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Phone: 1-604-273-7737
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ii
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
This software documentation is copyright 2011 by Softek Services Ltd.
(Richmond, Canada). All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed,
stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any human or computer
language, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, optical,
chemical, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Softek
Services Ltd.
DISCLAIMER
Considerable time, effort, and expense has gone into the development and
documentation of S-CONCRETE for Windows. It has been thoroughly
tested. However, in using the product (including manuals), the user
understands and accepts that no warranty on the accuracy or reliability of the
product is expressed or implied by the developers or distributors. Users must
understand the assumptions used in the product, know its limitations, and
verify their own results.
Softek Services Ltd. disclaims all warranties with regard to the software
contained on diskette or in printed form, including all warranties of
merchantability and fitness; and any stated or expressed warranties are in
lieu of all obligations or liabilities of Softek Services Ltd. for damages,
including, but not limited to special, indirect or consequential damages arising
out of or in connection with the performance of the software.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Microsoft, MS, and MS-DOS are registered trademarks, and Windows is a
trademark of Microsoft Corporation. AutoCAD is a registered trademark of
AutoDesk Inc.
iii
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
Features ........................................................................................ 1
Your S-CONCRETE Package....................................................... 2
Software and Hardware Requirements ......................................... 3
Register for Annual Maintenance .................................................. 3
Technical Support ......................................................................... 4
iv
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction
S-CONCRETE for Windows is a stand-alone product that investigates,
designs, and graphically details reinforced concrete beam, column, and wall
sections. Using the Visual Editor feature, you can change the size of the
section and reinforcing configuration with a click of a mouse button. Using
the Automated Design feature, S-CONCRETE can generate section sizes
and find a suitable reinforcing configuration with minimal input. The design
and detailing will conform to various building codes and industry standards.
The following building standards are supported: CSA-A23.3 2004 & 1994
(Canadian), ACI 318 2005, 2002, & 1999 (American), UBC 1997 (American),
BS 8110: 1997 & 1985 (British), and CP65: 1999 (Singapore).
S-CONCRETE supports shear and torsion design in accordance with various
building standards. For those who are familiar with the Canadian Standard,
S-CONCRETE also supports both the "Simplified and the General" method
of shear and torsion design as defined in the CSA Standard A23.3. The
General" method, in turn, is based on the Modified Compression Field
Theory (MCFT). The MCFT is an attempt to capture the essential features of
the behavior of cracked reinforced concrete subjected to shear - a complex
phenomenon.
1.1
Features
ACI 318-05, ACI 318-02, and ACI 318-99 (American Standards), UBC
1997 (American Code), CSA-A23.3-04 & CSA-A23.3-94 (Canadian
Standards), BS 8110:1997 and 1985 (British Standards), and CP65: 1999
(Singapore Standard).
Chapter 1 Introduction
For beams and columns, shear and torsion support for all standards
including both the Simplified and General Method of shear & torsion
design as defined in CSA-A23.3. For wall sections including I-Shapes, TShapes, and L-Shapes, torsion is evaluated and checked against the limit
for torsion to be neglected. For C-Shapes, torsion is resolved into shear
forces applied to the flanges and the panels/flanges are evaluated
separately for shear resistance.
1.2
License agreement
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3
Fast hard disk (7200 rpm) with at least 200 MB of free disk space
1.4
If you register your product for annual maintenance, you will receive technical
assistance via fax and telephone at no additional cost. S-CONCRETE users
receive assistance from a staff of technical experts who have extensive
experience in structural engineering and engineering mechanics. Our
technical support line is (604) 273-7737. S-CONCRETE users with annual
maintenance receive all the updates with enhancements and new features at
no additional cost. The updates are usually minor revisions between major
new releases. Upon request as a registered user, you will also receive
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.5
Technical Support
For technical support, please contact the sales and technical support center
in your region. A list of regional sales and technical support centers can be
found on our website (www.s-frame.com) or simply email us at support@sframe.com.
2.1
Menu Bar
Every drop-down menu has commands. The mouse offers the simplest way
to use the menus. To choose a menu item, point the mouse to the title of the
menu and click with the left mouse button to open the menu. Drag the
mouse pointer to the command you want and click with the left mouse button.
You can also use the keyboard to select commands by pressing the ALT
button together with the "trigger letter". The trigger letter is underlined.
When you choose a command that is not followed by ellipses (), the
command is performed immediately. When commands with ellipses are
selected, a dialog box appears prompting you for more information. Use the
dialog box to enter additional information. Commands that are currently
unavailable are dimmed.
2.2
Tool Bars
The Tool Bar provides buttons for quick access to commonly used menu
commands. Clicking a button is equivalent to choosing a command. These
buttons are associated with "Tool Tips". When you point to a button and
pause, the name of the tool will appear. See List of Tools below for a
description of each tool.
The Tool Bar also displays the Overall Status, Shear and Torsion Utilization,
and Axial Load and Moment (N vs M) Utilization. For more information on
Status Levels and Utilizations, refer to Chapter 2.3.
The Tool Bar also contains other information which are described below:
Section Type:
Section Name: This text box can be used to enter or edit the name of the
section.
Job #:
This text box can be used to enter or edit the job number for
the section.
Visual Editor
If checked, you can use the Visual Editor to alter the section
(dimensions, reinforcing, and material properties). You may
want to uncheck this box when youre almost done to prevent
accidental changes.
List of Tools
File Menu
New
Open
Save As
Print Preview
Export File
(DXF)
Add to
Document
Export to
WORD/TEDDS
Document
View Menu
Zoom In
Zoom Out
Zoom Extents
Reset Drawing
Zoom Window
Edit Menu
Section
Reinforcing
Loads
Custom Bars
Settings Menu
Increments
Colors
Preferences
Run Menu
Design
Constraints
Automated
Design
To perform automated design for the section. SCONCRETE will make changes if and where
required to make the section more efficient and
acceptable according to the chosen building
standard.
Analyze / Code
Check
N vs M
Diagram
Help Menu
Help
10
2.3
2.3.1 Utilization
S-CONCRETE computes two types of strength utilizations: (1) shear and
torsion utilization and (2) axial load and moment (N vs M) utilization.
Typically, utilization equals to the applied force or moment divided by the
capacity of the section. However, for shear and torsion, special conditions
apply depending on the building standard chosen.
V
e.g. Utilization = u
Vr
or
Mu
Mr
11
Acceptable
Acceptable
Warning
Borderline
Unacceptable
Borderline
Unacceptable
12
2.4
The drawing window is the region below the horizontal tool bar. Here you will
find a detailed drawing showing the section dimensions, reinforcing
configuration, material properties, section properties, and code check results
(if applicable). The section is drawn to scale and complete in every detail.
S-CONCRETE supports an interactive design and detailing feature known as
the Visual Editor. With this feature, you can change the size of the section by
simply dragging the outline of the section. You can also change the
reinforcing configuration by clicking the appropriate text (or "hot spot") with
the left or right mouse button. The Visual Editor is described in Figure 2 for
an L-Beam.
Not all the text in every information window is an active hot-spot. The
majority of the text is there to display information for reference purposes only.
Some text are active hot-spots where you can change the value with a click
13
2.5
Quick Start
The following steps will help you become familiar with the essential tools in
creating, editing, and reviewing a section in S-CONCRETE.
14
Make the choices that best describes the new section and click the Ok
button. S-CONCRETE will generate a new section with the appropriate
parameters initialized. It will also assign default material properties, section
dimensions, and reinforcing configurations. This new section also becomes
your default section every time you start S-CONCRETE.
Tool
Description
Note:
The Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4) can also be used to adjust the
section parameters including dimensions, reinforcing, and material
properties.
15
16
17
3.1
Tool
Menu Item
Description
New
Open
Save
Save As
Exit
18
3.2
Tool
Menu Item
Description
Print Setup
Print Preview
3.3
S-CONCRETE can import load cases and load combinations from other
structural analysis software like S-FRAME and P-FRAME (products of Softek
Services Ltd.). This is accomplished through TIM files. S-FRAME and P-
19
FRAME can generate TIM files. The procedure outlined below should be
followed if you plan to use TIM files.
Step
Description
From the File Menu, choose Import and specify a valid TIM
filename. If no errors are found, S-CONCRETE will populate the
loads spreadsheet and perform a code check.
Up to 20,000 load cases can be imported. If the TIM file
contains more than 20,000 load cases, you will need to break up
the TIM file manually or generate separate TIM files using SFRAME or P-FRAME.
Note:
3.4
20
"zoomed into" a particular region. Furthermore, it will try to use the same
scale as the one depicted on the screen including text size.
You have a number of options when you generate a DXF file and these are
described below. For more information on the use of "layers", please refer to
the reference manual of your drafting software. See Figure 6 for a sample
set of layers and color assignments.
21
unique. The colors assigned for each layer can be changed in Settings
Colors (Chapter 8.2).
DXF Shading
You have the option to "apply" shading in the drawing when the DXF file is
generated. If you want shading, check the "DXF Shading" box.
DXF File (Button)
After assigning layer names, you are ready to generate the DXF file. Click
the button labeled "DXF File" to create the file. You will be prompted to enter
a filename.
Reset Button
To reset the layer names, click the "Reset" button. S-CONCRETE will reassign the layer names to default values.
Drafting Software
To import the DXF file into your drafting software, you should first create a
new drawing and then import the drawing into the application with a "DXFin"
command. The application will then prompt you for a filename with a default
extension of DXF. Enter the filename and the drawing should appear on the
screen. If you import the DXF file into an existing drawing, the layers defined
in the DXF file will be ignored and the scale of the drawing stored in the DXF
file may not match the existing drawing. S-CONCRETE supports AutoCAD
Release 14 and later.
3.5
22
23
24
25
4.1
Section
26
Parameter
Options
Description
Units
Metric
US / Imperial
ACI 1999
ACI 2002
ACI 2005
BS8110 1985
BS8110 1997
CP65 1999
CSA 1994
CSA 2004
UBC 1997
American
British
Canadian
Custom
Korean
Singapore
Max
Utilization
Shear
Method
Simplified
Code
Bar Type
27
For braced frames, according to the commentary for Clause 8.6.1 of ACI 318,
it is common practice to assign gross EI values for all members or, to use
half the gross EI for beams and the gross EI for columns. For unbraced
frames, a different set of effective section properties should be used for both
beams and columns (see Clause 10.11.1 of ACI 318 or Clause 10.14.1 of
CSA-A23.3).
For beams, S-CONCRETE gives you the option to ignore the flange when
computing the centroid and moment of inertia in the strong direction, Ig (y-y).
Check the box if you wish to ignore the flange for such calculations. If you
choose to ignore the flange, S-CONCRETE will still take into consideration
the flange for moment capacity calculations. However, the location of the
centroid will be that of a rectangular section which, in turn, affects the location
of the applied axial load (if any).
28
Material Properties
Gc =
Ec
2 (1 + )
For more information on the values assigned to Ec and Es, see Material
Properties topics in the Help Menu.
Quick Calc (N vs M)
S-CONCRETE takes two approaches when generating axial load and
moment interaction diagrams (a) direct integration or quick calc method,
(b) elemental method. The direct integration method is based on first
principles where the stress block and associated forces is determined by way
of integrating the stress over the section area directly. It is a relatively fast
and accurate method. The elemental method is based on slicing the
section into numerous rectangles and integrating the stress over these
elemental areas to get the forces and moments. This method is generally
slower and less accurate but reliable as a secondary check for the first
method. To use the Quick Calc method, check the appropriate box in the
window.
29
4.1.2 Beams
Dimensions
You can enter or modify the section dimensions numerically. The diagram on
the right side of the screen (Figure 9) illustrates the variable location in the
section. It is also possible to edit the section dimensions graphically using
the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4).
Clear Cover
Clear cover is the concrete cover to the stirrup or link.
30
Code Check
By default, S-CONCRETE will perform bar spacing checks and crack control
checks. If for some reason you do not want these checks to be performed,
you can switch off these checks by checking the appropriate box.
Exposure
For ACI, UBC, and CSA Standards only, you can specify interior or exterior
exposure for the section. This has implications on the crack control check (if
applicable).
4.1.3 Columns
Dimensions
You can enter or modify the section dimensions numerically. The diagram on
the right side of the screen (Figure 10) illustrates the variable location in the
section. It is also possible to edit the section dimensions graphically using
the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4).
Clear Cover (Outer and Inner)
Outer Clear cover is the concrete cover to the tie or link measured from the
outermost perimeter of the section. If a hole is specified, the Inner Clear
Cover is the concrete cover that should be provided to the main reinforcing
bars measured from the perimeter of the hole. If S-CONCRETE determines
that insufficient inside cover is provided to a vertical bar, that bar will be
rendered ineffective for axial load and moment capacity calculations. The
main drawing will also indicate which bars are ineffective (Figure 11).
