‘AN ASME NATIONAL STANDARD ENGINEERING DRAWING AND RELATED DOCUMENTATION PRACTICE Dimensioning and Tolerancing DEC 16 2003 REFERENCE ONLY ‘MAY BE CHANGED WITHOUT NOTIFICATION ASME Y14.5M-1994 [REVISION OF ANSI Y14.5M-1982 (R1988)] '® Mechanical Engineers 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017 —— MAR 10 1995Data of lesuance: January 23, 1998 This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of @ new edition. There will be no addenda or written interpretations of the requir ments of this Standard issued to this edition. es “LL. ASME in he registred trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ‘This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as maeting the criteria for ‘American Netionel Standards. The Coneeneue Commitee that approved the code or standerd was ‘balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concarned interests have had an opporti- ity to paricipats. 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Copyright © 1995 by THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ‘All Rights Reserved Printed in the US.A,FOREWORD (This Foreword is nota part of ASME Y14.5M-1904) ‘Additions, modifications, and clarification contained in this revision of ANSI Y14.5M- 1982 are intended to improve national and intemational standardization and to harmonize the United States practices and methodology with the universal standards trend toward more efficient worldwide technical communication. Coordinating and integrating these techniques into and via computer graphics and other electronic data systems for design, manufacture, Verification, and similar processes is also a prime objective. Incorporating this Standard as a vehicle to assist the United States’ active participation and competitiveness in the world marketplace is a major goal. The emergence of priorities ‘on total quality management, world-class engineering, and emphasis on compatibility with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of quality standards has had a significant influence in the work of the Y14.5 Subcommittee. ‘This revision was initiated immediately after the official release of ANSI Y14.5M- 1982 in December 1982 in response to deferred comments from that revision, new conceptual developments, new symbology, and intemational standards expansion. ‘Twenty-three Subcommitice meetings and numerous working group meetings of the ASME Y14.5 Subcommittee were convened during the developmental period. The meet- ings were held in various cities around the United States. The Subcommittee’s work was coordinated as much as possible with other related ASME committees and other standard developing bodies that share a common purpose on dimensioning and tolerancing or related standards, Particularly close alliance and liaison were sought with the ASME B89 Committee on “Dimensional Metrology.” and new committees ASME Y14.5.1 on “Mathematical Definition of Y14.5,” and ASME Y14.5.2 on “Certification of GD&T OF high priority was the continuing United States participation in the development of 1SO standards through its U.S. member body, the American National Standards Institute (ANSD. Some members of the Y14.5 Subcommittee have attended and participated in ‘numerous international meetings and activities during and since the last revision of this Standard. Meetings were attended in Paris, France (1981), West Berlin, Germany (1982), New York City, New York (1984), West Berlin, Germany (1987), Zurich, Switzerland (1989), Orlando, Florida (1991), and Carmel, California (1992). United States delegates, hhave served as members and conveners of Working Groups, chaired some TC1O/SCS iliinternational meetings and have participated in all ISO standards projects on the subject of dimensioning and tolerancing during this period. In addition to past participation in developing and maintaining all of such ISO stan- dards as ISO 5458, ISO 5459, ISO 2692, ISO 3040, ISO TR 5460, ISO 1660, ISO 406, 1SO 129, ISO 8015, and ISO 7083, U.S. delegates have also participated in all new ISO standards development projects. U.S. delegates have provided convenership (chairman- ship) to the development of IS0/2692: 1988 DAM] on “Least Material Condition,” ISO 10578 on “Projected Tolerance Zone,” and ISO 10579 on “Nonrigid Parts.” Current projects related to the revision of ISO 1101, “Technical Drawings. Geometrical Toleranc- ing” and ISO 5458, “Positional Tolerancing” also have participation and input by U.S. delegates. Current new work on a revision to ISO 2692 includes consideration of the “principle of reciprocity” (symbol @®) that was originally put forth by the U.S. and Japan in the early 1970's as a proposed standard. It was considered by some countries to be premature for inclusion then and zero positional tolerancing was adopted as a near substitute, As a recent significant development, the United States, through its member body, ANSI, has received the ISO/TCIO/SCS Secretariat. Thus, the U.S. inherits the world leadership for standards development on “Technical drawings, product definition and related documentation, geometrical dimensioning and tolerancing.” Work will continue ‘on maintenance of existing standards and the development of new standards related to geometrical tolerancing ‘The conflict in principle regarding limits of size between the “envelope principle” (Taylor Principle, Rule #1) and the “independency principle” continues, although some- ‘what abated. Issuance of ISO 8015:1985, “Technical Drawings-Fundamental Tolerancing Principle,” features the independency principle but allows the option of the envelope principle by either reference to a national standard (for example, ASME Y14.5M-1994) on the drawing, or by invoking the symbol ©. The Y14.5 Standard continues to advocate and use the envelope principle (boundary of perfect form at MMC of the individual feature) that has been traditionally used in the U.S. and widely accepted elsewhere. ‘The least material condition © concept is expanded. More complete coverage on this subject is to be considered in future revisions as the state of the art progresses. Significant steps are taken in this revision to resolve some long-standing differences between the Y14.5 and ISO practices. As U.S. delegates also play a significant role in the development and maintenance at the level of international standards, these differences are eventually tempered and resolved by a merging of these dual objectives. In addition, some long-range planning by the Y14.5 activity has also now materialized in the transi- tion to eliminating these differences. Two significant changes found in this revision are adoption and extension of the universal datum feature symbol and discontinuance of the ‘use of the RFS symbol @). Other changes, additions, extensions of principles, and resol tion of differences are listed in Appendix A, “Principal Changes and Improvements.” ‘The technical expertise and experience of the Y14.5 Subcommittee are provided by ‘the dedicated interests and resources of its personnel. Its members represent a broad cross section of U.S. industry, the Department of Defense (DOD), educational institu- tions, national laboratories, professional societies, and members of the private sector. ‘The Subcommittee encourages participation by all and works diligently to achieve a consensus on all matters. It seeks a balance between past practices, state of the art, ‘national and international standards, new technology, computer and electronic integration, ‘and most importantly, the understandability of the technical data contained in the Stan- dard itself. Since members are also users of the Standard, a “jury of peers” is constantly present to ensure, as well as possible, that all voices are heard and satisfactory compro- imises are made in the interests of all users. Through the due process of final approvalprocedures via ASME, ANSI, DOD, and public review, the Standard achieves its final ‘make-up as the result of the voluntary consensus standard system. ‘The expansion and extension of principles of the composite positional tolerancing concept occupied a sizable segment of the Subcommittee’s time and resources during this revision. This valuable concept, originally born out of need for a convenient method to state two requirements together for a pattem of features, one the “pattern-locating tolerance” (larger tolerance) and the other the “feature-relating tolerance” (smaller toler- ance), gave Tise to the need for further clarification and coverage in this revision. As these principles are extended from the original examples, first introduced in ANSI Y14.5- 1973, varying interpretations are possible where a secondary datum feature is added to the feature-elating tolerance zone frame. Since the original coverage in ANSI Y14.5- 1973 made no attempt to indicate clearly an interpretation representing this extension of principle, varied applications and interpretations have occurred during the interim, each supposedly having some support from the original Standard example and text. ANSI Y¥14.5M-1982 repeated the same examples, added two figures (Figs. 142 and 143), and ‘made a slight change of words in the text. The changes and additions in this revision ‘eventually highlighted the areas of question and the Subcommittee debated this issue ‘with many prolonged and in-depth discussions. As a result, the composite tolerancing text and figures have now been expanded to enhance and clarify applicability. To effect this clarification and expansion, and to “set the standard,” an explicit meaning has been assigned to the feature relating tolerance frame for composite positional tolerancing con- trol. The feature-relating tolerance can no longer be interpreted as including location of the pattern. Section 5 clarifies the application of composite tolerancing and contrasts it ‘with the use of two single-segment feature control frames. Since profile composite tolerancing is now also introduced into the Standard, its fea- ture-relating tolerance frame likewise controls the orientation of the profile to the datums without regard to the basic dimensions that locate the profile. Section 6 further explains the details of composite profile tolerancing. ‘Although the continuity and stability of the technical content of the Standard are paramount, numerous changes, additions, and clarifications have taken place in this revision. To meet the objectives and purposes of the Standard as before referenced, it ‘must remain dynamic and is, thus, subject to modification as deemed necessary. For help in using this Standard and to isolate those areas and subjects involving any changes or additions of consequence, refer to Appendix A. A detailed compendium of changes and additions is provided. ‘Suggestions for improvement of this Standard will be welcomed. They should be sent to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Attention: Secretary, Y14 Main Committee; 345 East 47th Street; New York, NY 10017. This revision was approved as an ASME National Standard on March 14, 1994.ASME STANDARDS COMMITTEE Y14 Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices (The following is the roster of the Committe atthe time of approval ofthis Standard.) COMMITTEE PERSONNEL ‘A. R. Anderson, Trikon Corp. F. Bakos, Jr, Eastman Kodak Co. ‘TD. Benoit, Anernate, Pratt Whitney CEB 1D. E. Bowerman, Copeland Corp. 4. V. Burleigh, The Boeing Co. L Bure R.A. Chadderdon, Southwest Consultants A. Christiana, ASEA Brown Boveri Combustion Engineering Systems ‘Curtis, Jr, Rexnord Corp. 1. Debott, Motorola, Government & Systems Technology Group booq Foster, L. W. Foster Associates, inc. 1. Gomez, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers r E-Systems, Inc, Garland Division ria, Pratt & Whitnoy CEB ‘Lance, Santa Cruz Technology Center 1. MeGee, National Standards Educators Association eecre nul error F 7 e z 3 2 3 g g Deere & Company, John Deere Dubuque Works. Caterpillar Inc . Trembiay, U.S. Department of the Army, ARDEC ‘Walker, Westinghouse Marine GH. Whitmire, TEC/TREND K. E. Wiegandt, Sandia National Laboratory . Wreed, E-Systems, Inc. Hine errs PERSONNEL OF SUBCOMMITTEE 5 — DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING LW. Foster, Chairman, L. W. Foster Associates, Inc. D. J. Buchman, Vice Chairman, University of Cincinnati/GE Aircraft Engines ©. G. Lance, Vice Chairman, Santa Cruz Technology Center‘A.R. Anderson, Secretary, General Motors Corp., Powertrain Division/Trikon Corp. F. Bakos, Jr, Eastmen Kodak Co. T. D. Benolt, Aiternace, Pratt & Whitney CEB 1D. Bowerman, Copeland Corp. RA Chedderdon, Southwest Consutants RE. Coombes, Coterpilar inc. NW. Cutter, Polaroid Corp. G.P. Goold, GPG Coneutants, Inc. W.A. Haefelo, Wiliams Creek Graphics 1B. W. Heatheotta, Geometrcs Consulting ‘A.M. Johnson, The Bosing Co. EL Kardas, Pratt & Whitney CEB D.. Katt, Ford Motor Co. KC 8. King, Dahigren Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center GD. Merkley, 18M Corp, TC: Miller, Los Alamos National Laboretory AG. Neumann, Technical Consultants, In. E. Nlemiec, Westinghouse Electric Corp. J.M. Palmer, Jr, Garrett Turbine Engine Co. DL Ragon, Deere & Company, John Deere Dubuque Works DW. Shepherd, Shepherd industrioe/Northern linols University G. S. Tokunaga, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory R.P. Tremblay, U.S. Department of the Army, ARDEC B. A Wilson, McDonnell Douglas Corp. 4. Wineonek, Alled-Signal Aerospace Y14/SC 5 Editing and Illustrations Group LS. Darey, Herman Mile, Ine. LM. Evans, Boeing Commercial Airplane Group CW. Ferguson, Steelcase, Inc. AL Harpleh, Xerox Corp. ‘A. Krullkowali, General Motors Corp, Powertsin Division W. M, Stieas, Accratronics Seals Corp. 8A Won, McDonnell Dougae Cor. ® E Winconek, Allied-Signal Aerospace Wreede, E-Systeme, Inc.Foreword Standards Committee Roster... 1. Scope, Definitions, and General Dimensioning 2 General Toterancing and Related 2 incites 24 CONTENTS General . Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC. Screw Threads. Gears and Splines......... Virmual/Resultant Condition Angular Surfaces.......... Conical Tapers. ‘Symbol Construction....... Geometric Tolerance Symbols . Feature Control! Frame Placement Definition of the Tolerance Zone. ‘Tabulated Tolerances. Use of Notes to Supplement Symtets 74 Datum Referencing. 4.1 General . = 31 42 Immobilization of Part. 51 43° Datum Features...... : 2 44 Specifying Darum Fears in an One of Precedene. 52 45 Establishing Datums ....... 55 46 Datum Targets..... 70 5 Tolerances of Location. 81 5.1 General . aL 52 Positional Tolerancing. 81 53 Fundamental Explanation of Positional al Tolerancing aL 5.4 Feature Pattern Location. 5.5 Projected Tolerance Zone. 5.6 Nonparallel Holes... 5.7 Counterbored Holes. 5.8 Closer Control at One End of a Feature 59 5.10 Noncircular Features 5.11 Coaxiality Controls . 5.12 Concentricity é 5.13 Positional Tolerancing for ical 5.14 Symery Tolzacing Cano th Mein Poin of Opposed o 6 63 Specifying Form and Orientation Tolerances. 157 64 Form Tolerances. = : 157 65. Profile Control 163 66 Orientation Tolerances . 174 67 Runout..... 189 68 Free State Variation, 191 Appendices ‘A. Principal Changes and improvements 197 AL General . 197 Ad Figures 197 A3_— Section 1, Scope, jons, and General Dimensioning. 197 ‘Ad Section 2 General Toleracing and Related Prisipes 198 ‘AS Section 3, Symbology . 5 ‘AG Section 4, Datum Referencing . AT Section 5, Tolerances of Location... ‘AB Section 6, Tolerances of Form, Profile, Orientation, and Runout. ‘9 Appendix A, Principal Changes and Improvements A10 Appendix B, Formulas for Positional Tolerancing ... ALL Appendix C, Form, Proportion, and Compan of Symbols Al2__ Appendix D, Former Practices‘A13- Appendix E, Decision Diagrams for Geometric Control. 8 Fonmutes for Postional Toterancing. BI B2 B3 Bs BS provision for Out-of-Squareness When Projected Tolerance Zone is Not Used ...... B6 Coaxial Features. B7 Limits and Fits . C Form, Proportion, and Comparison ot Symbol. Cl General . C2 Form and Proportion . C3. Comparison ...... D DI D2 Definition for Feature of Size...... 215 D3 Applicability of RFS, MMC, and LMC 215 D4 Tangent Radii ... 215 DS Datum Feature Symbol... 215 D6 Projected Tolerance Zone... + 2S E Decision Diagrams for Geometric Control...‘ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 11 Scope, Definitions, and General Dimensioning 1.1 GENERAL ‘This Standard establishes uniform practices for stating and interpreting dimensioning, tolerancing, and related requirements for use_on engineering drawings and in related documents. Fora mathemati- cal explanation of many of the principles inthis Stan- dard, see ASME Y145.1M, Practices unique to ar- chitectural and civil engineering and welding symbology are not included. 1.1.1 Section 1, General. This Section estab- lishes definitions, fundamental rules, and practices for general dimensioning that apply to coordinate as ‘well as geometric dimensioning methods. For toler- ancing practices, see Sections 2 through 6. 41.1.2 Units. The International System of Units (SI) is featured in this Standard because SI units are expected to supersede United States (U.S.) custom- ary units specified on engineering drawings. Custom- ary units could equally well have been used without prejudice to the principles established. 1.1.3 Reference to this Standard. Where draw- ings are based on this Standard, this fact shall be noted on the drawings or in a document referenced fon the drawings. References to this Standard shall state ASME Y14.5M-1994. 1.1.4 Figures, The figures in this Standard are intended only as illustrations to aid the user in under- standing the principles and methods of dimensioning ‘and tolerancing described in the text. The absence of 4 figure illustrating the desired application is neither reason to assume inapplicability, nor basis for draw- ing rejection. In some instances, figures show added detail for emphasis. In other instances, figures arc incomplete by intent. Numerical values of dimen- sions and tolerances are illustrative only. NOTE: To assist the user ofthis Standard, listing ofthe para ‘74ph(s) that refer to.an illustration appears in the lower eht- io core ofeach figure. Thi stig uy rt be alla ‘The aheence ofa listing is nota reason to aatume applicability. 1.1.5 Notes. Notes herein in capital letters are intended to appear on finished drawings. Notes in lower case letters are explanatory only and are not intended to appear on drawings. 1.1.6 Reference to Gaging. This document is not intended as a gaging standard. Any reference to gaging is included for explanatory purposes only. 1.1.7 Symbols. Adoption of the symbols indicat- ing dimensional requirements, as shown in Fig, C-2 ‘of Appendix C, does not preclude the use of equi lent terms or abbreviations where symbology is con- sidered inappropriate. 1.2 REFERENCES: ‘When the following American National Standards referred to in this Standard are superseded by a revi- sion approved by the American National Standards Institute, Inc., the revision shall apply. ‘American National Standards ANSI B4.2-1978, Preferred Metric Limits and Fits ‘ANSI BS.10-1981, Machine Tapers — Self Hold- ing and Steep Taper Series ‘ANSUVASME B46,1-1985, Surface Texture (Sur- face Roughness, Waviness, and Lay) ANSI B89.3.1-1972, Measurement of Outof- Roundness ‘ANSI B92.1-1970,' Involute Splines and Inspec- tion, Inch Version ANSI B92.2M-1980,' Metric Module, Involute Splines ‘ANSVASME B94.6-1984, Knurling ANSI B94.11M-1979, Twist Drills ANSI Y14.1-1980, Drawing Sheet Size and Format "SAB standards are available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Warrendale Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096,‘ASME Y14.5M-1904 ASME Y14.2M-1992, Line Conventions and Letering ‘ASME Y14.5.1M-1994, Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles ANSI Y14.6-1978, Screw Thread Representation ANSI ¥14.6aM-1981, Screw Thread Representa- tion (Metric Supplement) ANST Y14.7.1-1971, Gear Drawing Standards — Part 1: For Spur, Helical, Double Helical, and Rack ANSI ¥14.7.2-1978, Gear and Spline Drawing ‘Standards — Part 2: Bevel and Hypoid Gears ‘ASME Y14.8M-1989, Castings and Forgings ANSI Y14.36-1978, Surface Texture Symbols ANSVIEEE 268-1992, Metric Practice 1.2.1 Additional Sources (Not Cited) ANSVASME B1.2-1983, Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads ANSI B44M-1981 (R1987), Inspection of Workpieces ASME Y1.1-1989, Abbreviations — For Use on Drawings and in Text ASME Y14.3M-1994, Multiview and Sectional View Drawings 1.3 DEFINITIONS ‘The following terms are defined as their use ap- plies in this Standard. Additionally, definitions throughout the Standard of italicized terms are given in sections describing their application. Their loca- tion may be identified by referring to the index. 1.3.1 Boundary, Inner. A worst case boundary (that is, locus) generated by the smallest feature (MMC for an internal feature and LMC for an exter- nal feature) minus the stated geometric tolerance and any additional geometric tolerance (if applicable) from the feature's departure from its specified mate- rial condition. See Figs. 2-9 through 2-12. 1.3.2 Boundary, Outer. A worst case boundary (that is, locus) generated by the largest feature (LMC for an internal feature and MMC for an external fea- ture) plus the geometric tolerance and any additional geometric tolerance (if applicable) from the feature's 2 TREE sundards are available from the Insitute of Electrical and [Bectonies Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscata- ‘way, NI 08854, DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING I departure from its specified material condition. See Figs. 2-9 through 2-12. I 1.3.3 Datum. A theoretically exact point, axis, or plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature, A datum is the origin from which the location or geometric characteristics of features of a part are established. 1.3.4 Datum Feature. An actual feature of a part that is used to establish # datum. 1.3.5 Datum Feature Simulator. A surface of adequately precise form (such as a surface plate, a gage surface, or a mandrel) contacting the datum. feature(s) and used to establish the simulated datum(s). NOTE: Simulated datum features are used asthe practical em bodiment ofthe dams during manufacre and inspection 1.3.6 Datum, Simulated, A point, axis, or plane established by processing or inspection equipment, such as the following simulators: a surface plate, a gage surface, or a mandrel. See paras. 4.4.1. and I 442. 1.3.7 Datum Target. A specified point, line, or area on a part used to establish a datum, I 1.3.8 Dimension. A numerical value expressed in appropriate units of measure and used to define the size, location, geometric characteristic, or surface texture of a part of part feature 1.3.9 Dimension, Basic. A numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact size, profile orien- tation, or location of a feature or datum target. See Fig. 3-7. Itis the basis from which permissible varia- tions are established by tolerances on other dimen- sions, in notes, or in feature control frames. See Figs. 2-14, 2-15, and 3-25, 1.3.10 Dimension, Reference. A dimension, usually without tolerance, used for information pur- poses only. A reference dimension is a repeat of a dimension or is derived from other values shown on. the drawing or on related drawings. It is considered auxiliary information and does not govern production or inspection operations. See Figs. 1-17 and 1-18. 