24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

whatwhenhow
InDepthTutorialsandInformation

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

SECTION3.3:TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS
InthelastsectionweusedtheDELAYsubroutine.Inthissectionwediscusshowtogeneratevarioustimedelaysandcalculateexactdelaysforthe
8051andDS89C4xO.
Machinecycleforthe8051
TheCPUtakesacertainnumberofclockcyclestoexecuteaninstruction.Inthe8051family,theseclockcyclesarereferredtoasmachinecycles.
TableAlprovidesthelistof8051instructionsandtheirmachinecycles.Tocalculateatimedelay,weusethislist.Inthe8051family,thelengthof
themachinecycledependsonthefrequencyofthecrystaloscillatorconnectedtothe8051system.Thecrystaloscillator,alongwithonchipcircuitry,
providetheclocksourceforthe8051CPU(seeChapter8).Thefrequencyofthecrystalconnectedtothe8051familycanvaryfrom4MHzto30
MHz,dependingonthechipratingandmanufacturer.Veryoftenthe11.0592MHzcrystaloscillatorisusedtomakethe8051basedsystem
compatiblewiththeserialportoftheIBMPC(seeChapter10).Intheoriginal8051,onemachinecyclelasts12oscillatorperiods.Therefore,to
calculatethemachinecycleforthe8051,wetake1/12ofthecrystalfrequency,thentakeitsinverse,asshowninExample313.

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

1/13

24/11/2016

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

2/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

Treehouse

LearntoCode
Everwantedtobuildanapp?Learntocodeyourdreams.

Delaycalculationfor8051
Asseeninthelastsection,adelaysubroutineconsistsoftwoparts:(1)settingacounter,and(2)aloop.Mostofthetimedelayisperformedbythe
bodyoftheloop,asshowninExample315.
Example315

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

3/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

Veryoftenwecalculatethetimedelaybasedontheinstructionsinsidetheloopandignoretheclockcyclesassociatedwiththeinstructionsoutsidethe
loop.
InExample315,thelargestvaluetheR3registercantakeis255therefore,onewaytoincreasethedelayistouseNOPinstructionsintheloop.
NOP,whichstandsfornooperation,simplywastestime.ThisisshowninExample316.
Loopinsideloopdelay
Anotherwaytogetalargedelayistousealoopinsidealoop,whichisalsocalledanestedloop.SeeExample317.

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

4/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

Treehouse

LearntoCode
Everwantedtobuildanapp?Learntocodeyourdreams.

Example316
Solution:
ThetimedelayinsidetheHEREloopis[250(1+1+1+1+2)]x1.085us=1500x1.085us=1627.5us.Addingthetwoinstructionsoutsidethe
loopwehave1627.5us+3xl.085|is=1630.755us.
Ifmachinecycletimingiscriticaltoyoursystemdesign,makesurethatyoucheckthemanufacturesdatasheetsforthedevicespecification.For
example,theDS89C420has3machinecyclesinsteadof2machinecyclesfortheRETinstruction.
Example317

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

5/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

FortheHEREloop,wehave(4x250)xl.085us=1085us.TheAGAINlooprepeatstheHEREloop200timestherefore,wehave200x1085us=
217000,ifwedonotincludetheoverhead.However,theinstructionsMOVR3,#250andDJNZR2,AGAINatthebeginningandendofthe
AGAINloopadd(3x200x1.085us)=651ustothetimedelay.Asaresultwehave217000+651=217651us=217.651millisecondsfortotal
time delay associated with the above DELAY subroutine. Notice that in the case of a nested loop, as in all other time delay loops, the time is
approximatesincewehaveignoredthefirstandlastinstructionsinthesubroutine.

Delaycalculationforotherversionsof8051
IncreatingatimedelayusingAssemblylanguageinstructions,onemustbemindfuloftwofactorsthatcanaffecttheaccuracyofthedelay.
productsfromPhilipsSemiconductorshavetheoptionofusingeither6or12clockspermachinecycle.Table32showssomeofthe8051versions
withtheirmachinecycles.
1.Thecrystalfrequency:Thefrequencyofthecrystaloscillatorconnectedto
theXIX2inputpinsisonefactorinthetimedelaycalculation.Theduration
oftheclockperiodforthemachinecycleisafunctionofthiscrystalfrequen
cy.
2.The8051Design:Sincetheoriginal8051wasdesignedin1980,boththefield
of1Ctechnologyandthearchitecturaldesignofmicroprocessorshaveseen
greatadvancements.Duetothelimitationsof1CtechnologyandlimitedCPU
designexperienceatthattime,themachinecycledurationwassetat12clocks.
Advancesinboth1CtechnologyandCPUdesigninrecentyearshavemade
the1clockmachinecycleacommonfeatureofmanynew8051chips.Indeed,
onewaytoincreasethe8051performancewithoutlosingcodecompatibility
withtheoriginal8051istoreducethenumberofclockcyclesittakestoexe
cuteaninstruction.Forthesereasons,thenumberofmachinecyclesandthe
numberofclockperiodspermachinecyclevariesamongthedifferentversions
ofthe8051microcontrollers.Whiletheoriginal8051designused12clock
http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

6/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

periodspermachinecycle,manyofthenewergenerationsofthe8051use
muchfewerclockspermachinecycle.Forexample,theDS5000uses4clock
periodspermachinecyclewhiletheDS89C4xOusesonlyoneclockper
machinecycle.The8051
TaDie32:ClocksperMachineCycle(MC)for
Various8051Versions

Example318

DelaycalculationforDS89C4xO
InthecaseoftheDS89C4xO,sincethenumberclockspermachinecyclewasreducedfrom12to1,thenumberofmachinecyclesusedto
executeaninstructionhadtobechangedtoreflectthisreality.Table33comparesthemachinecyclesfortheDS89C4xOand8051forsome
instructions.
Example319
http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

7/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

Table33:Comoarisonof8051andDS89C4xOMachineCvcles

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

8/13

24/11/2016

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

9/13

24/11/2016

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

10/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

Example322
Fromtheabovediscussionweconcludethatuseoftheinstructioningeneratingtimedelayisnotthemostreliablemethod.Togetmoreaccuratetime
delay we use timers as described in Chapter 9. Meanwhile, to get an accurate time delay for a given 8051 microcontroller, we must use an
oscilloscopetomeasuretheexacttimedelay.

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

11/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

SJMPtoitselfusing$sign
Incaseswherethereisnomonitorprogram,weneedtoshortjumptoitselfinordertokeepthemicrocontrollerbusy.Asimplewayofdoingthatis
tousethe$sign.Thatmeansinplaceofthis

SUMMARY

Theflowofaprogramproceedssequentially,frominstructiontoinstruction,unlessacontroltransferinstructionisexecuted.Thevarioustypesof
controltransferinstructionsinAssemblylanguageincludeconditionalandunconditionaljumps,andcallinstructions.
Theloopingactionin8051Assemblylanguageisperformedusingaspecialinstruction,whichdecrementsacounterandjumpstothetopoftheloop
ifthecounterisnotzero.Otherjumpinstructionsjumpconditionally,basedonthevalueofthecarryflag,theaccumulator,orbitsoftheI/Oport.
Unconditional jumps can be long or short, depending on the relative value of the target address. Special attention must be given to the effect of
LCALLandACALLinstructionsonthestack.
Adsby Google

Adsby Google

HowtoCalculate
TimeTable

ComputerChips

AssemblyMachine

Nextpost:I/OPORTPROGRAMMING
Previouspost:8051CALLINSTRUCTIONS

RelatedLinks
8051Microcontroller
8051MICROCONTROLLERS
MICROCONTROLLERSANDEMBEDDEDPROCESSORS
OVERVIEWOFTHE8051FAMILY
8051ASSEMBLYLANGUAGEPROGRAMMING
INSIDETHE8051

::SearchWWH::
http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

12/13

24/11/2016

TIMEDELAYFORVARIOUS8051CHIPS

Search
CustomSearch

HelpUnprivilegedChildrenCareersPrivacyStatementCopyrightInformation

http://whatwhenhow.com/8051microcontroller/timedelayforvarious8051chips/

13/13