31
Adjustments
For CSA, ACI, and UBC Standards only, S-CONCRETE can make
adjustments to the axial load and moment interaction diagrams to account for
steel ratios less than 1%. If you do not check this box, the lower limit for steel
ratios is 1% or a warning is issued. Otherwise, if you check this box, the
lower limit for steel ratios goes down to 0.5% and the interaction diagram is
conservatively adjusted according to the building standard.
32
For British and Singapore Standards only, you can specify an upper limit for
the axial load capacity, Nu (max) based on Clause 3.8.4.3 or Clause 3.8.4.4.
You can also choose neither clause and specify none for Nu (max).
Minimum Moments
If you select Yes to apply minimum moments, S-CONCRETE will compute
the minimum moments according to the specified building standard and apply
it in the direction of the applied moment (if required). If No, S-CONCRETE
will not compute or apply minimum moments whatsoever.
If you specify an applied moment of zero (i.e. M = 0), S-CONCRETE will
neither assign a minimum moment nor attempt to magnify the moment. The
program will only apply slenderness effects and assign minimum moments to
load cases with an applied moment greater than zero (i.e. |M| > 0). For
biaxial bending, it will apply the minimum moment in the direction of the larger
moment.
33
Hole Parameters
In S-CONCRETE, you have the option to add a rectangular or circular hole in
the column. You will need to specify the dimensions of the hole. The hole
size cannot exceed one half of the column dimension which is a practical
upper limit. The hole size is also checked to see if it meets the specified
building standard.
Structural Steel Shape
In S-CONCRETE, you have the option create a composite column by adding
a steel shape (I-beams only). If you choose to add a steel shape, you will not
be able to add a hole. Check the box labeled Include Steel Shape to add a
steel shape into your section. Check the box labeled Add to Shear
Resistance if you wish to add the shear capacity of the steel shape to the
shear resistance provided by the concrete. The orientation of the steel shape
can be changed by selecting I Configuration or H Configuration. If you
choose to use steel tables, you can pick a table from our database CISC,
AISC, British, European, Australian, Japanese, etc. After selecting a table,
you would pick a section from that table using the list box containing the
names of the sections. The section dimensions will be displayed below.
To create a custom steel shape, uncheck the box labeled Use Steel Tables if
available (Composite Columns) in Settings Preferences, Chapter 8.3. In this
case, you will be able to specify the exact dimensions of the steel shape (d, b,
w, t) and assign a name to the steel shape.
Slenderness Effects
You have the choice to apply slenderness effects or moment magnification
(P-Delta) between the ends of a "braced" column. If "Yes", S-CONCRETE
will magnify the moments entered in Edit Loads (Chapter 4.3) in each
principal direction using the appropriate effective length and stiffness. If "No",
the program will assume the moments entered already include slenderness
effects. See also Moment Magnification topics in the Help Menu. SCONCRETE assumes that slenderness effects (P-Delta) caused by lateral
drift are already included in the moments entered in the spreadsheet (e.g.
columns in sway frames).
k or Beta is the effective length factor applied to the unsupported length
"Lu" or "Lo" for bending about the y-y or z-z axis. The effective length (kLu
34
4.1.4 Walls
Dimensions
You can enter or modify the section dimensions numerically. The diagram
next to the dimensions in Figure 12 illustrates the variable location in the
section. It is also possible to edit the section dimensions graphically using
the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4).
35
Changing the orientation does not change the direction of the Y and Z axes.
Section properties are computed with respect to the Y and Z axes and takes
into account the orientation.
For I-Shapes, you can work with rectangular shapes only by checking the
appropriate box. You can also make the I-Shape symmetric in terms of
dimensions and reinforcing by checking the appropriate box. For non-
36
seismic regions, you can also code check the wall using the Empirical Design
Method as outlined in the building standard (CSA, UBC, or ACI only) by
checking the appropriate box. See also Empirical Design Method topics in
the Help Menu.
Slenderness Effects
You have the choice to apply slenderness effects or moment magnification
(P-Delta) between the ends of a "braced" wall. If "Yes", S-CONCRETE will
magnify the moments entered in Edit Sectional Loads (Chapter 4.3) in each
principal direction using the appropriate effective length and stiffness. If "No",
the program will assume the moments entered already include slenderness
effects. S-CONCRETE assumes that slenderness effects (P-Delta) caused
by lateral drift are already included in the moments entered in the
spreadsheet (e.g. columns in sway frames). Moment Magnification is not
applied for panel loads.
k or Beta is the effective length factor applied to the unsupported length
"Lu" or "Lo" for bending about the y-y or z-z axis. The effective length (kLu
or Le) is used to compute the magnified moments (slenderness effects).
"EI" is the effective stiffness to be used for slenderness effects calculations
(for ACI, UBC, CSA codes only). It is computed as a fraction of the gross
moment of inertia (Ig) times the elastic modulus of concrete (Ec). You would
enter the fraction (conservatively taken as 0.25). See also Moment
Magnification topics in the Help Menu.
Seismic Parameters
CSA 1994 and CSA 2004
hw
R (1994)
Rd (2004)
Plastic Hinge
Duct. Cut-Off
37
Ro (2004)
Df (2004)
Coupled
no, about y-y & z-z, about y-y only, or about z-z only
(2004)
UBC 1997
hw
Region
Nmax
Phi (shear)
Boundary
38
Element
Method
ACI 1999 (low risk seismic zone only), ACI 2002 and ACI 2005
hw
Region / Risk
Phi (shear)
Boundary
Element
Method
du / hw
du = design displacement
4.2
Reinforcing
39
4.2.1 Beams
40
Stirrups / Links
Stirrup/link bar size and spacing can be specified here including hook angle.
If you wish to add stirrups/links to the section, you will need to check the
Apply box. If you want the stirrups/links to be closed, check the box labeled
Closed; otherwise, the configuration will be open stirrups/links. You can
specify as many stirrup/legs as you wish and as low as one stirrup/link leg. A
possible configuration with one stirrup/link leg is illustrated in Figure 15 for a
concrete joist.
When four (4) stirrup/link legs are specified, you have the option to specify
two sets of stirrups/links (Double Set) of the same configuration or two sets of
stirrups/links of different configuration. This is illustrated in Figure 16. Check
the box labeled Double Set if you wish to specify two sets of the same
configuration. The Double Set may be appropriate for small beams and, if
closed, all four legs of stirrups/links will be effective to resist shear and
torsion as opposed to the other configuration where only the exterior legs are
effective to resist torsion.
41
Face Steel
Face steel or skin steel can be specified here including bar size and spacing.
If you wish to add face steel to the section, you will need to check the Apply
box. If you want the face steel applied to each face of the section (Figure
16), check the box labeled Each Face; otherwise, S-CONCRETE will insert
the face steel at the centre-line of the section only (Figure 15). If you want to
include face steel in the axial load and moment interaction diagram
calculations, check the box labeled N vs M.
Scale Check Box
In Figure 14 below the Help button, there is a check box labeled Scale
(stirrups or links). If checked, the stirrup/link thickness will be drawn to scale
in the main drawing; otherwise, it will be drawn using one pixel width to
represent the stirrup/link bar size.
42
4.2.2 Columns
Vertical Bars
In this part of the window, you can specify the splice type. For a visual
representation of these splice types, see Figure 18. Tangential and radial
splices are lap splices that are applicable to columns subjected to
compression or tension. For bearing splices, the loads are transmitted
directly from bar to bar in end bearing, so it is applicable to columns
subjected to compression only. A mechanical splice may be a tension
coupler or a similar device that is capable of transmitting tension and
compression. To meet bar spacing requirements in a given section, the
bearing or mechanical splice would allow the greatest number of vertical bars
as compared to a tangential splice (least number of vertical bars allowed).
For rectangular tie/link configurations (Figure 17), you can specify one bar
size for all of the vertical bars. You will also need to specify the number of
bars in each direction (Ny and Nz) and the number of layers. Figure 19
Illustrates a relatively large column with two layers of bars. There is an upper
limit to the number of layers before the column is saturated with vertical
bars. If you specify a higher number, S-CONCRETE automatically resets the
number of layers to this upper limit.
43
44
For circular tie/link configurations (Figure 20) or spiral configurations, you can
specify up to two layers of bars and one bar size for each layer of vertical
bars. The first layer is the outermost layer and the second layer is the next
layer separated by the clear distance, dz, between layers of vertical bars.
You can specify a value for dz, or it can be computed by checking the
appropriate box. You can also specify a different number of bars for each
layer. This is illustrated in Figure 21.
Horizontal Bars
In this part of the window, you can specify the horizontal bar configuration
rectangular, circular, or spiral. If the configuration is rectangular (Figure 17
and Figure 19), you will need to specify the tie/link bar size and spacing, hook
angle for the ties/links and for single cross-hooks. When diamond
configurations are implemented, you can switch this option off by unchecking
the appropriate box. S-CONCRETE will then use a more conventional tie/link
configuration. Diamond configurations may provide less shear resistance as
compared to the conventional tie/link configuration. If the configuration is
circular (Figure 20 and Figure 21) or spiral, you will need to specify the tie/link
st
nd
or spiral bar sizes for the 1 and 2 layer and the spacing or pitch for each
layer. Horizontal bars for each layer of vertical bars can have different bar
sizes and spacing/pitch.
45
46
Every zone type can be oriented at a different angle. See below for more
information on Zone Angles. Some zone types located in a specific location
in a wall section cannot be oriented at a particular angle. As a consequence,
certain angles will not be made available for selection purposes.
You can assign a "Zone Label" to a given zone. This label will be used in the
main drawing for reference purposes. You can also assign a splice type for
the zone tangential, radial, bearing, or mechanical (see Figure 18). Vertical
bar size, tie/link bar size and spacing can be assigned to a given zone. You
can also remove the ties/links for a zone by specifying "None" for the tie/link
bar size.
You can specify the clear spacing limit (Scl) between vertical bars. If
exceeded, every vertical bar shall be laterally supported by the corner of a
tie/link or cross hook; otherwise, every corner and alternate vertical bar shall
be laterally supported. By checking the appropriate box, this clear spacing
limit (Scl) can be computed, instead, based on the building code selected.
47
48
49
Description
Ni
Si
Wi
Refer to the figures below for sample sets of zone bars and spacing for all
three zone types at a zone angle of 0 degrees.
50
51
52
Up/Down hooks are typically used to firmly anchor the horizontal bars into
the zone for seismic purposes. The hook is into-the-plane of the drawing
which is illustrated below.
In Figure 26 below the Help button, there is a check box labeled Scale (horz
bars). If checked, the horizontal bar thickness will be drawn to scale in the
main drawing; otherwise, it will be drawn using one pixel width to represent
the bar size. You can also check the box labeled Vertical Bars Outside to
place vertical bars outside of the horizontal bars as illustrated above for two
curtains of reinforcing. It is also possible to include vertical bars in axial load
and moment (N vs M) interaction diagram calculations by checking the
appropriate box. Otherwise, only zone reinforcing will be included in N vs M
diagram calculations.
4.3
In this window, you can edit/modify the factored loads applied to the section
or individual panels for walls. This information is entered into a spreadsheet
(Figure 27). Figure 27 is a spreadsheet used for columns. It is similar to that
used for other member types like rectangular beams. For walls, you will also
have the option to enter panel loading. Up to 20,000 load cases can be
entered for sectional loading and 20,000 load cases for panel loading.
The contents of the spreadsheet depends on the section type and whether or
not slenderness effects should be computed or not. For T-beams and Lbeams, bending about the strong axis only is permitted plus shear forces,
axial load and torsion (if applicable). For rectangular beams, rectangular
columns, and circular columns, biaxial bending is supported plus shear
53
forces, axial load and torsion (if applicable). For walls, biaxial bending is
supported plus shear forces, axial load and torsion (if applicable).
M resultant =
M y2 + M z2 and Vresultant =
Vy2 + Vz2
54
where
Single Curvature
C=
0.6 + 0.4
m
M1
M2
Double Curvature
Cm =
0.6 0.4
M1
0.4
M2
55
the axial loads during strength evaluation processes and ignore the axial
loads entered in the spreadsheet.
Load Type
For walls, you will also need to define the load type - wind, seismic, or other for each load case (Figure 28). Only the load cases that are designated as
seismic will be used to evaluate seismic provisions, if applicable. Seismic
shear forces entered here may also be magnified (see below).
56
4.4
57
Custom Bars
In this window, you enter custom bar properties bar designation, bar
diameters, and bar cross-sectional areas. If none of the standard bar types
listed in Edit Section (Chapter 4.1.1) suits your needs, select "Custom" for
your bar type and create a set of custom bars here (Figure 29) to be used for
your section.
You should assign a "Bar Type" to describe your set of custom bars. You
may want to enter a bar delimiter for bar designations (e.g. 2-No 8 where "-"
is the bar delimiter). You can also add a "space before and after" the
delimiter by checking the appropriate box.