1.3.11 Envelope, Actual Mating. This term is defined according to the type of feature, as follows: (a) For an External Feature. & similar perfect feature counterpart of smallest size that can be cir- ‘cumscribed about the feature so that it just contacts the surface at the highest points. For example, a smallest cylinder of perfect form or two parallelDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING planes of perfect form at minimum separation that just contact(s) the highest points of the surface(s). For features controlled by orientation or positional tolerances, the actual mating envelope is oriented rel- ative to the appropriate datum(s), for example, per- pendicular to a primary datum plane. (b) For an Internal Feature. A similar perfect fea- ture counterpart of largest size that can be inscribed within the feature so that it just contacts the surface at the highest points. For example, a largest cylinder of perfect form or two parallel planes of perfect form at maximum separation that just contact(s) the high- est points of the surface(s). For features controlled by orientation or positional tolerances, the actual mating envelope is oriented rel- ative to the appropriate datums). 1.3.12 Feature. The general term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, tab, hole, or slot. 1.3.13 Feature, Axis Of. A straight line that co- incides with the axis of the true geometric counter- part of the specified feature. 1.3.14 Feature, Center Plane Of. A plane that coincides with the center plane of the true geometric counterpart of the specified feature. 1.3.15 Feature, Derived Median Plane Of. An imperfect plane (abstract) that passes through the center points of all line segments bounded by the feature, These line segments are normal to the actual mating envelope. 1.3.16 Feature, Derived Median Line Of. An imperfect line (abstract) that passes through the cen- ter points of all cross sections of the feature. These ‘cross sections are normal to the axis of the actual ‘mating envelope. The cross section center points are determined as per ANSI B89.3.1 1.3.17 Feature of Size. One cylindrical or spher- ical surface, or a set of two opposed elements or ‘opposed parallel surfaces, associated with a size dimension. 1.3.18 Full Indicator Movement (FIM). The to- tal movement of an indicator where appropriately applied to a surface to measure its variations. 1.3.19 Least Material Condition (LMC). The condition in which a feature of size contains the least amount of material within the stated limits of size — for example, maximum hole diameter, minimum shaft diameter. ASME Y14.5M-1904 1.3.20 Maximum Material Condition (MMC). The condition in which a feature of size contains the maximum amount of material within the stated limits of size — for example, minimum hole diameter, maximum shaft diameter. 1.3.21 Plane, Tangent. A theoretically exact plane derived from the true geometric counterpart of the specified feature surface. 1.3.22 Regardless of Feature Size (RFS). The term used to indicate that a geometric tolerance or datum reference applies at any increment of size of the feature within its size tolerance. 1.3.23 Resultant Condition. The variable boundary generated by the collective effects of a size feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition, the geometric tolerance for that material condition, the size tolerance, and the additional geometric toler- ance derived from the feature’s departure from its specified material condition. See Figs. 2-9 through 212, 1.3.24 Size, Actual. The general term forthe size of a produced feature. This term includes the actual mating size and the actual local sizes. 1.3.25 Size, Actual Local. The value of any indi- vidual distance at any cross section of a feature. 1.3.26 Size, Actual Mating. The dimensional value of the actual mating envelope. 1.3.27 Size, Limits Of. The specified maximum and minimum sizes. See para. 2.7. 1.3.28 Size, Nominal. The designation used for purposes of general identification. 1.3.29 Size, Resultant Condition. The actual value of the resultant condition boundary. 1.3.30 Size, Virtual Condition. The actual value of the virtual condition boundary. 1.3.31 Tolerance. The total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary. The tolerance is the difference between the maximum and minimum limits 1.3.32 Tolerance, Bilateral. A tolerance in which variation is permitted in both directions from the specified dimension, 1.3.33 Tolerance, Geometric. The general term applied to the category of tolerances used to control form, profile, orientation, location, and runout, 1.3.34 Tolerance, Unilateral. A tolerance in‘ASME Y14.5M-1994 which variation is permitted in one direction from the specified dimension. 1.3.35 True Geometric Counterpart. The theo- retically perfect boundary (virtual condition or actual mating envelope) or best-fit (tangent) plane of a specified datum feature. See Figs. 4-11 and 4-10. Also see paras. 1.3.5 and 1.3.6 regarding the simu- lated datum, 1.3.36 True Position. The theoretically exact lo- cation of a feature established by basic dimensions. 1.3.37 Virtual Condition. A constant boundary ‘generated by the collective effects of a size feature’s specified MMC or LMC material condition and the ‘geometric tolerance for that material condition. See Figs. 2-9 through 2-12. 1.4 FUNDAMENTAL RULES Dimensioning and tolerancing shall clearly define engineering intent and shall conform to the following, (a) Each dimension shall have a tolerance, except for those dimensions specifically identified as refer- fence, maximum, minimum, or stock (commercial stock size). The tolerance may be applied directly to the dimension (or indirectly in the case of basic dimensions), indicated by a general note, or located in a supplementary block of the drawing format, See ANSI Y14.1 (b) Dimensioning and tolerancing shall be com- plete so there is full understanding of the characteris- tics of each feature. Neither scaling (measuring the size of a feature directly from an engineering draw- ing) nor assumption of a distance or size is permitted, except as follows: Undimensioned drawings, such as, loft, printed wiring, templates, and master layouts prepared on stable material, are excluded provided the necessary control dimensions are specified. (c) Each necessary dimension of an end product shall be shown. No more dimensions than those nec- essary for complete definition shall be given. The use of reference dimensions on a drawing should be minimized, (d) Dimensions shall be selected and arranged to suit the function and mating relationship of a part and shall not be subject to more than one interpretation. (e) The drawing should define a part without specifying manufacturing methods. Thus, only the diameter of a hole is given without indicating ‘whether itis to be drilled, reamed, punched, or made by any other operation. However, in those instances DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING | where manufacturing, processing, quality assurance, or environmental information is essential to the defi nition of engineering requirements, it shall be speci fied on the drawing or in a document referenced on the drawing. (P It is permissible to identify as nonmandatory certain processing dimensions that provide for finish allowance, shrink allowance, and other requirements, provided the final dimensions are given on the draw. ing. Nonmandatory processing dimensions shall be identified by an appropriate note, sch as NON- MANDATORY (MFG DATA). (g) Dimensions should be arranged to provide re quired information for optimum readability. Dimen- sions should be shown in true profile views and refer to visible outlines. (h) Wires, cables, sheets, rods, and other materials. ‘manufactured to gage or code numbers shall be spec ified by linear dimensions indicating the diameter or thickness. Gage or code numbers may be shown in parentheses following the dimension. (i) A 90° angle applies where center lines and lines depicting features are shown on a drawing at right angles and no angle is specified. See para. 24.12. G) A 90° basic angle applies where center lines of features in a pattem or surfaces shown at right angles on the drawing are located or defined by basic dimensions and no angle is specified. (k) Unless otherwise specified, all dimensions are applicable at 20°C (68°F). Compensation may be ‘made for measurements made at other temperatures. (¥) All dimensions and tolerances apply in a free state condition. This principle does not apply to non- rigid parts as defined in paras. 2.7.1.3(b) and 6.8. (m) Unless otherwise specified, all geometric tol- cerances apply for full depth, length, and width of the feature. (n) Dimensions and tolerances apply only at the drawing level where they are specified. A dimension specified for a given feature on one level of drawing, (for example, a detail drawing) is not mandatory for that feature at any other level (for example, an as- sembly drawing). 1.5 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT For uniformity, all dimensions in this Standard are ‘given in SI units. However, the unit of measurement selected should be in accordance with the policy of the user. 1.5.1 SI (Metric) Linear Units. The commonly 1DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING used SI linear unit used on engineering drawings is the millimeter. 1.5.2 U.S. Customary Linear Units. The com- monly used U.S. customary linear unit used on engi- neering drawings is the decimal inch. 1.5.3 Identification of Linear Units. On draw- ings where all dimensions are either in millimeters or inches, individual identification of linear units is not required. However, the drawing shall contain a note stating UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, ‘ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN MILLIMETERS (or IN INCHES, as applicable) 1.5.3.1 Combination SI (Metric) and U. Customary Linear Units. Where some inch di- mensions are shown on a millimeter-dimensioned drawing, the abbreviation IN. shall follow the inch values. Where some millimeter dimensions are shown on an inch-dimensioned drawing, the symbol ‘mm shall follow the millimeter values 1.5.4 Angular Units. Angular dimensions are ex- pressed in either degrees and decimal parts of a de- gree or in degrees, minutes, and seconds. These latter ‘dimensions are expressed by symbols: for degrees °, for minutes *, and for seconds ". Where degrees are indicated alone, the numerical value shall be fol- owed by the symbol. Where only minutes or seconds are specified, the number of minutes or seconds shall be preceded by 0° or 0°0', as applicable. See Fig 1. 1.6 TYPES OF DIMENSIONING Decimal dimensioning shall be used on drawings except where certain commercial commodities are identified by standardized nominal designations, such as pipe and lumber sizes. 1.6.1 Millimeter Dimensioning. The following shall be observed where specifying millimeter di- ‘mensions on drawings: (a) Where the dimension is less than one millime- ter, a zero precedes the decimal point. See Fig. 1-2. (b) Where the dimension is a whole number, nei ther the decimal point nor a zero is shown. See Fig, 12. (c) Where the dimension exceeds a whole number by a decimal fraction of one millimeter, the last digit to the right of the decimal point is not followed by a zero. See Fig. 1-2. NOTE: This practice differs for tolerances expressed bilaterally (oF as limits. See paras. 23.1(0) and () ASME Y14.5M-1904 aa 25.8" atk —t — FIG. 1-1 ANGULAR UNITS { wep - aa nS alee + 6 [a] FIG. 1-2 MILLIMETER DIMENSIONS (d) Neither commas nor spaces shall be used to Separate digits into groups in specifying millimeter dimensions on drawings. 1.6.2 Decimal Inch Dimensioning. The follow- ing shall be observed where specifying decimal inch dimensions on drawings: (a) A zero is not used before the decimal point for values less than one inch. (b) A dimension is expressed to the same number of decimal places as its tolerance. Zeros are addedASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING I lela oe cles reer rte 3.745 re a i. 13 DECIMAL NCH DIENSINS —= al i ef 7 it | ae zt FIG. 1-4 APPLICATION OF DIMENSIONS to the right of the decimal point where necessary. See Fig. 1-3 and para. 2.3.2. 1.6.3 Decimal Points, Decimal points must be ‘uniform, dense, and large enough to be clearly visible and meet the reproduction requirements of ASME ‘Y14.2M. Decimal points are placed in line with the bottom of the associated digits. I FIG. 1-5 GROUPING OF DIMENSIONS 1.6.4 Conversion and Rounding of Linear Units. For information on conversion and rounding of U.S. customary linear units, see ANSVIEEE 268. 1.7 APPLICATION OF DIMENSIONS i Dimensions are applied by means of dimension lines, extension lines, chain lines, or a leader from a dimension, note, or specification directed to the appropriate feature. See Fig. 1-4. General notes are used to convey additional information. For further information on dimension lines, extension lines, chain lines, and leaders, see ASME Y14.2M. 1.7.1 Dimension Lines. A dimension line, with its arrowheads, shows the direction and extent of a dimension, Numerals indicate the number of units of a measurement. Preferably, dimension lines should be broken for insertion of numerals as shown in Fig. 1-4, Where horizontal dimension lines are not bro- ken, numerals are placed above and parallel to the dimension lines. NOTE: The following shall not be used as a dimension line: 8 centerline, an extension line, a phantom line, line that is part Sf the cuine of the object, ora continuation of aay of these lines. dimension line is 91 sed asap extension line excep. where a simplified method of coordinate dimensioning is used {0 define curved outlines. See Fig. 1-33. 1.7.1.1 Alignment. Dimension lines shall be aligned if practicable and grouped for uniform ap- pearance. See Fig. 1-5. 1.7.1.2 Spacing. Dimension lines are drawn parallel to the direction of measurement. The space between the first dimension line and the part outline sie be ate am 10 mm the pe etDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1094 ial 7a FIG. 1-6 SPACING OF DIMENSION LINES 2 32 ral 17 STAGGERED DIMENSIONS Tai] n7iz succeeding parallel dimension lines should be not less than 6 mm. See Fig. 1-6. NOTE: Tow saci wr ended wien lyfe daw ‘meets the reproduction requirement of the seceped indus tralia reprosucion secticason, nonconormance to hese ‘Spacing requirements i not a bas for rejection of the ewng. Where there are several parallel dimension lines, the numerals should be staggered for easier reading. See Fig. 1-7. 1.7.1.3 Angle Dimensions. The dimension line of an angle is an arc drawn with its center at the apex of the angle. The arrowheads terminate at the extensions of the two sides. See Figs. 1-1 and 1-4. (3) FIG. 1-8 OBLIQUE EXTENSION LINES 1.7.1.4 Crossing Dimension Lines. Crossing dimension lines should be avoided. Where unavoid- able, the dimension lines are unbroken. 1.7.2 Extension (Projection) Lines. Extension lines are used to indicate the extension of a surface ‘or point to a location preferably outside the part out- line. See para 1.7.8. Extension lines start with a short visible gap from the outline of the part and extend beyond the outermost related dimension line. See Fig. 1-6. Extension lines are drawn perpendicular to dimension lines. Where space is limited, extension lines may be drawn at an oblique angle to clearly illustrate where they apply. Where oblique lines are used, the dimension lines are shown in the direction in which they apply. See Fig. 1-8. 1.7.2.1 Crossing Extension Lines. Wherever practicable, extension lines should neither cross one ‘another nor cross dimension lines. To minimize such crossings, the shortest dimension line is shown near- est the outline of the object. See Fig. 1-7. Where extension lines must cross other extension lines, di- mension lines, or lines depicting features, they are not broken, Where extension lines cross arrowheads or dimension lines close to arrowheads, a break in the extension line is permissible. See Fig. 1-9. 1.7.2.2 Locating Points. Where a point is lo- ccated by extension lines only, the extension lines from surfaces should pass through the point. See Fig 1-10. 1.7.3 Limited Length or Area Indication. Where it is desired to indicate that a limited lengthASME Y14.5M-1004 DIMENSIONING AND Tovenanoncl [iz] FIG, 1.9 BREAKS IN EXTENSION LINES aa FIG. 1-10 POINT LOCATIONS (or area ofa surface is to receive additional treatment or consideration within limits specified on the draw- ing, the extent of these limits may be indicated by use of a chain line. See Fig. 1-11. 4.7.3.1 Chain Lines. In an appropriate view or section, a chain line is drawn parallel to the surface profile ‘at a short distance from it. Dimensions are added for length and location. If applied to a surface of revolution, the indication may be shown on one side only. See Fig. 1-11(2), 1.7.3.2 Omitting Chain Line Dimensions. If the chain line clearly indicates the location and extent of the surface area, dimensions may be omitted. See Fig. 1-100). 1.7.33 Area Indication Identification. ‘Where the desired area is shown on a direct view of the surface, the area is section lined within the chain line boundary and appropriately dimensioned. See Fig. 1-110). 1.7.4 Leaders (Loader Lines). A leader is used to direct a dimension, note, or symbol to the intended eK FIG. 1-11 LIMITED LENGTH OR AREA INDICATION place on the drawing. Normally, a leader terminates in an arrowhead. However, where itis intended f a leader to refer to a surface by ending within outline of that surface, the leader should terminate in a dot. A leader should be an inclined straight li except for a short horizontal portion extending to rid-height of the first or last leter or digit of note or dimension. Two ot more leaders to adjacent areas on the drawing should be drawn parallel ‘each other. See Fig. 1-12. 1.7.4.1 Leader Directed Dimensions. Leader directed dimensions are specified individu- ally to avoid complicated leaders. See Fig. 1-13. too many leaders would impair the legibility of the drawing, letters or symbols should be used to identify features. See Fig. 1-14. 1.7.4.2 Cirele and Arc. Where a leader is di- rected to a circle or an arc, its direction should radial. See Fig, 1-15. 1.7.5 Reading Direction. Reading direction for the following specifications apply: IDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y145M-1904 [ZI FIG. 1-12 LEADERS Fo a Fo [ora] FIG. 1-19 LEADER DIRECTED DIMENSIONS x ga8 INDICATED ¥ y y fa] FIG. 1-14 MINIMIZING LEADERS Loe FIG. 1-16 LEADER DIRECTIONS: FIG. 1-18 READING DIRECTION 1.7.5.1 Notes. Notes should be placed to read from the bottom of the drawing with regard to the orientation of the drawing format. 1.7.5.2 Dimensions. Dimensions shown with dimension lines and arrowheads should be placed to read from the bottom of the drawing. See Fig. 1-16. 1.7.5.3 Baseline Dimensioning. Baseline di- mensions are shown aligned to their extension lines and read from the bottom or right side of the draw- ing, See Fig, 1-49. 1.7.6 Reference Dimensions. The method for identifying a reference dimension (or reference data) ‘on drawings is to enclose the dimension (or data) within parentheses. See Figs. 1-17 and 1-18. 1.7.7 Overall Dimensions. Where an overall di- mension is specified, one intermediate dimension is omitted or identified as a reference dimension. See[ASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONNG AND ToLERANING J poe a7 n78, 3:0 FIG, 1-17 INTERMEDIATE REFERENCE DIMENSION a7, 78 3.10 FIG. 1-18 OVERALL REFERENCE DIMENSION Fig. 1-17, Where the intermediate dimensions are ‘more important than the overall dimension, the over- all dimension, if used, is identified as a reference dimension. See Fig. 1-18. 1.7.8 Dimensioning Within the Outline of a View. Dimensions are usually placed outside the outline of a view. Where directness of application ‘makes it desirable, or where extension lines or leader lines would be excessively long, dimensions may be placed within the outline of a view. 1.7.9 Dimensions Not to Scale. Agreement should exist between the pictorial presentation of a feature and its defining dimension, Where a change to a feature is made, the following, as applicable, must be observed. (a) Where the sole authority for the product defi- nition is a hard copy original drawing prepared either 10 FIG. 1-19 DIAMETERS, ‘manually or on an interactive computer graphics sys- tem, and it is mot feasible to update the pictorial view of the feature, the defining dimension is to be underlined with a straight thick line, (b) Where the sole authority for the product defi- nition is a dataset prepared on a computer graphics system, agreement shall be maintained between the defining dimension and the graphics presentation of the feature, in all views. The defining dimension and the true size, location, and direction of the feature shall always be in complete agreement. 1.8 DIMENSIONING FEATURES Various characteristics and features of parts re- quire unique methods of dimensioning. 1.8.1.Diameters. The diameter symbol precedes all diametrai values. See Fig. 1-19 and para. 3.3.7 ‘Where the diameter of a spherical feature is speci- fied, the diametral value is preceded by the spherical diameter symbol. See Fig. 3-8 and para. 3.3.7. Where the diameters of a number of concentric cylindrical features are specified, such diameters should be di- mensioned in a longitudinal view if practicable. 1.8.2 Radii. Each radius value is preceded by the appropriate radius symbol. See Figs. 1-20 and 3-8 and para. 3.3.7. A radius dimension line uses one arrowhead, at the arc end. An arowhead is never used at the radius center. Where location of the cen- ter is important and space permits, a dimension line is drawn from the radius center with the arrowhead touching the arc, and the dimension is placed be- tween the arrowhead and the center. Where space is limited, the dimension line is extended through the radius center. Where it is inconvenient to place the IDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-1994 F190 me + a FIG. 1.20 RADI Rio. [rez] FIG. 1-22 RADII WITH UNLOCATED CENTERS |. [rez] 180 he S FIG, 1-21 RADIUS WITH LOCATED CENTER arrowhead between the radius center and the arc, it may be placed outside the arc with a leader. Where the center of a radius is not dimensionally located, the center shall not be indicated. See Fig. 1-20. .2.1 Center of Radius. Where a dimension is given to the center of a radius, a small cross is, drawn at the center. Extension lines and dimension lines are used to locate the center. See Fig. 1-21. Where location of the center is unimportant, the ‘drawing must clearly show that the arc location is, u aaa) FIG. 1.23 FORESHORTENED RADIL controlled by other dimensioned features such as tan- ‘gent surfaces, See Fig. 1-22. 1.8.2.2 Foreshortened Radi. Where the cen- ter of a radius is outside the drawing or interferes with another view, the radius dimension line may bbe foreshortened. See Fig. 1-23. That portion of the dimension line extending from the arrowhead is ra-ASME Y14.5M-1004 imasecrn wo roxanne os FIG, 1-28 TRUE RADIUS t4- ™ [rez3) FIG. 1-25 SPHERICAL RADIUS dial relative to the arc. Where the radius dimension line is foreshortened and the center is located by coordinate dimensions, the dimension line locating the center is also foreshortened. 1.8.2.3 True Radius. Where a radius is dimen- sioned in a view that does not show the true shape of the radius, TRUE R is added before the radius dimension. See Fig. 1-24. 1.8.2.4 Multiple Radii. Where a part has a number of radii of the same dimension, a note may be used instead of dimensioning each radius separately. .8.2.5 Spherical Redii, Where a spherical surface is dimensioned by a radius, the radius dimen- sion is preceded by the symbol SR. See Fig. 1-25. 1.8.3 Chords, Ares, and Angles. The dimen- sioning of chords, arcs, and angles shall be as shown in Fig. 1-26. 1.8.4 Rounded Ends. Overall dimensions are ‘used for features having rounded ends. For fully rounded ends, the radii are indicated but not dimen- 12 FIG. 1-27 FULLY ROUNDED ENDS sone fo 121, ene is pay rounded ends, the radii are dimensioned. See Fig. 1.8.5 Rounded Comers. Where comers are rounded, dimensions define the edges, and the arcs are tangent. See Fig. 1-29. 1.8.6 Outlines Consisting of Arcs. A curved ‘outline composed of two or more arcs is dimensioned by giving the radii of all arcs and locating the neces- sary centers with coordinate dimensions. Other radii are located on the basis of their points of tangency. See Fig. 1-30. 1.8.7 Irregular Outlines. Inegular outlines may be dimensioned as shown in Figs. 1-31 and 1-32. Circular or noncircular outlines may be dimensioned by the rectangular coordinate or offset method. See IDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-1996 FIG. 1-28 PARTIALLY ROUNDED ENDS FIG, 1-29 ROUNDED CORNERS Lo. _iaa| FIG. 1-90 CIRCULAR ARC OUTLINE Fig. 1-31. Coordinates are dimensioned from base lines. Where many coordinates are required to define an outline, the vertical and horizontal coordinate di- mensions may be tabulated, as in Fig. 1-32. 1.8.7.1 Grid System. Curved pieces that rep- resent pattems may be defined by a grid system with ‘numbered grid lines. B FIG. 1.31 COORDINATE OR OFFSET OUTLINE x [2lefslales ¥_[4a[ea| ss |walzaa] _fia7] FIG. 1-32 TABULATED OUTLINE 1.8.8 Symmetrical Outlines. Symmetrical out- lines may be dimensioned on one side of the center line of symmetry. Such is the case where, due to the size of the part or space limitations, only part of the outline can be conveniently shown. See Fig. 1-33. One-half the outline of the symmetrical shape is shown and symmetry is indicated by applying sym- bols for part symmetry to the center line. See ASME, Y142M.ASME Y14.5M-1994 73 3 6 a] 7a FIG, 1-32 SYMMETRICAL OUTLINES 9 Round Holes. Round holes are dimen- ed as shown in Fig. 1-34. Where itis not clear that a hole goes through, the abbreviation THRU follows a dimension. The depth dimension ofa blind hole is the depth of the full diameter from the outer surface of the part. Where the depth dimension is not clear, as from a curved surface, the depth should be dimensioned. For methods of specifying blind holes, see Fig. 1-34 1.8.10 Slotted Holes. Slotted holes are dimen- sioned as shown in Fig. 1-35. The end radii are indi- ccated but not dimensioned. 1.8.11 Counterbored Holes. Counterbored holes may be specified as shown in Fig. 1-36. Where the thickness of the remaining material has signifi- ccance, this thickness (rather than the depth) is dimen- sioned. For holes having more than one counterbore, see Fig. 1-37, 1.8.12 Countersunk and Counterdrilled Holes. For countersunk holes, the diameter and in- cluded angle of the countersink are specified. For counterdrilled holes, the diameter and depth of the counterdrill are specified. Specifying the included angle of the counterdrill is optional. See Fig. 1-38 The depth dimension isthe depth of the full diameter of the counterdril from the outer surface ofthe part. 18.121 Chamfered and Countersunk Holes on Curved Surfaces, Where a hole is cham- fered or countersunk on a curved surface, the diame- ter specified on the drawing applies at the minor diameter of the chamfer or countersink. See Fig. 1- 39. 4 DIMENSIONING AND new 1.8.13 Spotfaces. The diameter of the spotface area is specified. Either the depth or the ret thickness of material may be specified. See Fig. 1 40. A spotface may be specified by note only an need not be delineated on the drawing. If no depth or remaining thickness of material is specified, spotface is the minimum depth necessary to clean u the surface to the specified diameter. 1.8.14 Machining Centers. Where machinis centers are to remain on the finished part, they indicated by a note or dimensioned on the drawing ‘See ANSI B94.11M. 1.8.15 Chamfors. Chamfers are dimensioned a linear dimension and an angle, or by two linear dimensions. See Figs. 1-41 through 1-44. Where angle and a linear dimension are specified, the line dimension is the distance from the indicated surfac Of the part to the start of the chamfer. See Fig. 1-41 1.8.15.1 Chamfers Specified by Note. note may be used to specify 45° chamfers, as in Fig, 1-42. This method is used only with 45° chamfers, as the linear value applies in either direction. 15.2 Round Holes. Where the edge of a round hole is chamfered, the practice of para 1.8.15.1is followed, except where the chamfer diam] ter requires dimensional control. See Fig. 1-43. Thi type of control may also be applied to the chamfer diameter on a shaft, 1.8.15.3 intersecting Surfaces. ve cunll fers are required for surfaces intersecting at other than right angles, the methods shown in Fig. 1 are used. 1.8.16 Keyseats. Keyseats are dimensioned by ‘width, depth, location, and if required, length. The depth is dimensioned from the opposite side of shaft or hole. See Fig. 1-45. 1.8.17 Knurling. Knurling is specified in i | of type, pitch, and diameter before and after knurlin Where control is not required, the diameter after knurling is omitted. Where only a portion of af requires knurling, axial dimensioning is provi See Fig. 1-46, 1.8.17.1 Knurling for Press Fit. Where quired to provide a press fit between parts, knurlin is specified by a note that includes the type of knur] required, its pitch, the toleranced diameter of the fea ture before knurling, and the minimum acceptabl diameter after knurling. See Fig. 1-47.DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING (ASME Y14.5M-1994 rz 98 te rte Q 7 6 i [ra] FIG, ¥34 ROUND HOLES R 7 8 6 ® Ligto Eom ¥3 R o7 Liste Rt “ 2x exe x je 22. 2x R aa ¥ 8 © Tos. 78.10 FIG. 1-38 SLOTTED HOLES 15‘ASME Y14.5M-1904 Q. gr Lie. 10: 13 DIMENSIONING AND aa THIS ON THE DRAWING Q Luger0 Liptows MEANS THIS. 3 10 13 AG. 1-37 COUNTERBORED HOLES 968 MV ae ges ¥20 ‘Counferaunk holes B10 120° 8¥20 pve ‘Counterariied Rates, FIG. 1-38 COUNTERSUNK AND COUNTERDAILLED HOLES 16DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 Minor diameter equals 2X minor a [rami] FIG. 1-99 COUNTERSINK ON A CURVED SURFACE 2x45 2xe x 98 Ligzo : ow yt Fa ta Tas FIG. 1-40 SPOTFAGED HOLES FG. 141 ‘CHAMPERS, “5 DEGREE CHAMFER FIG. 18, 7 INTERNAL CHAMPERS‘ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCI PITCH 0.8 RAISED DIAMOND x \tr a ee Tt L 5 7 vv =| Be. Lt 142 FULL KNURL FIG. 1-44 CHAMFERS BETWEEN SURFACES ‘AT OTHER THAN 90 DEGREES FIG. 1-46 _KNURLS see ran emAHT RL e ae Fens { mn = Lp te ite feo te FU KNURL, FIG, 1-45 KEYSEATS FIG. 147 KNURLS FOR PRESS FITS 1.8.17.2 Knurling Standard. For information i on inch knurling, see ANSVASME B94.6. 1.8.18 Rods and Tubing Details. Rods and tub- ing are dimensioned in three coordinate directions ‘ing involue spline requirements are covered ‘and toleranced using geometric principles or by spec ee ifying the straight lengths, bend radii, angles of bend, 1.8.22 Castings and Forgings, Methods and angles of twist for all portions of the item. This specifying requirements peculiar to castings may be done by means of auxiliary views, tabulation, forgings are covered in ASME Y14.8M. cor supplementary data, ASME Y14.7 series of standards. Methods of y in 1.8.19 Serew Threads. Methods of specifying I and dimensioning screw threads are covered in ANSI ‘1.8 LOCATION OF FEATURES ‘Y14.6 and ANSI Y14.6aM. ‘Rectangular coordinate or polar coordinate dimen 118.20 Surface Texture, Methods of specifying Sons ovate features with respect 9 one anor surface texture requirements are covered in ANSI The fe that establish this datum or origin must i436, ed ‘additional information, see ANSW ty identified. See para. 5.2.1.3. Round holes or: oe features of symmetrical contour are located by givif 1.8.21 Gears and Involute Splines. Methods distances, or distances and directions to the feature of specifying gear requirements are covered in the centers, See Figs. 1-48 through 1-56. I 18DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1004 Tay] ne FIG, 148 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE DIMENSIONING co [sae BvMBOL J -A[-8 [eo HOE rLaetast at 8 Taz, re 753) FIG. 1-49 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE DIMENSIONING WITHOUT DIMENSION LINES. 1.9.1 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning. ‘Where rectangular coordinate dimensioning is used to locate features, linear dimensions specify distances in coordinate directions from two or three mutually perpendicular planes. See Fig. 1-48. Coordinate di- mensioning must clearly indicate which features of the part establish these planes. For methods to ac- complish this, see Section 4, 1.9.2 Rectangular Coordinate Dimensioning Without Dimension Lines. Dimensions may be shown on extension lines without the use of dimen- sion lines or arrowheads. The base lines are indicated 19 as zero coordinates, or they may be labeled as X, Y, and Z. See Figs. 1-49 and 1-50. 1.9.3 Tabular Dimensioning. Tabular dimen- sioning is a type of rectangular coordinate dimen- sioning in which dimensions from mutually perpen- dicular planes are listed in a table on the drawing, tather than on the pictorial delineation. See Fig. 1- 50. This method is used on drawings that require the location of a large number of similarly shaped features. Tables are prepared in any suitable manner that adequately locates the features.ASME Y14.5M—1004 DIMENSIONING AND mewn DESCRIPTION] oF FIG. 1-50 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE DIMENSIONING IN TABULAR FORM TY 7 HOE [FROM TXT TZ i a Ai] xy_[ee] 36] 78 i S| xy Ts oa Trew, ‘ee_[ XY 78 [38] THRU i ea xy foe nr rr Bax [roy rH. [i ea I c2_| xy [48 30 [THAW a xy] 5 | at ran Ge_{_x¥ | 90} ar THRU 5) xy | 72 or ran Ge xy Pen [ran Bey fae ee I 73a i FIG. 1-51 POLAR COORDINATE DIMENSIONING 1.9.4 Polar Coordinate Dimensioning. Where polar coordinate dimensioning is used to locate fea- tures, a linear and an angular dimension specifies a distance from a fixed point at an angular direction from two or three mutually perpendicular planes. The fixed point is the intersection of these planes. See Fig. 1-51 5 Repetitive Features or Dimensions. Re- petitive features or dimensions may be specified by 20 FIG. 1-52 REPETITIVE FEATURES the use of an X in conjunction with a numeral 5 indicate the “number of places” required. See Figs. 1-52 through 1-56. Where used with a basic. sion, the X may be placed either inside or outs the basic dimension frame. See Figs. 4-26 and 5-14. 1.9.5.1 Series and Patterns. Features, si as holes and slots, that are repeated in a series pattern, may be specified by giving the required ‘number of features and an X followed by the si ‘dimension of the feature. A space is used the X and the dimension. See Figs. 1-52 throu, 1.56.DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-1094 1 o8 ras hos os a ‘5X 10° (=50") FIG. 1-85 REPETITIVE FEATURES AND DIMENSIONS. FIG. 1-53 REPETITIVE FEATURES froee 1.8.5.1 ro oo Warr 8 17K 16 (=272) FIG. 1454 REPETITIVE FEATURES AND DIMENSIONS. .2 Spacing. Equal spacing of features in 4 series or pattern may be specified by giving the required number of spaces and an X, followed by the applicable dimension. A space is used between the X and the dimension. See Figs. 1-54 through 1- 56. Where it is difficult to distinguish between the dimension and the number of spaces, as in Fig. 1- 54, one space may be dimensioned and identified as, reference. 21 aK 4 Pielaceoa FIG. 1-56 REPETITIVE FEATURES AND DIMENSIONS 1.9.6 Use of X to Indicate “By.” An X may be used to indicate “by” between coordinate dimensions as shown in Figs. 1-35(b) and 1-42. In such cases, the X shall be preceded and followed by one charac- ter space. Where the practices described in paras. 19.8 and 1.96 ted ob sae ing et ian 10 Bee ach usages cea.DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1904 2 General Tolerancing and Related Principles 2.1 GENERAL This Section establishes practices for expressing tolerances on linear and angular dimensions, applica- bility of material condition modifiers, and interpreta- tions governing limits and tolerances. ‘CAUTION: If CAD/CAM database models are used and they do ‘ot include tolerances, then tolerances must be expressed ouside ofthe database to reflect desig requirements 2.1.1 Application, Tolerances may be expressed as follows: (a) as direct limits or as tolerance values applied directly to a dimension (see para. 2.2); (b) as a geometric tolerance, as described in Sec- tions 5 and 6; (c) in a note referring to specific dimensions; (d) as specified in other documents referenced on the drawing for specific features or processes; (e) in a general tolerance block referring to all dimensions on a drawing for which tolerances are not otherwise specified; see ANSI Y14.1 2.1.1.1 Positional Tolerancing Method. Preferably, tolerances on dimensions that locate fea- tures of size are specified by the positional toleranc- ing method described in Section 5. In certain cases, such as locating irregular-shaped features, the profile tolerancing method described in Section 6 may be used. 2.1.1.2 Implied 90° Angle. By convention, where center lines and surfaces of features of a part are depicted on engineering drawings intersecting at right angles, 2 90° angle is not specified. Implied 90° angles are understood to apply. The tolerance on these implied 90° angles is the same as for all other angular features shown on the field of the drawing governed by general angular tolerance notes or gen- ‘eral tolerance block values. Where center lines and surfaces of a part are depicted on engineering draw- ings intersecting at right angles and basic dimensions ‘of geometric controls have been specified, implied 90° basic angles are understood to apply. The toler- ance on the feature associated with these implied 90° basic angles is provided by feature control frames | —t 2 ee “A 23 [za FIG. 241 LIMIT DIMENSIONINGASME Y145M-1994 pe (©) Bilateral tolerancing {22} FIG. 22 PLUS AND MINUS TOLERANCING that gover the location, orientation, profile, or run- ‘out of features of the part. See paras. 1.4 (j) and ()). 2.2 DIRECT TOLERANCING METHODS Limits and directly applied tolerance values are specified as follows. (a) Limit Dimensioning. The high limit (maxi- mum value) is placed above the low limit (minimum value). When expressed in a single line, the low limit precedes the high limit and a dash separates the two values. See Fig. 2-1 (b) Plus and Minus Tolerancing. The dimension is given first and is followed by a plus and minus expression of tolerance. See Fig. 2-2 2.2.1 Metric Limits and Fits For metric applica- tion of limits and fits, the tolerance may be indicated m DIMENSIONING AND a Fiegs (20 17) () — sor(388) @ 007 pa FIG. 23 INDICATING SYMBOLS FOR METRIC LIMITS AND FITS by a basic size and tolerance symbol as in Fig. 4 3. See ANSI B42 for complete information on this system, 2.2.1.1 Limits and Tolerance Symbols, Th ‘method shown in Fig. 2-3(a) is recommended when the system is introduced by an organization. In case, limit dimensions are specified, and the tall size and tolerance symbol are identified as reference. 2.2.1.2 Tolerance Symbol and Limits. experience is gained, the method shown in Fig. 3(b) may be used. When the system is established and standard tools, gages, and stock materials available with size and symbol identification, ‘method shown in Fig. 2-3(c) may be used. 2.3 TOLERANCE EXPRESSION I ‘The conventions shown in the following ‘graphs shall be observed pertaining to the number decimal places carried in the tolerance. 2.3.1 Millimeter Tolerances. Where mill dimensions are used on the drawings, the followi apply. (a) Where unilateral tolerancing is used and eit oe te leg elt ty without a plus of minus sign. EXAMPLE: 0 +0.02 I 4.02 o 29 (b) Where bilateral tolerancing is used, both the 91025 +0.25 plus and minus values have the same number of deci ‘mal places, using zeros where necessary. 1 EXAMPLE: =0.10 o1 oll (c) Where limit dimensioning is used and eit ‘the maximum or minimum value has digits following decimal pon ether vb ed oy uniformity.DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING EXAMPLE: 25.45 25.45 25.00 a 2 (d) Where basic dimensions are used, associated tolerances contain the number of decimal places nec- essary for control. The basic dimension value ob- serves the practices of para. 1.6.1. EXAMPLE: & with with (Seow Sales] (S[so1 STATaIe] 2.3.2 Inch Tolerances. Where inch dimensions are used on the drawing, the following apply: (a) Where unilateral tolerancing is used and either the plus or minus value is nil, its dimension shall be expressed with the same number of decimal places, and the appropriate plus or minus sign. EXAMPLE: #005 #005 500" 00 ot 500" 9 (b) Where bilateral tolerancing is used, both the plus and minus values and the dimension have the same number of decimal places. EXAMPLE: “500 +005 not 50 #.005 (c) Where limit dimensioning is used and either the maximum or minimum value has digits following 1 decimal point, the other Value has zeros added for ‘uniformity. EXAMPLE: 750 7 748 at 748 (d) Where basic dimensions are used, associated tolerances contain the number of decimal places nec- essary for control. The basic dimension value is ex- pressed with the same number of decimal places as the tolerance. EXAMPLE | = rs (]e 005 @TATaTe) (SF oes G]ATeTo} 2.3.3 Angle Tolerances. Where angle dimen- sions are used, both the plus and minus values and the angle have the same number of decimal places. EXAMPLE: 25.0" 2.2" ot 25" 2.2" 2.4 INTERPRETATION OF LIMITS All Limits ae absolute. Dimensional limits, egard- less of the number of decimal places, are used as if they were continued with zeros. 25 ASME Y14.5M-1994 EXAMPLES: 122 means 12.20. 120 ‘means 1200. 1201 ‘means 12.010..0 To determine conformance within limits, the mea- sured value is compared directly with the specified value and any deviation outside the specified limiting value signifies nonconformance with the limits. 2.4.1 Plated or Coated Parts, Where a part is. to be plated or coated, the drawing or referenced document shall specify whether the dimensions are before or after plating. Typical examples of notes are the following: (a) DIMENSIONAL LIMITS APPLY AFTER PLATING. (6) DIMENSIONAL LIMITS APPLY BEFORE PLATING. (or processes other than plating, substitute the appropriate term.) 2.8 SINGLE LIMITS MIN or MAX jis placed after a dimension where other elements of the design definitely determine the ‘other unspecified limit. Features, such as depths of holes, lengths of threads, comer radii, chamfers,etc., may be limited in this way. Single limits are used where the intent will be clear, and the unspecified imit can be zero or approach infinity and will not result in a condition detrimental to the design. 2.6 TOLERANCE ACCUMULATION Figure 2-4 compares the tolerance values resulting from three methods of dimensioning. (a) Chain Dimensioning. The maximum variation between two features is equal tothe sum of the toler- ances on the intermediate distances; this results in the greatest tolerance accumulation. In Fig. 2-4(a), the tolerance accumulation between surfaces X and Y is 40.15. (b) Base Line Dimensioning. The maximum vari- ation between two features is equal to the sum of the tolerances on the two dimensions from their origin to the features; this results in a reduction of the toler- ance accumulation. In Fig. 2-4(b), the tolerance accu- ‘mulation between surfaces X and Y is 20.1 (c) Direct Dimensioning. The maximum variation between two features is controlled by the tolerance on the dimension between the features; this results in the least tolerance. In Fig. 2-4(c), the tolerance between surfaces X and ¥ is 20.05.‘ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND Tousranconl j= 1020.05--4620, vee 102005 (4) Chain dimensioning ~ ‘sccumolation between X and Y. -}-—_—_ 8: .0s x {() Base tne dimensioning -esser tolerance {tccumulation between X ane ¥. f+ 282006. b— 1620.05 —a} eer y x 262008. (6) Direct dimensioning - lent tolerance Detwoen X and ¥. az 26 FIG. 2-4 TOLERANCE ACCUMULATION 2.6.1 Dimensional Limits Related to an Ori- in. In certain cases, it is necessary to indicate that ‘a dimension between two features shall originate from one of these features and not the other. The hhigh points of the surface indicated as the origin define a plane for measurement. The dimensions re- lated to the origin are taken from the plane or axis and define a zone within which the other features must lie. This concept does not establish a datum reference frame as described in Section 4. Such a case is illustrated in Fig. 2-5, where a part having 6 THIS ON THE DRAWING ret04 a WEANS THIS sare] er vee ———— ea i ne Indicated origin plane NOT THIS Longer surtace ‘ed as the origin te: 28 mame oweson ure 0a onl oe pant ss of meat mg oll mounted on the shorter surface. In this example, the dimension origin symbol described in para. 3.3.1 signifies thatthe dimension originates from the pl established by the shorter surface and dimensional limits apply to the other surface. Without such indi cation, the longer surface could have been selected the origin, thus permitting a greater angular variation 2.7 LIMITS OF SIZE between surfaces, I Unless otherwise specified, the limits of size of feature prescribe the extent within which variation of geometric form, as well as size, are allowed. This control applies solely to individual features of si as defined in para. 1.3.17. 2.7.1 Individual Feature of Size (Rule #1). Where nly oerance of sie specified, he ie of size of an individual feature prescribe the ext to which variations in its geometric form, as well as size, are allowed.DIMENSIONING ANO TOLERANCING ASME Y145M-1904 THIS ON THE DRAWING pop ezeo 1 T | t wie | erie popes on re aie poro}-20 uo) i sneer rp cy 1-s20.2Mc) Lal ns oes MMC Pertct form boundary FIG. 2.6 EXTREME VARIATIONS OF FORM ALLOWED BY A SIZE TOLERANCE 2.7.1.1 Variations of Size. The actual local size of an individual feature at each cross section shall be within the specified tolerance of size. 2.7.1.2 Variations of Form (Envelope Prin- ciple). The form of an individual feature is con- trolled by its limits of size to the extent prescribed in the following paragraphs and illustrated in Fig. 26. (a) The surface or surfaces of a feature shall not extend beyond a boundary (envelope) of perfect form. at MMC. This boundary is the true geometric form represented by the drawing. No variation in form is permitted if the feature is produced at its MMC limit, of size except as specified in para. 6.4.1.1.2. (b) Where the actual local size of a feature has departed from MMC toward LMC, a variation in form is allowed equal to the amount of such departure. (c). There is no requirement for a boundary of per- fect form at LMC. Thus, a feature produced at its LMC limit of size is permitted to vary from true form to the maximum variation allowed by the boundary of perfect form at MMC. 2.7.1.3 Form Control Does Not Apply (Ex- ceptions to Rule #1). The control of geometric form prescribed by limits of size does not apply to the following: (a) stock, such as bars, sheets, tubing, structural shapes, and other items produced to established in- 7 dustry or government standards that prescribe limits for straightness, flatness, and other geometric charac- teristics. Unless geometric tolerances are specified fon the drawing of a part made from these items, standards for these items govern the surfaces that remain in the as-furnished condition on the finished part. (®) parts subject to free state variation in the unre- strained condition. See para. 6.8. 2.7.2 Perfect Form at MMC Not Required. Where itis desired to permit a surface or surfaces of a feature to exceed the boundary of perfect form at MMC, a note such as PERFECT FORM AT MMC. NOT REQD is specified, exempting the pertinent size dimension from the provision of para. 2.7.1.2(a). 2.7.3 Relationship Between Individual Fea- tures. The limits of size do not control the orienta- tion or location relationship between individual fea- tures, Features shown perpendicular, coaxial, or symmetrical to each other must be controlled for lo- cation of orientation to avoid incomplete drawing requirements. These controls may be specified by ‘one of the methods given in Sections 5 and 6. If it is necessary to establish a boundary of perfect form ‘at MMC to control the relationship between features, the following methods are used. (a) Specify a zero tolerance of orientation at MMC, including a datum reference (at MMC if ap-ASME Y14.6M-1994 plicable), to control angularity, perpendicularity, or parallelism of the feature. See para. 6.6.1.2 (b) Specify a zero positional tolerance at MMC, including a datum reference (at MMC if applicable) to control coaxial or symmetrical features. See paras. S.11.13 and 5.13.2. () Indicate this control for the features involved by a note such as PERFECT ORIENTATION (or COAXIALITY or LOCATION OF SYMMETRICAL FEATURES) AT MMC REQUIRED FOR RE- LATED FEATURES. (d) Relate dimensions to a datum reference frame by a local or general note indicating datum prece- dence. See para. 4.4, The noted dimensions define only the maximum material condition envelope re- lated to the datum reference frame defined by the datums. For LMC, see para. 2.7.1.2(¢) 2.8 APPLICABILITY OF RFS, MMC, AND LMC Applicability of RES, MMC, and LMC is limited to features subject to variations in size. They may be datum features or other features whose axes or center planes are controlled by geometric tolerances. In the case of straightness covered in paras. 6.4.1.1.2 and 64.1.1.3 it is the derived median line and the de- rived median plane, rather than the axis and center plane that are controlled. In all cases, the fol practices apply for indicating RFS, MMC, and LMC: (a) All Applicable Geometric Tolerances (Rule #2), RFS applies, with respect to the individual toler~ ance, datum reference, or both, where no modifying symbol is specified. MMC or LMC must be specified on the drawing where it is required. NOTE: Circular runout, ota runout, concentrcity and symmetry ‘are applicable only on an RES basis and cannot be modified (0 MME or LMC. (b) Alternative Practice. For a tolerance of posi- tion (Rule #2a), RFS may be specified on the draw- ‘ng with respect to the individual tolerance, datum reference, or both, as applicable, See Appendix D ig, D-1). 2.8.1 Effect of RFS. Where a geometric tolerance is applied on an RFS basis, the specified tolerance is independent of the actual size of the considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value regardless of the actual size of the feature. Likewise, referencing a datum feature on an RFS basis means that a centering about its axis or center plane is nec- essary, regardless of the actual size of the feature. 2.8.2 Effect of MMC. Where a geometric toler- 8 ance is applied on an MMC basis, the allowed toler ance is dependent on the actual mating size of considered feature. The tolerance is limited to specified value if the feature is produced at its MM limit of size. Where the actual mating size of the feature has departed from MMC, an increase in 4 tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of suc departure. The total permissible variation in the spe- cific geometric characteristic is maximum oy DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCI feature is at LMC. Likewise, referencing a feature on an MMC basis means the datum is axis or center plane of the feature at the MMC limit Where the actual mating size of the datum fea has departed from MMC, a deviation is allowed tween its axis or center plane and the axis or center plane of the datum. 2.8.3 Effect of Zero Tolerance at MMC, Wher a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on a zero tolerance at MMC basis, the tolerance is totally dependent on the actual mating size of the consi feature. No tolerance of position or orientation is allowed if the feature is produced at its MMC limi of size; and in this case, it must be located at position or be perfect in orientation, as applicable. ‘Where the actual mating size of the considered fea ture has departed from MMC, a tolerance is allowe equal to the amount of such departure. The total per missible variation in position or orientation is maxi- mum when the feature is at LMC, unless a maximu is specified. See Figs. 6-41 and 6-42. 2.8.4 Effect of LMC. Where a positional tol ance is applied on an LMC basis, the allowed tole ance is dependent on the actual mating size of considered feature. The tolerance is limited to the specified value if the feature is produced at its LM limit of size. Where the actual mating size of feature has departed from LMC, an increase in the tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of = departure. The total permissible variation in positi is maximum when the feature is at MMC. Likewise, referencing a datum feature on an LMC basis means the datum is the axis or center plane of the fe at the LMC limit. Where the actual mating size of ddatum feature has departed from LMC, a deviation is, allowed between its axis or center plane and the axi or center plane of the datum, Effect of Zero Tolerance at LMC. Where a tolerance of position or orientation is applied on zero tolerance at LMC basis, the tolerance is totally ‘dependent on the size of the considered feature. No tolerance of position or orientation is allowed if, "|DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING feature is produced at its LMC limit of size: and in this case, it must be located at true position or be perfect in orientation, as applicable. Where the actual ‘mating size of the considered feature has departed from LMC, a tolerance is allowed equal to the amount of such departure. The total permissible vari- ation in position or orientation is maximum when the feature is at MMC unless a maximum is specified. See Figs. 5-13, 5-14, and 6-42. 2.9 SCREW THREADS Each tolerance of orientation of position and da- tum reference specified for a screw thread applies to the axis of the thread derived from the pitch cylinder. ‘Where an exception to this practice is necessary, the specific feature of the screw thread (such as MAJOR DIA or MINOR DIA) shall be stated beneath the feature control frame, or beneath or adjacent to the ) Neate On RELAT PROFILE OF A SURFACE B_| ese ANGULARITY Z_ [ese I ontenranion | PERPENOIOWLANITY aaa PARALLELISM 7/_| 808 1 ron POSITION o [s Relsreo Features | Locarion | GONCENTRICITY © | sus SeMMeTaY 2 CIRCULAR RUNOUT Ao | ersas Il unout ; TOTAL RUNUT | era ABROWHEADS MAY BE FILLED OR NOT FILLED ca «= sD 2.8.6 Projected Tolerance Zone Symbol. The symbolic means of indicating a projected toleranc Soe het Teeaacoma local and general notes is prohibited. 3.3.7 Diameter and Radius Symbols, Th symbols used to indicate diameter, spherical di ter, radius, spherical radius, and controlled radius are shown in Fig. 3-8. These symbols precede the valu of a dimension or tolerance given as a diameter radius, as applicable. The symbol and the value not separated by a space. 3.3.8 Reference Symbol. The symbolic eanll of indicating a dimension or other dimensional data as reference is by enclosing the dimension (or di sional data) within parentheses. See Fig. 3-8. In wrt ten notes, parentheses retain their grammatical inter- pretation unless otherwise specified. 3.3.9 Are Length Symbol. The symbolic mean of indicating that a linear dimension is an arc length measured on a curved outline is shown in Fig. 3-8 The symbol is placed above the dimension, 1DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.6M-1094 TT FIG. 33 DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE fe] {5} (2) CA CA (os [4 — o- e % o © o {332} FIG. 24 PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON FEATURES OF SIZE 8ASME Y14.6M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND Totenancin lt FIG. 35 PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL IN CONJUNCTION WITH A FEATURE CONTROL FRAME 3.3.10 Statistical Tolerancing Symbol. symbolic means of indicating that a tolerance Tenge re sz, where appleabie based on statistical tolerancing is shown in Fig. 3-8. Datum If the tolerance is a statistical geometric tol tenor oe Target number the symbol is placed in the feature Scout taal following the stated tolerance and any modifier. See . ct Fig. 3-9. Ifthe tolerance is a statistical size tolerance * the symbol is placed adjacent to the size dimension} Datum See Figs. 2-20 and 3-10. ‘Gent ‘eter Target 3.3.11 Between Symbol. The symbolic mean: impose of indicating that a tolerance applies to a limit Si] segment of a surface between designated extremities S33} js shown in Figs. 3-8, 3-11, 613, and 6-14. In Fig ea ea ka onoe 3-11, for example, the tolerance applies a | point G and point H. 3.8.12 Counterbore or Spotface Symbol. symbolic means of indicating a counterbore or spotface is shown in Fig. 3-12. The symbol precedes ‘with no space, the dimension of the counterbore or 2.3.13 Countersink Symbol. The symbol ‘means of indicating a countersink is shown in Fig. 3-13. The symbol precedes, with no space, the a | i {est mensions of the countersink. 3.3.14 Depth Symbol. The symbolic means indicating that a dimension applies to the depth of aaa feature is to precede that dimension with the symbol, as shown in Fig. 3-14. The symbol and the FIG. 27 BASIC DIMENSION SYMBOL value are not separated by a space. 1 “4DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-1904 TEAM sruso. | see: AT mano MATERIAL conomion | _@) | 335 TAT LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION © [ss PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE ©_[ase FREE STATE © [saw TANGENT PLANE @_| saz DIAMETER @ | sar SPHERICAL OAMETER 3B _| sar RADIUS: R 33.7 ‘SPHERICAL RADIUS: SR 33.7 CONTROLLED RADIIS R REFERENCE Opes 1 tener =| 90 STATISTICAL TOLERANCE @_| sa%0 Beween => | san FG. 28 MODIFYING SyMBOLS [so1@ @ialsle} TEE} 330] FIG. 3.9 SYMBOL INDICATING THE SPECIFIED TOLERANCE IS A STATISTICAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE 4 Sa7 313@ 7 a0) FIG. 3-11 BETWEEN SYMBOL FIG. 3:10 STATISTICAL TOLERANCE SYMBOL 45 FIG. 9:12 COUNTERBORE OR SPOTFACE SYMBOLASME Y16.5M~1904 DIMENSIONING ANO el 96.5 THRU \7B10 X 90" ‘Counters symbol FIG. 3.43 COUNTERSINK SYMBOL FIG. 2-14 DEPTH SYMBOL, FIG, 3.18 SQUARE SYMBOL [33%] 3.3.15 Square Symbol. The symbolic means of. indicating that a single dimension applies to a square shape is to precede that dimension with the square symbol, as shown in Fig. 3-15. The symbol and the value are not separated by a space. 3.3.16 Dimension Origin Symbol. The sym- bolic means of indicating that a toleranced dimension between two features originates from one of these features and not the other is shown in Figs. 2-5 and 316. Tn BS Tl 4 4 wee F coo amoo sD (sai) FIG, 3:16 DIMENSION ORIGIN SYMBOL ‘Symbol forall around fees FIG, 317 SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND 3.3.17 Taper and Slope Symbols. The om bolic means of indicating taper and slope for conical and flat tapers are shown in Figs. 2-15 and 2-17. ‘These symbols are always shown with the vertical leg to the left. 3.3.18 All Around Symbol. The symbolic means, of indicating that a tolerance applies to surfaces alll around the partis a circle located at the junction of the leader from the feature control frame. See Fig. 3.17. 3.3.19 Free State Symbol. For features subject to free state variation as defined in para. 6.8, the symbolic means of indicating that the geometric tl- crance applies in its ‘free state™ is shown in Fig. 3- 8. The symbol is placed in the feature control frame following the stated tolerance and any modifier. “| Fig. 3-18. 3.3.20 Tangent Plane Symbol. The symbolic means of indicating a tangent plane is shown in Fig. 3-8. The symbol is placed in the feature control frame following the stated tolerance as shown in Fig. 6-43, Also see paras. 1.3.21 and 6.6.1.3 3.3.21 Surface Texture Symbols. For informa tion on the symbolic means of specifying surface texture, see ANSI Y14.36. 1DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1004 conti Sorte (ols6) symbol Foe wats mel Fo, 318 FEATURE CONTTOL FRAME WITH FREE Dsante emt Fess oa ‘Material condition oomad feces Fo, 329. FEATURE CONTROL FRAME NCORPORATIG ora) a'baTom nerenence — characteristic: _ Ss leon 8) ft Coe ‘Multiple datum t fee indy Bianatrsymaat Cn conan (a4 a ees 7 a, 319. FEATURE CONTROL FRAME =e ami 2 reterences| ae 3.3.22 Symbols for Limits and Fits. For infor- [aa3| mation on the symbolic means of specifying metric fc) Three Primary limits and fits, see para, 2.2.1. oat a Vea ve 3.4 GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE SYMBOLS Geometric characteristic symbols, the tolerance Pee] value, and datum reference lees, were applicable pq a) gnogh on PaECEDENGE OF DATUM are combined in a feature control frame to express a ‘geometric tolerance. 3.4.1 Feature Control Frame. A geometric tol- crance for an individual feature is specified by means of a feature control frame divided into compartments containing the geometric characteristic symbol fol- owed by the tolerance. See Fig. 3-19. Where appli- ccable, the tolerance is preceded by the diameter sym- bol and followed by a material condition symbol. 3.4.2 Feature Control Frame Incorporating One Datum Reference, Where a geometric toler- ance is related to a datum, this relationship is indi- cated by entering the datum reference letter in a com- partment following the tolerance. Where applicable, the datum reference letter is followed by a material condition symbol. See Fig. 3-20. Where a datum is established by two datum features — for example, a REFERENCE an axis established by two datum diameters — both ‘datum reference letters, separated by a dash, are en- tered in a single compartment. Where applicable, each datum reference letter is followed by a material condition symbol. See Figs. 3-2I(a) and 4-19 and para. 4.5.7, 3.4.3 Feature Control Frame Incorporating ‘Two or Three Datum References. Where more than one datum is required, the datum reference let- ters (each followed by a material condition symbol, ‘where applicable) are entered in separate compart- ‘ments in the desired order of precedence, from left to right. See Figs. 3-21(b) and (). Datum reference‘ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND Totemanenc FIG. 222 MULTIPLE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES letters need not be in alphabetical order in the feature control frame. 3.4.4 Composite Feature Control Frame. The ‘composite feature control frame contains a single en- try of the geometric characteristic symbol followed by each tolerance and datum requirement, one above the other. See Figs. 3-22(a) and paras. 5.4.1 and 659. 3.4.5 Two Single-Segment Feature Control Frames. The symbolic means of representing two single-segment feature control frames is shown in Fig. 3-22(b). Application of this control is described in para, 5.4.1.3. 3.4.6 Combined Feature Control Frame and Datum Feature Symbol. Where a feature or pat- tem of features controlled by a geometric tolerance also serves as a datum feature, the feature control frame and datum feature symbol are combined. See Fig, 3-23. Wherever a feature control frame and da- ‘tum feature symbol are combined, datums referenced in the feature control frame are not considered part of, the datum feature symbol. In the positional tolerance example, Fig. 3-23, a feature is controlled for posi- tion in relation to datums A and B, and identified as datum feature C. Whenever datum C is referenced elsewhere on the drawing, the reference applies 10 datum C, not to datums A’ and B. 3.4.7 Feature Control Frame With a Pro- jected Tolerance Zone. Where a positional or an orientation tolerance is specified as a projected toler- ‘ance zone, the projected tolerance zone symbol is placed in the feature control frame, along with the dimension indicating the minimum height of the tol- ‘erance zone. This is to follow the stated tolerance > = SE (025 @ 10} aaaT S[soz8 TABS) (a) Composite Bat aaa sae EH FIG. 3:23 COMBINED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME AND [sox Slolelr) DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL 160250) (©) Two single segments Sars sas 48 Inimum projected height of Projected tolerance zone symbol [az] FIG. 3:24 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A ‘PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE SYMBOL and any modifier. See Fig. 3-24. Where necessary for Clarification, the projected tolerance zone is indicat with a chain line and the minimum height of tolerance zone is specified in a drawing view. The height dimension may then be omitted from the fea- ture control frame. See Fig. 5-34 1 3.5 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT ‘The feature control frame is related to the consid. ered feature by one of the following methods and depicted in Fig. 3-25: (a) locating the frame below or attached to @ leader-directed callout or dimension pertaining to feature: (}) running a leader from the frame to the feature (c) attaching a side or an end of the frame to extension line from the feature, provide itis a plan surface; (d) attaching a side or an end of the frame to an extension of the dimension line pertaining to a fea tr of ae 1 3.6 DEFINITION OF THE TOLERANCE ZONE fj Where the specified tolerance value represents the diameter of a cylindrical or spherical zone, the “yjDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1904 VACXIES 28 | a2 X18-9 * 4] es / (Sler189) CF) . ae iat Z fa) was 8308 one (ess) Blea} 26 oa 255, 25.4 36 35. a3 rr 2x 979-01 [eee @lalc@) as IKK FIG. 3:25 FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENTASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND Toenon Ean roc ne Tabuiated tolerance letter ignation [tt cote pane part wumaer | A] 8] c¢|o]e | fa FIG. 3.26 TABULATED TOLERANCES eter or spherical diameter symbol shall precede the tolerance value. Where the tolerance zone is other than a diameter, identification is unnecessary, and the specified tolerance value represents the distance between two parallel straight lines or planes, or the distance between two uniform boundaries, asthe spe- cific case may be. 3.7 TABULATED TOLERANCES ‘Where the tolerance in a feature control frame is tabulated, a letter representing the tolerance, pre- ceded by the abbreviation TOL, is entered as shown in Fig. 3-26.DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.6M-1994 4 Datum Referencing 4.1 GENERAL This Section establishes the principles of identi- fying features of a part as datum features for the purpose of establishing geometric relationships im- ‘posed by a feature control frame. Datums are theoret- ically exact points, axes, and planes. These elements ‘exist within a framework of three mutually perpen- [28_S]ATEIE] F025@1A ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: FPN Mit ‘Actual hole axle within both zones shown at its maximum Inclination to datum plane A Datum plane A One possible displacement of actual feature pattern FIG. 5:19 HOLE PATTERNS LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONT) ‘Tolerance Zones for Throe-Hole Patter (Contd) 38DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 80.8 pattern-locating tolerance zane cylinder (4 zones, basically Folated to each other and Basically located to the datums) (90.25 fenture-rolating tolerance zone cylinder (4 zones, basicaly related to each other and oriented 10 the datums) os @lAlalc) 90.25 @ 1A] Feature axes must simuttaneously lle nh from datum © ‘One possible displacement of actual feature pattern. FIG. 6-19 HOLE PATTERNS LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONT) ‘Tolerance Zones for Four Hole Pattern ASME Y14.5M-190ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND Totsnancnc If (Fe5-0) ye CECI B025@lA Tolerance zone cylinders (6 zones, basically related {to each other and oriented 10 the datum) 50 ‘Actual foature 9x05 ‘must simuttaneously Tie within both tolerance zones + located to the datums) One possible displacement of actual feature pattern. FIG. 5:19 HOLE PATTERNS LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONTD) Tolerance Zones for SixHole PatternDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING [Fe 5-709) Hos Olalele) o Tue position rolated to datum refer FIRST PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: 68 frame —/— 18+} 20 fom datum © No portion of the eurtace of any hole Is per respective B4.2 pattern-locating dary being basically located in relation to the specific datum reference frame. [Fi e109) ‘SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: % ——T _——" a ‘Feature-relating a 20 boundary \No portion of the surface of any hole is permitted to be respective 4.78 feature-relating boundary, each boundary 1 * [ao oln ‘Actual hole inside its 0 ‘and basically oriented to datum plane A. FIG. 6-10 B5_ MMC of hole BS MMC of hole 80.8 patern-locating tolerance = 80.25 feature-locating tolerance B42 acceptance boundary @475 acceptance boundary: Datum Datum plane ‘A plane A 80° 90° Pattern-locating boundary Feature-relating boundary shown ‘shown with hole nearing Its with hole at its maximum inelination ‘maximum positional shift. in relation to datum plane A. (Note: Verifications are made independent of ch other) FIG. 5-19 HOLE PATTERNS LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONTD} ‘Acceptance Boundaries for Three-Hole Patter 101 ASME Y14.5M-1904ASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONING AND ommeny ox p0'02 Gos Ole 9025 @| 4/8 G} ax aero gos @lalelc) * [gas @lale 04 x 9s" [as Fos OlAae] & 0.25 @[alB) Ba FIG, 620 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 6-19 WITH SECONDARY DATUMS IN FEATURE-RELATING SEGMENTS (OF COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES, 102DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1904 [Fig s2079] G08 Oajele) FIAST PART OF ‘CALLOUT MEANS THIS: ‘True position related to datum tal ee datum C rs go. nce frame. Pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) basically located rolative to the ‘Specified datum reference frame. pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinder at MMC (three zon0s basically related to ‘ach other and basically located to the datums) 64 trom datum 8 ; [Fia. 5-200] ‘SECOND PART OF ‘CALLOUT MEANS THIS: J * roe, FIG. 520 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 6-19 WITH SECONDARY DATUMS IN FEATURE-RELATING SEGMENTS OF COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONTD) ‘Tolerance Zones for Three-Hole Pattern 103‘ASME Y14.5M-1004 DIMENSIONING AND ot [Fie 200] i. 4H ‘ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Parallel: cylinder ‘One possible displacement of feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) relative to ppattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLIZF). (Fe 5-206) ‘¢ aoe SATE) 026 @lale ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALOUT MEANS TH: sc ao n-locatin ‘within Both zones tolerance zone yl Foature-relating tolerance zone cylinder Datum plane A Actual hole axis within both ‘zones shown at Its maximum inetination to datum plane A One possible displacement of actual feature pattern, FIG. 5:20 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 5-19 WITH SECONDARY DATUMS IN FEATURE-RELATING SEGMENTS OF COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) Tolerance Zones for Three-Hole Patern (Cont'd)DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 (Fis. §-20(0) {80.8 pattern-locating tolerance Zone eyliner (4 zones, basicaly {elated to each other and Danically located to the datums) 90.25 festre-roating {clerance zone eyinder (4 zonee, basicaly raltod {o each other and oriented to the datums) (Foe Glaysle] 0.25 @|AlB| Fosture axes must simuttaneousty the within both tolerance zone oylinders + 10 from datum B + (One possible displacement of actual feature pattern. FIG. 5:20 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG, §-19 WITH ‘SECONDARY DATUMS IN FEATURE-RELATING SEGMENTS. ‘OF COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) Tolerance Zones for Four-Hole PatternASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONING AND oon to each ot FIG. 6:20 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 5-19 WITH ‘SECONDARY DATUMS IN FEATURE-RELATING SEGMENTS. 80.8 pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinders (6 zones, basically related located to the datums) (One possible displacement of actual feature pattern Feszm] [, [eos OlAlele] 5025 @lA18 I 80.25 featur folerance (Gizones, {o each other and onented to the atm) i af s0—4 from datum C AN 80: TI Para 5 I 135 \ | I from datum 8 ' Actual feature axes E>} ~ must simultaneously S Mo within both tolerance zones ly ‘OF COMPOSITE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) “Tolerance Zones for Six-Hole Pattern to datum plane A and therefore, parallel to each other. In certain instances, portions of the smaller zones may fall beyond the peripheries of the larger tolerance zones. However, these portions of the smaller tolerance zones are not usable because the axes of the features must not violate the boundaries, of the larger tolerance zones. The axes of the holes must lie within the larger tolerance zones and within the smaller tolerance zones. The axes of the actual hholes may vary obliquely (out of perpendicularity) ‘only within the confines of the respective smaller positional tolerance zones (FRTZF). Figure 5-19(e) repeats the heretofore-described relationships for the four-hole pattern, and Fig. 5-19(0) for the six-hole pattern of features shown in Fig. 5-19, NOTE: The zones in Figs $19 and 5-20 are shown as they exist, 106 at MMC ofthe features. The large zones would increase in size Lease stall zones: the two zones are not cumulative 5.4.1.2 Primary and Secondary Datums Repeated in Lower Segment. Figure 5-20 repea the hole patterns of Fig. 5-19. In Fig. 5-20, the low segment of the composite feature control frame re= peats datums A and B. Figure 5-20(c) shows that tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF may be disp from the true position locations (as a group) as ‘emed by the tolerance cylinders of the PLTZE, while remaining perpendicular to datum plane A and rly Jel to datum plane B. Figure 5-20(d) shows that actual axes of the holes in the actual feature pattern ‘must reside within both the tolerance cylinders of FRTZF and the PLTZF. Figure 5-20(e) repeats heretofore-described relationships for the four-bolDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-1094 {78} +4 0x 10°98 [Fos @falaic) [F026 @lAls) \ ar] . x go #]g08 @falBic) $0.25 Ol Ale. ax gst [G08 @fals[C) - + [F025 @) A) ete) 4 TF Les a {25] [20] 5a13 FIG. 627 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 619, TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME pattem, and Fig. 5-20(f) for the six-hole pattern of features shown in Fig. 5-20. 5.4.1.3 Two Single-Segment Feature Con- trol Frames. Where it is desired to invoke basic dimensions along with the datum references, single- segment feature control frames are used. See Fig. 3- 22(b). Figure 5-21 shows two single-segment feature control frames. The lower feature control frame re- peats datums A and B. Figure 5-21(c) shows that the tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF (as a group) are free to be displaced to the left or right as governed by the basically-located tolerance cylinders of the PLTZF, while remaining perpendicular to datum plane A and parallel to datum plane B. Figure 5- 21(@) shows that the actual axes of the holes in the actual feature pattem must reside within both the 107 tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF and the PLTZP. Figure 5-21(€) repeats the heretofore-described rela- tionships for the four-hole pattern, and Fig. 5-21(f) for the six-hole pattem of features shown in Fig. S21. 5.4.1.4 In Terms of Hole Surfaces. Figures '5-19(g) through (i) illustrate the same three-hole pat- tem of Figs. 5-19(a) through (@), explained in terms of hole surfaces relative to acceptance boundaries. See para, $.3.2.1(a). By comparing Fig. 5-19(4) with Fig. 5-19(), it can be seen that the result is the same for both axis and surface explanations except as noted in para, $.3.2.1(b). 6.4.1.5 Applied to Circular Patterns of Fea- ‘tures. Composite positional tolerancing may be ap-[Fis 5-210)) [gos @lAlelc) ae 1 A Es ms 0.8 pattern-locating tolerance zone eylir ‘at MMC (three zone: basically related to each other and basically located to the datums) True position 0 datum + Tf datum 8 ex) req —ee—20—e}—n—| 5 turn Pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) basically located rolati specified datum reference fram asa) J [025 @lals, ‘SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: $0.25 teature-relating tolerance zone cylinder ston ame a a ars ma FIG. 521 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 5-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (CONT'D) Tolerance Zones for Three-Hole Pattern 108,DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING [Fis 5-210) J ¢ als. ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinder —/— 78 trom. 20—e}e— 20 datum C Feature-ralating tolerance zone indor One possible displacement of feature-relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) relative to pettern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) [Fie s-21@) S[s08 lAelc} $150.25 @Ale| ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: ‘Actual hole axis within both zones Pattorn-locating tolerance zone cylinder Parallel Datum plane A ‘Actual hole axis zones shown at Inclination to datum plane A One possible displacement of actual feature patte FIG. 6-21 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 6-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (CONT'D) ‘Tolerance Zones for Throe-Hole Petts (Cont) 109 ‘ASME Y14.5M-1994ASME Y14.5M~1904 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANGIN iy to each other and oriented to the datums) ‘within both tolerance Zone cylingers 10 from datum B $ semant of actual feature pattern One possibie displ FIG. 5.21 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG. 6-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (CONTD} Tolerance Zones for Four-Hole Pattern no icDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-190¢ (oem) Fos GlAlele] oo ozs @lA 50: ‘rom datum © does not apply : B50 (6 zones, basically 80.8 pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinds to each other, basic located to the datums). (One possible displacement of actual feature pattern. tolerance zone cylinders (6 zones, basicaly related to each other and oriented to the datum) ‘Actual fosture axes ‘must simultaneously lig within both tolerance zone ly FIG. 21 HOLE PATTERNS OF FIG, 6-19. TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES WITH SECONDARY DATUM IN LOWER FEATURE CONTROL FRAME (CONTD) Tolerance Zones for Sis-Hole Pattern plied to pattems of features on circular part. See Fig. 5-22. With datum A repeated in the lower segment of the composite feature control frame, Figs. 5-22(c) and (d) shows the tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF displaced (as a group) from the basic locations within the bounds imposed by the PLTZF, while main- twining a perpendicularity relationship with datum plane A. Figure 5-23 shows two single-segment fea- fure control frames. These are used where it is de- sired to establish a coaxialty relationship between the FRIZF and the PLTZF. Figure 5-23(c) shows that the FRTZF may rotate relative to the PLTZF. Figure 5-23(d) shows that the actual hole axes of the actual feature patter must reside within both the tolerance cylinders of the FRTZF and the PLTZF. FIG. 622 COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF A CIRCULAR PATTERN OF FEATURES. aASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONING AND | Datum axis 8 FIRST PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Datum plane A cylinders Pattorn-locating tolerance zon framework (PLTZF). 91 tolerance FIG. 6-200 SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: forces Sone — coylinders + + G05@ Feature-rolating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF). 80.5 tolerance cylinders basically located ‘and oriented relative to each other. FIG, 622 COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF A ‘CIRCULAR PATTERN OF FEATURES (CONTD) 112DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y145M-109¢ ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF GALLOUT MEANS THIS: 1 pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinders or cation and orienta tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF). FIG. $22 COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF A. CIRCULAR PATTERN OF FEATURES (CONT'D) 43ASME Y14.5M—1994 DIMENSIONING AND a | ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF f Actual feature pattern. Al CALLOUT MEANS THIS: {ature axes must simultaneously lie within both the pattern and > SEES) fealure locating teerance zones Gos@lA Patter-tocating ra™~ Feature-relating tolerance zone cylinder ‘One possible location and orientation of actual feature pattern, Datum plane A Parallel : 7 gos H V e AVA | VAI ‘Actual hole axis within both zones: shown at its maximum inclination felative to datum plane A FIG. 5:22 COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF A CIRCULAR PATTERN OF FEATURES (CONTD) usDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING 5.4.1.6 Radial Hole Pattern. Figure 5-24 shows an example of a radial hole pattern where the plane of the PLTZF is located from a datum face by a basic dimension. Where datum references are not specified in the lower segment of a composite feature control frame, the FRTZF is free to be located and oriented (shift and/or tilt) as governed by the toler- ance zones of the PLTZF. The same explanation given in para. 5.4.1 also applies to Fig. 5-24. With datum plane A referenced in the lower segment of the composite feature control frame, the tolerance zones of the FRTZF (as a group) are parallel to da- tum plane A and may be displaced as governed by the tolerance zones of the PLTZF. Figure 5-26 shows two single-segment feature control frames. These are used where itis desired to specify a need for a coaxi- ality relationship between the FRTZF and the PLTZF. A secondary datum reference is shown in the lower feature control frame, Figure 5-26(c) shows that the tolerance zones of the FRTZF are parallel to datum plane A and concentric about datum axis B. While remaining parallel and concentric, the FRIZF may be displaced rotationally, as govemed by the tolerance cylinders of the PLTZF. The axes of the features in the actual feature pattern may be displaced, individually or in concert, within the boundaries of the smaller tolerance cylinders. Por- tions of the smaller tolerance zones located outside the larger tolerance zones are not usable, since the actual feature axes must reside within the boundaries ‘of both zones. Where two single-segment feature control frames are used and it is desired to avoid a reorientation of the workpiece in mid-operation, the same datums in the same order of precedence are specified to apply in the upper and lower feature control frames. 5.4.1.7 Where Radial Location is Impor- ‘tant. The control shown in Figs. 5-25 and 5-27 may be specified where radial orientation is important, yet the design permits a feature-relating tolerance zone to be displaced within the bounds govemed by a ppattern-locating tolerance zone, while held parallel and perpendicular to the three mutually perpendicu- Jar planes of the datum reference frame. Difference Between Composite Po- sitional Tolerance and Two Single-Segment Feature Control Frames. Figure 5-29 explains the relationships of the FRTZF to the PLTZF established by a two-segment feature control frame having a sin- ale positional tolerance symbol (composite positional tolerance). Two different part configurations are shown for comparison. In contrast, Fig. 5-30 shows ASME Y14.5M-1994 $1 g025@|A[B@ [ears] us FIG. 6:23 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING WITH MULTIPLE SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES the relationships established by two single-segment feature control frames. 5.5 PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE ‘The application of this concept is recommended ‘where the Variation in perpendicularity of threaded or press-fit holes could cause fasteners, such as screws, studs, or pins, o interfere with mating parts. See Fig. 5-31. An interference can occur where a tolerance is specified for the location of a threaded or press-fit hole, and the hole is inclined within the positional limits. Unlike the floating fastener application in- volving clearance holes only, the attitude of a fixed fastener is governed by the inclination of the pro- duced hole into which it assembles. Figure 5-32 illus- trates how the projected tolerance zone concept real- istically treats the condition shown in Fig. 5-31. Note that itis the variation in perpendicularity of the por- tion of the fastener passing through the mating part that is significant. The location and perpendicularity of the threaded hole are only of importance insofar as they affect the extended portion of the engaging fastener. Where design considerations require a closer control in the perpendicularty of a threaded hole than that allowed by the positional tolerance, a perpendicularity tolerance applied as a projected tolerance zone may be specified. See Fig. 6-38. 5.5.1 Clearance Holes in Mating Parts. Speci- fying projected tolerance zone will ensure that fixed fasteners do not interfere with mating parts having clearance hole sizes determined by the formu- las recommended in Appendix B. Further enlarge-ASME Y145M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND 4 FIG. 5-25(8) Datum axis B FIRST PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: Datum plane A 90.8 pattern-locating tolerance zone oylinders Datum plane C [G08 OTK ey Pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF).. 60.8 tol cylinders basically located and Ofiented relative to each other ‘and to the specified datum faterance frame. Verification is independent of the lower segment. SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: [do @ Independent of the upper segment. FIG. 522 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING WITH MULTIPLE SINGLE SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) ‘Multiple Single-Segment Tolerancing of a Circular Pattern of Features 16DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-199¢ ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: | [FOB S|ALEO, Feature-relating tolerance zone cylinders.” Portions Of the festure-relating folerance zone cylinders that fall outside of the pattern locating eylinders tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) relative to Tocating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF). FIG. 5.23 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING WITH MULTIPLE SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONTD) ‘Multiple Single-Segment Tolerancing of a Circular Patern of Foatures (Cont'd) 47ASME yiasht-1904 mension avo rousnancinel G. TG) $ [508 @]A[sG[c@) ADDITIONALLY, SECOND PART OF CALLOUT MEANS THIS: (elgo2s@lale@) Festure-relating tolerance zone eylindor Datum plane A Pattern-locating tolerance zone. oylindor {ie within both the patte feature locating tolerance zones Parallel ft Sy S ‘Actual hole axis within both zones. 08 ‘shown at its maximum inclination relative to datum plane A (One possible displacement of actual feature pattern. FIG. 6-23 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING WITH MULTIPLE SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) Multiple Single-Segment Tolerancing of « Circular Patorn of Foatures (Contd) nsDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M-1994 [ezi6] FIG. 5.24 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY ‘COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING 19emer onersouns 10 osracn PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK a8 OAS PQ ELON ICI]) 4X $0.8 pate 7 pattern locating tolerance Load zone oylinders at MMC rh ina Datum ous ~({\ js ame w | Datum ‘| plane A ‘True position Tes Reema Rataion Tq iSanmea uncontrolled J fo aaturn pla tnd datum axis 8) of tolerance zones speciiod inthe upper entry of the composite feature contol frame. FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK o ] oo25 6 4X 0.25 feature~ ‘lating tolerance Zone cylinders at MMC ‘ ui wu Rotation i Cnoontoted i Applicability of tolerance zones specified inthe lower entry of the composite feature contol fram FIG, 6-24 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONTD) ‘Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Pattern 120DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y165M—1904 FIG. 6-240) > eee SES) B02 OIA 4x 90.8 pat fat MMC. Pattern-tocating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF) I located and oriented relative to datum plane A and datum axle B (no rotational requirements) ating tolerance zone cylinders 18 zone framework Rotation of 0.25 testure- m4 relating tolerance zone m oylinders governed by 80.8 J ppattern-locating tolerance (ne possible deplacement of actual feature Sis a MM. The neta! Yoatore ax trust be within both Tolerance cylinders. ‘Te feature pattern, a2 8 group, may De Gioplaces win tho usable confines ot te festrevtelatng tolerance cylinders ‘Actual feature axis shown at its ‘maximum inclination ‘One possible displacement of actual feature pattern (one hole shown). FIG. 524 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONTD) ‘Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Patter (Contd) royrr omersoan so ronan co) cc) FIG. 6.25 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY ‘COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCINGDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK 508 GABG|Co 4 4x 0.8 pattern- locating tolerance Basic ti zone cylinders at MMC u ie | ie i$ mo — ‘Applicability of tolerance zones specified in the upper entry of the composite feature control frame, =} . c {to datum plane A, tum axis B and datum center plane C) FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK G02 @| 4x $0.25 fe relating tol zone cylinders at MMC. ‘True position axis TN ne Lj uncontrotied Applicability of tolerance zones specified in the lower entry of the composite feature control frame. ASME Y14.5M-1994 FIG. 525 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONTD) Tolerance Zones for Racial Hole Pattrn 123ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING EO ALB @lC@ locating tolerance zone cylinders ‘zone framowork ive to datum Plane A, datum axis B and datum center plane C 4x 90.25 at MMC. Fi (FRTZF) Is oriented to datum plane A, datum axis 8 ‘and datum center plane (Fig. 5-250] Datum canter Datum plane C plane A Rotation controle by datum axis B datum center plane iaplacoment of feature-relating tolerance (FRTZF) relative to pattern-locating tolerance zone tramework (PLTZF). ‘One possible daplacement of actual feature axis at MMC. The actual feature axis ‘must be within both tolerance cylinders. ‘The feature pattern, as @ group, may be displaced within the usable confines of Unusable-— Pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinder ‘axis shown at its ‘maximum Inclination Feature-relating tolerance zone eylinder (One possible displacement of actual feature pattern (one hole shown). FIG. 6-25 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY COMPOSITE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING (CONTD) ‘Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Pattern (Contd) 14DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 I} (e273) FIG, 6:26 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE ‘CONTROL FRAMES. 125ASME YI4M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND. Touenancnel S]g08 Sale olcw) 4x 80.8 pattorn- locating tolerance 2 4 zone oylindars at MMC Datum center i plane'c 7 m Datum | an fp +——- Datum ‘\ pea FIG. 56-2600] [gos Olas @. “ 4X 0.25 feature. maa ing tol ag zone oylinde True position axis Rotation ‘uncontrolled ‘Applicability of tolerance zones specified In the lower entry of the single segment feature control frame, FIG. 528 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) ‘Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Pattern 126DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-199¢ (Fig5-260) @ [G08 O[AleolcS) #1025 @|Al8@ 0.8 pattern-locating tolerance zone cylinders IMC, located and oriented relative to datum ‘X, datum axie 8 and datum center plane C iis 4X 80.26 feature-relating tolerance zone cylinders ‘at MMC, located and oriented plane A’and datum axis B Datum plane C plane A Unusable: Rotation controlled by datum center plane © One possibie displacement of actual feature axis at MMC. Tho actual feature axis must be within both tolerance cylinder ‘The feature pattern, as a group, may be displaced within the usable confines of Feature Pattern-locating tolerance zone. cylinder Actual feature ‘axis shown at its ‘maximum inclination One possible displacement of actual feature pattern (one hole shown). FIG. 526 RADIAL HOLE PATTERN LOCATED BY TWO SINGLE-SEGMENT FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES (CONT'D) Tolerance Zones for Radial Hole Patter (Contd) 7ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCIN. THIS ON THE DRAWING Featur 101 2x oie! SieO|ALEIC| G05@/alelc [ea] MEANS THIS Feature-reiating Pattern-tocating folerance zone tolerance zone cinder eylinger 180 from datum plane A ‘One possible displacement of the actual feature. FIG. 6:27 ORIENTATION RELATIVE TO THREE DATUM PLANES. 