with 2 rads and you are
back to the original starting-point
and. Complete another cycle
again, sinusoidal waveform in one
period repeats again. Keep going
along the circle, the waveform will
periodically appear.
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Complex Plan (I)

Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) defined the complex plan.
He defined the unit length on Im-axis
Im
is equal to j. ( j = 1)
A complex Z=x+jy can be denoted as (x, yj) on the complex plan.
(sometimes, j may be written as i which represent imaginary)
r = x2 + y 2

Im-axis

= tan1

(0,yj)

Im-axis

y
x

( 0, r sin )

P(x,yj)

(x,0j)

P(r,)
r

Re-axis

( r cos ,0 )

Re-axis

x = r cos
y = r sin

It seems to be the same thing with x-y plan, right?

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Complex Plan (II)

Multiplying j by j and so on:
j = 1

j 2 = 1

j 3 = 1

j4 =1

Im-axis
j
j*j=-1

1*j=j
(-0.2, 0.5j)
(0.5,0.2j)
Re-axis

-1

(-0.5, -0.2j)
(0.2, -0.5j)
-1*j=-j
-j*j=1
-j

Every time you multiply something by j, that thing will rotate

90 degrees.
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Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Sine Waveform
y=rsin

Im-axis
P(x,y)
r

x

y
Re-axis

/2

3/2

To see the cosine waveform, the same operation can be applied

to trace out the projection on Re-axis.
Re
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Phasor Representation (I) Sine Basis

{

v s ( t ) = A sin (t + ) = Im Ae j e jt = Im Ae j e j

Im-axis
time-domain waveform

y=Asin
P(A,)

Re-axis

/2

3/2

= t

Given the phasor denoted as a point on the complex-plan, you

should know it represents a sinusoidal signal. Keep this in
mind, it is very very important!
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Phasor Representation (II) Cosine Basis

{

v s ( t ) = A cos (t + ) = Re Ae j e jt = Re Ae j e j

Im-axis
time-domain waveform

y=Acos
P(A,)

Re-axis

/2

3/2

= t

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Phasor Representation (III)

{
( t ) = A sin (t + ) = Im{A e
( t ) = A sin (t + ) = Im {A e

v1 ( t ) = A1 sin (t + 1 ) = Im A1e j1 e jt
v2
v3

j2

e j t

j3

e jt

}
}
}

Im-axis

A2sin 2

A1sin 1

P(A2,2)

P(A1,1)
1

Re-axis

/2

P(A3,3)

3/2

= t

A3sin 3

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Mathematical Operation
L and C: from time-domain to phasor-domain analysis
de jt
= j e j t
dt

v (t ) = L

1
j t
e
dt
=

j
j t

di ( t )

1 t
v ( t ) = i ( t ) dt
C 0

dt

1
V=
I = ZC I
jC

V = j L I = ZL I

ZL = jL = sL

1
1
ZC =
=
jC sC

(s is the Laplace operator)

s = ( + j ) , here let = 0

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Phasor Everywhere
: Phasor ()
: Phasor ,
: Phasor ,

phasor(complex envelope)
(envelope)(equivalent lowpass signal of
the bandpass signal)PhasorI/Q
I/Q()
(constellation)

You will see Phasor many times in your E.E. life. It just
appears with different names, and it is just a representation
or an analysis technique.
Keep in mind that a phasor represents a signal, its like a
head on your body.
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Simple Relation Between Sine and Cosine

Sine

Cosine

(
)
sin = cos ( 90 )

cos = sin + 90

cos

sin

Negative sine or cosine

/2

3/2

(
)
sin = sin ( + 180 )

cos = cos + 180



Try to transform cos into sine-form:

cos = sin + 90 = sin + 270 = sin 90

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Cosine as a Basis

cosine

v ( t ) = Vp cos t = Re Ve jt

Phasor V = Vp 0

sine

v ( t ) = Vp sin t = Vp cos t = Re Ve jt
2


Phasor V = Vp 90

negative cosine

v ( t ) = Vp cos t = Vp cos (t + ) = Re Ve jt
Phasor

V = Vp 180

negative sine

v ( t ) = Vp sin t = Vp cos t + = Re {Ve jt }

Phasor

V = Vp 90

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Sine as a Basis

cosine

v ( t ) = Vp sin t = Im Ve jt

Phasor V = Vp 0

sine

v ( t ) = Vp cos t = Vp sin t + = Im Ve jt
2


Phasor V = Vp 90

negative cosine

v ( t ) = Vp sin t = Vp sin (t + ) = Im Ve jt
Phasor

V = Vp 180

negative sine

v ( t ) = Vp cos t = Vp sin t = Im Ve jt
2


Phasor V = Vp 90

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Addition of Sinusoidal

A basic property of sinusoidal functions is that the sum of an arbitrary
number of sinusoids of the same frequency is equivalent to a single
sinusoid of the given frequency. It must be emphasized that all sinusoids
must be of the same frequency.

v ( t ) = Vp1 sin (t + 1 ) + Vp 2 sin (t + 2 ) + + Vpn sin (t + n )

v1 ( t )

v 2 (t )

v n (t )

v ( t ) = Vp sin (t + )

V1 = Vp11
V2 = Vp 2 2
Vn = Vpn n
V = V1 + V2 + + Vn
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Example
(

For v1 ( t ) = 20 cos 100t 120

calculate

v 0 ( t ) = v1 ( t ) + v 2 ( t )

use sine function as a basis

) and v ( t ) = 15 sin (100t + 60 )



use cosine function as a basis

V1 = 20 30 = 17.3205 j10

V1 = 20 120 = 10 j 17.321

V2 = 15 120 = 7.5 j 12.9904

V2 = 15150 = 12.9904 + j 7.5

V0 = (17.3205 j 10 ) + ( 7.5 j 12.9904 )

V0 = ( 10 j17.321) + ( 12.9904 + j 7.5 )

= 22.9904 j 9.8205 = 25203.13

= 9.8205 j 22.9904 = 25 66.87

v 0 ( t ) = 25 sin 100t 66.87

(
)
= 25 sin (100t 66.87 )

v 0 ( t ) = 25 cos 100t + 203.13



Choose the basis you like, and the results are identical.
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Steady-state Impedance
Steady-state impedance
Z=

V
= R + jX
I
resistance
reactance

Z = 30 + j 40
R = 30
X = 40

Steady-state admittance
I
Y = = G + jB
Z
conductance
susceptance

Y=

1
= 0.012 j 0.016
30 + j 40

G = 0.012S
X = 0.016S
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Conversion to Phasor-domain
i (t )

v (t )

V = R I

I
R

i (t )

v (t )

V and I are in-phase

V =
I

1
j C

1
I
j C

V lags I by 90o
V

i (t )

V = j L I

v (t )

jL

25/33

V leads I by 90o
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Frequency Response
Z = R + jX = R

Frequency-independent
All pass
V

= 2 f
Z = R + jX =

1
C

Frequency-dependent
High-pass

1
j C

= 2 f
Z = R + jX = L

Frequency-dependent
Low-pass

jL

= 2 f
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Calculate the Impedance (I)

Calculate the impedance of a 0.01-uF capacitor at (a) f=50Hz
(b) 1kHz (c) 1MHz
(a) f = 50 Hz
Z = R + jX = 0 +

X = 318.309 k

1
j C

Z = 318.309 k

(b) f = 1 kHz
Z = R + jX = 0 +
X = 15.92 k

C = 0.01 F

1
= j 318.309 k
j 2 ( 50 ) 0.01 10 6

1
= j 15.92 k
3
6
j 2 1 10 0.01 10

Z = 15.92 k

(c) f = 1 MHz
Z = R + jX = 0 +
X = 15.92
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1
= j 15.92
6
6
j 2 1 10 0.01 10

