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In the absence of air resistance, objects fall at the same rate regardless of their
mass or size.
Free falling bodies undergo constant acceleration.
The free-fall acceleration is denoted by the symbol g. This acceleration is directed
downward, toward the center of the Earth, so the sign of the acceleration is
negative.
At the surface of the Earth,
g = - 9.81 m/s2
OR
g = - 32 ft/s2
Eq. 1
vf = vi + a t
Eq. 2
y = vi t + a (t)2
Eq. 3
Example 1:
Solution:
Given:
yi = 2 m
yf = 0 m
so
y = 0 m 2m =
-2m
Unknown: t = ?
Equation:
Eq. 3: y = vi t + a (t)2
-2 = 6.0 t + (-9.81) (t)2
-4.9 (t)2 + 6.0 t + 2 = 0
Use the quadratic equation:
6.0
36 4( 4.9)( 2)
2( 4.9)
6.0
36 4( 4.9)(2)
6.0 75.2
= -0.27 s or
2( 4.9)
9.8
1.50s
Equations:
5. A robot probe drops a camera off the rim of a 24-km-deep crater on Mars,
where the free-fall acceleration is -3.7 m/s 2. Find the time required for the
camera to reach the crater floor and the velocity with which it hits.
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
6. Maria throws an apple vertically upward from a height of 1.3 m with an initial
velocity of 2.4 m/s.
a. Will the apple reach Marias friend in a treehouse 5.3 m above the ground?
b. If the apple is not caught, how long will the apple be in the air before it
hits the ground?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
OR
g = -32 ft/s2
a = 0 m/s2
vyf = vyi + g t
Eq. 1
Eq. 1
vxf = vxi
y = vyit + g (t)2
Eq. 2
x = vxit
Eq. 2
ball
Solution:
Given:
-9.81 m/s2
Unknown: x = ?
Equations: x = vxit
we dont know t
y = vyit + g (t)2
-10 = 0 4.9 (t)2
(t)2 = 10/4.9,
Now use:
so
x = vxit
t = 1.43 s
vyi = 0 m/s
g=
1. A pelican flying along a horizontal path drops a fish from a height of 5.4 m
while traveling 5.0 m/s. How far does the fish travel horizontally before it hits
the water below?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
2. Give both the horizontal and vertical values of the velocity of the fish from
problem 1 before the fish enters the water.
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
3. A cat chases a mouse across a 1.0 m high table. The mouse steps out of the
way and the cat slides off the table at a speed of 5.0 m/s. Where does the cat
strike the floor?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
Unknowns:
Equations:
5. The fastest recorded pitch in Major League Baseball, thrown by Nolan Ryan in
1974, was clocked at 45 m/s. If a pitch were thrown horizontally with this
velocity, how far would the ball fall vertically by the time it reached home
plate, 18.3 m away?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
6. A person standing at the edge of a seaside cliff kicks a stone over the edge
with a speed of 18 m/s. The cliff is 52 m above the waters surface. How long
does it take for the stone to fall to the water? With what speed does it strike
the water?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
For example, you are told that a projectile is launched with and initial velocity of
50 m/s at an angle of 60 degrees with the horizontal.
We use triangle trigonometry to find the horizontal and vertical components of
the initial velocity.
Remember that:
sin
v
opposite
x,
hypothenuse
v
so vx = v sin
cos
v
adjacent
y ,
hypothenuse
v
so vy = v cos
The first step for problems where projectiles are launched at an angle
is to calculate:
vxi = vi sin
and
vyi = vi cos
OR
g = -32 ft/s2
vyf = vyi + g t
Eq. 1
Eq. 1
vxf = vxi
y = vyit + g (t)2
Eq. 2
x = vxit
Eq. 2
Example 3:
Solution:
Givens:
vi = 45 m/s
= 55
y = 0 m
Unknowns: x = ?
t = ?
need t first
y = vyit + g (t)2
0 = 25.8 t -4.9 (t)2
Factor:
0 = t(25.8 4.9t)
So, t = 0
or
t = 25.8/4.9 = 5.27s
2. A long jumper leaves the ground with an initial velocity of 12 m/s at an angle
of 28-degrees above the horizontal. Determine the time of flight, the
horizontal distance, and the peak height of the long-jumper.
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
4. A place kicker must kick a football from a point 36.0 m from the goal, and the
ball must clear the crossbar, which is 3.05 m high. When kicked, the ball
leaves the ground with a speed of 20.0 m/s at an angle of 53 to the
horizontal.
a. By how much does the ball clear or fall short of learning the
crossbar?
b. Does the ball approach the crossbar while still rising or while
falling?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
5. In a scene in an action movie, a stuntman jumps from the top of one building
to the top of another building 4.0 m away. After a running start, he leaps at
an angle of 15 with respect to the flat roof while traveling at a speed of 5.0
m/s. Will he make it to the roof, which is 2.5 m shorter that the building he
jumps from?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
6. A stunt driver drives a red mustang convertible up a ramp and off a cliff. The
car leaves the ramp at a velocity of 60 m/s at an angle of 45 o to the
horizontal; the cliff and ramp combined cause the car to begin its projectile
motion at a height of 315m above the ground. If you were coordinating this
stunt, how far away would you put a landing surface so that your stunt driver
was not injured?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
7. A golfer can hit a golf ball horizontal distance of over 300 m on a good drive.
What maximum height would a 301.5 m drive reach if it were launched at an
angle of 25 to the ground?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
8. Salmon often jump waterfalls to reach their breeding grounds. Staring 2.0 m
from a waterfall 0.55 m in height, at what minimum speed must a salmon
jumping at an angle of 32 leave the water to continue upstream?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations:
9. A quarterback throws the football to a receiver who is 31.5 m own the field. If
the football is thrown at an initial angle of 40 to the ground, at what initial
speed must the quarterback throw the ball? What is the balls highest point
during its flight?
Given:
Unknowns:
Equations: