Harvard Referencing Style

This is a general guide to the Harvard referencing style. Please check the guide provided by
your School, or lecturer, as it may vary from these guideline.

General guidelines for Harvard Style

Harvard style is an author-date referencing
system. It has two components:
1. In-text citation: a partial reference to the
sources you are referring to in the text of
your work. The in-text citation appears in
the format of author-date or name-date
enclosed in brackets, e.g. (Smith 1998).

About Harvard Style

There are many varieties of Harvard referencing
system. This guide follows the standards described in
the Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers 6th
edition, often referred to as the "AGPS Manual" as it
was formerly published by the Australian Government
Publishing Services. The manual is available in the
Library at 808.027 STYL.
The online version of this guide is available at
http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard.

2. The reference list: a list containing the full

bibliographic details of all the sources cited
in your work, usually placed at the end of the document. Entries in the reference list are in alphabetical
order by author names and must be in agreement to the in-text citations.

Citing in the text

The purpose of citing in the text is to provide brief information about the source, sufficient to enable readers to
find complete information about the source in the reference list at the end of the document.
There are two formats for in-text citations: (Author Date) and Author (Date).
The (Author Date) format is used to show the source of the information you are citing, usually placed at the end
of a sentence. For example:
While an activist image of workers is sometimes presented (Rodrguez-Garavito 2005), workers are
more often depicted as unwilling accomplices in factory managers manipulations (Ngai, 2005).
The Author (Date) format emphasises the author by integrating author name into the sentence, followed
immediately by date in brackets. For example:
Robertson and Pitel (2011) predict an average growth of 5% for the continent for 2011
In the long run, Saarinen (2006) argues, development of tourism may not always be the most favorable use
of natural and cultural resources

Citing paraphrases or summaries

When referring to the overall content of a work, or putting information in your own words by summarising or
paraphrasing, you must cite the original author or researcher and the date of publication.
For example:
Fast-paced change and complex problems can affect organizations (Wagoner 1968).

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A page number may be included if you paraphrase a passage, summarise an idea from a particular page, or you
wish to direct the readers to a specific page. Page numbers may also be included when referring to a long work
and the page number(s) might be useful to the reader. Use p. for a single page and pp. for a range of

consecutive pages.
For example:
At a macro level, negative economic impacts on non-mining sectors of the economy are commonly known as
Dutch disease (Corden 2012, p. 3).

If the authors name is integrated into the sentence, only the year of publication and maybe a page number
are included in the brackets.
For example:
Brewer (2001, p. 17) suggests that attachment to ingroups is a primary process, fundamental to individual
survival and well-being.

Citing a direct quote

It is essential to include the author name, year and page number(s) when incorporating a direct quotation into
a sentence. Use single quotation marks to enclose short quotations (sentence fragments, a sentence or
sentences which are less than 30 words). Fit quotations within your sentences, making sure the sentences are
grammatically correct.
For example:
When Ladkin (2011, p. 1136) suggests that knowledge of tourism and hospitality labour clearly has a contribution to
make to current wider societal debates she is, as we are, reflecting on the shifting phenomenon of hospitality work.

A direct quote that is more than 30 words long is usually indented from the text margin in a block format and
use a one size smaller font in single line spacing. Quotation marks are not needed.
For example:

Citing works with two or three authors

When a work has 2 or 3 authors, cite all the names in the order in which they appear in the reference. If you
integrate the authors names into the sentence, use and instead of the ampersand &.
For example:
Learning on demand is becoming a type of lifestyle in modern society (McLoughlin & Lee 2007).
Hogg and Reid (2001) propose several social cognitive processes that may explain leadership dynamics.

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Malinowski, Miller and Guota (1995) reported the same effects

The sheer size and scale of the industry causes problems for analysis (Riley, Ladkin & Szivas, 2002).

Citing works with 4 or more authors

If a work has 4 or more authors, cite only the surname of the first-listed author followed by et al. wherever the
reference occurs in the text.
For example:
Results of the cross-national study reported by Liu et al. (1987) indicate that concerns over impacts of tourism on the
environment were shared by all the residents surveyed
A total of 38,350 visitors were recorded visiting those areas in 2004, including tour groups (Greiner et al. 2005).

Citing multiple references

Multiple references by different authors - If you are referring to two or more references at one point in
the text, place them in alphabetical order by author names separated by semicolons.
For example:
The pace of life is slow allowing for reflection (Hofstede 1997; House et al. 2004; Triandis 1994).

Multiple references by the same author - If you are referring to two or more works by the same author,
arrange them in chronological order, starting with the earliest date.
For example:
This behavior is a form of confirmation bias, first identified by Wason (1960, 1966, 1968),
Confirmation bias (Wason 1960, 1966, 1968) imposes persistence on policy and entrepreneurial expectations,
even in the presence of a certain amount of disconfirmation.

References by the same author published in the same year, use a, b, c ... immediately following the year
of publication.
For example:
Combined, NSW, Victoria, Queensland and WA contain 88 per cent of Australia's population (ABS 2013a)
and produce around 90 per cent of Australia's GDP (ABS 2013b).

Citing authors with the same surname

When citing references written by authors with the same surname, include the authors initials in in-text
citations.
For example:
Different research reported the same effects occurring, regardless whether it was in lakes (Nguyen, D 2009, p. 3)
or rivers (Nguyen, L 2009, p. 145).
D Nguyen (2009) and L Nguyen (2009) both reported the same effects occurring in lakes and rivers.

Citing sources with no author

When the name of an author or authoring body is not available, cite the reference by its title and the year
For example:
This was apparently not the case before about 1995 (The entrepreneur's guide to the law 1999).

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Citing a work with no dates

If the publication date of a reference is unknown or unsure, cite it using n.d. (no date), e.g. (Smith n.d.) or Smith
(n.d.).
If the publication date can be established with some degree of accuracy, use the abbreviation 'c' (circa-about),
e.g. (Smith c.1943) or Smith (c.1943).
If the publication date is dubious, use a question mark after the date, e.g. (Smith 1943?) or Smith (1943?).
Other examples with unsure dates include:
a work that secured a publisher but not yet in the process of publication, e.g. (Smith forthcoming)
a work that is in the process of publication but the publication date is uncertain, e. (Smith in press)

Citing a work if no page numbers are available

If a resource contains no page numbers, such as a webpage or online newspaper articles, then you cannot
include a page number in the in-text citations. However, if the source indicates paragraph numbers, use the
abbreviation para and the relevant number in the parentheses. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the
heading and the paragraph number following it.

For example:
As Myers (2000, para. 5) aptly phrased it
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion, para. 1)

[Tip: if your source is a journal article in html format (and therefore with no page numbers), check to see if
the article is available elsewhere as a pdf. Usually, pdfs include page numbers.]
Citing a work discussed in a secondary source
Sometimes an author writes about research that someone else has done, but you are unable to track down the
original publication. In this case, you will include only the source that you have used in your reference list. Use
the words 'cited in' in the parenthetical in text reference to indicate that you have not read the original
publication.
For example, if Lister cited Millers work in his/her research and you did not read Millers work, you could cite
the work by Listers in the following ways:
1. In-text citation:
David Millers simple definition of social justice (cited in Lister 2007)
2. Entry in the reference list:
Lister, R 2007, 'Social justice: meanings and politics', Benefits, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 113-25.

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The reference List general guidelines

The reference list should identify each item (book, journal article, DVD, report, web document etc.) in enough
details so that others can locate and consult it.
The reference list usually appears at the end of the document. However any appendices will appear
after the reference list.
It is headed by the centred title References.
References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this
rule are personal communications and classical works. In instances when no author can be identified
for newspaper articles and encyclopedia entries - these are also cited in text only and are not included
in the reference list.
Start each reference with a new line, no indentation.
Use only the initial(s) of the authors given name, not the full name.
If the reference list includes 2 or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order
with the earliest first.
Arrange reference entries in one alphabetical sequence by the surname of the first author or
organisational name, or by the first word of the title if there is no author. Ignore the words A, An, and
The when alphabetising by title.
Place of publication: use only the first listed place when there are multiple places of publication. If a
publication place is little known or shares its name, you can add the state or country.

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In-text and Reference list examples

Books
Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Book
1 author or
editor

(Tracy 2011)
(Tracy 2011, p. 31)

Tracy, B 2011, Full engagement!: inspire, motivate, and bring out the best in your people,
Amacom, New York.

(Jalilvand 2012)
(Jalilvand 2012, p. 64)

Jalilvand, A (ed.) 2012, Risk management and corporate governance, Routledge, New York.

(Abigail & Cahn 2011)

(Abigail & Cahn 2011, p. 23)

Abigail, R & Cahn, D 2011, Managing conflict through communication, 4th edn, Allyn &
Bacon, Boston.

Abigail and Cahn (2011) ...

Abigail and Cahn (2011, p. 23) ...

Hanrahan, NW & Jacobs, MD (eds) 2005, The Blackwell companion to the sociology of
culture, Blackwell Publishing, Malden, Mass.

Book
2 authors or
editors

Books

Note: When authors names are incorporated

into the text, use and instead of the ampersand.

Book
3 authors or
editors

(Spies-Butcher, Paton & Cahill 2012)

(Spies-Butcher, Paton & Cahill 2012, p. 45)

Spies-Butcher, B, Paton, J & Cahill, D 2012, Market society: history, theories, practice,
Cambridge University Press, Port Melbourne.

Spies-Butcher, Paton and Cahill (2012)

Spies-Butcher, Paton and Cahill (2012, p. 45)

Cary, G, Dovers, S & Lindenmayer, D (eds) 2003, Australia burning: fire ecology, policy and
management issues, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic.

Note: When authors names are incorporated

into the text, use and instead of the ampersand.

Book
4 or more
authors or
editors

(Kotler et al. 2010)

(Kotler et al. 2010, pp. 59-60)

Kotler, P, Brown, L, Burton, S, Deans, KR & Armstrong, G 2010, Marketing, 8th edn, Pearson
Australia, French Forest, NSW.

Kotler et al. (2010) argued that

Gartner, WB, Shaver, KG, Carter, NM & Reynolds, PD (eds) 2004, Handbook of
entrepreneurial dynamics: the process of business creation, Sage, Thousand Oaks.
Note: The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list (do not use et al).

No author

(Websters 2000)
(Websters 2000, p. 3)

Websters basic English dictionary 2000, Merriam-Webster, Springfield, MA.

Note: When author cant be identified, alphabetise the book in the reference list by
the first significant word in the title, and use the book title in in-text citation.

Chapter in an
edited book

(Rosenberg 2004)
(Rosenberg 2004, p. 5)

Rosenberg, RS 2004, The social impact of computers, in D Cartmell (ed.), Why people
choose Macintosh, Elsevier Academic Press, Boston, pp. 3-19.

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Article in a
reference
book

(Lindgren 1994)
(Lindgren 1994, p. 468)

Lindgren, HC 1994, 'Stereotyping', in Encyclopedia of psychology, vol. 3, Wiley, New York,

pp. 468-469.

Ebook

(Ayers 2009)
(Ayers 2009, p. 93)

Ayers, JB 2009, Supply Chain Project Management: a structured collaborative and

measurable approach, 2nd ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, viewed 23 May 2015
<http://elibrary.kiu.ac.ug:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/1314/1/Supply_Chain_Project%20Man
agement.pdf >.

Book
Translated

(Mandel 1971)
(Mandel 1971, p. 112)

Mandel, E 1971, The formation of the economic thought of Karl Marx, 1843 to Capital, trans.
B Pearce, Monthly Review Press, New York.

Book
Editions other
than the first

(Buglear 2010)
(Buglear 2010, p. 39)

Buglear, J 2010, Stats mean business, 2nd edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington, MA.
Harrison, GB 1964, Introducing Shakespeare, Rev edn, Penguin, Harmondsworth, Middlesex.
Editions other than the first is noted after the title of the book:
Second edition = 2nd edn
Third edition = 3rd edn
Fourth edition = 4th edn
Revised edition = Rev. edn

Journals , magazines &

newspapers

Journal, magazine & newspaper articles

Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Journal article
1 author

(Smith 2011)
(Smith 2011, p. 13)

Smith, J 2011, 'Agency and female teachers' career decisions: a life history study of 40
women', Educational Management Administration & Leadership, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 7-24.
Sheehan, A 2014, Human resource management and performance: evidence from small and
medium-sized firms, International Small Business Journal, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 545-570,
viewed 12 September 2014, <http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266242612465454>.

Journal article
2 authors

(Dalton & Chrobot-Mason 2007)

(Dalton & Chrobot-Mason 2007, p. 179)

Dalton, M & Chrobot-Mason, D 2007, 'A theoretical exploration of manager and employee
social Identity, cultural values and identity conflict management', International Journal of
Cross Cultural Management, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 169-83.
Joharishirazi, M & Chehelmard, D 2015, 'Study of the impact of knowledge deployment and
appetite for change on work', Journal of Accounting & Marketing, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-6,
viewed 1 October 2015, <http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/accounting-marketingabstract.php?abstract_id=46154>.