When entering bar diameters, you can get S-CONCRETE to compute the
areas by clicking the "Compute Areas" button. Similarly, when entering bar
areas, you can get S-CONCRETE to compute the diameters by clicking the
58
5.1
Tool
Name
Description
Zoom In
Zoom Out
Zoom Extents
59
60
Reset Drawing
5.2
Zoom Window
Click this button on the tool bar to Zoom Window.
61
5.3
Display Options
Various items can be displayed in the main drawing. You have the option to
toggle on/off any or all of these items for a give section.
62
To toggle on/off an item, choose that item under the View menu until a check
appears beside the item (to toggle the item on) or the check is removed (to
toggle the item off).
Most of the items are displayed in information text boxes located in the main
drawing. You can also close these information text boxes using the Visual
Editor (Chapter 2.4) by clicking on the upper right corner of the window. This
is equivalent to toggling the item off.
63
6.1
Design Constraints
In the Design Constraints window (Figure 32 or Figure 33), you can enter or
modify various constraints that will be used in Automated Design (Chapter
6.2). S-CONCRETE will use these constraints in the Automated Design
process if appropriate. These constraints will not be applied elsewhere like in
the Visual Editor. For example, if you check the box labeled "Freeze" next to
beam or column Width (b), you can still change the width of the beam or
column using the Visual Editor (Chapter 2.4) or numerically in Edit Section
(Chapter 4.1). However, S-CONCRETE will not change the width of the
beam or column in the Automated Design process.
64
You can also set lower and upper limits for the size of the top and bottom
bars, stirrups/links, and face steel. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will
take into consideration these limits if it becomes necessary to change the bar
size. Many factors should be considered when you set bar sizes such as bar
availability, development or anchorage length, labor costs to assemble
reinforcing cages, etc. You can also Freeze the size of the currently
selected bar in Automated Design by checking the appropriate box.
65
66
You can also set lower and upper limits for the size of the column ties/links
and vertical bars. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will take into
consideration these limits if it becomes necessary to change the bar size.
Many factors should be considered when you set bar sizes such as bar
availability, development or anchorage length, labor costs to assemble
reinforcing cages, etc. You can also Freeze the size of the currently
selected bar in Automated Design by checking the appropriate box. You can
also Freeze the splice type selected for the column.
67
You can also set lower and upper limits for the steel ratio (As/Ag). If the
amount of steel is not within the ranges specified here, S-CONCRETE will
adjust the reinforcing and/or column dimensions if applicable. The limits
specified here are only guidelines. S-CONCRETE will use these guidelines
when and if appropriate in Automated Design to make the section more
efficient.
If a structural steel shape is specified creating a composite column, you can
set lower and upper limits on the shape width (b) and depth (d). You can also
freeze the shape dimensions by checking the appropriate box.
You can set lower and upper limits for the concrete compressive strength (fcu
or fc), yield strength of steel (fy) for vertical bars, and yield strength of steel
(fy) for ties/links. These limits may be code related or controlled by other
factors such as material availability. In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE
will take into consideration these limits if and when it finds it necessary to
change material properties. You can also Freeze the current selected
material properties by checking the appropriate box.
In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will cycle through a number of iterations
to find an acceptable and cost-effective solution. The iteration process will
continue until (1) a solution is found, (2) no more changes are made, or (3)
the maximum number of iterations have been reached. The Max No. of
Iterations can be set here. Typical design scenarios would take less than 20
iterations.
When determining or altering column dimensions in Automated Design, SCONCRETE will use the Optimal b/h Ratio specified here. It will try to make
the column dimensions fit the ratio entered here.
68
selected bar in Automated Design by checking the appropriate box. You can
also Freeze the splice type selected for the zone vertical bars.
69
You can set lower and upper limits for the concrete compressive strength (fcu
or fc), yield strength of steel (fy) for vertical bars, and yield strength of steel
(fy) for horizontal bars. These limits may be code related or controlled by
other factors such as material availability. In Automated Design, SCONCRETE will take into consideration these limits if and when it finds it
necessary to change material properties. You can also Freeze the current
selected material properties by checking the appropriate box.
In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE will cycle through a number of iterations
to find an acceptable and cost-effective solution. The iteration process will
continue until (1) a solution is found, (2) no more changes are made, or (3)
the maximum number of iterations have been reached. The Max No. of
Iterations can be set here. Typical design scenarios would take less than 20
iterations.
6.2
Automated Design
70
6.3
71
73
7.1
Results Report
This command will display numerical and graphical results in a Report (Figure
36). The Report contains numerous segments depending on the section
type. You have the option to "switch off" many of these segments. To
"switch off" a segment, uncheck the appropriate box at the top of the Report.
The first segment (Summary) and the last segment (List of Messages) cannot
be "switched off". The text or labels at the top of the window (e.g. Properties)
are hyperlinks. When clicked, the appropriate segment is displayed. The
segments are described in more detail later (Chapters 7.1.2 to 7.1.4). It is
also possible to edit the Report (Chapter 7.1.1) where you can add pictures,
change the location of pictures in the Report, hide lines in the Report, and
add page breaks in the Report. See below for a description of the Tool
Buttons available in the Results Report window (Figure 36).
Tool Buttons
Print the Report or send the Report directly to the printer.
Print Preview (see below for more information).
Add to Document (the numerical portion of the Report only) to the
document list in Export to WORD/TEDDS Document (Chapter 3.5).
Export to HTML File which includes pictures and text.
Help
74
Print Preview
To preview the Report, click the Print Preview tool (Figure 37). In this
window, you have a few options. To zoom in and out, point to the page with
your mouse and click. Use the scroll bar to view other pages in the Report.
Click the button labeled Normal View to return to the normal window (Figure
36).
75
76
this window, you will be able to insert bitmaps into the Report, add page
breaks, and hide rows/lines in the Report.
To add bitmaps to the Report, you must first create a list of bitmaps by
clicking the Add to Document button in: (1) the main window (Figure 1) to
add section drawings and/or (2) the N vs M diagram window (Chapter 7.2) to
add axial load and moment interaction diagrams. By default, section
drawings are inserted at the top of the Report and N vs M diagrams are
77
added to the bottom of the Report. To modify the names given to these
bitmaps or to delete these bitmaps, you will need to execute File Export to
WORD/TEDDS Document (Chapter 3.5).
When inserting bitmaps into the Report, you must: (1) select a bitmap from
the list box, (2) specify the row number where the bitmap will be inserted, (3)
enter an appropriate size (# rows) for the bitmap, (4) select a justification for
the bitmap (center, left, or right), (5) insert a Page Break at the top of the
bitmap (optional) by checking the box labeled Insert Page Break, and (6)
click the button Assign Bitmap Info to insert the bitmap into the Report.
Page Breaks can also be inserted anywhere in the Report. To insert a
Page Break, specify the Row # where you would like to see a page break
and click the button labeled Assign Page Break. The letter P will appear
beside the row number on the left side of the window (Figure 38). To clear all
the page breaks, click the button labeled Clear All Page Breaks. When a
page break is inserted at the same location where a bitmap is inserted, the
page break will be executed at the bottom of the bitmap. To insert a page
break at the top of the bitmap, check the box labeled Insert Page Break for
that bitmap.
You can also hide rows/lines of the Report. Simply specify a range of lines
and click the Assign Hidden Rows button. The letter H will appear beside
the row number on the left side of the window (Figure 38). To clear all hidden
rows, click the button labeled Clear All Hidden Rows.
When done, click the Apply button to close the editor and return to the
Results Report window. To close Results Report all together, click the
Close button. Use Print Preview to check the contents of the Report.
78
utilization, and axial load and moment (N vs M) utilizations for positive and
negative moments if applicable.
Properties
Properties include: section dimensions, concrete and steel quantities,
material properties, gross section properties, and effective section properties.
Material properties include: concrete and steel strengths and densities,
Poisson's ratio, maximum aggregate size (hagg), modulus of steel and
concrete, and modulus of rupture (fr). Gross section properties include:
distance to centroid ( z and y ), gross area (Ag), moment of inertia (Ig),
shear area (Ashear), torsional constant (Jg or Cg), and cracking moment
(Mcr) based on Ig and fr. Effective section properties are displayed for your
reference only. These values may be used to create your structural analysis
model in S-FRAME or P-FRAME. See also Chapter 4.1.1.
79
Reinforcing
Reinforcing includes: top and bottom bars, stirrups/links, face steel, clear
cover specified, and for beams not subjected to biaxial bending min/max
areas of steel. See also Min and Max Steel Areas for Beams topics in the
Help Menu.
Design Loads
For beams not subjected to biaxial bending, the design loads represent
bending about the strong axis or y-y axis. For rectangular beams subjected
to biaxial bending, the design loads are displayed which include the biaxial
bending moments but it also displays the resultant moment applied at a
specific angle, theta (measured counter-clockwise with respect to the
horizontal). See Figure 39 for clarification on resultant moment and theta.
Uniaxial Bending
80
Biaxial Bending
Uniaxial Bending
Biaxial Bending
81
82
Clear vertical and horizontal spacing between bars is evaluated when and if
applicable. Clear spacing requirements depend on the building standard.
See also Detailing Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
The top and bottom bar regions are evaluated for crack control requirements
according to the chosen building standard and beam exposure (if applicable).
If the region is subjected to tensile stresses, it will be evaluated accordingly.
Face steel is also evaluated for crack control purposes if applicable.
83
The specified yield strength of steel (fy) must fall within an acceptable range
of values according to the specified building standard. The specified
concrete strength (fc or fcu) and concrete density (W c or Dc) must also fall
within an acceptable range of values. S-CONCRETE will issue a warning if
these material properties are not within an acceptable range of values. See
also Material Properties topics in the Help Menu.
Reinforcing Bars
84
List of Messages
At the end of the Report, S-CONCRETE will display messages that are
associated with status levels greater than acceptable. Every message is
assigned a number so you can link the message to a particular segment in
the Report. Where possible, each message also references a particular
clause or clauses in the appropriate building standard. For a complete list of
messages, refer to the appropriate topic in the Help Menu.
85
Properties
Properties include: section dimensions including hole (if applicable), concrete
and steel quantities, material properties, gross section properties, effective
section properties and steel shape properties (if applicable). Material
properties include: concrete and steel strengths and densities, Poisson's
ratio, maximum aggregate size (hagg), modulus of steel and concrete, and
modulus of rupture (fr). Gross section properties include: distance to centroid
( z and y ), gross area (Ag), moment of inertia (Ig), shear area (Ashear), and
torsional constant (Jg or Cg). Effective section properties are displayed for
your reference only. These values may be used to create your structural
analysis model in S-FRAME or P-FRAME. See also Chapter 4.1.1. Steel
shape properties include: the steel strength (Fy), shape area (At), and shape
moments of inertia (It) in each direction.
86
Reinforcing
Reinforcing includes: vertical bars, ties/links, and clear covers (outside and
inside).
Design Loads
87
88
Intermediate values are displayed for reference purposes including shear and
torsion parameters. Tie/link spacing is also evaluated based on the
shear/torsion provisions of the code. Maximum shear and torsional stress
applied is also evaluated.
89
90
Properties
Properties include: section dimensions, concrete and steel quantities,
material properties, gross section properties, and effective section properties.
Material properties include: concrete and steel strengths and densities,
Poisson's ratio, maximum aggregate size (hagg), modulus of steel and
concrete, and modulus of rupture (fr). Gross section properties include:
distance to centroid ( z and y ), gross area (Ag), moment of inertia (Ig),
shear area (Ashear), and torsional constant (Jg or Cg). Effective section
properties are displayed for your reference only. These values may be used
to create your structural analysis model in S-FRAME or P-FRAME. See also
Chapter 4.1.1.
Reinforcing
Reinforcing includes panel information (vertical and horizontal distributed
reinforcing) and zone information (vertical bars with ties/links).
Design Loads
91
92
S-CONCRETE will display the governing load case (GLC) and associated
loading type (sectional or panel loading), status, and highest utilization
detected for axial load and moment. If sectional loading governed the design,
axial load and moment utilizations are displayed for the resultant bending
moment applied at a specific angle Theta subjected to a factored axial
force, Nf, Nu, or N. If panel loading governed the design, the panel number is
also displayed for reference purposes. For CSA 2004 standard, the flange
buckling factor () used to reduce the axial load and moment interaction
diagram is displayed for reference purposes (see Clause 14.4.2.2 of CSAA23.3-04). Note that the flange buckling factor is only applicable to sectional
loading not panel loading. See also Dimension Limits for Walls topics in the
Help Menu in particular for CSA-A23.3-04.
Axial utilization is the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N) divided by the axial load
capacity (Nr, Nn, Nu max) permitted by code. Moment utilization is the
93
applied moment (Mf, Mu, M) divided by the moment capacity (Mr, Mn, Mu)
evaluated at the applied axial force (Nf, Nu, N). For more information on axial
load and moment utilizations, see Chapter 7.2.
94
For every panel in the section, the program checks: number of curtains
required, maximum clear cover (if applicable), vertical and horizontal
distributed steel ratios, vertical and horizontal bar spacing and bar size. See
also Detailing Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
95
Dimension Checks
For every panel in the section, the program will check the minimum and
maximum dimensions (if and where applicable) according to the specified
building standard. See Dimension Limits for Walls topics in the Help Menu.
96
Ductility Evaluation
97
directions, maximum tie/link spacing, and maximum tie/link leg spacing. See
also Ductility Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
Anchorage Evaluation
98
requirements and the anchorage provided (see figure above for a sample).
See also Ductility Requirements topics in the Help Menu.
Material Property Checks, Reinforcing Bars, List of Messages
See beams for information, Chapter 7.1.2.
7.2
N vs M Diagrams
In this window (Figure 40 or Figure 41), the axial load and moment interaction
(N vs M) diagram is displayed. For uniaxial bending in T-beams, L-beams,
and Rectangular beams, the N vs M diagram displays both the negative and
positive moment regions on the same plot (Figure 40). For biaxial bending,
the N vs M diagram displays the interaction diagram for the resultant moment
applied at a particular angle, Theta, with respect to the horizontal (Figure 41).
99
The diagram plot itself and the options available to the user are described
below (Chapter 7.2.1). See Chapter 7.2.2 on axial load and moment
utilization computations. Refer to Chapter 7.2.3 on the failure envelope itself.
100
101
Zoom Out
Zoom Extents
Add to
Document
102
steel strain in the section (t). These values may be useful if you wish to
confirm/compute the results by hand at that specific diagram location.
Print
To print the N vs M diagram, click the button labeled Print to send the
drawing directly to the printer. S-CONCRETE will confirm the request before
it sends the diagram to the printer.
For C-Shapes, T-Shapes, and L-Shapes, you have additional options (Figure
43). Here, you will need to select the type of N vs M diagram by clicking on
the appropriate tab at the upper left corner: (1) for sectional load cases or (2)
103
for panel load cases. If you choose sectional load cases, it will look similar to
Figure 42 but for a wall section and the options available are described
above. If you choose panel load cases, it will look similar to Figure 43. The
options available to you are the same as described above but you have one
more option to be able to select the N vs M diagram for a specific panel in
the wall section (using the list box on the right in Figure 43). The N vs M
diagram displayed will be for strong axis bending for an individual panel in the
wall section. This is indicated at the upper right corner of the plot.
For sectional load cases for CSA-A23.3-04, the flange buckling factor () will
be indicated at the upper right corner of the plot. For more information, see
Dimension Limits for Walls topics in the Help Menu for CSA-A23.3-04.
=
Utilization
Mu
Mu
or
Nu
( for N u 0) or
N r max
Nu
( for N u > 0)
Tr max
whichever is greater
=
Utilization
M
Mu
or
N
N r max
( for N 0) or
N
Tr max
( for N > 0)
whichever is greater
Canadian Standards
Utilization
=
Mf
Mr
or
Nf
N r max
( for N f 0) or
Nf
Tr max
( for N f > 0)
whichever is greater
where
Mu, M, Mf
104
Mu, Mu, Mr
Nu, N, Nf
Nr max
Tr max
=
=
105
For positive moments in T-Beams and L-Beams, the program takes into
account the effective slab width and slab thickness when it applies the stress
block. Face steel will be included in all moment capacity calculations if
permitted. See Face Steel parameters in Edit Reinforcing for beams
(Chapter 4.2.1).
For positive or negative moments in beams, compression reinforcement shall
be included in all moment capacity calculations if certain conditions are met.
First, compression reinforcement requires "closed" stirrups/links before it can
fully reach yield in compression to prevent buckling. If "open" stirrups/links
are specified, any bar in compression is ignored in moment capacity
calculations. Second, the size and spacing of the stirrups/links must also
meet certain requirements which are outlined below. If such conditions are
106
not met, the program will ignore bars in compression for moment capacity
calculations. This will also be indicated on the N vs M diagram plot (Figure
40).
Let
dbs =
db =
S =
dbs
16 db (smallest bar)
Cl. 1907.10.5.1
Clause 7.10.5.2
Cl. 1907.10.5.2
48 dbs
b or h, whichever is smaller
BS 8110: 1985 & 1997, CP65: 1999 (Cl. 3.12.7.1 & 3.12.7.2)
Clause 3.12.7.1
Clause 3.12.7.1
Note:
dbs
6 mm
12 db (smallest bar)
Clause 7.6.5.2
dbs
k 16 db (smallest bar)
k 48 dbs
k (b or h, whichever is smaller)
107
8.1
Increments
108
Dimension Increments
In Automated Design, S-CONCRETE may increase or decrease the section
dimensions. If it does, it will do so in increments specified here for various
beam, column or wall dimensions. In the Visual Editor, as you drag the
section outline, S-CONCRETE will change the section dimension in
increments specified here.
8.2
Colors
This command is used to change the color scheme used in the main drawing
(Figure 1) and for status levels (Chapter 2.3.2). See figure below for a
sample set of colors for beams (Figure 46).
Status Colors
Every status level (Chapter 2.3.2) can be assigned a different color or the
same color if you wish. Five status levels have been defined: Not Applicable,
Acceptable, Warning, Borderline, and Unacceptable. If you do not like the
current color scheme, click the Reset button to re-assign the default colors.
109
Drawing Colors
When S-CONCRETE generates a drawing or axial load and moment
interaction (N vs M) diagram, it uses a set of drawing colors assigned here.
Each color is assigned to a different element in the drawing or plot. For
example, Black is for the Section Outline or Light Red is for the Normal
Envelope in an N vs M plot. It is recommended that you reserve one color
for the Drawing Background and do not assign this color elsewhere;
otherwise, the element that is assigned this color will blend into the
background and become invisible. If you do not like the current color
scheme, click the Reset button to re-assign the default colors.
110
8.3
Preferences
111
9.1
Contents
This command displays the Table of Contents (Figure 48). Each item listed
in this table leads to more information about a particular topic.
9.2
Index
This command leads to an on-line index (Figure 49). Type the first few letters
of the word(s) that you are looking for to activate the searching process of the
index. Click the display button to view the topic.
112
9.3
113
Reference Manual
This command will open the Reference Manual in PDF format using Adobe
Acrobat Reader. You will find this file (SC_REFER.PDF) located in the
application path. Use the Reader to search for items in the Reference
Manual.
Adobe Acrobat Reader 6.0 or later must be installed on your system before
this command can be executed. On some computers, you may need to
execute this command twice to view the manual. To install Adobe Acrobat on
your system, insert the installation CD-ROM and click the button labeled
"Install Acrobat Reader" in the CD-browser.
