Electromagnetic Theory ATTAY KOVETZ, School of Pysics and Astronomy Tel Ay UniversityOXFORD ee ease sang stn tS BE te Yang th SEES nu Sin Spe Ie Te We ‘wheel eta eC atte ose any Pan 00 ‘ernie trio ed ‘eed ey Psa) eee emerge ‘eco aprely pis by iwc nde ems awed ih he pope Seeseceec reesei sc ge ins con Ke SE aT ono — ennai Se, Osa sae ur ons La In memoriam, Akiva Stefan Kondes 1904-1988 “Martha Kowcs née Spindel) 1905-1996Preface ‘Thistookieth outcome of scour ented ‘Anaya Electromagnets hich have ght on sdf ring the la 20 yeas Tel Avy University. The couse sated by ys tens daring the liter al ftir second ea, rte ‘econng of th thd yar, undergraduate stds. ei tn avance eel: he ‘tnt ave al ben expose to elaceomaghetsn aswell aso special lai. Atrogh several oars (ah nthe clas and in he abort) on classical and mdr phys. ‘Obvculy thn the shies who atendch an vanced undergraduate couse tase all sen Max's egiton none form or ane. Tey hve all ead of Pyting's vector, elacecdsplacement, Jol sing, Loren ere snd elaceo ‘agate wats But, dsp this familar the average seas wera abou the concept ad laws of electromag thar And this uncer stand in Female cone the enience wih which tides ean the concept and laws of mechanics. Unless there ae some gaping fal in the logical stucre of tlacomagnetic thoy te remon for these icles mast ein he ay in WH ‘is hers usually presets. sve hata vans undergrads couse fords oo oppor for rowing lectagnstan at coherent an Toa theory. Tis the prpse ‘of his Dok. ls eel soupy th of eer texts on eleeteagoetis that tat {fom Manvel’ eqns. pata, st ssumes thal the rede reas ile ce ‘0 motion forte rodstion of wrious elecomagneti concepts and defi thas But difersfom mort her texas in presenting eacvomapnet 82 ‘Sars ery based on principles tat ae independent of stam consuion ‘tte, Whee the conc and pene of lial mechan reaver ‘edo Seen the at tha oar Geeta mater consi of trad recs, textbooks on electromagnetism abound with discsson of tthe roel forming tiny dipoles and of Ampiian cunt asc wih aoc tons al dating back o Len 9 year Theory ofeleron. Noon ate the tans kd ive that th average alae fa unity ean be ound inthe sence ony knowlege reguding edb, ey ae alo expected o fogs thatthe existence of sons can oly be established onthe hasx of gusta mechs ics sig the ey Halon operstr tht re uggeded by secromasnetsnvil Preface mies: a, oem ation, von ngs aleve ell ory Seascale othe de pyc for an explanation of Grstinown mec ot ng ite anki ear hy 9 “Slaton acromgoce try hates he bmi ction or ‘She prtoet on th acca oglu "cna foe ude sou of of for stents of crasnght, Tey tno te ant eat te aw of ‘echt on tyne tc ment eae comep nh odie dips But income ‘Brace sagen wap nang snare) configs Ther {Soren rhs edicts fea reeset {ie tec chs met emt Sekt aesly to of stangey aie su i clasp. The tet ‘pent wy wa nthe wrt emedyamic ain, ne ev of thas nd emodynunic se seldom en acer, And he cnr which hes ms be mid in odero sco fora cleo ‘gnc meatal ent xen cles Special oe tere Jun boat tr psa lk ewe be ce jr dscns of ia Pe oat ot bok 8 flows: sag fo he a of cg conser vat Pays sane Mascot ar lise che cae ae ted Chaps 05, nen fom, Sic under Seaeee eed em wit apps, sb cher on syn SEES hope il provi at nya ue lnedton, bt do te Sty moulin reise esr king cae of questions pig an {Set an! wrest eur fora she aes wants hat Soden wilt ave o rls cletmapesm when thy ie acu 2 SSNSiutiy or altoup cred ycetne nt mention inte a, ‘pny mw end ‘Buperd sl wih emt chargers Sie is betsy conse wince he slocpey Hh bd ef odin Ste lao (S toma ut pte, ‘THAI cover what is roughly the subject matter of pre-Maxwellian closrgrelan lito in apretzain, evr, soly vant Seecnrand ar magne eect Bt eect den: rei fc ‘STueneigoe andes encouraged eeap one ll WSAE Tin tmoving bodes. tne eh ot te tenet of ening ort wa ane thy a ade etd noir cones breton ntact. Tctaceic raion and wane propagation we weed in Chapter 12 ‘Ghar is veo cnn mens, a inact oleae toesabluh tik wees mechan hema Prface ix ‘ma ratona ass. Everything comes together in Chapter 1, where the complet Setof avs of eecuomupnctsm, mechanics and hemodynamics i weed it ‘muamer wich isa dec generation of Cana and Nols metho, Maxwell, res tensor, ponderomatie fren, equations of maton an of ney and many eer eas al follow by a process of mathematical, and thee Topi, ‘edton, roma sti lopzal pol of view, Chapters 4 and 5 should procede Chapter ‘Baths would ental eto drawback dents boom pain when thy a resented with llth penile an thecal deducts befoeencounteng any al aplication, "The eu of Caper 1 te applied in Cape 165, on magnethydrodyna- neil, sch spezoelectrity,eroeectriy, eromagntsm an spoon shai “Tosame degre the choice of sajetsimarably eet personal preference. ‘have tied to eomvince the rear tha elcomaghesm ite, ot oly af enone blo ofmatril andtaican be ready aplcdtomoving well Slo saioary, bles. have ao atemted displ some commen peace (auch the ble, which most stant shar, Ua electrometer theory) and miseonocsions Tr expe, that he hear needs to be spleen byaprincpieof casa. “Appedit A inueduces the Gusin sytem of etromagnetic units and dels i te eladons(comerson, oar comespondenc, factors) becheen Gaus Stns. Fifty solved example problems ae sated thought the back. I itn, hee af 175 execs Some of thee ae realy part of «maternal oot ot ‘eration that ve fee le the eer The remining exercises, representing ‘splstion ofthe tory, ate othe Kind wl ound the en fa extn ‘Sper Appendix B proves dtd soto of al the exersses, ba stents ‘Mc uged ory and soe the execs Belo lookng a thew slates ‘The reroute for astudet who itnds tose is Book a teat ante ‘pola or altace course on croatia) soul presen ao proble ‘The mathematica ols aie ae no me thn Vector clas aed Legendre inom Tensor are intoduced forte purpose of forming the Bs ts ‘ot eleromagnetis in themes general ant, an for dealing fey with ‘hangs of frame Bt» pie fiat with tenor cles in require ‘beyond the fit ve chapters tensors re arly ever mone. Oth yeu ‘cul, beds aninoductory couse onclermagnei, sme flay with ‘he basic concep of analytical achat, pil lait) abd termodanics {is aasmed,btany of tee can be said concent with reading of his wold ke thank Leon Mest for arta reading of he manuscript an ee ‘mary Bp comments, Lam very pratt tomy wae Dina Pik for bumero0sx Prface com er seca ae ee east er AK etsy 1999 Contents Notation 1 lect charges and currents 1. Charge conseraton 2 Chae conaraion in for dimensions 2 Thecaleulus of antisymmetric tensors 3 Transformations ad esos {date theorems and dl ensoes 3 The ist pale of Maxwell's equations 5. Invariance th pil of charge conservation 6. Thechag-curent poeaal 4. The ump conoas 4 The second pair of Maxwell's equations 8. The electromagnetic fl 5. Ivano he secad principle 10, The eastromagnctc potential 5 The aether relations and the theory of relativity 1, The Mawel-Larntz ater laos 12. Lovet wansfortions 13 Mawes equations in an ether frame (6 Charged particles 14 Maile moments 1s. The Loret face To. Nonseltist main of charged price 17. Lagrangian ed Hamtonan fruition 1H, Relate motion of charged pales "The elit Kepler poten " 16 a a 3 4 2 2 ss ss 2 @ na 2 8 Polarization and magnetization 20. Materia response fnctions 21. The poral poeta: Mawel gutoas a med 22. Thedmgginn of light by adilecrie 2 Relative response fanctons 24, Thon ane problem for Maxwell's uations 35. The x derive ectrostaties 26, Becton of eondctors 27, Geen’ ein 28, Capac 1, Expansion sre of hamenic fntons 4. The method of imnpss 31 The complex penta eto Linear diclectees 32, Hector of hectis 38, Thomo’ theorem 34, Wik’ experiment Steady currents fn inarly conducting materials 35; Linery conducting matrials 1 Resistance 57 Bectromaive fore 38. The Fray ise 59. The skineffect, Linear magnets 40, Magnet effect of curets 441, Th sale maga poseata 12. Inductance 42. Pramas and diamagnetic mails Radiation 44, Te wave equations 45, Rasinion fon Hate systems ‘46, Ration fom a moving pin charge ‘Hlectromagnetie wave propagation 47 Meo pane waves 44, Reflection and stration {, Condition st metalic sures ‘0. Waves 1 mn ny us nn 1s 135 i 13 ua 12 a 1st 160 160 168 ns 1» 186 90 1 1s 16 Ares of contingum mechanics 51 The laws of oon meshaice 52, The vs of themodyeamics 53, The method of Cole sad Nat ‘The fusion of electromagnetism with mechanics and ‘thermodynamics ‘St. Continuum mechanics and lett 58. Theelecromagneicentopy insu 56 Pret electromagnetic tis 57 The cndon cet she est hx 5 Elastic maori 59, Viscous ie ‘Magaetobydrodynamics (0, Purely conducting tis 61, The magneto éedjnaic apposition (2, Harman's ow 65, Magno dfsion and as eexng 66, Magna edna eqiitvim 65. Mapnetakredynamie waves Blecric materials (66, Feces on ies diectie 67, Pyocketcy (68, Pemseletity 9. Feosectty ‘Magnetic materials 70. Freson ica magnets; entropic colin 11. Feomazaetis ‘72 Suptcondetvity Appendix A: Gaussian units Appendix B: Solutions othe exercises Bibliographical notes Index coments 9 20 ns om 26 216 pra m 2H 28 2 2 26 2s 0 2 us as 0 a0 2 29 Ps 28 ns anNotation In some ates Ihave fd itnecesay to depart rom the notation hat as beam Standard in eaten of electromagneim. OF these departs, he mostimporant Bleticchpe Q, € Charge density 4 Massdensiy 9 Swestenon ‘Temperate. ‘Inca ection gues, problems exercises an eqations—orgroupsof eatin — ‘seaunbered consecutively Ths, or example, (10.6) dene the sth uation of ‘Section 10a itis grupo auton, (10.6, dence its second meebo ‘few es simple tps labely—()(2}et—are se nae ineDee ‘ess within a poblam o exe solution. "inte Index page mumber ar underied when they spree he ain oce ‘of nformaton shat an index en or xan, dettion. A page naer ‘Biennale (eg. 32 when tha page contains an nrc example othe se ‘ofan index enElectric charges and currents 1. Charge conservation lr charge isa propery of osisin nature. Logi speaking ts ae: ‘ssa incecomapetismis ik tat plat or panein geometry, to re Inmechanics, and energy or tempeae ia thermayamicsFor te ie being me shal be once with Hose cases ia which he cage Q Is stohly ded ‘over volume: more pei, hose stations in which it pow to define + ‘hage deny sch at a fou. a ‘whee @ is the charge eid in some region a he ner is over the volume ‘of that gion. OF couse Qa may each be pov, agave o ro ‘The fundamental assmpion we sal ake egg lec carge is hat itis onere BY tht we mean ht the care within a cera ion hs changed itis boca charge has pase out of he eon, or emered ff ough te bounding sae: ao=a faa = fafa. 12) Here AQ = 0) ~ Qt iste change in charge ove theme interval foam to ‘n Thelasinepa, whicherends over the complete rcs, rent ‘lectic charge eves the elon. The faction , theese of wich spr of the pincipl or avon) of charge enseraton, depends on pion tad ine ndon properties ofthe sue Bat theorem of Cacia otis mechani impos! etre restriction onthe ater dependence, Wesley Cauchy) tater asa common value for al srfae ements dS baving om angen line Is threfore a fonction aly of he eeataton ofthe tangent pla to he ‘Src, which inten determined bythe component of huni owatonna12 Chapter 1 let chages and curents “Thus. isa fonction of x, ¢ adm, Cavey’ thor tes ht the dependence heron the Catesen components of mis near a homopsneos 9 4,m) = 08m aa + 8. ay Met nore to prove the tien, we rst apply the ayo charge comsration (1.29108 {hinlane bof chess Fg 11) erate changeor te charge Q intel ‘vin propaional othe vole, ad wil erefore e of he rst odin. The Fac ofeach the to (1) and op 2) faces willbe fed + feed, {hl ccna om he ses Wllagan be of der Ine iit of anshng ‘knee, we al have [oasis faas.o, withthe tp and otiom sicing, exept ahi vestations oppose Sie Ts hold fou slab of ny iz, we hae Couey’ lemme 34,9) = 066 as Fig 12 ‘Next we apply te ayo charg conseraton a tetrad withthe rtogool faces Pig 12) Letheseongonal aces have areas B5,.58, 883 andunitoutward Ghar conservation 3 ‘omals 8, ~b,~¢ andthe forth ntine ache a BS an it ord ‘oral Theta rat of ato of charge OBS 4 a-m)85) HaC-DIS Hal), wher, bythe meu value theorem of he ner cakalus, each seated tan srpopsie point onthe coneapnding fae Since he 4 te projections 3S, we ‘ve Uc lations ie {oe the dhe ortogonl fas, With he we of Cay’ ema. the eof tow comes a(m)—a(aja-n— edbo-n—aiee-mBs. uy Ite now let the Ina inetsons ofthe eaheseon vanish without hangings supe, will vanish ike the volun, whereas thou, ncording (1.5) wll ‘ani ke 8, Hence, nthe ln, ala) = [aia + a0) + e(0el-m 09 where al thea ow refer othe same point x and inet I we ead he the ‘ogo yest a Band eas a Carian frame, en (16), with «change of ‘otaton, tecomes sx) = Jom aa + an Which is Canby theorem (1.3), ‘Caschy's basic stamption, tht for any point on fice i the same or ‘he tanget plan throagh ht pon, can be rel relied Thi a een done Harel an Noll ot we shal not pause o provide he po Th mats ootaon, we ean wate th ast equation inthe cole frm. am ay where J (a om)sthe transpose ofthe column j- IF We now oat he aes, the ew components of willbe gen by n= An, whee A isan crthogonal mati. Tne ae tame, the same Wile gies, acordig to Cauchy's thor, a= Ui! uyran arin oy ‘Comprise wih (1.8) gives A 0 sine Ais ontbogon Ai 110)4 Chapter Electr charges and rents “rs j hs the wansfomaton popes of vector, We hal therefore denote it write) ne foe aay “According w (1.2), the amount of ehuge passing (nthe detion of m, pee ait ‘neh the sro lm dS sma, The vector calle the current ‘nay, "Neca now wit he principle of charge coaseration in the fos fears fia faneseo aa tq andj we ire, ts besos fa fav(Gvan) =o. au vere we ave wed Gass hore in rder to zepace fd by fv 84V. ‘een oan vole ad for any ine era, weave te eal foe , ay i ate Irwedenot the dimension of length ie an charge by L, Tan C respects, the dimension of care density a C/L andthe dimensoes of eet Sensi Jae C/E), “Te meg or global, go (1.12) ad he diferent, las, eg (14 ae ‘gutlem onl when jisdfrentahle athe ie dean of exist Conse, ‘er Champe a chart body nmin, Whe its bunds reaches a pit P, bh (ie) and ge ete fo exit at. Siar cicumstnces may obtain when a ‘huntary between two adjoining bss moving In soc eases, when Jorg ser ‘Sheontiauon te acal eq (14) boomer measages bt the loa (1.12) ‘ornns vi nd provides estrto the sot Problem 1. tet $be aie srs wih dj oe dicots Im a wit onmaienscselauee fet omble we), wecale ea wich pois Fame Sear tanh rset nope Sh ha ie oie ‘ows by Bde) -mlas 2) 0 as) ee et ona ey fhe sia 2. Charge conservation in four dimensions $ Fig 13 Sottion Azone dof he sue weet i pilox wih geerars let 13) Toc eid the plo Oma, tev Duing tr ine th rl plenty oe wis lot eV By nkdS a meee yt ae mye een may Soetevepe) Ts Acne eine oneen sosnf aus nh ning ht el cin fl me ie D-mds sof nts 20“ Tessin tom ing rat e hk Taa e med) at cin id he he ft et ne laoreet gn ee ee 2. Charge conservation in four dimensions “The oa fom (1.14) ofthe peincp of huge conservation is a 8 sans <0. en In Caresan corte, the notation i sands for 9, whee sumtin ‘erthe repeat inn sundersoo. We sal now write the prin of care(6 Chapter Flecticchages and eurents conservation in oar-imensonl notation Fi, weal he ine a ft cor ‘Sa tothe hoe pace coordinates ©3'= 1,23 =e) =e) en sO) 2 hae sxe ws Latin nice ike (forthe ee space counts and Geek indices [ike far he our space-time coordinates Acorn, repeated Latin ins. {pis sso em 3, abd Grek index, or 1108. A pat x= Ipacetime ale an even, We hal take eine axis tobe tog oe ‘pate ne is pose tire) directions (, 0,0, 1s segs gas detion 30.0,0.