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Journal article
3 authors

Journal article
4 or more
authors

(Tetlock, Saar-tsechansky & Macskassy 2008)

(Tetlock, Saar-tsechansky & Macskassy 2008, p.
1450)

Tetlock, PC, Saar-Tsechansky, M & Macskassy, S 2008, 'More than words: Quantifying
language to measure firms' fundamentals', The Journal of Finance, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 143767.

(Michaelidou, Siamagka & Christodoulides 2011)

(Michaelidou, Siamagka & Christodoulides 2011, p.
1156)

Michaelidou, N, Siamagka, NT & Christodoulides, G 2011, Usage, barriers and measurement

of social media marketing: an exploratory investigation of small and medium B2B brands,
Industrial Marketing Management, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1153-1159, viewed 18 April 2014,
<http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2011.09.009>.

(James et al. 2009)

(James et al. 2009, p. 249)

James, KR, Hart, BT, Bailey, PCE & Blinn, DW 2009, 'Impact of secondary salinisation on
freshwater ecosystems: effect of experimentally increased salinity on an intermittent
floodplain wetland', Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 246-58.

(Salleh et al. 2009)

(Salleh et al. 2009, p. 56)

Salleh, NHM, Siong-Hook, L, Ramachandran, S, Shuib, A & Noor, ZM 2008, 'Asian tourism
demand for Malaysia: a bound test approach', Contemporary Management Research, vol. 4,
no. 4, pp. 351-368, viewed 12 October 2014, <http://www.cmrjournal.org/article/viewArticle/1178>.
The names of all authors should be provided in the reference list (do not use et al.).

Journal article
online with
doi

(Ladkin 2011)
(Ladkin 2011, p 1145)

Ladkin, A 2011, Exploring tourism labour, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 38, no. 3, pp.
11351155, doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.010.

Magazine
article

(Rick & Erlandson 2009)

(Rick & Erlandson 2009, p. 952)

Rick, TC & Erlandson, JM 2009, 'Coastal exploitation', Science, 21 August, pp. 952-53.

Magazine
article
(online)

(Kuttner 2003)
(Kuttner 2003, p. 26)

Kuttner, R 2003, 'The great American pension-fund robbery', Business Week, 8 September,
pp. 24-6, viewed 20 January 2012, <http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2003-0907/the-great-american-pension-fund-robbery>.

(D'Emidio, Dorton & Duncan 2015, para. 6)

D'Emidio, T, Dorton, D & Duncan, E 2015, 'Service innovation in a digital world', McKinsey
Quarterly, April, viewed 29 May 2015, <http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/operations/
service_innovation_in_a_digital_world>.

Newspaper
article

(Browne 2010)
(Browne 2010, p.45)

Browne, R 2010, 'This brainless patient is no dummy', Sydney Morning Herald, 21 March,
p.45.

Newspaper
article
(online)

(Maslin 2015)
(Maslin 2015, para. 4)

Maslin, J 2015, Public shaming in the Twitter age, Australian Financial Review, 30 March,
viewed 05 April 2015, < http://www.afr.com/technology/social-media/twitter/publicshaming-in-the-twitter-age-20150330-1mb4pp>.

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Websites

Websites
Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Basic web page

(Beard 2006)

Beard, M 2006, The fall of the Roman Republic, viewed 30 January 2011,
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.shtml>.

Web page with

Department or
Institution as
author

(Attorney-Generals Department 1998)

Attorney-General's Department 1998, Review of the Commonwealth's 'Acts Interpretation

Act 1901', Attorney-General's Department, Canberra, viewed 1 October 1999,
<http://www.law.gov.au>

Web document

(DAmato, Henderson & Florence 2009)

(DAmato, Henderson & Florence 2009, p. 32)

DAmato, A, Henderson, S & Florence, S 2009, Corporate social responsibility and

sustainable business: a guide to leadership tasks and functions, Centre for Creative
Leadership, viewed 22 January 2015, <http://insights.ccl.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/04/CorporateSocialResponsibility.pdf>.

Web page with

no date

(Royal Institute of British Architects n.d.)

Royal Institute of British Architects n.d., Shaping the future: careers in architecture, viewed
31 May 2005, <http://ww.careersinarchitecture.net>.

Blog Post

(Hagon 2009)

Hagon, P. 2009, Immediate sharing, What's New, viewed 10 January 2009,

<http://www.paulhagon.com/ blog/2009/09/27/immediate-sharing/>.

Wiki

(Roussel 2008)

Roussel, S 2008, Sustainability indicators, Coastal Wiki, viewed 25 May 2013,

<http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Sustainability_indicators>

(Gender Equality n.d.)

Gender Equality n.d., APEC Human Resources Development Wiki, viewed 1 Feburary 2016,
<http://hrd.apec.org/index.php/Gender_Equality_in_APEC>.

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Audio Visual

Audio visual materials

Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

DVD, film or
Video recording

(What is marketing 2009)

What is marketing? 2009, DVD, Classroom Video, United Kingdom. Distributed by VEA
Australia, Bendigo, VIC.

(Wall Street 2014)

Wall Street 1987, motion picture, American Entertainment Partners & Amercent Films.
Distributed by 20th Century Fox, and starring Michael Douglas and Charlie Sheen.

Online videos:
YouTube etc.

(Lim 2015)

Lim, N 2015, Ethical investing - good for you & the world? online video, ASX Investment
Videos, viewed 10 January 2016,
<http://webcasting.brrmedia.com/broadcast/55deae3bf67ebc1c6ff874cb>.

Podcast

(Bragg 2014)

Bragg, S 2014, Inventory variances, podcast, viewed 8 March 2015,

<http://traffic.libsyn.com/stevebragg/Episode186L.mp3>.

TV & Radio
programs

(Search for meaning 1998)

The search for meaning 1998, radio program, ABC Radio, Sydney, 24 March

(At the coal-face 2015)

At the coal-face with an Aussie start-up 2015, television program, ABC Television, Sydney,
4 December.

Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Study guide

(McMurray 2014)
(McMurray 2014, p. 22)

McMurray, D 2014, MNG00316 Principles of international business: study guide, 5th edn,
Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

Revised study
guide

(Westwood 2015)
(Westwood 2015, p. 22)

Westwood, R 2015, MNG00114 Competitive strategy: study guide, 9th edn, rev. S Wilde & K
Lovel, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

Course
materials via
Blackboard

(Nelson 2015)
(Nelson 2015, slide 2)

Nelson, S 2015, MNG00724 Human resource management: topic 2, PowerPoint slides,

Southern Cross University, viewed July 2 2015, <MNG00724 Blackboard site>.

Your own
unpublished
creative work

(Jackson 2016)
(Jackson 2016, p. 2)

Jackson, H 2016, 'Sweet fruit', unpublished creative writing assignment, Southern Cross
University, Lismore.

Course materials

Course materials

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Conference paper

Conference paper
Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Conference
paper
(in published
conference
proceedings)

(Wilde & Cox 2008)

(Wilde & Cox 2008, p. 115)

Wilde, S & Cox, C 2008, 'Principal factors contributing to the competitiveness of tourism
destinations at varying stages of development', in S Richardson, L Fredline, A Patiar & M
Ternel (eds), CAUTHE 2008: Tourism and Hospitality Research, Training and Practice;
"Where the 'Bloody Hell' Are We?", Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, pp. 115-8.

Unpublished
Conference
paper

(Julian 2011)

Julian, CC 2011, 'The relationship between industry structure, marketing capabilities,

strategy and performance: the empirical link in export ventures', paper presented to The
Clute Institute International Academic Conference, Las Vegas, 10-12 October, viewed 9
May 2012,
<http://conferences.cluteonline.com/index.php/IAC/2011LV/paper/view/619>.

(Julian 2011, p. 63)

Government publications

Government publications
Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Government
Publications:
Individual
authors

(Dawkins 1987)
(Dawkins 1987, p. 16)

Dawkins, J 1987, Higher education: a policy discussion paper, Aust. Govt. Pub. Service
Canberra.

(Henry et al. 2010)

(Henry et al. 2010, p. 14)

Henry, DK, Harmer, J, Piggott, J, Ridout, H & Smith, G 2010, Australias future tax system,
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 24 April 2011,
<http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/content.aspx?doc=html/pubs_reports.htm>.

Government
Publications:
Departmental
author

(Department of Education, Science and Training

2006)
(Department of Education, Science and Training
2006, p. 5)

Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, The Australian Government's innovation report
2005-06: real results, real jobs, Dept. of Education, Science and Training, Canberra.