Z = 15.92
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Calculate the Impedance (II)

Calculate the impedance of a 100-mH inductor at (a) f=50Hz
(b) 1kHz (c) 1MHz
(a) f = 50 Hz
Z = R + jX = 0 + j 2 ( 50 ) 100 103 = j 31.42

X = 31.42

Z = 31.42

(b) f = 1 kHz

jL

X = 628.32

L = 100 mH

Z = R + jX = 0 + j 2 1 103 100 10 3 = j 628.32

Z = 628.32

(c) f = 1 MHz

Z = R + jX = 0 + j 2 1 106 100 10 3 = j 628.32 k

X = 628.32 k
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Z = 628.32 k
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Calculate the Impedance (III)

Calculate the impedance of following circuit at (a) f=50Hz
(b) 1kHz (c) 1MHz
(a) f = 50 Hz
Z = R + jX = 200 +

1
= ( 0.2 j 318.309 ) k
j 2 ( 50 ) 0.01 106

Z = 318.309 k

Z = 318.309k 89.96

R
(b) f = 1 kHz

1
j C
R = 200
C = 0.01 F

Z = R + jX = 200 +

1
= ( 0.2 j 15.92 ) k
3
6
j 2 1 10 0.01 10

Z = 15.92 k

Z = 15.92k 89.26

(c) f = 1 MHz
Z = R + jX = 200 +

1
= ( 200 j 15.92 )
6
6
j 2 1 10 0.01 10

Z = 200.63

Z = 200.63-4.55

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Calculate the Impedance (IV)

Calculate the impedance of following circuit at (a) f=50Hz
(b) 1kHz (c) 1MHz
(a) f = 50 Hz
Z = R + jX = 200 + j 2 ( 50 ) 100 103 = ( 200 + j 31.42 )
Z = 202.45

jL
R = 200
L = 100 mH

Z = 202.458.93

(b) f = 1 kHz

Z = R + jX = 200 + j 2 1 103 100 10 3 = ( 200 + j 628.32 )

Z = 659.38

Z = 659.3872.34

(c) f = 1 MHz

Z = R + jX = 200 + j 2 1 106 100 10 3 = ( 0.2 + j 628.32 ) k

Z = 628.32 k
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Z = 628.32 k89.98
Department of Electronic Engineering, NTUT

Power in AC Circuits
i (t )

i ( t ) = I p sin (t + )
v ( t ) = Vp sin (t + + )

v (t )

Steady-state
AC circuit

Instantaneous power absorbed by the circuit:

p ( t ) = v ( t ) i ( t ) = VpI p sin (t + + ) sin (t + )

Average power:
1 T
1 T
P = p ( t ) dt = v ( t ) i ( t ) dt
T 0
T 0

1 T
= VpI p sin (t + + ) sin (t + ) dt
T 0
1
1
sin A sin B = cos ( A B ) cos ( A + B )
2
2
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Power in AC Circuits
i (t )

Average power:
1 T
P = VpI p sin (t + + ) sin (t + ) dt
T 0

v (t )

Steady-state
AC circuit

VpI p T
T

=
cos

dt

cos
2

t
+
2

dt
(
)
0

2T 0

VpI p
2T

( cos ) t

=
0

VpI p
2T

( cos )T =
V

VpI p cos
2

{ }

1
Re VI
2

V = Vp e

j ( + )

I = I p e j
VI * = VpI p e j

{ }

Re VI * = VpI p cos

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Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value

Define RMS voltage and current as
Vrms =

Vp
2

Irms =

P = Vrms Irms cos =

Ip

(RMS value is also called the effective value)

power factor (PF)

Vp I p
2

cos =

VpI p cos
2

0 cos 1 is define as the power factor (/)

Actual power = Apparent power Power factor
= Vrms Irms cos
When the circuit contains L and C, the current and voltage may not be
in-phase (they can be in-phase if effects of L and C cancelled at the given frequency),
and hence the apparent power may not be totally absorbed by the circuit.
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