9.4
View Tutorial
9.5
About S-CONCRETE
Bibliography
115
Bibliography
1.
2.
ACI Committee 315, "ACI Detailing Manual 1994", Publication SP66(94), American Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan, 1994.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
116
Bibliography
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Der, Kenneth W., Will, George T., and Casoli, George, "Automated
Design and Drafting of Reinforced Concrete Frames", Third Canadian
Conference on Computing in Civil and Building Engineering, Canadian
Society of Civil Engineering, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1996.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Higgins, J.B., and Rogers, B.R., "Designed and Detailed (BS 8110:
1985)", British Cement Association, Crowthorne, Berks, 1992.
Bibliography
117
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Timoshenko and Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, Third Edition, McGrawHill, Inc., New York, NY, 1970.
29.
Index
119
Index
A
Aggregate Size, 78, 85, 90
Anchorage, 64, 66, 67, 89, 97, 98
Automated Design, 1, 2, 8, 9, 14, 15,
19, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70,
107, 108
Axial Load, 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 22,
27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 34, 41, 47, 52,
53, 54, 55, 56, 70, 76, 77, 78, 80,
84, 87, 89, 92, 93, 98, 99, 100,
101, 103, 104, 109, 110
B
Bar Spacing, 13, 30, 42, 49, 77, 82,
94, 95, 108
Beams, 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 27, 29, 33,
39, 40, 52, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 77,
79, 82, 84, 89, 98, 105, 107, 108,
109
Bending Moment, 2, 8, 14, 19, 27, 54,
56, 79, 80, 87, 92, 100, 104
Bottom Bars, 39, 64, 65, 79, 82
Buckling, 92, 103, 105
D
Design Constraints, 9, 15, 63, 64, 65,
66, 67, 68, 69
Distributed Reinforceing. See Panel
Reinforcing
Distributed Reinforcing, 91, 97
Ductility, 36, 37, 38, 89, 96, 97, 98
E
Effective Section Properties, 8, 14,
25, 27, 78, 85, 90
Elastic Modulus, 28, 36, 78, 85, 90
F
C
Centroid, 27, 78, 85, 90
Clear Cover, 8, 14, 25, 29, 30, 35, 79,
86, 94
Clear Spacing, 39, 46, 65, 82, 88
Closed Stirrup, 40, 105
Code Check, 9, 12, 14, 15, 19, 30,
36, 56, 70, 71, 110
Columns, 1, 2, 8, 14, 25, 27, 28, 30,
31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 42, 44, 52, 53,
54, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 74, 84, 88,
108, 110
Composite Column, 1, 28, 33, 67, 110
H
Hole, 1, 8, 14, 25, 30, 33, 85
Hook, 40, 44, 46, 50, 51, 52, 97, 98
I
Interaction Diagram. See N vs M
Diagram
120
Index
L
Link, 1, 8, 14, 29, 30, 35, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 53,
64, 65, 66, 67, 79, 82, 84, 86, 88,
91, 95, 97, 105, 106
Load Cases, 11, 18, 19, 32, 37, 38,
52, 53, 55, 71, 80, 82, 87, 92, 96,
100, 103
Longitudinal Bars, 65, 106
R
Reinforcement Ratio. See Steel Ratio
Reinforcing Bars, 30, 35, 77, 83, 84,
89, 98, 108
M
Material Properties, 2, 7, 8, 12, 13,
14, 19, 25, 28, 65, 67, 69, 71, 77,
78, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 98, 108
Modulus of Elasticity. See Elastic
Modulus
Modulus of Rupture, 78, 85, 90
Moment Capacity, 27, 30, 56, 80, 87,
93, 104, 105, 106
Moment Magnification, 33, 34, 36, 54,
92
Moment of Inertia, 27, 36, 78, 85, 90
N
N vs M Diagram, 2, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15,
22, 28, 31, 41, 47, 52, 54, 70, 76,
78, 84, 89, 92, 98, 99, 100, 102,
103, 104, 106, 109, 110
Nominal Overstrength. See
Overstrength
O
Overstrength, 37, 55, 56
P
Panel Loads, 8, 14, 36, 52, 55, 56,
92, 96, 103
S
Sectional Loads, 8, 14, 36, 52, 53, 56,
92, 93, 103
Seismic Shear Force, 37, 55, 56
Shear, 1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 26, 37, 38, 40,
55, 77, 82, 84, 87, 88, 89, 93
Shear Area, 27, 78, 85, 90
Shear Force, 2, 8, 14, 19, 27, 37, 38,
52, 53, 54, 56, 81, 82, 87, 88, 92,
93
Shear Force Magnification, 37, 55,
56, 92
Shear Modulus, 28
Shear Reinforcement. See Stirrup,
Link
Shear Resistance/Capacity, 2, 33, 44,
56, 93
Skin Reinforcement. See Face Steel
Slenderness, 8, 14, 25, 32, 33, 34,
36, 52, 54, 86, 92
Spiral Reinforcing, 1, 44, 45, 53, 88
Splice, 8, 14, 38, 42, 43, 46, 66, 68,
88, 95
Steel Ratio, 31, 67, 88, 94
Steel Shape, 14, 25, 28, 33, 67, 85,
110
Steel Yield Strength, 28, 65, 67, 69,
78, 83, 85, 90, 98, 101, 108
Stirrup, 1, 8, 14, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41,
64, 65, 79, 82, 105, 106
Strength Reduction Factor, 37, 38,
100, 101
Index
T
Tie, 1, 8, 14, 30, 35, 38, 42, 43, 44,
45, 46, 47, 50, 53, 66, 67, 84, 86,
88, 91, 95, 97
Top Bars, 39, 64, 65, 79, 82
Torsion, 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 19, 27,
40, 52, 53, 54, 55, 77, 81, 82, 84,
87, 88, 89, 93
Torsional Constant, 27, 78, 85, 90
U
Utilization, 6, 10, 11, 26, 78, 80, 82,
84, 87, 89, 92, 93, 99, 100, 103
121
V
Vertical Bar, 30, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46,
47, 51, 52, 66, 67, 68, 69, 84, 86,
88, 89, 91
Visual Editor, 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 14, 29,
30, 34, 62, 63, 107, 108
W
Walls, 1, 2, 8, 14, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38,
45, 46, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 67, 68, 89, 92, 95, 99, 102,
103, 108
Z
Zone Reinforcing, 1, 35, 45, 46, 47,
52, 67, 89, 95