-1) A epceime fame costed in his way scaled a Bucidean rome itis te fxrdinensiona stalogue ofa thee dimensions Carin fame. "Wem dine Fab) 269 =o) ey and cll he collection + of the sharge-current dens. With his ootton lig = By!) and iv} = 3/80, soba (2.1) beomes ae =o. an whee stands for The poonng finds, asin ors, conee Tice moron We shall son deforma wich Wl she reson or (hectulocot a ape oralower nex apparent. We do, however admin a deine feferenc-puy cut for the ine bing—for placing 2 summation index, Thee in (24) in upper and lower pions espectvely. We may regal the sum tne in(28) va four-dmeasonal divergence o he charpcaent ens 806, te sive oy “Te fouedmensiona fms (2.4 or) ofthe principe of cure conservation ae oe gecrl enough bec hy refora wheres he general prin of ars Conservation as th bal integral fon (1:12) [ore [yert[afire-o 09 tn oder to as his general form af the pcp of charg conservation in fou ‘imensioal potato, we make we of four-dimensional diagram. Te elinrin Fig 21 isa thrce-dimensoalhypersarfac ln spe time Is tp,» Space inthe Iyfcrplaet = olement shy = AV ad four-dimensional out piating onmaln = (0.0, 1 nthe pad ft) dst, epee the spa eo {palma of (2 ath ine Overton, fur dimensions scalar praue 2. Charge conervation in fe dimensins 7 5-0 =(.g)-(0.0.0,1) =4,sothats dye = 96) AV. Hence the ser (f 2.6) simply s-mdye tken over the top fhe elder Fea “The bottom ofthe eylndr, a 3-spce in he hyperplane =, sity epeesens ‘he volume atime Ove his eon tbe entwar-poning noma inte Serna pu in nd =.) (40.0.1) = 4. Ts econ term of (26), together with I sign imply /s-wde tken over the Boa the ytndr a : ‘These of the cline represent the hitry, Between and, of esse a (26) isa Space wih cement do = Sd an zt xan pining 4 oral» (0 Ove thi repon = Gg) (m0) —}m Ths the id term of 6) 8 simply [snd then ove the ste the elie ‘Collecting al tems, the theedmersional lw of ehrgecoasewaton (2.6) foonde= shear exes ory cll, ith a tu a to. nd ‘side parallel to the time axis, like the cylinder of Fig, 2.1 “ Thin pesos ded Sap ny sh, tin ig. 22. Ti bccata na spon be megan ny ny ast palo ‘cal cine hrnmal en and ecg teins The ‘tos ang Ss wl cea mpi bra ued png Sarl sop By he ton Reonninge tsi proving tt oi apne ced Space seme ‘Wher ds ets, te bel om) tow alow om de inenia wags of Gass wich eqs hie nepal fr ‘yes qo ingle st he a ee eee (6 ate me pl einen 1) Te oto 7 en8 Chapter Blecric charges and cures {our-imeasonl Gas falas bt o he fou-mensoal Stokes theorem, which we sale Section 4 "The pani of charge conservation a erigaly Formulated refers to ‘charge nates’ pV and ge hat bs cose the boundary ofa repon drig time intvalf dh }-md la Fg 2. hese comespond to he tp-tatom and 0 thesideat the liner The bal generalization toa thee-dnensinal body of ‘four-dimensional region of shape, 8a Fg 22. foes the two kinds of cae Toone “charg ina tre-dmesind subspace four-dimensional spacer sunely wendy oo vis only when the noma (28) 5 ie-ke(et) ‘pee” Chai ont ta the geeralied charg bss one ofthe rginal mening. ‘Our ox jects torr that the mw, geeried, concept of charge have mening which rtoends any prc eboce of spe time coordinates, Tie the Bulan frame in which (27) holds, ln ote words, me shal insist oo the lnurlanee of the peneaiaed hare (8, This wil ofcourse guarantee rane ivan of he wo rg conservation (27). “We ate tas ed vo conse oot nfoqntons and, piu, he ongesnences ofan asm vince of nepal, o pice Of on oral Suh (28), andr arbitery tassios, Tis sos) because, a hall, ‘eel one othe prices of ecromagoetsm concerns a special ood fame, Wihat tn undestnding ofthe tansformaton properties ofthe cls {qaniis soca huge an cent desis (he components of») pra ‘Spe canot be apres, cant even he meaningfully sated a the next caper we shal preset eas wich san extension of t= imensonal vector aly spaces ofan wbiary mamber of dimensions. a ts eae, there sre diferent operates called rte and div, whieh ae 2 Charge conteration infor dimensions 9 moerazations ofthe grad, cunt and di of stan! vector assis, Fal, nlmensionlexeasions willbe ge ofthe ania Gan and Stokes negation mula, aswel as of he team on the exisence of potential orn comservaive fe. Problem 24 Let (and 3) be to Cares fas cost by he Gian ngomaton 23) am, fat 2s) ting the ont Yel of the pine! with expt the upd fame {yu observes and acon ay charges xo’ an any huge Dt ‘Sada surice urge ena show ae (hand = (2) sommes? Fie23 Sotuion Agent oo say “charge volume wz fg 4V = 9'4V, who ‘he tepals eed oer same spl Jn, Ba Cac anion 2) series dite, an ence vole Tay we ist on ape oy Sensi, Roweer tail eww oqaion y dV'-rg dV moddV = d¥ routing =p ‘Aareet oe he seo ida charge, manly "cage ring reg ‘ine er ra. ei Altoah he ton prereset a ‘ese mal eine = hvu eng a ind worker to dedce} =} Tiss bcme he sme arcane ny ‘ch mes an ton fasta ooh cred reponse charge {Shaheed tbeopedcto], Nets rel rts mon es "Ta vet lot oft race emeninhe unprimed ame Dai dS pe (2. orer volute 3V = nd nS Ths ome, wc he sg of 9 ‘sno fm pone eof tests wich np) oe eine ae dr eae et mene of Spe cosing dS tbedecton mse g3V10 Chapter 1 tere charge nd cures Piya tt ee abl 4. ht ta of he rpm te enced rn ene’ dS og ge na Okc often ute event ppt ane hen ame hae Sota an =p ag urine jee ay gras cae wef sey cued gal =I ect es rr eG ey Smpaiieenicy or wtics ty) =] ge "Flr Gl oun 29 hn che mnt owing tonto rng dolom 10) “Tush density Gaining caren dent fo Cape sa Asthma ( by tec mre cen ein eesti The calculus of antisymmetric tensors 3. Transformations and tensors A polt in wimensonl space is specie by the dimensional anay (x!) = Geli, '0)- In tis epee we sal assome ta al inspec nd subscript rage ove he integers om 1 tom. We all slo se the sommace ‘omenton a repttt inc pis surntion—tom | trove ta ie, Tn dietsons, ane i defined by m anton x(a) (P= fy) of yorametr Each positon the fine has coors 4 ut the i tone ‘imersionl subspace Tspace heen these oon ae determined by ‘he valu of singe parameter Te ln lee comespnding fo «change dof {she dplacemene dr, with componeats ray ep {Let Abe aclletion A) of anetions the “omponens of A), Consider the ne pat fase. o> [seal sunt he value of his integalisindependent othe cboce offaamter slong he tine. Bat ides usualy depend os the ie, ad oe coors ‘We wish to arange things So th ity depend on te former, bt not th lat. aoa) 6 ‘nan analtctansfoemation from the coors 2” te st condines 2 Tyefiseonde changes inthe ordinates wl hen led by the cain le 0412 Chapter 2 The cae of amsymetri tensors tthe mapping rom he unprimed tote prio cortnatesisto be one-one the ‘trot cet o the igh-han se must not esingulr determinant ‘real he Jacobian, mast ot be allowed vanish. Ths J must be pose ‘erymbere, cena every inthe gion ue consideration, Tete, dete the ermuttion symba deied s flows it 20 een (dye -inl permuaton of (1,24... eugee HL ATH ny amv permutation f [1,25 gee SE Yel} am od permutation of 1,25. yagi which dct fre rom the a ees 18 a ace es ax ioe a a ersaes ‘M. Teyemotson bole! isdefned ar amen eget S80W ha {12 Show ht inte mensions te component he et ps € ante 8. Show ht inte mesons, he comnts oa = cael Be ghey 3m [etesnow tant thee integral (3.2) The questions whataetbe A) inthe "pied ramet ine integral be invariant? Since we regu aarance fic any line, however shor, cee that Ad” mst be invari. Now ioe d= (re), Ate a di histo equal Ap for any do any ine eemend, we must have w aod = Ae) 69 ‘the ansfoemation law for A. Transformations andenors 13 "The reader whos familar with Lagrangian mechanics may be ehnde this point ofthe transformation formula fo the eomponcats Oy ofthe peered force. ‘hesum Qu whichis th work done ina vital placement of the geoetaied ‘rds sto be variant under an analy nsfrmato from te” 1 {ne seo generalized coordinates” he the ew Oar elt the Ob seston similar to (36), = g/g” )Q,,and othe same wasn, ‘A sufice Is « space: the cordnaes of pons onthe eeace ae fine ins #0) of to parameters Ir we change a! zepiag fied, we oan 1 dspacement ds with component dix” = (e/a dat. Silty, we ‘hang eeping wed, we ave adelante dys with components i" (@x" xP dat The oo dsplaemets dye al doe onthe src’ bec ‘ach on comnts fo points the sua. They ar not paral they were the ‘vo practers woud desribe alin on the arfiee (spc The paling Feemed bythe two displacements as he ‘ae projections axl et aa! ay? Ke ula ~ Bal jautau? a7) sin ar =( onthe cordinae planes’ a tee dimensional Casi rants ae te omponets ofthe vector poduet dx dp) Each ofthese ‘etn sade Inna Ther ar such di, bt since hs dbl ys aneymmetee as only Jn ~ 1) independent members. oc any aay a" wih renin nds, we sal indicate complete an ‘ymmeizaon by square racks "™—) Tas done by permsing the is ‘nal poate ways ataching «postive (aga) sgn ote terms conespond. ‘ng teen (od) permutations, adig thse terns ad dividing by the number of ‘erms 1, Paretess, nea compete symmetrization with ees 10 the enclosed indices. This is dne i th same way, exp th th tne ign ached all permutations. Rr example, dtd! abe! ea, os aut ae sty that nn ge 29 y= tae a2 at a» Lat drone nay aft nae era June aim taken over asec, Since ds ansymmetis, he ineraldepends aly oa he ansymmetc par ofA. We se noth conden only soit ‘Asin G10), Since, his ase, A, and Ay dr, ar al aks sense 'oineoduce he factor J. gai, we ak ifthe inteprl 10) iso be invain, what isthe ansformation la fre ansyrmetie A,” Went ext14 Chapter 2 The caer of enzmetric tensors the tno for the d's bu isi easy: seconds wo (3.9, de ‘irene of product of fects: hence. (3.8) 0h - BE on {unow follows, by an agumen whic i saa the one tht as a 0 (3.6, a the sarc tga @.10) wl einai fray sue lee oes oy 1 an dimensional spac with > 3 we lave a aloa 1 lines and sraces, Iyperface, wih re M-iasioal 2 = M = ny aad spaces, which a repos of the w-imensonal space tl General, or an M- space (A =m). We sider an Mell with ge di dor. dx an dine its extension’ by ae = tat dy a aa ae ‘Ofcourse dey, = de fora spe aline)-Thextension of an Mel dependson he ode ede -dyx. Aneachane of! an (sy) wil change the signs ot llcomponntsaf The ode ofthe parameters called he rena a the Aecell Ts the extension pends on the sizeof the Mel engines ofthe d's and on ts onan. ‘Ne so rts of dire, the extension aes the ansormtion bw alt = aa os ew niga Ay tan [itiacsett, ows eg tbr A Be EE Alot 3.16) MB aa ‘Quins hat uansfrm ike prod: of diferent, cording the tansfor: ‘thon aw (3.14) ate called conarin tensors Those al ans he Ao "he coc of se wae fr ce ith ay sb of Seon, (Gumus ns co ea 3. Dransfomatons and tensors 1 (0.16 ate cates covariant tenors. Te aston formulae hve & ners out the tht mals them easier to remember thn the ares cotevront or ‘upper ins) and ‘covariant (for lower indies) OF ecu ob chief per indices forthe coodinses, which might ave pete ose i sow ‘set be consistent wih the cain le 3). ‘A function e(), wth no indices, which rnsfrms sccnking to = g (his meas 4°) = g( sella eal. The ener tan event san example ‘of scar, aca it does at depend on thecal labs of Te even “The number of indies of tensors ron The A of.) scorn esr of ak oe or ofthe fist nk the Ay, of (12) ha scond rank tence A la Iba tenor of nk zero ‘Te tensor transformations (14 and (3.16 ina and homogenous inthe ‘eos components. flows from he homogeneity tha, ie component of ¢ ‘eosor ll vanish none fume, they wll dos in any the fe 9 an Bae {ensor ofthe same type—Dot conan, obath cai ad th dese umber indices (steak) then, by the linearity ofthe eer transfert G14) or (16 the sum or difrence A = Bis ain a tensor of he sre pe ‘Thus tensorequton tha san equliy Uke A” = By orlike d= By eben two fensor he sume ype, ster ee inal fas ot hone Brercses ‘The following eects contain some ety theorems on esos, MA. Ite = (e/a Ae = 22”) then A, iste tasive opty fe ec aon AS Ik An ita enor thea te symmetric a Ay ad hese pa Ay te ‘nh esos Ths he teratoma pee tne) [M6 tay isconine an eons hen a eae, RAE pecans te we 2, 1 and ae oat tensa, te A= ia ond i coma 39 peasealrhen Ay = 6s ovine Thi se tan aceite Ptechunric of the ila ale, (e274, Ts ‘An antiymmetric tensor with M iio i alld an Mevectr, Fran covariant ‘Mevector Aad any couevarint Mester we hl ence iB B= Aoi en With his poutine integral 3.15) 8 fA ran,16 Chapter 2 The caer of oneymetrictnsore “The snd tre dimensions vector cel doesnt dtingush between cova and conta stor, Tit ssn eas with Caan fas, com ‘ected by ortogonal taafomations of the form x"= AGE a), where A is constant, eihogonal matt ao sa constant tansaton vector The mere teamormation t= ATX, whore AT dents the transpose of A. Forsch transformations, c/a! 8a” are equal othe mat element A050 thatthe dninton between conan’ ad erat eases apps 4, Integral theorems and dual tensors IP is acoracan M-sect, s mion dfn by (Phone [Noe tat rotrtF = 0, beets ya ~ A, = 0. Te cut an Met wil, ‘be detnd iste: ltd bt nt ata eration, The oation of salar 1 (40-sector, with se) sO x), ary an dimensional pneazaton tthe gin of scale "The oneal Ser theorem sats et Ry be the complet lose boundary ‘oft 1-dimensionatreponythenf Fs any covariant M-vetor which Is cominvusy ifereiable Rye have MBF @ rove he extension dry const fromthe day of 3.13) by aig {ivan which pins tof yas afr factor Otherwise ius ia Wil appt ‘om oe se of (4.2), We need no be conceal by thik guation af eetaton, ate th conclusions we shall da fom (2) wl nt depend on this. ‘Stoke's generalize thorn erly fom ofthe formel forneration by sts Ios Indepedeny of the invaraoe of th imegral nthe thd ie ‘(4.2 and therefore does at equke F tobe an vector In (4.2) Fay Be any Snieymmetie Mecomponent symbol, with oP debited by (41). Buti Fis an ‘Mevecton the left ie ira ano, by he here, he inter on the rihchind sie, HeneifF isan M sector ten rot Fan (M + 1) ‘Neovarant M-vestor F which satses fF tron wre itgaistaen ovr the compte Boundary of an (M + 1)-Sieosional ‘eon scaled conservative M-vctor fel, or sich lds the following eae «ss "eo oe 7, 4 tcgrateoens an da tensors 17 bos there exis at east one (M —1)-vetr ld ¥, call potenti Fach “ [prtn=f voters « fox every Ry, whee Rute complete boundary of Ry. The fi ¥ is noe uniquely determined by and any conservative (Of ~-vcon eld can be ‘det Vd the new potential will sat (44), For = Ith herem (4) aes form [freev=ve) =v ‘Wherever the conservative fil anit potential V are smoth wean ue Stoke's teorem(4.2) 6 obtain the local oes the foreping eet a emseaive ‘Mosel fds iota, ta i satsies mF =04 4s) pct Van ( —1-yetr fel he xi sch ha Fam; a forany smoath (if —2).ector, Pavers: an Is acter potent of and we ave P = ot 7 boone ott ‘Sine rir V = 0, any Fro is iottonl and thts conservative, The Aone on the existence of pot ew that comnersly tt Fete exists Vs tht Frat ‘In Ghce-dimensiona pace the sarc exsosio (3.2) 6 y= auld — aya! an 4a Caren frane we ca cof hppa dined bythe tm sfc ighceens de ad 2 dese srs lect nd ycostectng the vere. ora tw ects aan thon ot:b isa), where cy he tree dimension! penton symbol ef. Enese 32). lien o ‘Thismothates Gin dewsionthedtniton of he dua of content M vector asthe amisymmetic (1 ~ )-sybel piven by 1 (st Panancw = Pm «018 Chapter? The cleat of antiymmericteort and ofthe da of covariant vet G, 5 the anism fn — M) symbol sven L Ca Gyre Leet M- ME nye ll) “Tne ermataton symbol with upper indies, i dia a uel equal {iy follows that for any typeof M-vecor weave dal dua = F, aia ‘We shal an the notation Pad 6 as) Am Mevacor and its (1 ~ dual ave te same number of independent con vents, only dierely arated. For example for Mf = 3 foe dimensions, Fin FP, fy= Po, B= PS, Fy = PD, Equation (4.12) sures us at nothing i os by passing rom an asymmetric syne tits dal beats the Proce i eer In chooring between an M-vecor and ts al we usually eter the syn with te smal number of inns. 1 isa coauavaian Mevecter, nd G a evant vector, the flowing ak Fal = YG. aw ‘hesign ates de the ifeet postions of te summation es 5388 ‘nth permutation symbol in (10)-(6.1)- Ina space wih an odd pubern of slmension (eg. n= 3) tialways +1 “According (18, the dal of he geal (3.15) is ron [indi ais, ‘Wei calld the dls defined by (410-41) mols case thir afore ssn properties mus stl be dteine, In order do his, we ell the fol (G5) for he Jabs, which tas the form ofa wansfomaton fora for the eration symbol, except ta i contin the factor Je 2 staghfrvard Iter to ue (5) in oder to esas the tanaormation fra forthe das eine 410) 11)- In th caso dy, thee aioe For the itegra (4.15) oe arian, iis ths css hat anit Banc 16) ae fit AE 2M jt ae a GR aa am 4 Igy heres and dual tensors 19 The diereace between (3.16) abd G16), of becween (417) an (3.18), isn te common J fc, o its epoca. Quanies tht wanform in accordance wt (16)-4.17 ae cal relate coca octavian ems elt Meretorsifthoy askew) Inorero emphasize difetece vers "a are notre, which ansoem cording (314) of 3.16, ae als called shoe ‘Since the common J or J~!tor des mot alte sat oth homogeneity ofthe tensor wafonntions, te remus follwing (3.16) on tear emaons ‘becneen tensors ofthe some pe, apply ola sors a wal any eat sch SAM = BP oF Aye = Bye, between Wo emo ofthe same type ‘word type" now pling “absolut o selative in nto 0 conta ce ara ad anki we i al ames, cn none. TF isacovariant M-vecto, scar dtd cert F = aot F 18) ‘The idenity culo F = dualotrol F = Oi 3 comequnce of ot = 0 Fir s seal, euro = Oi a generalization ofthe thee dineaslonal Meaty ‘ur grad = 0 (tthe ears following 1, According (415) and (418) the al for of Stoke's formula (42 A Peston = feat dea a) ‘Tus iF isa covariant M-vectr he cul Fi aaive (n— M1) et, TG slate contavtan vet, divergence Std by (vars ene, Coy Equation 5) is a special case for M = 1 Sine an Myton sets, the deity dv dv = Obs, From th det (.11), 18) nd (4.20) is yt prove teeny carl F= i dl an, “Tos teeny dieu F = 0s consequence of div ‘Accor © (21, he dsl (4.19) of Soke’ Formula cn alo be writen in tbe form fi Psion =r" fai ature aan) ‘Thus, if 6 (= F) i alae contvaint M-vectr, thn dv G is eave (M0 vec20 Chapter 2 The caer ofentsymmericrensors Rrerciaes 444, ove ie 4.1 14. Using he ani rope of ban teria emule pine ene ‘Seaton ten be Bowens neater} 38, 43, sng he emerson logue of (10-441), sow ha. fora ete Five uot 8) he same cose he er aly ded ee 44, sw ht 18) and 21) a cquian. 44S By fing he ato (3) and (4, bow Bat iu) conservav i the Sete 29) he ian = wether compete our Ry of any Ry than W xis ‘sche [pe tinscmif, west das cn Witty Sie Heat ain, “wince nd Wat smth the a2) Shs oem am He wed 0 china rm sc a 0 omer ne se 23) ‘Ponte at 2d) poten n= = 1) sag he ei ck a G=aew. 25) focany (a (M2 Wewsawr azn same (peti Gad we ave Since sv v W = 0, ay @ = iv W isons nhs) conservative in ‘seme of (4.23), The theorems (424 bus tha, comely fdr G =O, thre nt a W sh tht = ie 3 The first pair of Maxwell’s equations 5. Invariance ofthe principle of charge conservation (Ou motion fo insu the dls was the exes (8) for tert face clement nd ina Crean tee dimensional pac, Ascodig to 49), nS i equa othe tee dimensional dol fs. The andlogous relation, i stan spacetimes nu = df, on ‘whee dis he volume ofa element of types a mi ait nm Seco. Acully in order to esr that Be ot iting tht the ‘wltmeclement dj be positive, we must choos ‘comet ett for de. Others, gn (3.1) wl od with a minus si before oe of the member ‘Wehavealedy shown th the law of charge conservation n Elen pace times 2.7) frond =o. 62) \Wecan now we (5.1 inorder to ave atthe pene fom! of te it einspleof lectromgntis fo any coed 3 ye, foedto Altmatively the carg-curet deus +i conserve (5.3) the ee of ‘wination does pot mater, because ins vero eas 20. Tes is coniniusly diferaatie mote send (. (425), that st ost sty the xan divs = 0 (cf. (25), Ona src acrovs which | (Gq) is licominoos, the negra (3.2) ce (33) ead the jump condition meh) =tlgy 4) OU 3). 622 Chapter The fn pair Marvel's quatins In onder fie curly of he shackles of Bale pote, we simpy ee tha cntensions ad heir duals a died fr any ype of codes —Eeiean or oterie Le gs hrfore requ tha the progactsum sdf 6a, be an variant, Tis rors the carge-camet density sto be alive ecto, ‘ih transemiton bw (17 and puaranes theirs hel (3.3) But {lm asin onneton wih transformations that have a neptve acobin: {erexanpe taneforntions that involve an od number of efectos. Sach wan formations change the eet of dy and estoy (3.1 Te anit which ‘we relly wit oop sara i th ified, generalized huge (28), snd. 6) ‘The eedy isto rogue that the sign ing tha of te Fcobian ofthe tansformation Since the oduct of J and is sig te abolte vale}, he es isthe replacement of J! in (17) by [U(- Thelavacanef charg 55) and hence ofthe lawofcarpeconser ton (6.2, hu eds ote wansfornation fol 1387 a (Quanto withthe tansormation law (3.0, whch les rom (4.17) by ving the Jcobian nabs value, ar called tensor densities ‘The mame “Jens” derives fom te mae desk p, defined sch tha ps ‘hemas conned ina volume clement If we vars the spatial coords, {v= [NAV Therefore he invariance of he mass 24" [arp Ths pwanstorns as veal desi. # 66 Brercse {Formule he spot extson olin oor denier te cr ie ‘Asan example, we consi the Galea nansforatin which, scoring ls seal mechanics, connects ny tw neil, Crest frames Alo we, of 6 6. The chorgecurem ptentak 23 ‘wting the constant sac of the primed with respect othe spine ranean ‘A aconsantonogoel marx This nsfomatoncomespnds to Fg 23, excep ‘bathe primed fae Bis nolong:pralel ois undergone a etaton, and eape ome reftons, ll of which ae dteine by the oogonia. Forts simple ransormation, |= [et A= 1 Te formulae 3.6) gine Alo! ws “The ft tre of thee equtons sate tht be components” = of fae thse ot} — tte othe pred aes, the andr tation of vero eae. ‘he wansfmation fru for th charge st cuentdonsies ener 4 allan ‘enserato are thereto =a 6) ‘Thus charge density isa Gaean evra, bt cure densiy nol When care carting ails moving wih locity ¥ tera comecton caren deny {1 iis subaced rom th al caret deny ter, Taian 69) {scale te conduction caren density. Thi Oana, for J'— T= (Vw, which vanishes base 9” = ¥ —u i the Galea anton to or voces he cls "elect composition frm, nally, we observe that i the word "spe snow’ extended to nla ese estes in ndton wo absolute ad relate ease then ts stile that ese equation betweon tas ofthe sume ye eter holdin al aes, on mone 6, The charge-current potential According wo the pin f charge comeration (53) he I-ector dest is anseraive (4.23) Acorng to (28)42-setr pote f exis ich it Se dig) = fe i, wD Wecall fa charge-crrent pon. is not nigel termi by «Wherever Fis smoh( (828), We 62) ina Euclidean space tne itis catomary to mame the components ofthe shage- rent oti in accordance withthe following shee 0 Hy my —De 0h Hey 0 DP Dom po co24 Chapter 3 Their pair of Masel’ enaions seam, i” (Of couse the mee fc that we nae te componets off in this way does not ‘mean that Dea convrian tensor ot is coasat cso Asset of the component of tensors ot al eno, a may anor ka tease lower rank wih espectn tannormatins ina ssapace Its then sid conse ‘tbtenor, Problem 6.2 shows ht fora rested last of tanaormations, D” fad ar indeed sb vm, 4) ‘Wi he nae (64) fre Euclidean components of fends = (ist expsi62) boom nav, 5 jsut? es @ “Tess const the fst ui of Maxwl’seations, We cll the charg poten: ‘ial and the current pote Is cer tat he dvensions of and a, ‘espectvely, C/E" and €/(ET) "We ive already mention ht the poset swt ugly determine by Ahechage corent denis isinded vide ey) at, fr ty Yet eld fy) and any fection s)he pens Dan andthe petals D=Ds-cur fame sey ‘oregon oe sme carp and cute densi @ a) "The aon aniguenes resets ao problem whes we use Maxwell's eqns (5a lel the care an caret desis andj fom gen poeta D And He This sided the way in which hese equston ae wed aerial mei ‘As weshall seein ection 2 he sponse fonctions of material Spe the has ‘unt pte, and the equations (6.5) ae then wsed to eluate the old [olson nd ragetizaton charge and cent ensies Since we hve squid dy = under ansfrmatons, we mast recording 1 (61) eqie f° yy = fy Tas f mast bea vector eu, with he ansfornation Fria ax axe” oO oy £08 a n Problem 6 Shor tht, with pst 9 esto ce aomains 2 = Paya! = DY ia the dental tn ysl H, a ai cine tac desi ina alte noes ni cang whence J ea) 6. The charge caren potential 25, Solution From he asinainn ew (7) tees density f, Di ar ep ro Do = th (00) = le ett nase san) ae Problem 62 Deve the Gaza tanfrmation ome oD a Solution Fre Gales nafomsion (1 = was pe at ‘om ee re eed Ne SAAN wD APD, =A ALe%H 10D), ‘se of te agonal openy AA = 1 eth clement ft it ti ab he een formal (93) AAA (te et Hy = (det ANA LaDy, The cunponet of athe of xD, rere othe prin kisi byte commen an det A Tab Stan ota ef ec Elsa, De, W=(der4yH—wxD) Fe npper Glin etotion dt A Dep, -Accortingto(68)hecharg peat Diss Gain invariant Theceren pote Eien, br vis a tril ec & Galen avait can be constructed (65) as talons: MoH vx. 9)26 Chapter 3 Theft pai of Marvel's euations series {6 Show tat st pt (69 of Mel's equines wen ean 6.4) ‘Seanad 2). By dua In many cases locic care may be istibted ove surface, and ect curent ‘nay flow on a sfc Formal, ch cases cmespond to nine or Jab the Teel diferent equations (62) er (65) then tecome meaningless. however, these Inte q or jae itesrabl, we can ret 1 the integral equation (1). ‘which remains amiga It lesan integral of ever a bspuce to te ga ‘ff over is complete 2boanay, snd least no hinds inter forale, ‘Scteling to whether te Sapace les hyperplane of four-dimensional ace (ig Spor ot Fg. 62). "tis ever, However to obtain he equied integral formaae by ritegrating ‘helo! Mase’ equsins (65), using te fain thee -imensonal tegration {heorems of Gast and Stakes. If we iterate (6.3) over some vome ao use {Gauss theorem wo sr the ihn it an igre he bounding surface, we ebain| fuer firas wo here Dy is he componeot of D in the dection ofthe outward uit noma ‘The charge in any volume is therefore equa tothe oxo throng the own sic, Sey Feo 6. The charge-caren penal 2 Equation (10) cou lo have been obtained by rs ppistion of (6.1) 198 ‘Spee wih closd ounday 5, yng inte hyperplane = coast, an Fig. 6.1 "We now calcul he Mux ofthe side of (633 tough ake, open, sac. Useof Soke here giver fousse fra £ fs aw ‘Tein ategralon the sights taken log the curve th costes boundary ofthe open src, i he sense Ut bears othe deton ofthe wat poral & ‘he sume ition tht a ottion ofthe ais into the ais best he eas: ‘terse mis sig ast be inserted before he ine egal in (6.1) Tis ise Integral called he ceton of H rou. nthe sca et th gt we ave used he fact the surface aed ede to place the ine diferetaton ton of thee “Azuara, verte om 922, [a frac [africa [ness [nas or Equation (6.12) could aso have hae bin spying (6.1 tthe ton of an open surace 5, with boundary yng nthe hyperplane = contain Fig 82. “histor ofa 2spuce Sita Dspace, bounded at the bstom and top hy Dspace Stand $(), anon the ide bythe hisry of ea 2-space aswel,28 Chaper3 The fs pair of Manel’ equations 17. The jump conditions ‘We tall now ase the intr! aws (6:10) (6.12) order dade the jump otions hat ld ona stface of scat, LS / Ini. 71, Sivan of commit of, Let me anit norma ode sue, ‘hore nay oe ofthe to posible ways (pin Fig 71). We sal eer othe ‘Se in which mis pining a the postive sie ofS, an 0 he hrs the negate oe. Accordingly, we depots the value of D onthe pone side yD. ‘don the nepatvesde by D~. Arounda piece 35 ofthe sare we erst pba With generators pr wn. We now app 610) ote plo and asame ta the surface eames surface charge denny (Cane pe untae) Ie then pas tothe limita whic th gf he ilo vanishes, th cotbuons rm pace ‘hares Gf anomie sde ofS wil anh and we sal ois ID =0, on whee [DI = DD. denotes the jmp oD aero S TE should te ote hat the jump caoton (7-1) holds independent of te ‘choice of mth altenative cose wl change te igs of bad mand [DI an wl, There ot ale he poduct. OF couse, D, wll be conus and onl if, the sarace charge density Yani, mer "wr ani int RSS Sstaeenawam mame Sosmen reat miata 7.The ump contions 29 1 ig 7.2 we ave ed rectangle in plan perpendicular to. The orientation ‘fhe planes define by i nora which, of couse, pare he sure ‘We aply (6.12) tothe rectangle and pas them n whieh collapses on 0S. Conse, nthe cuent J -€4S passing trough he ectangl she ater collapses onto a sepnent oS. We define th sce caren dns Kin cha ‘vay thatthe amount of charge Nowing pe unitie ugh the ie segment ‘he ction of the unit normal i K- tATu KA the ste ago {dS Inthe during icin, we shall obtain (K-00 on tee hand ie (6.12) On teria side, he st term gives (a) TILA = Sm > TID tJ. The last wo terns on the right-hand side of (12) wl canes, unless he surface Sis moving tough he ed reangle, Each of thse esis 92) AEA Dy Ay DOA. hee A and A_ atthe rss ofthe rectal on he postive and neative sides [fS: Lcybethe velo ofthe ara otha dung sort tine Sr itpoced ‘Stance nthe ison of, Ofcourse maybe eptive, Tis placement reduces A by vt, andinceses A bythe sme mot Hens Fou? td or the two lst terms of (6.12) we need the difeence between 73) and (7.2, whichis SMD] t8/-Cobecting alts, nd nog dats bizar, we get Dy OA, mst +O Fasead. 73) (HT + 9D =K. a Azan, this jump conden ols independent of the coie of, becuse the jumps aswell 5, wll everson long wi By hs we mesn that hey are continous ilerentabe upto any dented order ‘very cxcepton sures of icon and tthe mer sch suas in any closed subdomain of spce i ite. Foe piecewise stot ates the mega lavs (10) and (612) are everywhere meningfl. Wherever eines tne send (exween surfaces of deanna), the ws are comely given by eirocal foes (65). Onasuac of acon webavetheconons(7 1) and (7, wiih provide esions on he jumps tht he cage an eae’ pote "To sum ap, the ist pine of electromagnetsm—the principe ofeleerie charge conservation asthe invariant fe he dt os30. Chapter The is pir of Mawel equations “Tat the care-carent density # is coservave. Therefoe a charge-caret ote f exits soch that he invari eatin [rtinef to a9 holds, Fr pesos smooth potentials thse ution ar equivalent to Maxwell's oquains a on cont n+ 22 epee with te jump conions n-DI=o, as HE + yf] =K, a ‘The studeu need oly memosize the pair (7.7) of Maxwells eutions. The more srl lotgal avs canbe easly ensracedfom thom by se of Gass and Stoke's theres and he jmp condons fellow dict fom the egal ws. ‘The la of etry comeration, on, i an immediate consequence of Maxwels guton: tae the dvergence of (77a ad eliminate D. The esa e918) ‘be integrated overs volume io yell he gia steoat (1.12) Hisony when wish transfor to stot eae ha we ned to eal hat and gare crmponens of ingle foar mensional vector deni and ht D {nd Hae componats of singe four dimensional vector emit. ‘Obiounly the ft pl of Maxwels exuations is exile othe el fem ‘the law of tage conseraion, What as been gin by replacing the spe ‘ution vs = 0, avoling te for fneions swith the equation 5 = Sf ‘wich ogres the addon si eomponoas of he vector? The answer thing ahs age. The carge-cuet pte f ove signee othe se ‘od prin of electromagnetism (Chae 4), which invades apa vector andthe tid principle Chaper 5) which connects f and Estions a ave the frm divs = O wil appear nti ook ia two ober ‘umes (6 (4.1) an (S112). Each oe of tem can corse be replied by 4 a of Maxwell's cqatios'« = dv, where feasible vero poten ‘i Batnthe bene fay adliona pcp regres “pte eit Inrction woul efor prely mathematical pups. The second pair of Maxwell’s equations 8, The electromagnetic field “The fit prinple of electromagnet wa based eiitvo—the lecre hage—which was sbjct to > coaberation law. Is Frmulaon didnot ake ‘count of ny oe phenome that we commonly scat wih cares and eu ‘et thee was no mento of ike tages peli, oo eke charges tractng {Sch other, rf wes heating up whenever a eure posses through than Hist ‘ely of cous, hse phenomena led ote discovery of charge conservation. ‘The second principle ecuomapicisn, ima voles another primitive oocept—te electromagnetic Bld postales te exten ofthis el nd ‘dw the oqo tat satisfies, but does a tei us wha the el is supposed tod. pala, does nor nti the electomapntc Hell ay a fe el "Tat apet a we sal ce, moony oie separ postulate conering he lak tetwee elecomagneis and mechanism bo ivave the popes of mati, "Wesssume the existence of vo (rime etre, the elect eld Band ‘he magnetic eld, which sti he llowing to iterl aw [mas [48 ~ [Page a an Fes52 Chapter 4 The second pir of Manwel's equations ‘The second ofthese equations, in which the elation betwen mand the sense of ipa alons cs the sno 2 a (6.11), as he oe of onseraton a or "he fa of hough fed open sac, si i. 8.x tangs When someting happens the ound ofthe sac, hat" Being is thecicalaon of co ‘We cin always divide any closed suc Si wo prs by dawn an biray lose care cf the sue tin Fig. 82. If we apply the conservation 1 (Gz tothe pao once sid ofthe wo colton, whic hae opposite ensecacal each Ts according (6.1 the ax Buz ated cased Surface sens. The fest eqution (1), hat scons ro, These ensieratons suggest tht gute maura to regard the pa of eqs (3.1) 284 Single Gecond) pricplea ectomagnesn,whichexpeses the conservation of ‘magnetic fs, Figs ‘Lex ws now consider any closed curse cin region in which B doesnot vanish, We ra asin Fig 83, the eld peso Bthatpss tough every point Theseines fom aa, which Fray called tube of fore. Te bei everywhere perl (ote dco of BI cert to Held as, eo bes of fee, can never ‘et for that woul involve two dint decton of Ba the consnon po Six any safe sme by , hl, an pen ace ck asthe body «we can form the fot = J By AS, whore the decton of m schon sch at 15, Bem > 0 Thisposiveuxisindeeniem of 5 snce the dferenceDeweeh ‘he muxes trough any two surfaces samme by the same cave sequal the thx ‘trough closed sae, which ust vanish (Fig 82). Ths depends aly on ‘called the fla though co the umber of magne eld ne though 8. The elecromapnetic field 38 Mig ta Le ad; be two scons (to necessary plane) along abs of free, asin Fi {84 Since he tl x of Bot ofthe volume forme nhs ay mit anh a8 ‘ince th wal ofthe tie, where By = 0, doesnot coatribu to this outward Au, swe conclde that mB 45) = f~Bp dS). Thus the Mux these Cough {ny coed uve dem around ihe be, sp emai cost along the tbe I Incl te stengh ofthe rab, Farady's tes offre ae naa ale fa tubes. “Te laws (1) wee escovered by Fara, who ofcourse use varios ft of Band 8 tt we ae deliberately gringo ti sae, We shall hrefre fer tothem as Farad’ ws Tei mathemati statement ine form 3.1) se 10 Kelvin and Marve “The dimensions of an Bare ofcourse connect by (1 If we denote he inension of mage fax J Br dy, he dimensions of Bae 8/12 and hose tBae 8/7) the elds ae smooth (diferetl), he ws (1) uve he ea forms vB =o, an ‘Tis the scond pir of Maxwells eqns, Whensver the fll slr dlscon- tines, me expt resins in he frm of emp conditions. We could dative thou by following the ead which el from theater laws (10) ae (12) {othe jmp conditions (73). Is simpler, howe, ont tht Fray’ laws can ‘formally baie frm th egal avs (6.10) and (612) by teplsing Hy E, and D by By and sting g = } = 0. BY making the same substttons (7) abo eal he onion ofthe sce charge and surface cuent ne obaie sn (BE —sfB “3H Chapter The second pir of Manvel equations 9. Invariance ofthe second principle Following the propatame of Chptr 3, we sll now Sec an invariant four ‘mensional formation of Faraa’s las, which ofcourse rf oa Eucla {rame. This wil ea 6 te tansfomation las for B and ES, a8 we hve tend observe, Farad’ consti principle conservation of mage ‘hw shal also discovers pote Ina way car preset ask ipl, Pm the aws (8.1) ive ners oer 2-spces—a sce Sot he istry oie Thea of elec care conservation inaled a space ‘Webegla by consocting an anisymimeate index symbol F according tthe following sehen: om -a gy BoB ro( 2? 3 2 8 on ny Aerie, Pam En Fam eal 02) The ema folowing (6 apply tothe postions ofthe indices of and Ein these relations, Note the difleence in the creo th indies r odin (9.2) and (6. "Weshall now consider the double integral (3.10) [peo [ iroaet 9 taken over sible 2-spces Ry in Bale pce, Fit Ry be closed ‘rfc inthe hyperpane ¢'= Cont, a in Fig, 9. (Clip. 61), Stace al polls ‘om this sare hve the tame =, te placements ds have vanishing forth 8 tmariance of the second principle 35 components. For thi then, the del with = {he doable sum n (8.3 satay ver Latin indices: wpe wa ani at Jen yb) ens did, 4) $y ae ‘etch spy the ipl rut B(x dp), or Bs nd. ro Faraday ‘awe (8.1), we cold thao any close inthe hyperplane ¢ = cons f Pedra =0 es, Nos let bethe closed 2 space comespondig 1 thebisoy af at open sue 8, with Boundary cree bia ig 9.2 (el Fig. 62) Te onbtos then (653) fom top an bet hyperplanes = and = 1) willbe the eto ers ‘of Faraday’ in (1s the mina i ele the secon tr td to hein {8.1m whic coat of the cinder the tp and note cylinder athe oto, | fs dks qn = mesa stort ie we may hc ho prt for sre iter, omc sg cove cand el 9! tral. aed 1 sey nt amma nrc xenon ne of tes mart Son an rete nd nex an The ad of 9 ore ie Cree csinen ere 4 (ads + Farts) = Ft tut and de change sgn when eins ar intrchangod Acordia othe ein (3.9) of the surface extension, dri = (Ax! fade! du da? = as,36 Chapter 4 The secon pr of Mawes equations Since, by (2.2), Fa — Be, we gst pst he integral on the rip hand side of (2 Thus, (.3)hld for aren. Thisissuttent for sating that 5) hol fovany lose spe in spac-ine Fig. 22) Wesbal ead hires athe eral tate of the Socond principle of electomagneis: F is conservative. ‘Sic the extnsiog can be defied in any corn stem, We can Earas> the peer variance of te pice) by egg thatthe prgucesum Pedra or be an inariant, Then P—hich we sl from now on cll he lace fel becowes an absolute, covariant Dect, with the unsfornaton aw eb.) Fe on Problem 9.4 Poet ‘sie saad Ponstvolae tear Hone Fi lar deat ee ee JOH eu B= DE, WB D-R, Problem 9.2 Desv i Calle tanto ome ars Solution a matsa tation wtornaion S82" = Arusha 2 Sic a obond th ype ordnans e e mtems oe pimeons, tyr = Aleta «t=1° Now te enon emule can be obtte det, oats ofthe svat ence Fach asl however oa rm the el of ‘telat ble Sng HH Dra eal ety nde Galen aeration sayin WD = ay wD) DE ‘wher ne it ey, we veto he Gaiesn tanto ome (ren {Byte aos, Tela Squat oul ely, tt al and Tie Shetwo onions -b-e, etAW =, (da ae =, "eto agree 1968, 10, The elecomagntcptetal 37 Saving for and andrei ht ot A=, ge B=Gaa0B, E=EbuK Wan R=Bsexn os “The magoetic ld Bis Galea aca (nde prope allan unsfrmations). ‘The elec eld His tat if vn aril veloc. a alan ian on be ‘eomsacte (-(69) follows ESB YxR, 09) ‘This ical the electromotive lens. ‘Acorn he geared Stokes theorem (42), if Fis smoot, fe ara) = fF dey @10) ecole tht F mst the tensor gtion oan) a Enldean fae, with be eniicaons (2), he oar idependntcomponets 0.11 become Maxwells second pur (8.2, ercaes 9, Show tat 1} a = 9.2, Stow atin a Bucen fans, a which he cmon fF we en by 2, "RU P = Ovens ote eo a of Maxwells ats, 10, The electromagnetic potential Accotling wth theorem (4.3)-45), sins the vector F is conservative there ‘sins coarial vector A, a electromagnetic potent, sch hat foe every Re nits complete boundary [rita twnf heey on38 Chapter 4 The second pr of Maxwell's equations Wherever A isseoth, Penta, a Fag = Belg — Ope 02) ‘The lecromagnetie pti Ais bot uniquely detemined by and (10.1) For ny south fun Ra Atnen oF eA tion 03) is another potent fer he ame electromagnetic eld F, bese ro aise ‘ensely.Eguaton (10.3 cle ge tronormain of A. The Lvector A Isao called a fou porenta ‘Since Ais covariant Iveco, its tansfomaton lw i (3.0, For example, der Caien taneeration, Mee An Ay = AatulAy 4) a Boca ramet estar to dense dea 03) “The tre-dmensinal eto Held Ai lle the magnetic potential rhe vector potential oe function V, he lec potent ners of ths, a the lds Band B, eqs (102) ae cst, an i “Te fde ven bythe egutons evidently sity Maxwell's equations (82. Witte notation (105), be gauge tansformatin (103) 6 ered v. 06) Aeasemdy, pav-% aan Asin i a te ts 06 cng ean Ya pty cane Gil: vig, ie 6, 08) 09) 10. The lectomagnet potential 29 Aguero (10.7) with th fnction() = Vado the peels 0 010) iene Altoogh thi pair looks ite diferent rom the pe (108, comespnds tthe ‘ame ls (109), as on can easily vey by wing the petals (10.10) n (106). nally in ems of he magnetic pote A an he eloctc petal V he CGlleantanstortion (104) booomes iq vowa oan “Ts Vi no Gieam ivarint. But fw material veloc, the difference Von y: Alea Galen iariat (ef. (89) tl be used for conscting «| Lagrangin fora cared patil Problem 104 Let (6,2) ¥en cooates An miymmei ew called ‘rou ih sgn ony tat 2 = a) De eal pol nodal hsm component = a) Ura 2), Sot he Ingushetia As pols nha ay play, ‘Tempe can eon sch tA rl Solution cynical continues R= cut Ais til on ine cs {ng eto e . mai Tp ‘ida in ete ssn nn sana [fosarnt, ei yee ee a iy ed oi, The sin a oes otc A.40 Chaper4 The second pair of Marvels equains Problem 102 Accoiag te It poem a aime ern (poi) ‘Boge Eels dae ons oil nce ptnl whch, dl onl ‘tts 72}. ts th form A= Ag). ne ples = cow Tete he cle tad wih cee one ls Show the mae faa dough els 2A 2). Bate hat) scat he gen othe map Bel nes Sotto Te tachi [ese sonra [Rivne snr ie tarbd ‘Treeqmton 244 (2) = coms thtefore deemins teas fits wound he {Ts ence he same a, hth andy ofthe 1. Te ‘ey sale ip 104 ‘Tosum up, the second principle of electoagntsm at he asi form ff Fara)=0. 1012) ‘That isthe lecrmagnei eld Fis conserve. Therefore aneetomagnetc tel A exit ach the arise egusion Jpptonf sao, 01s) tats. Forces moth pote these equation ar equivalent te ssond Thirof Morwels equations an 01) 10. The etecromagnetic potential $1 tester with the jmp conditions reer nas) dhe equations rating the fels othe potentials, Bacar, 8 atv 016) “The sen eed only memorize the ai (10.14) of Manvel equations—aloag ‘wither pair (77) wich conde he cna exrsson ot fe pci “Tae more genera integral (8.1) can be ex erred fro (10.14) by se of Gauss ad Sikes theorems and he ump conn folio dey fom the Integral avs soa when one wishes 1 transform to anther fame tat one neds 10 seca at Bd ar components of sna four-dimensional covariant, bole 2vecee F and tt A apd (-V) ae components of single four-dimensional ‘ovarian, sole Iyector A. Such changes of ae wil ence us ia he next two sections By de end of Scion 12 the ema and wil ave saved the ‘ups, and wll not be mentioned anymore. The vanced tent wil encounter {hem again wha estas te general theory of elt. Bxercles 104. taf be an tay aoyomeric esr densa a abirary vo deny. te sear dey # == Fiera ner rine eon a fow-rnds econ antonal [41a conpnens of A. Prove tha ithe Aye Med aes ‘te tve. th fs pu of Masel qos es fe be queen ht Tale ator. 192, Show ay at sae fico, hump canton ne essomsgne peo mad 0. BI wn tl corn, ee th am velo he us,5 The aether relations and the theory of relativity 11, The Maxwell-Lorentz aether relations Maxwell's equton (we ase the cation f= 8/0), ave can E+ ‘which are the loc ifeeti expressions (vf =, ra F = 0) ofthe ist and ‘cond principles of elestrmagntem ns Ecler, consist Ft it as. ‘We sal now insodac shied principle of eletomagnetis. Is am sto on- settee independent stand sed piniples and create ik between ‘leetrompnts an mechanics Oly enolgh, ooenats othe charge caeat ‘eos (jo and the cleromagaoti el (BE); norte pote (H,D} and (A, Vi tt the potent (H,D) andthe felis (BH). No only re he charge ‘rent pte hereby ase fom an airy oa primary ts, they also Tose the sme indefinite carter which hey were Ie by the rs pi ‘ple and become unigely define els. Bat hy ain is nique deleted Sams by ling up ther independence. Te electromagnetic peas (A, V}, 08 ‘he ote and retin eatin tas fn ery convenient to, abd often penne "any formoltion of einciplconecting(H,D] with 8, E) musta account ‘ofthe at ht th to pais of vestor els ave diferent transfert {he fomec ste componente charge caret pte f,aconkaras eee ‘easy wheteasthe late are componens ofthe leomagneiteld Fan absolte "The situation snot unlike the coe undelying the Second law of mecha, hic cones mass, acceleration a force. Since massa force ae asa These inal fexmet-—and acsenonierlne, weeannteapetareaon sch cy 1. The Monwol-Lorent ether lations 43 ma = Fob generally, vente exstence of sage ame called inert inwhich ma = ¥ docs old constiues an axiom, andthis axiom the ec a ‘Once hiss sumo ticle tha sne acceleration has a comon vali all Frames ht re moving relative oe the a constant ea, the et ame ienot nig Farthemnors x lear ata = F wll old in any fame which sot ine in sch res we have m(a+ Qa) = Forma = Fmd the is tem sus clled a ettous fre "Me thd pipe of elscemagostim state aca, ner frame exists D=6B, H=Biu, aay with co snd ta poste universal const, bold everywhere al ines — Inset ods a wel a in cpy space. We emphaze ta the charge ‘ent pois Dand Hin (1-2) ero he orl charges and curentsnlding ‘hone which we salir noc wih polaizabon and mgoetization. Tn accordance wth the foregoing ems, th resicton of he eaions (1.2) ‘wasp une never. The astm ta hs ae lsoan nel one provies nk between eleevomagetis and mechanics "Now according cls mechanics alpen fame follow fo anyon of tem applying Caen tansforaios As we hate ee, hse slonnations Inne the following fects on D Hand: ee aus) ‘Cy the relations (112 exon ol in al nel ames. On he cotary, he feamein whichtey doboldemergear special peed one Isle heather Frame so th laos (11.2) re ale the ether relations. We bal present ‘omment on he eons hind these names Tf we eal he iensons of D and E, which were C/L? and (LT) respect ively we seta the dimenstons of he univer onsale are (C/8)/(L/T) Sima, the dimensions of jose the dimensions 0/2 of B dvd by the dlimensionsC/(LT) of, thats, (@/C)/(L/T). The dimension of 0)! ae therefore the dimensions f velocity guae, We sal wow prove tas vesity {isthe speed of an clecromagnet turbance a vacuum "To jump condos cous rac of dscomtinaty a vacuum (K = 9 =0) ‘wbich ie moving with velo ye Houxd, Bt oUF HE + DI =0. BI =0, ae x HE] eB] =0, "ta ene am he ta pce de Lr46 Chapter S The acter lation and the theory of lay Inthe ather fame, we als hve te retions (12) cs lear hati vp = 0, and Bandy the tether rations, D and Hs wll) eal continous. A sarice {ross whic tow elds are dscoaauous—cled an elecromagnai sock Inst therefore he moving. Hat the, according Lo (1182. ID] perpen 0 imsothat (11. ira comequene of (112 Silty, sy #0, (1.4) alos frm (118 is therefore aint to consider the wo emdions x UBL + osKEI = 0, (KE) s\fBI = 0, as) According (1.5) the amps [and BI ae paral o the sara and perpen ‘ular to each he If we mint eof the amps Between he eaten, we obtain or the condition = Cano ai) Since lostromagoetism aso propagating clectomapnetcdturhanes wih Tigh we dey is velocity with he sped tight 2 = (eur aun uation (1.7 provides acter apument for he wiguees ofthe eter rane incl pyle thee ere ter ether rae nei frames in which he ether elas (112) balétenthe speed aivenleceomagnetie sbok (ple {flight would hve the common unter value e = og) in each one of hem Butte wold bei coneadction with he Callen lav of composition of ‘eles, which regis the relation ¢” — e~ u between he Vloies ead © the sme Lit plein any to neil frames with eave elo "We hve estbihed the formic? = (en) By dtm the speed, elaine tte aeterfrane,ofashockin he absence of charges andeorets. sao pst comidersmoeth feds (which mus sasfy Maxvel's etn and "seas tothe sume omnia forthe speeder ight Inthe ee fame, Maxwell’ ‘gions in th absence of cares and coents ae ive att Big ive oul E ars) “aking he crt of te second equa, an subst fo ue fom he out carl? = cB any) The Monwsl-Lorem ether relations 45 Applying the deny curl ?a —graddva~ A wherethe ste sth Laplacian ‘of nd noting ta, econ (1.8), cB = 0, weave the est AB — eBy =0, 140) sila procedure, tating with the at of (1.8) eds 0 AB — eek auuay) ‘Wethal showin Chapter 12 that tes equations forthe magnetic adler es oes solos inte frm of waves, evel a the speed elaine othe eer frame) ¢= (us). Sach solos ae (oto) High es. “Te foun of lectrmsgnete theory tlle tha roping iarbances reuited th presence med Buta te foregoing cussion ha shove, ‘etomagnetic shock, right wave, ean propaga ise, aswel as outside, ‘teil tes, the only condition being the absence of charges and eueats This fs othe eno modiomclled the ether, wach pervades alma ls theempty space between materi odes, bt has aoe ofthe properties of ediry tier -no uss ocr, 0 terperte, Tis oly reso pone a ea (xsecmascts ene le ter ethene in wih tir Tn other fames, partial inet nal fames, We should he ay 3 simulans apliation fhe asf mecanis and ecomagnets 0 Bee acter mind ht, aoton with respecte acer This mean, oe example thai we mea th speed of igh nan neta ame which woe he chet Sane, we sl ad ale ifr rom ¢, 2 es of he Galilean omposton of the velo inthe ats rae ud th ster wind, OF eure there may be oer Ines of Jetting an aeter win gt sot onypbenomenoe th follows fom clesromagnete tes "The sped light ar been measured with conn inreasing accuracy over ‘ong time. An apporimate value fea tems of theo platinum me ip Ps e310 me Ste ean jy are ners constants sole = (qn) We an threfie are aval of together with gon it fined x the ont of length, Several rational commites on pial aan constants Ive inded recommended hat We et, = 297924588 aun) the defnion of the metreln tems ofthe soond On thisrecommendatn. which ts pine wide aceplance, the valu of, by deiniton, exer theane given by (ULI2} andany improved measurement of he pect of pe seal ap igeoved ‘nese of he mete tr a iti yD ‘teal hein sd 5, tei ea6 Chapter S Theaether relation andthe theory of ratty 12, Lorentz transformations tut toe atl stems eg poe cay werent gettin hate pata Stra enc momaenc rectene ange ot Serr aaten ne nas hn ee ence a} Paster at th Cn cnt en (2 s seat Latest te a onl nee (2) oan whee dy = Hr = shes yy = 0. The components of gu in any oer ‘eame wl be determined byte teasrwasfornton rule es) at ax? sept = as 22) Hence (121-22 deine ap in any fame. We may regard the right-hand ide of (122 5 peut of tee males. Taking he Jtrminants ofboth ies mod ening = Stns), we obtain ee =e, «2 ich proves that as he same ign in al ames. Acconding 0 (12.1), =—2 Inherame E From (12.3) wetheeore bain PUR «2a heretical denote thepsivesqur rots Equation (124) sbows that JE ina scalar densi (tthe omar following (5.8. Inany fame, denote the aver mae ofthe aon-sngular mai a, sod by sae =H, ans) hee = 1 fa = poterwse = 0. tis eas to show tha san abo, ‘yametic comtavarant tensor (Problem 121). tn the fame Bg asthe ‘Sime components gp nce arg = ne? = eal ‘eet sp ih kon cg = ee eta Desay ofan tr ley of 12 Loven rnsjormations Comer none egon Stn [Baer hs (26) “This ia tensor equation, because bash sides ae veto densest is tein the ther frame bese here (126 ees othe athe rations (11.2) a8 can ‘aly be erie. Hence itr tc in every fame, We shal hereto ake (12.6) ‘othe enor eesin fhe ete elton, "Now if there ar any ote ete frames 3) whch the ater elation (11.2) ld hey mist ethos in which the coeponent of «an are elt the constant cmponent of 22) a (2). For in al ste frames the tensor equation (126) wl edace to th eter laos (112) is ee a he pia erates in (12.7, wich comet he two set of constants and 2° mst al be constant (a dtd rots provided by Problem 122). Hence ‘he winsfomations leading otese aes must einer They an al be aie from he special wasfomaton 2 vier Th tyr onbopna asfrmation ofthe space coordinates nd tine vesions. Tht eral orm is. «ps, -vws'l. «ao, where A ian ontogonal mars, = (142/62) uy maf anda? = wa ‘ast be lee than cor the aformation to era In thee dimersional vce ‘sation, che teansfrmato formulae (129) ake the Form my yet He ayt—wx/2), x4 ws sy/e— pur 210) “Te tansfomations (129) o (12.10) ae called Lovet: pasfomarions, an the frames to which ed fro the eter ame recalled Lovetrames,Oeouse they ae all ater aes.$8 Chapter The ater relations and the heory of relaivty ‘Te thar of relay Mees he Loren ames ith he ner fames and replace the Callan eansfoations wth Lents ransoematins. This eis ‘Tap revison of al he awe of ys, excet,fcoune, hae of electromag ‘tin, Ths mechani, thermodfaamics, the too of waitin and quantum Ineshenieall have toe revnod det conform ote new tansfoemation aw the bs asf ach henry’ mest ow besuchen thecal fs Ute Lore; ete hn Cailan transformations. This evistons sil underway. Since inthe om thy linet umes ae ater ames he eter isl (ich ‘anno onger remain est in each of he Lents ames) has goe out of YoRvE th sary ever esti Problem 12.1 Stow da beaver of isl sre comes Soltion Theimene of asym atin yma, Sic(125) defines ‘nya ol fap cova ten eh May hae by (42 0). Te eis See a ae at einen he ong enige. Hece raw whic rns te mei asst cotarian es Problem 122 Prove ht Lert eases eles Soltion oss anton wee die a tor which es (12.7), Ped ae at el wit cin coon ah an. We may gael die ‘hey ees 122), wert ys nse isaac nd fvethieoi cn ones (121 incebgng te ne ed wpe! eres ne as eget, 12 Loven rnsormations 69 ae te a eP Shc gp he se ont ded he ame constant he mas trident J, (29a igi lotion wh Bel aw at a irae ae" * a aera ‘We ih poe the sires ash In or dom we no he st ‘Suton hae ution ihe od erhnge, snd at heen ih an teehee ef at aul att see (Siva aut ae Barat et aa aa tet ara at * or ef aot _ an 2) ‘ava a? BaP “ast tm on thei nde ances seco on, nthe att ne ase {hefouth sna y= rp) Tong ts id mr ae Ths ety ara ar ~ orca and yh fe (9 = 1,23.) acm eats XY (ay) say a i arson pte of ans Ay XY = O with te occ as Age = ayn [a Ae pnd ous min, Ae af abesingl Te Secs nt van and te tsa: mat ae Problem 123 Ds he following ansfomaon fre fo the tanrmaton Inve ofthe omar fo and Fup ae proper Love tsfomaians eA 1 a (129), 4sign (98 em en50 ChaperS The ether elton a th theory of latviy Davo swx mie) ~~ wa. py oy Wayat— wD) ete, cas) wens [wy], as Vane w a, «6 soie[ Sener] aun fo bie} rey Solution The ome oc sn ae sine ety tom he tasfraton ‘ttheuor day yarns 62 The cen an chars Sos ge Iecomponens oh east ee sine J = 1 ri oe nsfomisons But ince he sorts aa he “estas tte nsf te ecrdis,Thes sos ke ang hes Bence, tom 29) legen) rom wish he frau fr antl "Tels oll a Ka hl poten A and ¥.e conganens of ov es td Ts nfm oie eres ot tpn ‘Rhee ped curds ttan ea sete asormaion Fert rin ems ofthe bot ie mich enero sett P= HB DoE i ‘a dey nd chain formal for Band Ws Pen 92 Towra frmaae fr And V7, we es = fA iar esi Heme pacar aie Zyeae-n)s reer ciate seth on ea Fea eres ® Mraenaw ® 12 Loven rensformatons 51 Imorderto save fr Xan maple ing ese yw oa (onsSe) Now ste og (2) sl) oew-A and Va te ws ge (1 bain oA ° wen In inducing the nism esos f and F we wee guided bythe fame lnvarlanceof egal, which nt gurated te fame variance othe sand second pipes of electromagnetism, The motivation orinwoducng he yume ‘evabsolute tear gy wast ame ara ofthe hed peace a expeessod by the tensor equation (126). ris also posible to exis expression, the ‘eae invariance of which sparta by the tensor property (122) ofp. I ‘the guacatc fr fap dB the ivariance ftir, by el does ‘otexplan why we init onthe estence of fame in which fap has he non ‘el form (121. The late equemeat sof couse, «cvsequees of he ater reins (11.2). ‘Quant that wasforn a ess under the ested las of Lert as mations ae called word tensor. ny genera space-time esos word ese, bt the converse aero Wu Te ens fg is contan weld enon becuse the Lorentz ransformations ary Setton, ths tht eset canon ‘eal frm 12. 