concentric zone model

1. also, known as the burgess model, the bull's eye model

2. developed in the 1920's by the urban sociologist Ernest burgess.
3. the model portrays how cities social groups are spatially arranged in a
series of rings.
4. the size of the rings may vary, but the order always remains the same.
concentric zone model
concentric zone model
central business district (cbd) - this area of the city is a non-residential
area and its where businesses are. this area is called downtown, a lot of
sky scrapers houses government institutions, businesses, stadiums, and
restaurants
zone of transition- the zone of transition contains industry and has
poorer-quality housing available. Created by subdividing larger houses into
apartments
3. zone of the working class- this area contains modest older houses
occupied by stable, working class families. a large percentage of the
people in this area rent.
zone of better residence- this zone contains newer and more spacious
houses. mostly families in the middle-class live in this zone.
5.commuters zone/suburbs- this area is located beyond the build-up
area of the city. mostly upper class residents live in this area.
o shortcomings
it assumes an isotropic plain
land may restrict growth of certain sectors
the model does not fit polycentric cities
it describes the peculiar American geography, where the inner city is poor
while suburbs are wealthy; the converse is the norm elsewhere.
sector model.
Chicago and Newcastle upon Tyne/Newcastle
developed in 1939 by land economist homer Hoyt
it is a model of the internal structure of cities.
social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges radiating
out from the central business district (cbd) and centred on major
transportation lines
low-income households to be near railroad lines, and commercial
establishments to be along business thoroughfares
modeling cities: Hoyt
sector model.
stresses the importance of transportation corridors. sees growth of various
urban activities as expanding along roads, rivers, or train routes.
shortcomings
applies well to some towns only
low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyts model
theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which
make commerce easier
with cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city
multiple nuclei method
the multiple nuclei model is an ecological model created by chauncy Harris
and Edward Ullman in the 1945

city grows from several independent points rather than from one central
business district.
as these expand, they merge to form a single urban area.
ports, universities, airports and parks also act as nodes
based on the idea that people have greater movement due to increased
car ownership.
multiple nuclei model
the model has four geographic principles
o certain activities require highly specialized facilities
accessible transportation for a factory
large areas of open land for a housing tract
o certain activities cluster because they profit from mutual
association
o certain activities repel each other and will not be found in the same
area
o certain activities could not make a profit if they paid the high rent of
the most desirable locations
modeling cities: Harris Ullman
stresses the importance of multiple nodes of activity, not a single cbd.
ports, airports, universities attract certain uses while repelling others.
multiple nuclei model
assumptions
1. land is flat
2. even distribution of resources
3. even distribution of people in residential areas
4. even transportation costs
criticisms
1. each zone displays a significant degree of internal heterogeneity
2. and not homogeneity
3. no consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.
4. not applicable to oriental cities with different cultural, economic and
political backgrounds
Bid rent theory
1. Geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand
for real estate change as the distance from the central business district
(CBD)
2. This is based upon the idea that retail establishments wish to maximize
their profitability, so they are much more willing to pay more for land
close to the CBD and less for land further away from this area.
3. The amount they are willing to pay is called "bid rent".