(Foreign Investment Review Board 2012)

(Foreign Investment Review Board 2012, p. 1)
Australian
Bureau of
Statistics

(Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014)

Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) 2012, Australias foreign investment framework,
FIRB, Canberra, viewed 24 September 2013,
<http://www.firb.gov.au/content/guidance/downloads/gn1_jan2012.pdf>.
Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia, cat. no.
3401.0, ABS, viewed 3 October 2014,

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Page 11

<http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/3401.0Main+
Features1Aug%202014?OpenDocument>

Legal sources

Legal sources
Resource

In-text examples

Legal cases

Note: The name of the case is italicised and the

year is placed in brackets:
The State of New South Wales v. The
Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54
Note: For specific page reference: use the word
'at' instead of p.:
Greutner v. Everard (1960) 103 CLR 177 at
181

Legislations:
acts and
regulations

Victoria's Residential Tenancies Act 1997 ...

Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic) ...

Reference List examples

The State of New South Wales v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54

Note: Legal cases are only included in a list of reference if they are important to an
understanding of the work. In that case, it is preferable The State of New South Wales v.
The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54 to list cases separately under the subheading of
"Cases".
Residential Tenancies Act 1997 (Vic), ss. 167-187, reprint 2, Anstat, Melbourne.
Note: Legislation is only included in a list of reference if it is important to an
understanding of the work. In that case, it is preferable to list separately under the
subheading of "Legislation".

Theses

Theses
Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Thesis
Unpublished

(Sakunasingha 2006)
(Sakunasingha 2006, p. 36)

Sakunasingha, B 2006, An empirical study into factors influencing the use of value-based
management tools, DBA thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW.

Thesis online

(Ram 2012)
(Ram 2011, p. 130)

Ram, R 2012, 'Development of the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and
Medium-sized Entities', PhD thesis, The University of Sydney, viewed 23 May 2014,
<http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8208>.

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Page 12

Other Sources

Other sources
Resource

In-text examples

Reference List examples

Annual report
Print

(Tabcorp 2012)
(Tabcorp 2012, p. 2)

Tabcorp 2012, Concise annual report 2012, Tabcorp Holdings Limited, Melbourne.

Annual report
Online

(Woolworths Limited 2015)

(Woolworths Limited 2015, p. 12)

Woolworths Limited 2015, Annual report 2015, viewed 10 December 2015,

<http://www.woolworthslimited.com.au/
annualreport/2015/files/Woolworths_AR_2015.pdf>.

Brochures,
pamphlets,
booklets

(Southern Cross University 2008)

Southern Cross University. 2008. Copyright and you: a guide for staff. Southern Cross
University, Lismore, NSW.

Company,
industry,
Reports from
databases

(Datamonitor 2010)
(Datamonitor 2010, p. 13)

Datamonitor 2010, Rio Tinto SWOT analysis, Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed
20 January 2012.

(Stephen 2012)
(Stephen 2012, p. 24)

Stephen, T 2012, IBISWorld Industry Report L771. Retail property operators in Australia,
IBISWorld, viewed 20 January 2013.

Financial data

ANZ banking Group Ltd 2015)

(Factiva 2010)

ANZ Banking Group Ltd (ANZ.AX) historical share price 2015, Yahoo! 7 Finance, viewed 6
August 2015, < https://au.finance.yahoo.com/q/hp?s=ANZ.AX>.

Map

(Department of Lands, NSW 2004)

Department of Lands, NSW 2004, Topographic & orthophoto map 1:25,000. 9537-3N, New
South Wales, 3rd edn, Dept. of Lands, Bathurst, NSW.

Personal
communications

(J Smith 2008, pers. comm., 2 July )

J Smith (2008, pers. comm., 2 July) said

Information gained through conversations, emails, phones calls, faxes, letters, lecture
presentations or interviews may be cited as "Personal communications" in text.

Note that that full date (year, day Month) is

included in the citation and the initial is placed
before the surname.

Details of a personal communication is usually not included in the reference list.

Secondary
sources

(Fong, cited in Betram 1997)

Do not include Fong (1987) in your reference list but do include Bertram (1997).
Fongs 1987 study (cited in Bertram 1996)
found that

Standards

Standards Australia International Limited

2004)
(Standards Australia International Limited
2004, p. 5)

Bertram, F 1997, The tragedy of youth, 2nd edn, Macmillan, New York.

Standards Australia International Limited 2004, Risk management: AS/NZS 4360:2004, Standards
Australia International, Sydney.

Harvard LibGuide visit http://libguides.scu.edu.au/harvard for online version. Updated 25-Nov-16

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