1F i Lente fae and apo wich s moving rela to E wi a elocty¥, the #veoty of Ps defined es the symbol which, in he frame Eas the components ws F 1 i) cay) Game T=) Inny cde ag fae sae pit Pil han ely nd opener fo fra ta crypto (219, ob ping Ln tea td ‘orotic ey my he ns cot page Since Comtr taniemaione bef" ith uae fe rte scl Fda Ftch ea (BE) cand a Slay eer Sensty “Fh nn ste ane a Bau co" = le BE, ‘STs ac tonfonans baw see as er E nt One 220)32 Chaper$ The acter lato an the theory of lay st cach vet Its ot nocessary consider the pout dul fea in a0 tether ramets proportional oF dal "Acsonlng to (122) chognalty of Band i wold avarant propery Cony if Band are orthogonal can Eo B be tansormed ay nade 220) tora Lost ansformation nd whether is or B which an be ransomed ty lof cou depend om wheter he word arian B ~ i potve rng Solon of Maxwel'saions xin which and ae perpendicl, thsi ‘mapntdes being eae by E08, For och Bs, which we sal eoscamter Inthe theory of rata, both nvasan of (12.2) vanish. They wil there Stine to vanish afer Lovet tateoration has Been apple these Hells ‘ain thle propery B= Dad cB nan Loren fae xercees 121, Stow hat te clas no aise) ela, died (0) = (1.8 ‘taint et hep Caen anno css wd Wt) 122. Show ats Lovet nstormton with ely wishing Tee Be Ten tom rein wich en Bae parle 13, Maxwell’ equations in an aether frame In anseter frame, Maxie’ eqaton can be wien inthe form «3 “These ae ofen rege sla eqns forthe eectrmagnetc Held with ¢ nd ppg the pt of sources. Bul Us is only tue in stations which every ‘esi inthe cleat of onducorso simple ase depenere— Printchages ies cuments andthe ke—becase he “sooo and jae usually otven. indeed orn forthe chages ad ctretsto depeninacomplicated manne on the elcrmagnetc Bel ie and petaps even on is sry. The {ution ma ten beste aoe a may even cess to be patil dierent ‘uns 13, Manvel equations na ater frame 53 Acarsing the ate elton, the components Ht D ofthe crge-careat feat ar, respectively, proportional to ané There ao bar aling Ht magnetic old Hand D the cece eld D0 Song as we emer, pecans hat st nt ate aes, a Hand Da relly components (fe chagecurent poten ‘Orthetice rns ofelecuomagnctan the heist easiest tfrget The ‘m0 pur of Mawes egutions re esl bemorzed, alma “paradoxes can ‘emanated by thongs pitino (131) ames at nt athe ‘ames, We shal llstate his by Means of my example "Hanae fame O, dsc by eyinaia coedinates (7,2), et he large carent pottial hive he components =0.0.0, = (0.34.0) a) Obviowlythe charge densi vanishes everywhere seas) o veil thatthe cut ‘ety lo vanishes, xcept alg the ai and tht iar current H's long this ais in te postive dceton (Fig 13.1). The ete elation determine the lectromsgti ld 033) Pie tt {Let now bean neil frame that moving eave to O, wth veloc a, pal {oie zaisin the distin of he caret. In order obtain he aio guts nhs rame according to clas phys, we ppy& Galen transformation From (113) we abe D = 00.0.) w= (Moo), ow asa) "in ea sab ene oe ay ae magSA. Chapter Theater relation andthe theory of relativity Since he charge cant poten isthe same asin 0, the charge and cue st ations areal the sue! no cage ante, ner cue owing along the ans The magni eld Bis also the sme ein O, bt hee an lected ‘ced omar the: ai theres no charge anywhere, where does his lect fe come frm? “This qeson ars hea tht pnp has bee organ, The elec fe ‘comes rom chars only in a eee, hoop the rntion B= Dye ‘he fee O's noe an stor fae, hence Deg =O, ad thre is ntadcton betwen the abence of charge and smote elect Hl "The slat eaten ofthis pra examples woubete. According ‘othe theory of elaine ues, ater famosa Lone frames all ‘Synonymous andthe ae comeced by Lareatzasforatons, The neta ae (sow obtained from 0 by Lorca uasfoenaton, ian ate ame a wel Instead of (138), we ve, scoring 0 (12.11 (12 14), ve (ystao0), Ww =m, ass) wide» = 0-1 /2)-12. Now, from fa AV = § Dd fom (1218) thee uo nga ie charge, of amount u/c peru eg, 0 he 2 ais teal now be comet oy that which fers fom the lsical Ea 13.4 Unity the factor, comes fom? this ine charg, bese On sete ame ‘Maxwell's tins (131) were obeined byron the eter laos in the fint pai The same satin can be made nthe more general integral is {6210-46 11) Equation (6.10) thn becomes Gan’ aw ‘agin 0 fem frwb4 frasomf is ann 913.) ao trae: he era, oan term on th e-tad sieof (13.7) vases, or ican be meget, he est Anpire’s ton, feof ins wn 6 Charged particles 14, Mulipole moments “Te simplest sltion of Maxwell's equations is she coe coesponding 1a point hag e esting a the origin fan ster ame. Ts elemental solutions Bao Ba Z5, aay wher n = F/r is uni vectra the il ction. Corespondingly, weave te ‘mentary peas (e108) ano vege 42) ‘Sine Maxwel's sions ae inet in gan soltons corespoaing seve it cages, all aes areobalned by supposing the sohtons (141)-(142). ‘sly, one spy as up the V's of (14.2 rather than the B's o (14.1), esse lar re ear ad tha 05. Fora se of prices ith charges e, fxg a positon, superposition of lemeatry soos ike (14.2) ees ve aus) ‘Wechoos the oii st some pot O which s taint dstance from the pices and consider ¥ a pret distance from the syste (> 7)- In er ots, We apa ech fra! econ tthe forma Conesqoningy, we weit (aay RV 4 V4 Vey. cas)5% Chapter Charged parties “The lowest onder of V is 040) [es the potential a of a sale charge of amount 3 located a the igi; (= Sor incaled the monopole momen of tess. The corespondig elds em aan, where mis wit vector log "The fintorde er is 49) where 49) ‘nthe aipte moment of the syste. The dipole eld coesponding tothe dipole otal (143) 8 L sia. me ” 410) “Te dipole moment isindependent ofthe coke of erin he monopele moment = Does vanishes Forlet Oe rich ht 00" » . With respect 00" the, Det Daten de De In piu, fortwo charges wih ey = ed @ san tan seein) = cay wheres the postion of, = eve 1 - We now ake he it when is ‘ery lage and very small in sch ay hae product last aed Such combination scaled a electric aot, nd diss moment. Doles serve ‘model for many’ moles in pial hemi Sine te foregoing ts taken constant dh potential nd el of sich pot ipl sil ven by (048-1410, povided that is the positon of the eld point P eave tthe 14. Malo moments ST "The thd erm in the expansion of (14.5 acceding (144) is asi) ‘where F depts summation otra he cares, before for eck charge, thre Tsasumaton over ech ofthe rope ines andj Toei two 10 = Bian cay DY = Sesttxiad — x5"), a4 142 Prove D doe ot depenion th coi of iin f= Yea both vanish, 1M. Cate he que Bld B® ~~ grad, ‘The symmatic tensor D of (4.14) scaled he quadple momen of besten Wiseridemly tacles. Hence thas five indepeadetcompooens “The expansion af the ptetl (4.3) scoring to (14) becomes eater us vicky beyond the qusdrpae em, Its ese to prosed to higher mull ‘moments by ese of the fa LM rtcosx, — assy ‘where isthe angle between # and and P(e) isthe Legend ply "egeen We shal etn these mats in Chapter 8 ‘Wehave based the discussion of mulple momento the formula (14.3). For contiouousdstibutn of charges, ll atest the penal i evisenty von gs [tt ce the expansion (4.4) was performs on it~ ul“ its eqly possible to any it eat or continous distibuted cares, stating from (14.10) The oly rece shat he moments tecome ngs verte charge densi, instead ot ums over the dnrete shag. ast6)58 Chapter Charged porte sua. Anca plete gn ison a of he a be a A tt ane hat tbe al Diet tes er nats Sow ot lis Spe tata ee Tr pence oneal pin mie at ec ey UES PETG itn ln tds oan demon mon vie Scotia fetter on sr fa cacer isles ac pease are Seneca de po et aves Acre ai sc cg ey em st en a re fe rigoy mon ou w cnal T9e Sh ahs ny be mtn ne erate fon orm gto QaL [mind tae) be ei ng a eo To Aenea et deat ne ep eaten pe scene Sivonen tee nee ey Simul ns iene pence ns ee secant er _— 1 crm diy grt 1st teeter yom tnt mas iinet Seaton hte meas 149, Two eq lags eae ppt cmon aque of sie and ote Spe en sad crc poining tomar on he cages Id = 22, ‘Mt field tenth a he orca feu 1440, Calcul guage mort of ily hrpd ipa with espe 15. The Lorene force 59 15, The Lorentz force Acasa charged puis isa point with mich we asi postive mas mand Ache e, postive o negate. The ajc ‘classical means on-quantu’ in ‘unum mechanic charged parle may hae aol proprio example, Spi We diet pic's tame ath nil ae wich the pare ‘inomestrly ate Of cone the eat fae depends on thee, cae te artic may ene acceleration. Moreover a hen neh est ae sol) ‘teined up o constant ime indepen) rotations and asain. Tn ths, an nthe nex, seion esl eal with nose dma ‘The basi sumption we sal make oat prices hat, nan electromag ‘el is sujet a fre eB, where Bis the eect fe in he price’ es fe, Sige tis defined with respettow ig fame hi force ie abel ame ‘ndependea) in secordance wih he egiemets of cassia mechani, Tat © bey neal fame in wich the le bd magnetic els eB and 1, ad the parle s moving with elo The ret rae tena neal fre whch moving relate to, wih velo Hence, according a lass (Gontelatvistic) mechanics, B= B's x = B (ef (28). Tone oes PeabeaxD, as) ‘This elton bewcen the fre the charge andthe ecetromagetie eld also fo shes aconseton between tir dimensions. We have denoted i Sstin I, the ‘lmenion of elec charge by C: an in Secon 8, te dimension of magnetic {hx by ©, Ths dimension of he seco eon th ght and ide of (5 1) te therefore C/T), an tis, according to our stumpion, eas he dimeasion of force Ts Ci i dimensioaly he sme as LT. we now x aun fe sy thiaton wl enale wt determine the unit of. 1m ode oft the charge unt we conser theater constant yo wit he lmensions (6) C)/(LT)- According ote ration we have jst estas, he ‘dimensions of uae N/(C/T) thats, foce divided by sued cure BU Ho {sania contan. Exped i teas of known ui f face and eure ‘twill have doit numeral als, to be termined by sual experneat Convery nated ae or wil sve x du of cunt in ams af ‘beunitf fre sts the mete was xed by (1.12) nes ofthe sean), This {sthe metod by which the unio cure the apr, i xen Stuns Systie iemational d Unis). Specialy we et io = 4m x 10-Taenton a sa) (esac the St definition of he apr. Alte electromagnetic SI ans fot Tow rom hs ai of caret. Thus th ui of chugs, the oul, defined by Teosiomb = Lamps: th unica elecse potential th ol by tol = Teton rue"; the ui of Bh esl by Vesa =I newion amp he un Imagned Mu, the weber, by Iweber = Lesa ee© Chopter6 Chrged porte ‘We can also ws (152 to detemlae the numerical vale ofthe second universal enstat da ache ee + fda ctege (Cebate~ 1h att sat ce nthe pre f= o8(e4 fet (eB. Tote ome nein sth compen he ocean he iit oaths ce comes = dpa Problem 182 show dt an cle die dp ina uniform kt fl Bee ‘ees reat ple dE Solution ach wen fhe previo Polen he tre ihe inte» dof Ha (e+ M(B (0B eB (r= 1D) eoce[ (e+ Ble Ji) Fel HEE +810) Per gE de Rr 11s asf he oman fe vais, sd te ene ecome co, Indpeadent fhe pn a fence inte ne frm wer ken Be from sich mae Problem 15.3 ithe ove hata dip ets co ded, Solution Accating Pablo 18, hfe t= (s-raB, whee ete td (1410 of (dionds Heme + die Hide ne vector od By ds ieemtstion one(2 Chopter6 Charged ports 16, Non-relativistic motion ofa charged particle ‘The simplest case of motion under the Laren fore is when the mapntc Held ‘aise, ands contin ad for. Unde the constant acceleration (e/m)E the welaciy mis ultimately eae to be sll empaed with and a eli treatment ecmes necessary, We hl eal wih th case Secon 18. TTewmesly, 0, then me know fom (155th he sped mst bcos. Wits nally noo-relavisi, wl man, The equation of main (15). B= 0, becomes van EBae. as) hich means (ompae with ¢= © ) hat he vl vector ots around an {is pallet the magnet eld, Only iB is constant and uniform wl te oon eri Te angsarfeqeency hs the magnitude an 2, 62) nscale the gyration frequency, Viewed long the mapntc ld the velocity ‘tor gyrate in coanerclockwise sease fora posite charge (locks for & ptve caged due othe mis sign in (1.1) te dston of itaken {obo the za, th Cartesian components F161 are BAO, yet, te 063) “Tas econ. Mulilyingthe y component (16.3) by! = Y=Tandading the component ives Hoo 414) =i +199), 164) Keo + in) = inte, +H, asa which haste soltonv + y = ae, where ae complex constant, Wing Orient where ada a al weave ve ing = eH, 063) “Tus isthe constant magnitude of the projection ofthe part's wl in he 4 pla, ad i tinal phase. Baal, We negra (16.5), nd Separate el ‘a iagnay pas Therese KemtrinG@ +e), y=ytreniate), 166) ame 16 ae a 16. Now elaiic motion of charged parce 63 Is the ads of rtm. Sites, acon 10 (163s 0 ata 68) “Tos the charged pate descibes bi with ais along the magnetic el, Aer cach gyration, which he parle complees in me 2/0, alvaees a distance 2/0) along the ai ofthe bali Tus the pc ofthe el, which she ao tthe ne distance to tegration rads, 2/4, whic i determined by he Ina yelois I =O, themotion rang acl inthe plane perpen {befell In pnealte verge motion th rm ignifes averaging over sation ‘siod—isthatofa point moving along thax ofthe lis This pit is clled he ing corre ‘Net we conser the case of mtualyperpedilar,no-ranishing, const ‘and unfoon Band B. We kno fom te dscission the end of Seeton 12. at ‘oc of these els can be wansoemolavay ITB" > Eds thelial Indeed the eansforntion wo re vig Wi elo Ex i 69) wil accomplish this as ess verified fom the tansfrmaio formula (12.11), Toe We al ase, more singly, tht Beem, 610) ‘ater than merely £2 < 282 The w of (169) ithe small oped with cand We can place the Loretz by the Galeuswansoemation Ia te new ae, we Ine €f.