128 ee. C6 oe oe 6 oe oe oe ee oe oe oe oe ee oe oe eeDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1996 ax p125-128 [2 [ale @lc@) + [g03@]0 {30"] (+4 {0 EXE FIG, 6:28 MULTIPLE POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FOR A PATTERN OF FEATURES 129ASME Y14.5M-1904 of Feature-relating tolerance zone cylinde Feature pattern not shown |-Datum-plane reference aystem sting tolerance zone framework (PLTZF): }e—— Tolerance zones of PLTZF (as a group) are perpendicular to A and basically related to B and C nce zones of PLTZF (as a gt rDendicular to A and basically rel be— Tolerance zones of PLIZF. (es a group) are perpendicular to A be size of pat ‘One possible displacement je Sizo of featuro-rolating ‘tolerance zones at MMC. 108 z0n68 of FATZF: ‘9roup) may skew nee zones of FRTZF. (as a group) are perpendicular to A }e— Tolerance zones of FATZF (as a group) ‘are perpendicular to A and parallel to B. lating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF) }-— To! be— Feature FIG, 520 RELATIONSHIPS OF FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (FRTZF) TO PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (PLTZF) 130DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 Datum axis B 4 Datum plane A A ‘oe ‘One possibie displacement enter plane © of Feature-relating Pattemn-toeat foterence cylinders tolorance elindre ture pattern not shown ‘8-Datum-plane reference system —————»} Pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF)———»y }+— Toleranca zones of PLIZF (as a group) perpendicular to A, positioned to B, and fixed on C Perpendicular to A and positioned to }¢— Tolerance 2ones of PLTZ2F —m (83 a group) are perpendicular to A [+ Size of pattorn-locating—o| tolerance zones at MMC DGOSEWMIA DO0.2MIA J+ Tolerance zones of FRTZF-- (as @ group) may skew J+— Tolerance zones of FRTZF —m| (as a group) are perpendicular to A of FRTZF (as a group) ————>} perpendicular to A andorlented to B and C “relating tolerance zone framework (FRTZF)———»| Ow oO ax Be o oO FIG. 6.29 RELATIONSHIPS OF FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (FRTZF) TO PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (PLTZF) (CONTD} 131ASME YiasM-1094 DIMENSIONING AND rournancncfl tolerance zone cylinders, tolerance zone cylinders Feature pattern not shown [parece tera reference system» Pattern-locating tolerance zone framework (PLTZF)—— [e+ Tolerance zones of PLIZF (as group) are——> perpendicular to A and basically related to B and C }e- Tolerance zones of PLIZF (as a group) aro—>| perpendicular to A and basically related to B }-— Tolerance zones of PLIZF (as a group) are perpendicy (@s @ group) may skew }+— Tolerance zones of FATZF (as a group) are perpendicular to A }e— tolerance zones of FATZF (as @ group) —m) ‘tre perpendicular to A and basically related to B fe Fosture-rolating (atz}—+| La size of festure-relating: tolerance zones at MMC + Tolerance zones of FRTZF FIG. 6-90 RELATIONSHIPS OF FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (FRTZF) TO PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (PLTZF) 132DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING [ASME Y14.5M-1094 Pattern-locating tolerance cylinders ture pattern not shown j+———5-Datum-plano reference system: locating tolerance zone framework aaa! zones of PLIZF (a8 a group) are 10 A, positioned to B, and fixed on f+ Tolerance zones of PLTZF (as a group) aro—> Perpendicular to A and positioned to B }+— Tolerance zones of PLIZF (a8 a group) are perpendicular to A je—— Pattern-1 tolerance zones at MMC G0.8WMIA|BIC (a8 a group) are perpendicular to A of FRTZF (as a group) —>} f t0.A and positioned to B ax BO 6\o FIG. 6-90 RELATIONSHIPS OF FEATURE-RELATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (FRTZF) TO PATTERN-LOCATING TOLERANCE ZONE FRAMEWORK (PLTZF) (CONT'D) 133ASME Y14.5M-109¢ ven ae Interference are Mating part ‘Tolerance zone is equ longth of threaded hole FIG. 631 INTERFERENCE DIAGRAM, FASTENER AND HOLE Positional as of ‘lesrance hole ‘True position axi — Minimum tolerance zone height Ie equal to maximum ‘hiokneee of mating part DIMENSIONING AND. Touenancnt THIS ON THE DRAWING x Moxt-6H I [soz @Ow|AlBIC] saz MEANS THIS 0.28 potion ‘True postion axis : ‘Axis of threnaed ole 14 minum projectes aight FIG, 6:38 PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE SPECIFIED THIS ON THE ORAWING x wz0x2-6H (STses@oraTsle) a ] 35 MIN = NY Say, p47 MEANS THIS, 80.4 positional Tolerance zone ‘True position axis 4 Axis of threaded ole FIG. 6:32 BASIS FOR PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE 134 236 minimum pro- Jected tolerance Zone height 7 _ fees FIG. 6:34 PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE INDICATED WITH CHAIN LINEDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ment of clearance holes to provide for an extreme variation in perpendicularty of the fastener is not necessary. 5.5.2 Application. Figures 5-33 and 5-34 illus- trate the application of a positional tolerance using @ projected tolerance zone. The specified value for the Projected tolerance zone is a minimum and repre~ sents the maximum permissible mating part thick- ness, of the maximum installed length or height of the components, such as screws, studs, or dowel pins. See para. 5.5.3. The direction and height of the pro- jected tolerance zone are indicated as illustrated. The ‘minimum extent and direction of the projected toler- ance zone are shown in a drawing view as a dimen- sioned value with a heavy chain line drawn closely adjacent to an extension of the center line ofthe hole. 5.5.3 Stud and Pin Application. Where studs or press-fit pins are located on an assembly drawing, the specified positional tolerance applies only to the height of the projecting portion of the stud or pin after installation, and the specification of a projected tolerance zone is unnecessary. However, a projected tolerance zone is applicable where threaded or plain holes for studs or pins are located on a detail part drawing. In these cases, the specified projected height should equal the maximum permissible height of the stud or pin after installation, not the mating part thickness. See Fig. 5-35, 5.6 NONPARALLEL HOLES Positional tolerancing lends itself to patterns of holes where axes are not parallel to each other and where axes are not normal to the surface. See Fig. 5-36. 5.7 COUNTERBORED HOLES ‘Where positional tolerances are used to locate co- axial features, such as counterbored holes, the fol- lowing practices apply (a) Where the same positional tolerance is used to locate both holes and counterbores, a single feature control frame is placed under the callouts specifying hhole and counterbore requirements. See Fig. 5-37. Identical diameter tolerance zones for hole and coun- terbore are coaxially located at true position relative to the specified datums. (b) Where different positional tolerances are used to locate holes and counterbores (relative to common. datum features), two feature control frames are used. 13s ASME Y14.5M-1094 Minimum tolerance zone height Ie equal to. ‘maximum pin height FIG, $35 PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE APPLIED FOR ‘STUDS OR DOWEL PINS. One feature control frame is placed under the callout specifying hole requirements and the other under the callout specifying counterbore requirements. See Fig. 5-38. Different diameter tolerance zones for hole and Counterbore are coaxially located at true position rel- ative to the specified datums. (c) Where positional tolerances are used to locate holes and to control individual counterbore-to-hole relationships (relative to different datum features), two feature control frames are used as in (b) above. In addition, a note is placed under the datum feature symbol for the hole and under the feature control frame for the counterbore, indicating the number of places each applies on an individual basis. See Fig. 5-39. 5.8 CLOSER CONTROL AT ONE END OF A FEATURE Where design permits, different positional toler- ances may be specified for the extremities of long holes; this establishes a conical rather than a cylindri- cal tolerance zone. See Fig. 5-40. 5.9 BIDIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL ‘TOLERANCING OF FEATURES. Where it is desired to specify a greater tolerance {in one direction than another, bidirectional positional tolerancing may be applied. Bidirectional positional tolerancing results in a noncylindrical tolerance zone for locating round holes; therefore, the diameter sym- bol is omitted from the feature control frame in these applications.ASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONING AND Toucncy LIN AN FIG. 5.96 NONPARALLEL HOLES INCLUDING THOSE NOT NORMAL TO SURFACE 136DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1094 THIS ON THE DRAWING THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS, True position axis MEANS THIS (40.25 positional {oloranco zone for hole ana counterbore MMC iy {— 0.25 positional tum plane A tolerance zone for UL hole at MMC Datum plane A FIG, §-38 DIFFERENT POSITIONAL TOLERANCES FOR HOLES AND COUNTERBORES, SAME DATUM REFERENCES FIG. 5:37 SAME POSITIONAL TOLERANCE FOR HOLES ‘AND COUNTERBORES, SAME DATUM REFERENCES. 137ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND veenneall THIS ON THE DRAWING 128 OX Bias THIS ON THE DRAWING 8x 963-64 : 3 [e[oo2 6] § Eh-— 953 Lige.s-06¥5.6-60- INDIVIDUALLY B Lh ernewouus ical ee j«— Possible tocation of counterbore axis }-— 0:16 positional : tolerance zone for TS IN ose ke Hole at MMC FA atu axis C countersore at MMC. | FIG. 6:30 POSITIONAL TOLERANCES FOR HOLES AND CCOUNTERBORES, DIFFERENT DATUM REFERENCES 138 (S]s0s9 ho MEANS THIS. True position Surtoce C Conical FIG, 40 DIFFERENT POSITIONAL TOLERANCE AT ‘END OF LONG HOLEDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING a 44 =) r ax [] [aTBTe] 0.4 wide tol zone at MMC. re aim 3x 916°? [eae] S91 MEANS THIS True postion the 0.4 X 0.2 rectangular tolerance ‘zone basically located In relation to the specifiad datum reference frame related to datum reterence frame. att 0.2 wide tolerance zone at MMC: FIG. 5-41 BIDIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL TOLERANCING, RECTANGULAR COORDINATE METHOD ee ores 1 oscrfimiseemmt wt scr Rectangular Coordinate Method. For is ene by tar cae ee Sart nt’ canal tans te ed oon 2 etcdan tu nope o coh pose ance relative to specified datums. See Fig. 5-41. The incendie erieasarnsarine applied in perpendicular directions. Each tolerance value represents a distance between two parallel tines Sy pe ow spa 5.9.2 Polar Coordinate Method. Bidirectional positional tolerancing is also applied to holes, such ‘as gear-mounting centers located by polar coordinate dimensions relative to specified datums, where a smaller tolerance is desired in the direction of the Tine-of-centers rather than at right angles to the line- of-centers. See Fig. 5-42. In this application, one di- mension line is applied in a radial direction and the other at right angles to the line-of-centers. A further requirement of perpendicularity within the positional 139 tolerance zone has been specified. The positional tol- erance values represent distances between two con- centric are boundaries and two parallel planes, re- spectively, equally disposed about the true position, Coordinate hole-locating dimensions, indicated as reference, may be included on the drawing for manu- facturing convenience. 5.10 NONCIRCULAR FEATURES: ‘The fundamental principles of true position dimen- sioning and positional tolerancing for circalar fea- tures, such as holes and bosses, apply also to noncir- ccular features, such as open-end slots, tabs, and elongated holes. For such features of size, a posi- tional tolerance is used to locate the center plane established by parallel surfaces of the feature. The tolerance value represents a distance between two parallel planes. The diameter symbol is omitted from the feature control frame. See Figs. 5-43 and 5-44,ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND a | THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS Datum plane A ™~ =F Conter of 70° datum © ‘Axis of hole must be perpendicular to datum A as specified, and ‘must totaly lie within the sogment of a ring-shaped tolerance zone basically located in relation to the specified datum reference frame. FIG. 5-42 BIDIRECTIONAL POSITIONAL TOLERANCING, POLAR COORDINATE METHOD 140 ome ee ee eeDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ‘ASME Y14.5M- 1994 a Ex} 5.10 shown, but no point be inside of W W-*{ Theoretical boundary (equal to minimum wicth of slot minus the positional tolerance) ‘Slot position may vary fn either side surtace |-——— True position (center plane of W) « Side surfaces of slot may vary in attitude, provided W Is not violated and slot width {s within limite of size TG, 6-44 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF SLOTS. 5.10.1 Noncircular Features at MMC. Where «positional tolerance of a noncircular feature applies at MMC, the following apply. (a) In Terms of the Surfaces of a Feature. While maintaining the specified width limits of the feature, no element of its side surfaces shall be inside a theo- retical boundary defined by two parallel planes ‘equally disposed about true position and separated by a distance equal to that shown for W in Fig. 5-45. (b) In Terms of the Center Plane of a Feature. While maintaining the specified width limits of the feature, its center plane must be within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes equally disposed about true position, having a width equal to the posi- tional tolerance. See Fig. 5-46. This tolerance zone also defines the limits within which variations in atti- © B04 1 FIG. 645 BOUNDARY FOR SURFACES OF SLOT AT MMC. tude of the center plane of the feature must be confined. (c) In Terms of the Boundary for an Elongated Feature. While maintaining the specified size limits Of the elongated feature, no element of its surface shall be inside a theoretical boundary of identical shape located at true position. The size of the bound- ary is equal to the MMC size of the elongated feature minus its positional tolerance. To invoke this con- cept, the term BOUNDARY is placed beneath the feature control frames. See Fig. 5-47. In this exam- ple, a greater positional tolerance is allowed for its length than for its width. Where the same positional‘ASME Y14.5M-1994 ‘canter plane of slot True postion la (ante plano of tolerance zone) at Minimum slot width positional variation [Gor slot ar minimum wietr) a ® TRE thant om pens tn Je J ior FIG, 6-46 TOLERANCE ZONE FOR CENTER PLANE OF SLOT AT MMC tolerance can be allowed for both, only one feature control frame is necessary, directed to the feature by a leader and separated from the size dimensions. [NOTE: This boundary concept can also be applied to other ireg- tlaly shaped’ feamures — such as a D-shaped hole (with a fl {ened side) — where the center is not conveniently ieatfiabe. See para. 655.1 5.11 COAXIALITY CONTROLS Coaxiality is that condition where the axes of two or more surfaces of revolution are coincident. The 142 DIMENSIONING AND Toterancncy amount of permissible variation from coaxiality may bbe expressed by a positional tolerance or a runou} tolerance. Selection of the proper control oral oon the nature of the functional requirements of design. 5.11.1 Positional Tolerance Control. Whe the surfaces of revolution are cylindrical and the con™ ‘tol of the axes can be applied on a material condition, basis, positional tolerancing is recommended. 5.11.1.1 Coaxial Relationships. A coaxial re lationship may be controlled by specifying a posi tional tolerance at MMC. See Fig. 5-48. A coaxial relationship may also be controlled by specifying positional tolerance at RFS. See Fig. 5-55. The da- ‘tum feature may be specified on either an MMC of an RFS basis, depending upon the design require ments. In Fig. 5-48, the datum feature is specified con an MMC basis. In such cases, any departure of 3 t datum feature from MMC may result in an additior displacement between its axis and the axis of considered feature. See the condition shown in Fig, 5-49(c). Where two or more features are coaxial related to such a datum — for example, a shaft hav! ing several diameters — the considered features are displaced as a group relative to the datum feature, explained in para. 5.3.2.2 for a patter of features. 5.11.1.2 Verification. The positional tolerance control shown in Fig. 5-48 usually permits, but does not dictate the use of a simple receiver gage for in spection. The application of such a gage is illustrat in Fig. 5-49, that shows: (a) both the considered feature and the datum fea ture at MMC; (b) the considered feature at LMC and the datum feature at MMC; (c) both the considered feature and the datum fea ture at LMC, displaced in opposite extremes. 5.11.13 Coaxial Features Control Within Limits of Size. Where it is necessary control coaxiality of related features within their lim- its of size, a ze70 positional tolerance at MMC i specified. The datum feature is normally speci ‘on an MMC basis, See Fig. 5-50. Boundaries of pers fect form are thereby established that are truly coax, ial, where both features are at MMC. Variations ‘coaxiality are permitted only where the features de: part from their MMC size toward LMC. 6.1.1.4 Alignment of Coaxial Holes. 4 composite positional tolerance may be used to con trol the alignment of two or more coaxial holes. This method allows specific control of feature o-feturtDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1094 THIS ON THE DRAWING 02 3x70 [@ [o.25 @TATE] BOUNDARY wl Levees [exer] MEANS THIS Holes must be within portion of th ‘pat is positioned within the datum reference trame Datum plane c. Datum plane 7.00 MMC width of stot 0.25 Positional tolerance 14.0 MMC length of slot 18 Positional tolerance 725 Wide boundary FIG. 5-47 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING OF ENLONGATED HOLES, BOUNDARY CONCEPT 13ASME Y14.5M~1994 THIS ON THE ORAWING a0 OD, 925.9, -- - ExIKE sins MEANS THIS, Gonaidered ‘Datum feature sizer feature sizes” {14 13.90 1398 19.94 1202 193.9 2s [oz 0m 02 023 026 025 249 [0.25 026 0.27 028 0.29 03 aa [03 0m 052 033 036 035 247 |035 098 087 028 0.90 04 246 |o4 041 042 049 046 045 248 _|04s 046 047 048 0.49 05 FIG, $48 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FOR COAXIALITY DIMENSIONING AND Tosanonl ccoaxiality without excessively restricting the pattermn- locating tolerance. 6.11.1.5 Two or More Features in Pattern! Locating Tolerance. Controls, such as are shown in Fig. 5-51, may be specified where it is desired t produce wo or moe cout fears wibin «rll tively larger pattern-locating tolerance zone. The central axis of the PLTZF cylinders is parallel t datums A and B. Since the lower easing segment of the feature control frame does not invokt orientation datums, the central axis of the FRTZF cylinders may be skewed relative to the central axi of the PLTZF cylinders. Depending upon the actu ally-produced size of each coaxial feature, each indi- vidual feature axis may be inclined within its respec tive tolerance zone cylinder. 5,11.1.5.1 Orientation of Feature-Relat- ing Tolerances. Where it is desired to refine orientation of the FRTZF cylinders as governed the boundary established by the PLTZF cylinders, datum references specified in the upper segment the frame are repeated, as applicable, and in call ‘order of precedence, in the lower segment of feature control frame. See Fig. 5-52. Since the lower (feature-relating) segment of the feature contro frame invokes datums A and B, the common axis of the FRTZF cylinders must be parallel to the common axis of the PLTZF cylinders. 5.11.1.6 Holes of Different Sizes. well holes are of different specified sizes and the same requirements apply to all holes, a single feature con trol symbol, supplemented by a notation such TWO COAXIAL HOLES is used. See Fig. 5-53. The same tolerance zone relationships apply as for Fig, 5-51. 5.11.2 Runout Tolerance Control, Where @ combination of surfaces of revolution is cylindric or conical relative to a common datum axis, or spher ical relative to a common datum point, a runout toler: ‘ance is recommended. See para. 6.7. MMC is not applicable where a runout tolerance is specified, cause runout controls the surface elements of ture, See para. 2.8. 5.12 CONCENTRICITY Concentricity is that condition where the points of all diametrically opposed elements of a fi lure of revolution (or correspondingly-located ele- ‘ments of two or more radially-disposed foeerey oyDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 o © FIG. 5-49 VARIOUS CONDITIONS OF PART SHOWN IN FIG. 5-48 usASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING ous, cro ot feaere 1 [xo] i e132 are Maximum owana datance axle of ctor Yoature tna aus of coneidetd feture 4 13.98 13.96 1394 1302 19.9 0 Om 0.02 008 0.04 008 0.05 008 0.07 008 0.09 01 01 ost 012 019 014 O16 015 0168 017 018 019 02 02 02 022 023 02 025 0.25 028 0.27 028 020 03 FIG. 5.50 ZERO POSITIONAL TOLERANCING AT MMC FOR COAXIALITY 146 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCIN congruent with the axis (or center point) of a datum, feature. 5.12.1 Concentricity Tolerancing. A concenl tricity tolerance is a cylindrical (or spherical) toler- ance zone whose axis (or center point) coincides wit the axis (or center point) of the datum feature(s). median points of all correspondingly-located ele ‘ments of the feature(s) being controled, regardles of feature size, must lie within the cylindrical ll spherical) tolerance zones. The specified toleranc and the datum reference can only apply on an RFS basis. See Fig. 5-54. Unlike the control covered para, 5.11.1, where measurements taken along a sur} face of revolution are made to determine the location (eccentricity) ofthe axis or center point of the actu ‘mating envelope, a concentricity tolerance require the establishment and verification of the feature’ median points. NOTE: lmegulates inthe form of an actual feature to be specied may make i difficult establish the locaton of {anue's median pois. For example, a nominally cylindrical surface of revoludon may be Bowed of out of round in adi {o being displaced from its datum axis In such instances, find {he median points ofthe feature may entail a tine-consumt nals of surface vaiauons. Therefore, unless there isa define ‘eed forthe contol ofthe featre's median points, i is recom ‘ended that a contol be specified in terms of rune tolera ‘oF positional tolerance 5.12.2 Difference Between Coaxiality Con- trols and Concentricity. The items shown in Fi 5-56 and 5-57 are two possible acceptable. configu tions of the item depicted in Fig. 5-55. In Fig. 5™ '56, the axis of the controlled feature’s actual eel envelope has been displaced 0.2 to the left, relat to the axis of datum feature A, and 0.5 material ‘been removed from the right side of the feature’s surface. In Fig. 5-57, the axis of the controlled fea ture’s actual mating envelope has also been displ 0.2 to the left, relative to the axis of datum feature ‘A, while 0.25 material has been removed from Se ean eee has been removed from the lower side of the fea! ture’s surface. Since the actual mating size of the controlled features in Figs. 5-56 and 5-57 is 25. diameter, the controlled features remain within acl ceptable limits of size. For coaxial positional toler- ance, the location of the axis of the feature's ‘mating envelope is controlled relative to the axis, the datum feature. Where checked for a coaxial posi~ tional tolerance relationship, the items depicted Figs. 5-56 and 5-57 are acceptable. For cee the locations of the midpoints of diametrically (orcorrespondingly-located) feature elements are con eaDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y18.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING ax gross"O8 | be 5025 OAs] nel * [outs @ MEANS THIS 60.15 at MMC, four ‘coaxial tolerance ‘zones within which of the holes datums within which the axes of the holes, as a ‘9roup, must lie FIG. 5.51 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FOR COAXIAL HOLES OF SAME SIZE 7ASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONING AND uence THIS ON THE DRAWING ) {18] ox gross"9"8 Py 90.25 Olas sos OAL ene WEaNs THs tL 80.15 at MMC, four 80.25 at MMC, four Coaxial tolerance coaxial tolerance zones zones within which located at true position the axes of the holes ive to the specified ‘must le relative to atums within which the ‘each other ‘axes of the holes, a8 & ‘group, must lle FIG. 652 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FOR COAXIAL HOLES OF SAME SIZE, PARTIAL (PARALLELISM) REFINEMENT OF FEATURE-RELATING AXIS 148DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING See Fig. 5-58. Where the items depicted in Figs. 5-56 and 5-57 are checked for a concentricity relationship, only the part depicted in Fig. 5-57 would be accept- able, since the midpoints of some of the diametrically ‘opposed elements in Fig. 5-56 would exceed the boundary of the 0.4 diameter concentricity tolerance cylinder. 5.13 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FOR ‘SYMMETRICAL RELATIONSHIPS Positional tolerancing for symmetrical relation- ships is that condition where the center plane of the ‘actual mating envelope of one or more features is congruent with the axis or center plane of a datum feature within specified limits. MMC, LMC, or RFS ‘modifiers may be specified to apply to both the toler- ance and the datum feature. 5.13.1 Positional Tolerancing at MMC for As- semblability. A symmetrical relationship may be controlled by specifying a positional tolerance at ‘MMC as in Fig. 5-59. The explanations given in paras. 5.10.1(a) and (b) apply to the considered fea- ture. The datum feature may be specified either on ‘an MMC, LMC, or RFS basis, depending upon the design requirements. 5.13.2 Zero Positional Tolerancing at MMC for Symmetrical Relationships. Where it is nec- essary to control the symmetrical relationship of re- lated features within their limits of size, a zeto posi- tional tolerance at MMC is specified. The datum feature is normally specified on an MMC basis Boundaries of perfect form are thereby established that are truly symmetrical where both features are at MMC. Variations in position are permitted only where the features depart from their MMC size to- ward LMC. This application is the same as that shown in Fig. 5-50 except that it applies a tolerance to a center plane location. 5.13.3 Positional Tolerancing RFS for As- semblability. Some designs may require a control of the symmetrical relationship between features re- gardless of their actual sizes. In such cases, both the specified positional tolerance and the datum refer- ‘ence apply on an RFS basis. See Fig. 5-60, 9 ASME Y14.5M-1004 > 28 [emir FIG. 553 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING FOR COAXIAL HOLES OF DIFFERENT SIZE 5.14 SYMMETRY TOLERANCING TO CONTROL THE MEDIAN POINTS OF OPPOSED OR CORRESPONDINGLY- LOCATED ELEMENTS OF FEATURES Symmetry is that condition where the median points ofall opposed or correspondingly-located ele- ments of two or more feature surfaces are congruent with the axis or center plane of a datum feature. ‘Where design requirements dictate a need for the use of a symmetry tolerance and symbol, the method shown in Fig. 5-61 may be followed. The explanation given in para, 5.12 applies to the considered fea- ture(s), since symmetry and concentricity controls are the same concept, except as applied to different part configurations. Symmetry tolerance and the da- tum reference can only apply on an RFS basis. 5.15 SPHERICAL FEATURES A positional tolerance may be used to control the location of a spherical feature relative to other fea- tures ofa part. See Fig. 5-62. The symbol for spheri- cal diameter precedes the size dimension of the fea- ture and the positional tolerance value, to indicate a spherical tolerance zone. Where it is intended for the tolerance zone shape to be otherwise, a special indication is shown, similar to the example shown for a bidirectional tolerance zone of a cylindrical hole. See Fig. 5-41.ASME Y14.5M—1904 DIMENSIONING AND Touenancnl THIS ON THE DRAWING a Prey Barone treton oaneee coma 0 aanater earn amuse eens Medan pots dona Se Et tue wit the 01 dlameter tolerance zone ‘Axis of datum feature A Within the limits of size and regardless of feature siz0, all median points of dlametrically-opposed elements of the feature must lie wihin a (50.1 cylindrical tolerance zone. ‘Tho axis of the tolerance zone coincides with tho axis of gatum foature A. The ‘pecitiog tolerance and the datum reterence apply only on an RFS basi. FIG. 554 CONCENTRICITY TOLERANCING 150DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 925.2, - ° O94 EIEIZIL FIG. 555 ITEM CONTROLLED WITH POSIONAL ‘TOLERANCE FOR COAXIALITY RFS-RFS Datum axis A ‘xis of actual mating envelope. Datum axis A 248 90.4 RFS Conxial tolerance zone within which the axle must ie [eiz2] FIG. 6:65 ONE POSSIBLE ACCEPTABLE CONFIGURATION OF PART DEPICTED IN FIG. 555 181ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND Tovenancn Datum axis A. Axle of actual mating envelope gos Datum axis A 625 0.4 AFSCoaxia! Tolerance zone within which the axis must ie FIG, 5-57 ONE POSSIBLE ACCEPTABLE CONFIGURATION OF PART DEPICTED IN FIG. 6-55 192DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING ‘SI CUEIZION [5122] MEANS THIS. 80.4 RFSCoaxial tolerance zone within which all median points must tie FIG. 5:68 ITEM DEPICTED IN FIG. 6.55 CONTROLLED FOR CONCENTRICITY 153ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND Touenancnl THIS ON THE DRAWING Feature size 7] 79] 80 2 09] 10] +1] 12 Datum] Paturlss 70910] a4 | 12] 13 fs] 10] 11 12[ 19] 14 == Line 188 [ERE] MEANS THIS: The center plane of datum fexca| feature B is perpendicular 1o-datum plane A 0.8 wide tolerance ly disposed about the cantar plane of datum 8. The specified tolerance and the Setum ‘eterance can only apply on an RFS basis, FIG. 5:59 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING AT MMC FOR ‘SYMMETRICAL FEATURES 154 FIG. 560 POSITIONAL TOLERANCING RFS-RFS FOR ‘SYMMETRICAL FEATURESDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING THIS ON THE DRAWING sie MEANS THIS, ‘The canter plane of datum fonture A 08 wide tolerance zone Pints Wihin the limits of size and regarciess of feature tize, all median points of opposed elements of the ‘ot must lie between two paralel planes 0.8 apart, ‘the two planes boIng equally disposed about datum lane A." The specified tolerance ana the datum faterence can only apply on an AFS bass ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING 2000.2, a 29 MEANS THIS ‘spherical tolerance zone ‘True postion 26.0 358 FIG. 6.61 SYMMETRY TOLERANCING Iss FIG. 562 SPHERICAL FEATURE LOCATED BY POSITIONAL TOLERANCINGDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M~1994 6 Tolerances of Form, Profile, Orientation, and Runout 6.1 GENERAL ‘This Section establishes the principles and meth- ‘ods of dimensioning and tolerancing to control form, profile, orientation, and runout of various geometri- cal shapes and free state variations, 6.2 FORM AND ORIENTATION CONTROL Form tolerances control straightness, flatness, cir- caularity, and cylindricity. Orientation tolerances con- ‘rol angularity, parallelism, and perpendicularity. A. profile tolerance may control form, orientation, size, and location depending on how it is applied. Since, to a certain degree, the limits of size control form and parallelism, and tolerances of location control orientation, the extent of these controls should be considered before specifying form and orientation tolerances. See para. 2.7 and Figs. 2-6 and $-6. 6.3 SPECIFYING FORM AND ORIENTATION TOLERANCES Form and orientation tolerances critical to function and interchangeability are specified where the toler- ances of size and location do not provide sufficient control. A tolerance of form or orientation may be specified where no tolerance of size is given, for ‘example, in the control of flatness after assembly of the parts. 6.3.1 Form and Orientation Tolerance Zones. ‘A form or orientation tolerance specifies a zone within which the considered feature, its line cle- ‘ments, its axis, or its center plane must be contained. 6.3.1.1 Cylindrical Tolerance Zone. Where the tolerance value represents the diameter of a cylin- drical zone, it is preceded by the diameter symbol. In all other cases, the tolerance value represents a total linear distance between two geometric bound- aries and no symbol is required 6.3.1.2 Limited Area and Length. Certain designs require control over a limited area or length 157 of the surface, rather than control of the total surface. In these instances, the area or length, and its location are indicated by a heavy chain line drawn adjacent to the surface with appropriate dimensioning. Where so indicated, the specified tolerance applies within these limits instead of to the total surface. See para, 45.10 and Fig. 4-23, 6.3.1.3 Identifying Datum References. It is necessary to identify features on a part to establish datums from which dimensions control orientation, runout, and when necessary, profile. For example, in Fig. 6-22, if datum references had been omitted, it would not be clear whether the larger diameter or the smaller diameter was the intended datum feature for the dimensions controlling profile. The intended datum features are identified with datum feature symbols and the applicable datum references are in- cluded in the feature control frame. For information on specifying datums in an order of precedence, see para. 4.4. 6.4 FORM TOLERANCES Form tolerances are applicable to single (individ- ual) features or elements of single features; therefore, form tolerances are not related to datums. The fol- lowing subparagraphs cover the particulars of the form tolerances — straightness, flatness, circularity, and cylindricity 6.4.1 Straightness. Straighmess is a condition where an element of a surface, or an axis, is a straight line, 6.4.1.1 Straightness Tolerance. A. straightness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone within which the considered element or derived me- dian line must lie. A straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line. 6.4.1.1.1 Cylindrical Features. Figure 6-1 shows an example of a cylindrical feature where all circular elements of the surface are to be within theASME Y14.5M~1994 DIMENSIONING AND. 4 THIS ON THE DRAWING 16.00 8388 yen WEANS THIS, Each fongitucinal slament of the surface must ile Datween two paraiel tines (0.02 apart) where the two lines andthe nominal axis of the pant share ‘Common plane. The feature must be within the Spectiog imite of size and the Boundary of Perfect form at MMC (16.00), Note: waiting (0) or barating (c) of the eurace, though within the sraighiness tolerance, must fot exceed the limit of ize of the Toate, FIG. 6-1 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS OF SURFACE ELEMENTS. specified size tolerance. Each longitudinal element of the surface must lie between two parallel lines separated by the amount of the prescribed straightness tolerance and in a plane common with the nominal axis of the feature. The feature control frame is ettached to a leader directed to the surface fo extension line of the surface but not to the size dimension. The straightness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. Since the limits of size must be respected, the full straightness tolerance may not 158 THIS ON THE DRAWING [XRF] CEXHI ‘The decived macian tine of the loca size mantle within a eyindrical tolerance ‘one of 0,04 clameter,regarclons of the feature Sze. Each circular alomamt of tho surface must De within the specified limits of size. FIG. 62 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS RFS be available for opposite elements in the case of waisting or barreling of the surface. See Fig. 6-1. 6.4,1.1.2 Violation of MMC Boundary, Figures 6-2 and 6-3 show examples of cylindri features where all circular elements of the surfac are to be within the specified size tolerance; how- ever, the boundary of perfect form at MMC may Solis Tis voor i pemisble when be fel ture control frame is associated with the size dimen- sion or attached to an extension of the dimensir line. In this instance, a diameter symbol precedes th tolerance value and the tolerance is applied on eit an RFS or MMC basis. Where necessary and when, not used in conjunction with an orientation or posi tion tolerance, the straightness tolerance may greater than the size tolerance. Where the straightness tolerance is used in conjunction with crientation tolerance or a position tolerance, specified straightness tolerance value shall not be ‘greater than the specified orientation or position tol cerance values. The collective effect of size and fo variation can produce a virtual condition or outes cr inner boundary equal to the MMC size plus the straightness tolerance. When applied on an RFS ba 1DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING "ACCEPTANCE BOUNDARY [EERE agai MEANS THIS 1816.04 vidual condition ‘Tne derived median ine of the feature actual focal sizes must le wits 8 cylindrica! ‘As each actu ‘a Increase inthe local ameter of {olerance cylinder Is allowed which is equal {to the emount of such departure. Each reular element of the surtace must be ‘within the specified limit of size ture] Diameter tolerance ‘ize | “zone allowed 16.00 0.04 1598 005 fa 1588 0.06 { | Mosnings: 1820 on (@) The maximum diameter of the pin 1580 048 with pertact form is shown In @ ‘9490 with e 16.06 clameter hole; (6) with the pin at maximum diameter (48.00), the gage will accept the in with up fo 0.08 variation In ‘sraightness (©) with the pin at minimum diameter (05.89), the gage will accept th in win up f0°0.38 variation in Stralgninees, FIG. 63 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS AT MMC 159ASME Y145M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND Touenancn THIS ON THE DRAWING (| CEERES MEANS THIS 918.80-16.00 Co nett Se, be 25—o] 916.4 outer boundary total 100 mm of long zone for any 25 mm lreular limits of size. ‘The derived median line of the feature’s actual local size must lig within a cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.4 diameter for the ‘and within a 0.1 cylindrical tolerance 9th, rogardioss of foature size. Each ont of the surface must be within the specified FIG. 6-4 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS PER UNIT LENGTH WITH SPECIFIED TOTAL 'STRAIGHTNESS, BOTH RFS. sis, as in Fig. 6-2, the maximum straightness toler- ance is the specified tolerance. When applied on an MMC basis, as in Fig. 6-3, the maximum straightness tolerance is the specified tolerance plus the amount the actual local size of the feature departs from its MMC size. The derived median line of an actual feature at MMC must lie within a cylindrical toler- ance zone as specified. As each actual local size de- parts from MMC, an increase in the local diameter of the tolerance zone is allowed that is equal to the amount of such departure. Each circular element of the surface (that is, actual local size) must be within the specified limits of size. 6.4.1.1.3 Application of RFS or MMC to Noneylindrical Features, As an extension of the principles of para. 6.4.1.1.2, straightness may be ap- plied on an RFS or MMC basis to noncylindrical features of size. In this instance, the derived median plane must lie in a tolerance zone between two paral- Jel planes separated by the amount of the tolerance. Feature control frame placement and arrangement as described in para, 6.4.1.1.2 apply, except the diame- 160 ter symbol is not used since the tolerance zone i noncylindrical. 64.1.1.4 Applied on Unit Basis. Straightess may be applied on a unit basis as means of preventing an abrupt surface variatic within a relatively short length of the feature, See Fig. 6-4. Caution should be exercised when usit ‘unit control without specifying a maximum limit be- cause of the relatively large theoretical variations may result if left unrestricted. If the unit v appears as a “bow” in the toleranced feature, and “bow” is allowed to continue at the same rate fe several units, the overall tolerance variation may re- sult in an unsatisfactory part. Figure 6-5 illustrates the possible condition where straightness per unit length given in Fig. 6-4 is used alone, that is, if straightness for the total length is not specified. 6.4.1.1.5 Straightness of Line Elements. Figure 6-6 illustrates the use of straightness tolerance on a flat surface. Straightness may be applied to con- trol line elements in a single direction on a flat sur-|DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING [earra] FIG. 6 POSSIBLE RESULTS OF SPECIFYING ‘STRAIGHTNESS PER UNIT LENGTH RFS, WITH NO SPECIFIED TOTAL face; it may also be applied in two directions as shown. Where function requires the line elements to be related to a datum feature(s), profile of a line should be specified related to datums. See Fig. 6-18, 6.4.2 Flatness. Flamess is the condition of a sur- face having all elements in one plane. 6.4.2.1 Flatness Tolerance. A flatness toler- ance specifies a tolerance zone defined by two paral- Jel planes within which the surface must lie. When a flatness tolerance is specified, the feature control frame is attached to a leader directed to the surface or to an extension line of the surface. It is placed in a view where the surface elements to be controlled are represented by a line. See Fig. 6-7. Where the ‘considered surface is associated with a size dimen- sion, the flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. 6.4.2.1.1 Applied on Unit Basis. Flatness may be applied on a unit basis as a means of pre- venting an abrupt surface variation within a relatively small area of the feature. The unit variation is used either in combination with a specified total variation, or alone, Caution should be exercised when using ‘unit control alone for the reasons given in para. 64.1.1.4. Since flatness involves surface area, the size of the unit area, for example 25 X 25, is speci- 161 ASME Y14.5M-199¢ ‘THIS ON THE DRAWING a ee J IEXEKK| WEANS THIS 03 tolerance, 0.05 tolerance Each longitudinal element of the surtace must between two parti! lines 0.08 apart in the fet iow and'0.1 Inthe right view of the crewing FIG. 66 SPECIFYING STRAIGHTNESS OF FLAT SURFACES THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS fee lt ‘The surtace must lie between two palit planes 0.25 apart ‘The surtace must be within the ‘Spociieg limite of ize, FIG. 6-7 SPECIFYING FLATNESSASME Y14.5M-1094 DIMENSIONING ANO Tovenancina ff THIS ON THE DRAWING (025 wide tolerance zone Lam A SECTION A-A Each clrculer slemor ‘axis must lle betwet 0.25 tar must be fof the surtaco in a plane perpendicular to an Each clreuier 36 limita of size, (oes) Corsa) ORF 6¢ weanS TH rN 7 os 4 \ SECTION A-A FIG, 68 SPECIFYING CIRCULARITY FOR A CYLINDER OR CONE fied to the right of the flatness tolerance, separated by a slash. For example: ears) 6.4.3 Circularity (Roundness). Circularity is a condition of a surface where: (a) for a feature other than a sphere, all points of the surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to an axis are equidistant from that axis; (b) for a sphere, all points of the surface inter- sected by any plane passing through a common cen- ter are equidistant from that center. 6.4.3.1 Circularity Tolerance. A circularity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric circles within which each circular element of the surface must lie, and applies independently at any plane described in (a) and (b) above. See Figs. 162 6-8 and 6-9. The circularity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance, except for those parts subject to free state variation. See para. 6.8. NOTE: See ANSI B89.3.1 for futher information on this subject 6.4.4 Cylindricity. Cylindricity is a condition of | a surface of revolution in which all points of the surface are equidistant from a common axis. 6.4.4.1 Cylindricity Tolerance. A cylincricity tolerance specifies a tolerance zone bounded by two concentric cylinders within which the surface must lie. Inthe case of eylindricity, unlike that of circular- ity, the tolerance applies simultaneously to both cir- cular and longitudinal elements of the surface (the ‘entire surface). See Fig. 6-10. The leader from the feature control frame may be directed to either view. ‘The cylindricity tolerance must be less than the size tolerance. NOTE: The cylindscity tolerance isa composite contol of form that includes eirularity,stralghiness, and taper of a eylinésical featureDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1904 THIS ON THE DRAWING 8625204 [eaai| MEANS THIS A a © 5 S 0.25 wide tolerance zone SECTION A-A 1 limits of size THIS ON THE DRAWING g2st04 (277025) as FIG. 6-10 SPECIFYING CYLINDRICITY FIG. 69 SPECIFYING CIRCULARITY FOR A SPHERE 6.5 PROFILE CONTROL A profile is the outline of an object in a given plane (two-dimensional figure). Profiles are formed by projecting a three-dimensional figure onto a plane or by taking cross sections through the figure, The elements of a profile are straight lines, arcs, and other curved lines. If the drawing specifies individual tol- erances for the elements or points of a profile, these elements or points must be individually verified. Such a procedure may be impracticable in certain ‘cases, particularly where accuracy of the entire pro- file, rather than elements of a profile, is a design requirement. With profile tolerancing, the true profile may be defined by basic radii, basic angular dimen- sions, basic coordinate dimensions, basic size dimen- sions, undimensioned drawings, ot formulas 65.1 Profile Tolerancing. The profile tolerance specifies a uniform boundary along the true profile Within which the elements of the surface must lie. It is used to control form or combinations of size, form, orientation, and location. Where used as a refinement of size, the profile tolerance must be contained within the size limits, Profile tolerances are specified as follows (@) An appropriate view or section is drawn show- ing the desired basic profile. (b) Depending on design requirements, the toler- ance may be divided bilaterally to both sides of the ‘tue profile or applied unilaterally to either side of the true profile. Where an equally disposed bilateral tolerance is intended, it is necessary to show only the feature control frame with a leader directed to the surface. For an unequally disposed or a unilateral tolerance, phantom lines are drawn parallel to the tue profile to indicate the tolerance zone boundary. ‘One end of a dimension line is extended to the fea- ture control frame. The phantom line should extend only a sufficient distance to make its application clear. See Fig. 6-11 (c) Where a profile tolerance applies all around the profile of a part, the symbol used to designate “all around” is placed on the leader from the feature control frame. See Fig. 6-12. Where segments of a profile have different tolerances, the extent of each profile tolerance may be indicated by the use of refer- ‘ence letters to identify the extremities o limits of each requirement. See Fig. 6-13. Similarly, if some segments of the profile are controlled by a profile tolerance and other segments by individually toler- anced dimensions, the extent of the profile tolerance must be indicated. See Fig. 6-14. 6.5.2 Tolerance Zone. A profile tolerance may be applied to an entire surface or to individual pro- 163ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING| THIS ON THE DRAWING Ce {@) Bilateral tolerance Da (©) Unitateral tolerance: (outside) MEANS THIS. 0.8 wide tolerance zone ily disposed about the true profile (0.4 each side) ‘Actual prof Datum pI to datum A ‘Actual profi Datum plane A ‘True profile relative to datum A True profile relative Actual profile eu (©) Unitaterat tot (insige) unequal distribution [es 0.8 wide tolerance zone entirely disposed on one side of the true profile, as Indicated profile 0.8 wide tolerance zone ‘unequally disposed on fone side of the true (a) True protile relative to datum A FIG. 6-11__ APPLICATION OF PROFILE OF A SURFACE TOLERANCE TO A BASIC CONTOUR 164DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y1a.5M—1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING ie a 1 t ‘a per ae +} ozoe be RS 2 ‘ALL CORNERS 0.2 MAX 8s: 60 >| UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS ARE BASIC. sas 651 MEANS THIS. aun plane A———-24 oe ‘The surfaces, all around the part outl 0.6 apart perpendicular to datum plar Fadil of part corn 3. must lle between two parallel bounda ‘A and equally disposed about the true profile, must not exceed 0.2. FIG. 6-12 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE ALL AROUND 16s33. FIG. 6-13 SPECIFYING DIFFERENT PROFILE TOLERANCES ON SEGMENTS OF A PROFILE THIS ON THE DRAWING faTeTo} Dee BY od be b+—— est0.25 pment MEANS THIS Datum plane © 0.25 wide tolerance zone e Datum plane rue profile and positioned — ‘with respect to datum planes B and C. FIG, 6-14 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE BETWEEN POINTS 16DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14 54-1996 THIS ON THE DRAWING Shale + be t0z032 MEANS THIS Datum plane A. Outside boundary ti ‘The surtaces all around must lie be: tween two profile boundaries 0.4 art, one coincident with and the other outside the true profile, and bboth perpendicular to datum plane ‘A. The tolerance zone extends to the intersection of the boundary lines. FIG. 6-18 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE FOR SHARP CORNERS files taken at various cross sections through the part. ‘These two cases are provided for as follows (a) Profile of a Surface. The tolerance zone estab- lished by the profile of a surface tolerance is three- dimensional, extending along the length and width (or circumference) of the considered feature or fea- tures, This may be applied to parts having a constant cross section asin Fig. 6-12, to parts having a surface of revolution, or to parts (such as castings) defined by profile tolerances applying “ALL OVER" as indi- ‘cated below the feature control frame. (b) Profile of a Line. The tolerance zone estab- lished by the profile of a line tolerance is two-dimen- sional, extending along the length of the considered feature. This applies to the profiles of parts having a varying cross section, such as the tapered wing of ‘an aircraft, or to random cross sections of parts as in Fig. 6-18, where itis not desired to control the entire surface of the feature as a single entity. 6.5.3 Explanation of Profile Tolerance. The tolerance value represents the distance between two boundaries equally or unequally disposed about the true profile or entirely disposed on one side of the true profile. Profile tolerances apply normal (perpen- dicular) to the true profile at all points along the profile. The boundaries of the tolerance zone follow the geometric shape of the true profile. The actual surface or line element must be within the specified tolerance zone, and all variations from the true pro- file must blend. Where a profile tolerance encom- passes a sharp comer, the tolerance zone extends to the intersection of the boundary lines. See Fig. 6- 15. Since the intersecting surfaces may lie anywhere within the converging zone, the actual part contour could conceivably be rounded. If this is undesirable, the drawing must indicate the design requirements, such as by specifying the maximum radius. See Fig. 6-12.ASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND Touenancne fl THIS ON THE DRAWING EACH ELEMENT \ 4 7 ‘The surtace between tt ‘ered surtace, 0.4 wide tolerance zone ‘and positioned with respect ‘datum plane B, must lie betw roti ara to [" Wide tolerance zone at each cross st Section A-A 0.4 apart, one coinci ‘A and B. Each line 9 two lines 0.12 apart which are parallel to datum plano A. with and the othe| FIG. 6-16 SPECIFYING COMBINED PROFLE AND PARALLELISM TOLERANCES 6.5.4 Application of Datums. In most cases, profile of a surface tolerance requires reference to datums in order to provide proper orientation, loca- tion, or both, of the profile. With profile of a line tolerance, datums may be used under some circum- stances but would not be used when the only require- ‘ment is the profile shape taken cross section by cross section. An example is the shape of a continuous extrusion. 6.5.5 Combined Controls. Profile tolerancing may be combined with other types of geometric tol- crancing. Figure 6-16 illustrates a surface that has a profile tolerance refined by a parallelism tolerance. ‘The surface must not only be within the profile toler- ‘ance, but each straight line element of the surface ‘must also be parallel to the datum within the toler- ance specified. Figure 6-17 illustrates a surface that has a profile tolerance refined by a runout tolerance. ‘The entire surface must be within the profile toler- specified runout tolerance. Figure 6-18 illustrates, part with a profile of @ line tolerance where size is controlled by a separate tolerance. Line elements of the surface along the profile must lie within the pro- file tolerance zone and within a size limiting zone, In certain instances, a portion of the profile tolerance zone may fall beyond the boundary of the size lim- iting zone. However, this portion of the profile toler-| ance zone is not usable because the line elements of the surface must not violate the size limiting zone. 6.5.5.1 Boundary Control for @ Nonevin- drical Feature. Profile tolerancing may be com- bined with positional tolerancing where it is neces- sary to control the boundary of a noncylindrical feature. See Fig 6-19. In this example, the basic di- mensions and the profile tolerance establish a toler- ance zone to control the shape and size of the feature, ‘Additionally, the positional tolerance establishes al 168 ance and the circular elements must be within “4DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING Es | MEANS THIS: 0.25 Profile zone ar 0.15 Runout zone atc ° Un // Soc anton oat w jaf MA Primary a [ ph, ‘datum plano M ‘The aurface between points A and B must lie botween two profile boundaries 0.26 apart, equally disposed about the true profiie Positioned with respect to primary datum plane M and secondary. datum axis N. Additionally, each circul ‘must fall within the 0.18 runout tolerance. FIG. 6-17 PROFILE OF A SURFACE OF REVOLUTIONASME Y14.5M-1994 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING| THIS ON THE DRAWING L srrons—a 355 52 Bata MEANS THIS, Prot to Section, must ‘tum planes A'and B. ‘The surface mu Datum plane 8 “th R27 Datum plane A 40205 Size tolerance zone lament of the surtace between points © ‘between two profile boundariet 0 ‘be within nd D, at any cross ‘pat In relation to ‘pected limite of FIG, 6-18 PROFILE OF A LINE AND SIZE CONTROL 170DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING = a2TA] [os@TAls[C] ‘BOUNDARY 4 (a) S51 MEANS THIS a Postional LMC of featur From datum Boundary oy plane © is os (0.6) os 025 True profile ‘True profile in MMC of fosture Protile Control ound, must ile between two ‘apart equally disposed ‘about the true prof datum plar MMC of feature (at basic location) No portion of the surtace may be permitted to lie within the boundary of MMC contour ‘minus the positional tolerance when positioned with respect to datum pl FIG. 6-19 BOUNDARY PRINCIPLE USED WITH PROFILE CONTROLS theoretical boundary shaped identically to the basic profile. For an internal feature, the boundary equals. the MMC size of the profile minus the positional tolerance, and the entire feature surface must le out- side the boundary. For an extemal feature, the bound- ary equals the MMC size of the profile plus the posi- tional tolerance, and the entire feature surface must lie within the boundary. To invoke this concept, the term BOUNDARY is placed beneath the positional tolerance feature control frame. 6.5.6 Coplanarity. Coplanarity is the condition of two or more surfaces having all elements in one plane. 6.5.6.1 Profile Tolerance For Coplanar Sur- faces. A profile of a surface tolerance may be used where it is desired to treat two or more surfaces as m 4 single interrupted or noncontinuous surface. In this, ‘case, a control is provided similar to that achieved by a flatness tolerance applied to a single plane sur- face. As shown in Fig. 6-20, the profile of a surface tolerance establishes a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes within which the considered surfaces ‘must lie. No datum reference is stated in Fig. 6-20, as in the case of flatness, since the orientation of the tolerance zone is established from contact of the part against a reference standard; the plane is established by the considered surfaces themselves. Where two cor more surfaces are involved, it may be desirable to identify which specific surface(s) are to be used as the datum feature(s). Datum feature symbols are ap- lied to these surfaces with the appropriate tolerance for their relationship to each other. The datum refer- ence letters are added to the feature control frameASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE ORAWING {So.08} ‘2SURFACES: [ei] WEANE THIS) _—— bo within the spectied limits of size. FIG. 6-20 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE FOR ‘COPLANAR SURFACES for the features being controlled. The tolerance zone thus established applies to all coplanar surfaces in- cluding datum surfaces. See Fig. 6-21 65.7 Profile Tolerance for Plane Surfaces. Profile tolerancing may be used to control form and orientation of plane surfaces. In Fig. 6-22, profile of a surface is used to control a plane surface inclined to a datum feature. 6.5.8 Profile Tolerance for a Conical Feature. A profile tolerance may be specified to contro! the conicity of a surface in either of two ways: as an independent control of form, or as a combined con- trol of form and orientation. Figure 6-23 depicts a ‘conical feature controlled by a profile of a surface tolerance where conicity of the surface is a refine ment of size. In Fig. 6-24, the same control is applied but is oriented to a datum axis. In each case, the feature must be within size limits 6.5.9 Composite Profile. Where design require- ‘ments permit a feature locating tolerance zone to be larger than the tolerance zone that controls the fea- ture size, a composite profile tolerance may be used. m DIMENSIONING AND Touenancnl 6.5.9.1 Composite Profile Tolerancing. This provides a composite application of profile toleranc Ine for locaton of a profiled feature as wel as hh requirement of form, orientation, and in some stances, the sizeof the feature, within the larger pro, file locating tolerance zone. Requirements are sncofl tated by the use of a composite profil feature con frame similar to that shown in Fig. 3-22(@), Each ‘complete horizontal segment of a composite profil feature control frame constitutes a separately veri able component of # pair of interrelated require: ments. The profile symbol is entered once and 4 applicable to both horizontal segments. The uppe segment is referred to as the profile locating controf It specifies the larger profile tolerance for the loca- tion of the profiled feature. Applicable datums specified in a desired order of precedence. The lowe segment is referred to as a profile size/form/orienta tion refinement contro. It specifies the smaller pr file tolerance for the feature within the profile loc {ng zone (form and orientation refinement). 6.9.11 Exlenaton of Compost rll file Tolerance. Each feature is located from speci fied datums by basic dimensions. Datum referenci in the upper segment of a composite profile featur control frame serves to locate the feature profile lo- cating tolerance zone relative to specified aay ee actual surface of the controlled feature must lic 65.9.1.2 Control of Orientation. Othe applications for composite profile tolerancing occu when the upper segment of the feature control frame contains only an orientation datum(s). It specific the larger profile tolerance for the orientation of F | profiled feature. Applicable datums are specified i 4 desired order of precedence. The lower segment ig a form refinement control and does not specify datum, It specifies the smaller profile tolerance fe the feature within the profile orientation zone (form refinement). IDIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.6M- 1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING 2 SURFACES 2 SURFACES [ese] MEANS THIS Simulated datum A-B. [0.08 wide toler 0.04 apart The two designeted surfaces must le between Iwo perale! planes: ‘Quel cisposed about datum plane A-B. All surfaces must le within the Species iimits of size FIG. 6-21 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE FOR COPLANAR SURFACES TO A DATUM ESTABLISHED BY TWO SURFACES 13ASME Y14.5M-1904 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING THIS ON THE DRAWING 3 2020.05 THIS ON THE DRAWING | gsoz02 MEANS THIS MEANS THIS: ae (fH 0.08 wide tolerance zone FIG. 622 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A SURFACE FOR A PLANE SURFACE 6.6 ORIENTATION TOLERANCES Angularity, parallelism, perpendicularity, and in some instances, profile are orientation tolerances ap- plicable to related features. These tolerances control the orientation of features to one another. 6.6.1 Specifying Orientation Tolerances in Relation to Datum Features. In specifying orien- tation tolerances to control angularity, parallelism, perpendicularity, and in some cases, profile, the con- sidered feature is related to one or more datum fea- tures. See Fig. 4-24, Relation to more than one datum feature is specified to stabilize the tolerance zone in ‘more than one direction. For a method of referencing datum features, see para. 3.4.2. Note that angularity, 17% ‘The surtace must lie between two coaxial boundaries 0,02 apart having an included angle ot 15". The surlace must be within the specified limits of size, FIG. 6.23 SPECIFYING PROFILE OF A CONICAL FEATURE perpendicularity, and parallelism, when applied to plane surfaces, control flatness if a flatness tolerance; is not specified. 6.6.1.1 Tolerance Zones. Tolerance zones are total in value requiring an axis, or all elements of thé considered surface, to fall within this zone, Where it is a requirement to control only individual line ele- ments of a surface, a qualifying notation, such as, EACH ELEMENT or EACH RADIAL ELEMENT, is added to the drawing. See Figs. 6-44 and 6-45. This permits control of individual elements of the surface independently in relation to the datum and| does not limit the total surface to an encompassing! zone. 1.2 Application of Zero Tolerance at, MMC. Where no variations of orientation, such as perpendicularity, are permitted at the MMC size limit of a feature, the feature control frame contains a zero for the tolerance, modified by the symbol for MMC. If the feature is finished at its MMC limit of size, it must be perfect in orientation with respect to the datum. A tolerance can exist only as the feature de- parts from MMC. The allowable orientation toler-DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING THIS ON THE DRAWING FIG. 624 PROFILE TOLERANCING OF A CONICAL FEATURE, DATUM RELATED ance is equal to the amount of such departure. See Figs. 6-41 and 6-42 6.6.1.3 Tangent Plane. Where itis desired to control a feature surface established by the con- tacting points of that surface, the tangent plane sym- bol is added in the feature control frame afier the stated tolerance. See Fig. 6-43. 6.6.2 Angularity. Angularity is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a specified angle (other than 90°) from a datum plane or axis. 6.6.2.1 Angularity Tolerance, An angularity tolerance specifies one of the following (a) atolerance zone defined by two parallel planes, at the specified basic angle from one or more datum planes or a datum axis, within which the surface or center plane of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6.27. (b) atolerance zone defined by two parallel planes at the specified basic angle from one or more datum, 15 ASME Y14.6M-1094 planes or a datum axis, within which the axis of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-28. (c) a cylindrical tolerance zone at the specified basic angle from one or more datum planes or a datum axis, within which the axis of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-29. (d) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines. at the specified basic angle from a datum plane or axis, within which the line element of the surface must lie a surface or center plane, equidistant at all points from a datum plane; or an axis, equidistant along its length from one or more datum planes or a datum axis. 3.1 Parallelism Tolerance. A parallelism tolerance specifies one of the following: (a) atolerance zone defined by two parallel planes parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which the surface or center plane of the considered feature must lie, See Fig. 6-30. (b) tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which the axis of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-31. (c) a cylindrical tolerance zone parallel to one or ‘more datum planes or a datum axis, within which the axis of the feature must lie. See Figs. 6-32 and 6233, (d) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines. parallel to a datum plane or axis, within which the line element of the surface must lic, See Fig. 6-45. 6.6.4 Perpendicularity. Perpendicularity is the condition of a surface, center plane, or axis at a right angle to a datum plane or axis. 6.6.4.1 Perpendicularity Tolerance. A per- pendicularity tolerance specifies one of the following: (a) atolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum plane or axis, within the surface or center plane of the considered feature rust lie. See Figs. 6-34 through 6-36. (b) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel planes perpendicular to a datum axis, within which the axis of the considered feature must lie. See Fig. 6-37. (c) a.cylindrical tolerance zone perpendicular to a datum plane, within which the axis of the considered feature must lie. See Figs. 6-38 through 6-42. (d) a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines perpendicular to a datum plane or axis, within which the line element of the surface must lie. See Fig. 6-44.ASME Y14.5M-1004 DIMENSIONING AND Tousrancnap THIS ON THE DRAWING a} Ria 0.8 wide tolerance Datum plane ¢ 4 be] “| on wise terre F [Means THis Datum plane B ‘The feature shall be located within a larger boundary (0.8) relati to the primary datum A, secondary datum B, and tertiary datum ‘Once the feature is located within the larger boundary (0.6) Its siz shall be controlled relative to the basic feature defining dimensions and to the primary datum A within the smaller boundary (0.1). FIG, 6-25 COMPOSITE PROFILE TOLERANCING OF AN REGULAR SURFACE 176DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS (0.8 wide toleran 0.2 wide tolerance zone Datum {lane c [= batum pane & Datum plane A The feature shall be located within a larger boundary (0.8) relative to the primary datum A, secondary datum B, and tertiary datum C. Once the feature is located within the larger boundary (0.8) its si hall be controlled relativa to the basic feature defining dimensions ‘and to the primary datum A for perpendicularity and secondary datum B for parallelism within the smaller boundary (0.2). FIG. 628 COMPOSITE PROFILE TOLERANCING OF A FEATURE i”ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING 30°} [A] 66.27 See asses ‘The surface must Ilo botween two parallel planes 0.4 apart which are Inclined at 30° to datum plane A. ‘The surtace must be within the specified limits of size. See figure 2-14. DIMENSIONING AND Touenaronay THIS ON THE DRAWING MEANS THIS. ‘must be within the specified tolerance of location. Note: This control app! only to the view on which It is specified FIG, 6:27 SPECIFYING ANGULARITY FOR A PLANE ‘SURFACE 18 FIG. 6:28 SPECIFYING ANGULARITY FOR AN AXIS (FEATURE RFS)DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING ASME Y14.5M-1094 THIS ON THE DRAWING PACIAAD THIS ON THE DRAWING WACSEACY 1) w [eas] [aaa] WES Ti ae s ‘Possible orientation of te surace 0.2 diameter AX lence zone Possible orientation of the feature axis, Datum plane A of feature size, the festure axis must cylindrical zone inclined 60' to datum plane A. The feature axie must be within the specified tolerance of location [018 we tlerenee zone between two paralle! planes 0.42 apart which are parallel to datum plane A. The surface must be within the specified limite of size, FIG. 6:30 SPECIFYING PARALLELISM FOR A PLANE ‘SURFACE FIG. 629 SPECIFYING ANGULARITY FOR AN AXIS (FEATURE RES) 179ASME Y14.5M-1994 THIS ON THE DRAWING DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCIN THIS ON THE DRAWING {71so2]A) N 1 [ear] EAN THIS, MEANS {fe 02 wise tolerance KR egardioes of fotute size, the feature axis m Bolwoen two parallel planee 0.12 apart which Parallel to datum plano A. The feature axis must be twthin he epeciiog tolerance of location. Datum plane A FIG. 6:31 SPECIFYING PARALLELISM FOR AN AXIS (FEATURE RFS) 180 f [eesi] MEANS THIS Possible orientation ‘of foature axle Je {olerance zoN6 within 0.2 clamoter eylinvieal zone parallel to ‘datum axle A. The feature axa most be within the ‘pecied tolerance of location. FIG, 6-32 SPECIFYING PARALLELISM FOR AN AXIS (BOTH FEATURE AND DATUM FEATURE RFS)DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING THIS ON THE DRAWING ASME Y14.5M-1904 THIS ON THE DRAWING o—| [KEE Possibie orientation of feature axa, 0.001 10.002 t woe | oor tone | o072 Where the feature is at maximum material

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