(98)) B= Oanl B= B; in iher wads, ball modoa, Hence, a he ‘inal rae, we hve the licl motion, superposed os he cts motion a {econstn dri velcy(169), wicks perpendicular bth and (Pg. 11) ‘Tis sone of toe are ces whch words re simple thn forme I Rand Bare not perpen, anno he tafe say, an the rdioo—in any famemant utinaely become relat,(64 Chapter 6 Charged porter Amore complicstd cas aises when he magnetic elds ot uniform the no Cnifrmiy i slg that a changes ony sigh over the gyration ras, ‘tend ofeppinaton soggess ist esaling namin be ulin cee which so longs etlinear We sal assume forthe ine Being. hat» = 0,30 thatthe pci moves in acc "Ne rit the tec of he atl in he form x = RU), where RO) isthe je ofthe guiding cere, slowly varying veto, while) ‘acing tetris the grat in rand he pag cee. We approxi Boy Ba) BAR + (6 ara) BR), sin and average the aoe force of B ovr gyration prod. The terms of ist “erin wlan on averaging, The sccond-edr tem she average of Feb 6 ra, 6.12) Aco o eg (16.6-(067, the gyration veo satis — Soxmvecee In averaging the pot of two Components of whi fs # oting vector inte plane perpendicular to we noe dat he everage of mst vais en 12 an thatthe average of and 2 mast be egal. Hence the average of the rode si fh, Using thie wend hat he average of the Fre (16.18) a mannan a “hes vies ecase tis v and a), = 4848, 62 Th, md prod 8 6.16) “The average forse is ths nthe retin of deseaing magnetic eld strength. atc. 16 Now eave motion ofa charged parce. 6 “Ts oesing dato bass th =O ds ona he ing a, r?Do(r) = const., the constant being a Dy(a). The initial electric field go lb ewe ac Se tots a a sone ean icmun a 4) ein ee c +S 0. eas) “This equation has the solution Dit) = Dine 6) ‘The cage dea g = div will eer decay exponentially at = wine ean, (Oui, we have D; = 0. Ths D ouside remains equal to (a/7)®Def), Hence he serie charge desiy@ =n [DT sven by Data) ~ Dia) = Dylan = ow ote, ea) 11 ely verted hat = (a: the surface charge increases at precisely the reat which electri charge i being deposited the by te curren. imate, he ‘we nial change wil be uno dsb ove the sac of he spe ‘What we have cased inthis section wat the itl value poblem fr Mass’ equntonsn mate, where we armed response ncn or cons {ute equations, for P, Mas. An ety dierent stan presente when 25. the acderivatie $9 ‘webave insta a mumbe of hazed pares, which ae novi songs Invocuum The charge denstyqthenasumofternsol tearm eSB) where and Ry) ae the charge a tjctry of th th parle, reps a it hg: anj isa sm ofterms ike eS —R). The seftion of Maxwells equ Soar withsch and jisthesbjetmater ofthe cary ofcleromagneiradaton from charged parle I wil be dealt within Chapter 12. Albough the hae icles espa 1 the ectomagoei edt exes Frees tht nen the {rectors and may eva lead Yo beau o caaeeeace of pails thre ae 10 Por M becae the response reser no charge caren stibtons ese ‘hose that seal acount for bythe sums of 8 R) and RXR) 25. ‘The fux derivative ‘The second ofthe teal lan (21.7), frvace frase’ fn, a plies toa xed, ope surface S. There i more general law which applies oa ‘moving (and deforming) surface. Let Ws. be a dileensabe loi Held (nt ‘ees the veloc of any cal mate) We ow conser an pen surface 5, ‘vi boundary whic sep along by the velo Ald (Fp 25.1). We wish {ocalelt the at of change ofthe nsttaneous Hx Ado Yeon eld ‘AG us 5 115 denotes change thoughout the ne nev then, by he ef een nga product, s farnas= [sands [ a-sinas, (252) Sino we pongo ke the lini of difercace quotient, we ned ony clclte tothe st cre is thes tem onthe ig Mand se, A= (QA/30) ad90 Chapter? Polarization and megnetaion nnd isthe vectors sleet at, Inthe second tem, A it tan 5nd) (md jag ~ (nd) Ts 8 Parnas In ig 25,5 and ya tthe Does tep ab ms pot to he same sid (apwar) on each surface. Ne now’ apply Gauss dvezeace theorem othe ole sown te ie: 1 [Briss faccaddyin= [A-t0ds. 059 fowaav= [a-adsno~ fa oases (asx vir), (25.8) “The mina sig before the seca term othe sgt hand sie is esas m athe ecto pins ino the ome, wheres at's thcorem conus he outa “The ast emis the ona fo though the sides: the vor pod ds vt tas th gtd of on are stip with ase san ent tan points tad Soe the element of wolume dV = md ¥B (apes with base nd and eng in, 254) becomes 4 fovaway-nas= fa nds) +4 for 8). as In acconance with he rem following (25.2), tine #n al the tr of thisequaton Appling Sok’ heorem othe ine nega we have [ass ou fvser-catead)-nas— @85 Senin 25.2.) oly in ff asas fiona cso he ow A octyl Ba 8 psava eatin en is called the fur derive ofA. Now scoring othe first prof Maxwells syutons 218), curt Hv 0, 8) 26, Elects of conductors 9 Furtemre (fort > 0, vane} =-Ssedheutr =o (269) ‘Any function U salle harmonic in a eion if AU = in that region. Eqution (250) shows hat 1/7 bamenic in ay epon tht dos ont clude the pout 10. We have this demons that (267) solves the eles robe for ‘adutor whos oer boundary sa sper. ince the foc er ul zea (265) ‘oot ovethe sphere fortis soln, ses vanishes by sey. I ee ‘otter whether the sper lwo not Equton (27) provides» slaton ‘ten if the epre cnt an gular wora ole in ts inter, Whether hs he ‘ont solutions another mate. The long pablo shows tha m0 Problem 26.1 If is const ven prove tt sraty-1) = e510 Heep at (So thaeo est Isat stain rsp condcter a a witha chr 0. Ti won ‘resp bln ct ek Hint, Prove athe ean ce $9 5d, al her ate, wean apes caying sc Sotution = ene) itcotnt anata = eradians 059-4002) = ‘TeV of 25.11 ime contat oar» nee om tea speroston of constant (Ea = gra) poeta mono potn ‘Sapte ptetal Ct (149) nd (148), acho bs hy lsat Lalas oso | 28 i el sad eel cos96 Chapter Blecrsatics eqioa arr > 0. Teele lds ety = gO Bt oP kcmegm ach iy 05, = gy +300 eel fiotas=f [2 +r 9] asa = ot ‘The penal 6.11 sles fom (26.7) bya sluton Vy of Lal's equation AV =O tha dos not distur the constancy of he oti ver th conduct, ct ischrge 26.) In oder to eimine such Vs, at oc them vais, We nus impose further boundary condos, i adn tothe codon (285) om the ‘ace ofthe conduct Far example, V = Oa ify. ‘Ass socua example consider pat of infinite, paral, condusting planes ia aca, Lat y = fl be he equations ofthe wo panes, The nee fenton V = (ay, withconstot v he potential ference between he plates), sie AY = O and asa the constant ales +40 onthe condos Hence i ‘olution, The surfce care ese on the candace 0/d snc Vn isaV/2y onone and ~aV 2y onthe othe. The oleh on excite pane is ‘four finite, The lc elds uniform oth planes rection Istom the postvely charged conductrto the epatiel charge one Finally ech ‘conductor atzated towards the ber on by afore eps? = fen permit Reeriet 261, sical ap table casa large 0 sue eso roves sa id Fw of espn on Decne sulin as, 262. Aconding peril sl finer aie tt as charged wi Charge. Therein ant supe eat he cne? = 0, Determine lostiefld i SimetegionO =< anomie el 27. Green's identities, Im order discus the properties of slutions of Poisson's equation (263) me thal make se of wo denies, which flow fram Gree's divergence oem (Gao 2 Greens Menties 97 een) Let U and be any to sficemly sth fncsions. IF we bata te wetora = U grad V inte formula fdvad'x = f yd3, we obtain fousveeauenan dss [utes env ‘Tiss Green's ft ide, By imercanging U and V and sabactng we tin saeco ey, frau -vanden f(v%0®)as, era For any state dasibution of volume and surface charg, te penal can lays bevten asa superposition a te element solaions V = a [2 [See foveno vere vena fvana gla f ves Xt im sn i Pi fe an sn cee Fog hl win woadeaet on whch V woul rere (ene) thn VOP) Acct tte esa a re is impor Acoring wth ast problem, V canot asin a minim a any pit Pin an ‘uncharged repion (where Vast he armoni). I movable ott charze « be Placed Pt canot bein sable eqleium because potenti enrgy«V “anno be a minima. This is Eason there lls thal wo statonry System of cages can bein equim ude hl ow atracton repulsion Fr etampe, te lens ina ato or ole mt be moving,100 Chapter 8 Blecowetice 28. Capacitors Forasingleconductorin empty spelt V be the regular slo that coresponds to's constant penal and sage Q} a the condocte. I any constant, then by th niqenes here weve js pove, 2 sheep solution at ‘respond tte consant pte AY; andthe charge 40 nthe condor. The Q_ af , g2-9 [Fas ey isthe a property of the contr which i uly geomet. calle the ‘ipa ofthe conductors St unit the fared dened by Tad Ioulombvot, Fors contactor of ven shape x poptoal tothe Sie a 5 dot rm 28. eg easytprovediat © > 0 Accerlng 0267), C = deo Tee sphesal costar of ras ‘apactororcondnser anasto for stoing charge. eonsssof 90 onde of aber shape eal the plates fhe capacitor. Te postive plac ‘ares a potive charge Qa the negate plate a charge Q- =~, tha ‘he net charge onthe capacitor aa whole vanishes. The ea a capers ‘ined by c cn fe ue costnt depending oa the poss and shapes 82) Ain, hiss purely geomet ofthe wo plates. "Te tangent we hive considered in Seton 26 of two init, ple, ane conducts consis acapcitor Sine the carps on he plates arnt, tne define opacity per uit ae, egal the cage fe unit wea vied bythe Peal diference,rvollage Wel senate che ena s 9/4, Ithere vse voli Hence te cpacy per unitare e/a Ith pal aes tet ater tan infin, there wl beep fect, bat we expat these Be Sal solongas the ple diameter very lng compared withthe tan between ‘tem, For a paral plate capac in which the area o pate S (82 4), the ‘spac 3) Problem 2841 capaci consis of wo cul eines of ra ama yh of. Jeng: Nepean 1s cap Solution Nopting esto, Din his rb is oly indica ial com- ent Dani wD = 7a} jdr = 0 here 7 nw dene the nea ‘rin Heae icon cep jun arr ~ lB Te costa 29. xpansion in series of harmonic factions 101 zerinthe cet repo <4, athriteD wo engl onthe ai. AL = Sapp mao oe gt Hs B= Os _trelay deal ST eae 7 ina aa) Brersse 2. Tee cone alow contacting phere ve rae an The ne and ‘conned by ene nie aa frm ne ue ef capi The ae per ‘eben Show bat the epctysseabile a/b ae 29, Expansions in series of harmonie functions We hav away noted that ther exits genera meta forsling every gen elect problem. Thee are, bowevet several eiods which have bot found ces in dealing wih can clases of problems. Ane pobln ms), th Tac, tam out to elng fo oe of hese classes ori ay yield comation af these mend, "Me Hist method is to expand the potent V series of hanno fe tions with ceils that tbe eerie fom the boundary conitons—the prescabed potent er chuges on condor an the hao ity. Tn perc eorinats (0) he simples harmon fnctions se P*Pyfos?) and 1 P(cos8), whee ns am tgs For nH hese ae 1 reese, and Ur, enor “The fmsions 1 P(co42) ae Site at r= 0, bu ota ini; he oppose Ist a the funtion "1 Fy(cos). Both fypen ve retionlsymety sro the aus = 0, an tir ue therefore confined opens that have this symmetry Orvis, each Leen olybmil Py(cs#) must be replced bya lincr combination of the 2n +1 splencal harmonics Pcos8) osm oF Pr(coso)sinmg, with = m= n. Among the uncon a His extended set, ‘we ind the simple hamonics x — ria deang and y = rind sing. The xmple Iumonics = cose then = 1 member of th astymmetc set" yc)102 Caper Blecrsaties ‘In cindsical coordinates, 2) be standard harmonic Fntions are aad Salar sage, Intnrdconee™ ‘whore Jn te Bessel anton fore m and argon Ta e-dimensional polar oats, the conespoding functions re Jnr coen® andr sina. ‘With he later i ay be ecesary to reset nt Bean neue If we Wan he oti o be single ved over O = 8 = 2 There ar many oth hamoniclineins sds hose meatoned shoe, ut we sal nt rege them in this Hook: Indeed we ball ven ese fenton DP tcos8) Bese Factions, ‘Avan example, consider the problem ofa spherical conductor in wife ‘ick Eo pr wo te # ais. We aeady kao tha he (anu) sluton is gven ty Qe, but nw we mish wo deve At ii, V mst end to Ee “eorcos Ushencethedernce V—(~ Ey cos) mse inte, We hereto uy V = —Borcosa + > A; mytcose, en “This sats the equation AV = 0 and the boundary conan V + —Ey I ‘emus open the condone tt V bea cost Vy onthe spare = ad tha te ol charge on the ondactor be gvenQ. The fiat get (22-1) tenors (8) re +S Ayrton forall. Now he Legenie polyamine neal dependent Hence Ao=avo, Ar =0Ea, 0. The ctrge density one = ais ot P4030) caFacand-+ Sia +0 Towa chaeis Q = fod =¢ foto em ih Re can ‘vet ga ta Q = eT ent rene + 24 2 oo Bor co + Tege +E 29, Expansions nee of harmonic factions 103 ‘This is 26.1: a superposition of urifor fe term, point charge tem and 2 iol potential te deen of th dipole eng tat of Eo, Problem 224 condi lar fs an aegis {perpendslr os anion tld Cale he dat al pat oe Sete at Solution Ths oben canbe asl sed by wing yc 4 Sas + Bont ssl hen determining coe rom te aeons of he robes. Wi cas nd orm tees perponin of uo eld Ey iso “The pti of two -nesnol ple heen pi obi. ihe (148,89 “ifonedning he el Yc i of ane sheath = eco Va pegratinr = BP lath cquon nih nit coin he eto f= xy) Te ile el ant et EM ‘Teast wo fore eth 9dietsion malo of 8) and (410. nore ind he el (EB) nota ier ns a met he B= Fo tof) 266 min Fa, we th ndimenonl ofc dees the seg fhe pl, aed we oof = 2m wich ah ima ie 2, Exercises 29. Stow hat the east ce hat an be gen a contin sper of ain ‘Stat, whe te tm asd in lon el wo pa oe per eel Share Q = (Bre 49. Actage cisplatin Posie nec condcting si of rai £2 Th tas of rn the cate 0 fe pb Show tha Pol) hin wie duce Pie ingen104 Chapter Hlecrosatice seen 2h tr fy te is fa eee pit # wih et ere et MinpoP stednance wots tam O age c/a sale a Gene gontccant imps atcu?) 233. The cag a ter rly itt mat oni ay fie jot aa by Sonnac beat ri Saint tose 234, Acre! opi Cte ns cc fn a Sainoce om Orconmot eae 0 eyo Te oper wept ‘cao pens Show artes ps ol ea Sr Gerson) 295. Cale he sti of ufo cage ica wie of ais a. Use he mon V = Sedge Bale (css a demi ces Aya ome pi nh ai were = cand Pcs) = Theater an ened ftom 13) and exuded a powers of 30, ‘The method of images ‘The second method isthe metho of images. We present it by an example. Kan ‘zetom has been ete fom amt (aps aes of themal ato’) ‘vd what foc wl ibe pled back? Const tea purl with charge a distance «fom a codon ba-sace. The condi ef withthe charge “fe which must be distibted overs plane sls We wish odteonine he eld Te replace the charge onthe condor by a pice of charge ¢ paced at ‘be image pint—with resp othe src f te coadotr—ef te ele, the 30, The method of images 108 pote Becomes| con ere i th distace fom the electron ad ithe distance rom the image pin. ‘Outi he conor this potenti sxtss Lapa’ eqaton. ilo constant ‘nthe src ofthe conductor Hence she souton The el ofthe nage ae the magnitude e/(lreg?) athe postion of te elec, Tho force is thettoe Filer) rere MLL Caleyte teste cg esiy oon the conduct of teeing cape. ovetit fos =e ‘Thema of iagesisevdemly apale of gneaization The roblem of sever cles in fot of pane aves asthe one we hve considered oreach aril, ‘ve inrodue an image. Fors ite by foto pln, we te se Jags anc oon. Bt he meth sot oan to nage ina ple Tete poit tage ouside aspherical conductor of ais, ata disance = ( e)ffomih conte We place an nage charge iid th sper, at dance 1 tm the cn log the ine joing the cen 0 and eck Sterne © fain such way tha, readel-f) ov vl ans on he sphere (andre tbe stances roan 03) With and» ven by (303), dhe pois 302) vanishes on the sphere. By (Gauss bore iis he solution aresponing wo theese which the sphere ondetr cas charge ~e" If he contri hve tal charge 2. we i point charge Qe at the cent ie wil no dst cantancy of Vom106. Chapter 8 Blecstes eteminng he nas, heir postons obvoaly requis some insenity. But the mood avy subject to th Base re tht mages are never te lac inte eon for which one ealine the poeta they can ony ei heather regions Brersses [M.A A inchs of eng 2. pce ts dace ao a ait coctng ‘nee put Show haa fn on te le ere ey ned reer). tbe shoe dtc om eine re: Deace ‘Satone tl oe charge indceon he pees win a rom he ie Sarge [Mh Two opal harps pos dance par andach oe of hs /2 tom {Sina contig plane ro ct Th res abo oa Se seo he ‘ne Prove tn he cron cach ceo hs hres eign ae fhe cage tee, why he res simpy rere {mS Aint charge pao! ine pera cv fra aatet ofa condcng ‘nk ft a pct tos the he he ete ty reer 1046, An clot dpe of ment is ace «rm the ene of contig Sphere of ado Nota sre peti The ple pons ey fr espe, Poe erie geist omens nda chrpead a heave pane, 107, Anse dil momen dished ats dita om a8 inte concting act ay potent Sow tha tinge an xl pe: Dede ha feo mss one wl ke up = poston french plane ol hep of ‘al slion sbi decay rey where monet eine {MAK Actua placa tne + fromthe coef candi pee ofa ‘Show ath nt poste ce est len the Spe oat the ice hare das ine tie, elle 4 r=) 1/ ‘31. The complex potential method “Te thin eto es fantions of complex vrs for otal robles in wo - a 14 ie he doubt nn he «reson: fis nagar, he doublet isin they drston General he disction sarge daubet is tp He complex peas Bree a Otvouly, the matod of emplx potenti asc the method of oar ‘mapping canbe combined witht method of ages to solve potential problems in {wodmensons. Aran example, we cone ie charge stongth atthe point {b aove te nite plane y= 0, which kept at ro psa By he metodo ony 31 Theconplexpoowial method 109 ‘mage the pte the same that eto alin charge 2. yan aie charge “ie theimage ot Hence seg ine + Aneto Bea) onize au ‘rom this its easy teeth eld nd the charge disbaton ‘As fhe expe, we conde the ce there, which combines the ones potatial with the metho of image. Let f() Be a compen penta ‘i sources (which maybe fine chars, line doublets ra nfo fel) ing ‘usd the ites] = IF we now induce a eylindiclconductr [| = at zo peal wih its ats though thee, what the new comple teil? (Coser the complex fncion w= fo Hl ous) here, for any f= V +40, F = ¥ ~ i. Nowe that 7) int the same 98 Fie) = f(2, Snce F(2) has oo singularities inside the ile, Fa) has none ‘sig, and its sutton wil nt ae te dst of sores outside the fice Whep | = @ we ave a2/2— 2s that forall oils a th cee tee oan fa?/2) = 7) = fe). Ts w prey imaginary on he i, ed [steal par V vanes thre. Hones 31.13) provides the solation The singles of f(e/2), which ie ne the cle, are the images egies for secrng V = 0 nally consider anckamplethtrelly demonstrates power othe mato ofcomple peri. Let) eth complex potential dene (ipl e0eh Seputing rel and imagiaary pats, we hve 1 for any U, thee equipotent are the sightalsines x =, {yee We ey thm withthe fn ples of aps IF i imi fetmeon hero memes of 3115) the esl x= 14a = V)—Insinv +0 Yeo, 116)10 Chapter 8 Hlecrosates rigstt ives egipelx =) foreach lof V Rowson —m and Soe of Shae shown in Fi. We ses how the equim ot oe he ae ota pal placate pts e pte #2 nse of, Stoops wy w/a) in HAO) ty ety = 2 nse of, Seno ope by 2/2). The mds we ve inte in te previo wo scons and in i ns, sre mathemati for sing Lapin: egaon wih props bowiry Coole The apenas rh fr beyond he estas of endactas ‘ctu Ase sls, robs inoling ier ite, ines mage nd ‘Sly aren in na coca hse ht ty Ob nw co al math stl ould nem of apo eutn, and can href eed ‘the sane med, ded lint ery ston fan elt robe oir aston of omqding polos in br cnet For camps rap toni ie epcy of conn aso ial fr esas ‘Sespndig Omen, ecaes 1A, Stow tate = — (22/2 geste pei fc acon line frais {ato ptt ufo Del 31S, Fete tot flinching aide and pare oananchrgoeyinde 316. Stow tte apc runt lng oo puede of nin ate Sonar genty a 9 Linear Dielectrics 32, Electrostaties of dielectrics {fhe nslting medio ina electrostatic problemi ner dete, we mast ose it conten eetons Peaxt, Mao (£22), whar ibe dalecesscpabiiy and hoped quaaiies reer oe ati ester Inthe lc cse we ae by dein, in he et D=ob+ co B= ek, ea) were =x 22) {sell he perminiviy The dese suscep xi alays postive. Kranges ‘fom ess than 10- (in gases at oom temperature and atmospheres) to moe than 200. Water hs of ou 80. The petty Io eau poste, oo: inne > ey. Th ai K— ey i called the diet costo nthe preseace of near elec, elatostais Is governed by he equations cunt av EI 023) ‘Wierever theresa vacuum, we simply st ¢= Ie is uniform, thes equations dead t Poison’ equation SV = g/m the absence of fee charges (which ‘wold have no cans of geting into an slang dle) they ea Laplce’s fquaion AY = 0.Ata Boundary betwen Wo insulting lcs, ta mx E Sy are continuous.112. Chapter Linear Dileetes [Nea tition srtace of dsoninty de jamp canton (10.17) redaces EVI-=0, Since V alvays conains an arbitrary constant, the continuity of V fxs Thera constant enone def he sre nem of he constant ute the ‘Se. The ltr renin tity, a is fed by some comenton: for example VO. ify, oom al contre tat re ‘ptt eat In temas of he lhe jap codtions re then w vant 2 econtinins 2a) a ea, ‘Asan example, we conser ect phere of asain an extra weiforn ‘etd Hy whch ic parle oth destin Lt be tbe petty inside the sphere ete portly of be med ouside it Fr the pot V ouside Aherpfere we ana the form (29.1), Wc satisfies Ve = Oat infin Ise the ere we vet V) = S> By Picond), wich i fate at = O and inde an tdtemined constant Bo. On applying th centons (324), one ds ht ony tetera wih m= I suvive: Forth eds oe bis By = Bo + pA" (a(n: Bon — Ea Nc Bee Somewhat unexpetly the ld inside the sper tars out be uniform, and Iepenent of he se the phere Is stent depends othe peritvies: tore cacy on thei a, Ont here dpe el, sperms ca the ‘tom Eo. ‘The extexamplts cin whichallthe Fs aremeeded Consider charge pce ‘stance tom te centeof an scharged delete pee of as sm 321 Forth poles aside and ouside he phere we wee Ans = FAP <5 Be proven +B rcne, e206) ‘where the ett the ight hand sie of (32.6) the potent eto the point ‘hag alone; a couse the dstance from en ede o apply the eoons 32 Bless of clerics 113 €24)ar wa wens (rr <3) he expain Fr L gatos, ean eauning he costcents fea indeeieat 2's we bin 28) a(t ee ‘fom whichallthe Asn scan be ound. in orer to cbainthe force expensed bythe charge, we cll the rai eld aaa al! are)” esting ote edt ec a ie = STORE Rica) = troetonetetin etl aE ay P= Since, fr inthe dition OP. ‘Ata conductor lec Hounlay thee may sil ea free sutae charge eat, and the relation (26.4) replace by 6210) “Tae boundary comton n> H = O (wich means hat V constants olson thereof ach condor “Asasimple example, weconsieraspheial conductor fraasahat aes “tage an scab inadlece mesa with permite The pte isthe given by (25:7), with eeplced by ‘Stl, we subst for ep the sol for teint, parle ate «aps, we aban the sation for the casein which the medi between the Pines is electric with permitiity «Te epacity pr ui aca / ie than he [df vacwum Fling the capactor with elec tefre nes ito ste alarger charge 0, = C(Vs ~ Vora given voluge uly wecensietheeylncal apacitor ull ln of ng with ‘nner ais and ote tas, comsising ofc mater Wih permit “he se and cute srtaces ae coe with conducting meri od provide the pnts ofthe apsitor Neglecting edge effect, the cacti gieaby 284). ith coreplay ane * inwjay coME Chapter 9 Linear Deeries Problem 324 pra acini witha dei rane iat ing ips tal ra fhe ples. The js of te rt ict. with pe ity eaty a acto oe oe olume Berens he er a he Sond kc, wipe, afiand = 1 ve a easy Se heeent es! +e Problem 322 The sm Pen 324, te whetwo dle anaged inns (Contam perpen tps roe tateeapcy ied = ae he Solution The elt E = Vie ominous cae paral he cours bt he ‘Rrpcomet Df and arae cage deny = D et The chars o=[ossae fess aes B08 Problem 323. Acilnkisel caps withinie afi rrcesr = and? = b {nw eel ay ied op to fon of gt wt i fee ‘Sst Ke eng peg ce He sangeet to poe devel ge fies nC] Solution From de D = 0h aa conponent Doe icant i D = 4. ‘henna fe F-— Die tte sian at he gare Hea te ‘ce reptile an he apy 2rel 2 12+ <9 ing 2 The dine ae» Tax * Te eras ‘34, sede sien in eres 271,772 and 27.3 chard contra ie deste tam, 38. Thomson's theorem 115 522. Stow fom consieration of he amp endo tata change of ci Imi te lc lise raced scoring te a eu = ect, teeth ager tae eto heel is ade common na ots oun, Pig 222 £323, A spoil ung condo of ais a sured by ect wise ‘ec boundary ins concn per fra, re pliant els FS hatte ota pose and neptune on he cone 324 A copie pied these oa perf oo of ion lente wh ltr onsant K. Determine he ssa 325. Teplatrofa pel pe coctor ae sgue side a ede teen ‘emis Betwon plese cle sabol wena, ced and pemtiaye ‘Theplesarecemectey wes tote cols oat whut const sei i ches ef ee ah nd ice puted ath ety «| ‘38. Thomson's theorem ‘Lexus now consider an uncharged ere maim emit (apostive, bo ‘terse irr, nection of postion in which condcs caring hen cares Ine een plas. According oth fist princi of letrmagnetin he fs pai cf Maxwell's equatons), the displacement Dems the be sac hat dD ‘etiam andthe itgrals Q, ~ § Dy, over he conducts @ = 1,2. have fined values, Weshallo astm tatcurl 8 = ene Bje = Qie.D = cared,116. Chapter? Linco Discs ott the charge density Do th comucos is stated in such away tat ¥ ‘conan overcach conductor Rater, we sal conser the farconal wip) [ees cay ‘heigl beigtakentroaghoat the medium: it wllxin ite system of cond (sate in he sense of Secon 27. For any esto eld D sch that div = 0 ‘df De dS, = Oy, W(D) i postive (ance ¢ > 0) Iecan be made aitaly Taney choosing a icin tangled D (we real hat eal D snow ait). ‘ot W rant Rave mia adee a positive miu unless te chases Oy ‘onthe conductor al vanish. In oder to find the displacement hat renders W(D] iia, we noduce “Lagrangian muller Va) andy and uke the aves vsation of wo)= ww) [varves—Ta. fous, — eaa with respcttoD. The esate an integration by parts emembeig that on cach ‘Sondcor Dy isthe normal component of Din the diction ping out and ence in the lsc meso) s'= [-(P sara) Lf site v0 48 33) 1 AW" ist vanish fo all 4D thoughout the mation, and forall AD, 0 the ‘ondocos, then D = —egrad V, where Vis the constant val 2y Over He ‘conductor. These ae presely the reqiemets we hve lft xt This proves Thorson’ theorem: the ages othe conducts dst teselesin Soh way sto rade W(D] inna "Thoma theorem ie a viol fommlatog ofthe lesa problem fr sine lect moti. Tis may hae interesting lcatons Ils soe ‘xample tat the diplcomen fi wl tnd to Be ager sole yale (he line of face of he vector fl D wil he more once) i eons o igh rity, bce tiniest itp of De Problem 33.1 Pove arth slaon of te esate poten of conti he sence of ier Sets anga’ Som, in uc tht he gees Sos Dt ‘endo ching nfm, sd a cote ty meen deen Solution Let ¥ = Vy ~ ¥-D =D; Dy and = Hs By dere he downs erm he ues Sarerfnding to a to sao Fo aay eo betes he 38.Thmso’s theorem 117 amano foe fos fiacro evo [vous [ vawe's “he tas negra vies bea D = diDs =v Dy = 0, Overt ose not of enc eon, be ers VD, dS over chars of Scotty wl ive oposteigs foreach ar a ang repns We a href he ol, fosomniae= f vous fe whole of the repo ote he bad. The st suc eta nw one ‘he cots ad th sie tiny One ech coeds V= VY cana nf Dd “(Qs "Op sacem nom posing a of eee, hen he ‘Sodio ora cua ws en poten Vs = the cage gen, Os = inl nay tthe peta gen, ia whch cveV =O, ccna enn whch eae D = (By) 70 Ths gra) =O very ane Problem 38.2 Pett an creat nb px wih san te hse (nibeconicors cranes =) 10 ae This saber remo Tn - a 2 One pty. JO2 pre) ou fe-so+ poe) ae Sic dD =item [omaves—-Sf vious "he sam ting over all he conductor. Sine Vt cosa oA comet, and $$50,d8 = the ches bengal, ave w= fpieieeso8 Chapter 9 near Dsectris Problem 33.3 Sow itsiiuton tan unhgedocsanedcontecterdi Shee phate ee pune = [jeer f ieee [ees [were sees [it-a-wy sae oem [tate ee ee [ew —mer= = [ema ome - -f, vO! — Did =D fv mvas Vpn vnse) andthe ew con er vchrpd (D480) ected wowan | jaewres [fetes co Rrercaes 224, Aspheric capuor cont of wo isn aphrs fri nd Conese ‘rah hes and png ton ss spall af permite (pues Dire Show ttita be «dt cgusy Cm gen ty 34, Wien experiment 19 {R, Acipucs tomo te two sphere” = eamdr = bb > 2 wih Sti of aio «ewe hen, The deste ofthe tate. be ete peated ‘etc el sng bef comtacs is Ep. So tht ret alae betwen ie {so spans ot he eld nore x eee Eat) 303. inthe nt cece oka gral iced Beyond the cel ae 0 ‘ttre can fw int ut of ie clei shat capac ot ak oe Sapte he alae sce lb) [BU Theva of eaicapacnr ur conenic pees. hal the spac tment ‘shies filed ws rl dice costing ace tse rian the i bet lenght fhe ses ath apa ‘loth som ar hugh te wn ace ween he pres we of anim ke Coosa fF. 35, A thee eat apt Pa ike mtn fn INP and. ttinoge pout Pathe lee ste sae ht oo charge 224 ten ih te pet nd ly oe a ne te mast ematy te gen nae) nae oll 4/7). Stow at 237, Ante in a dans me cee fa ti ey ae dere) er te Treat 34, Wilson's experiment los does ot make fll eof he mtr proper of dace, becuse the put xB of the clctomote easy i gored. If we Wish to et he120, Chapter 9 Linear Dieieries inven of tis tet, we mast examin phenomena which a dete is tin notion oth spt othe es) anda to ros magnet eines. We bal, therefore cue fous experiment ht was dined and ended by Wilson 1 1904 with the objeto ivesigaing sich an ee. ror aoa Might “The mer and ote scices, r= 4 and r— bf low deccelindr of length big, 34) ar cxed with condoting material sn coneted sliding contacts by 2 wie. The ender Is plce inside a solenoid wich (8 We ‘hal sow ip Sevon 4) ponies urfoon magnetic eld Bp, pale thea ‘Whe th inde outed oad its aks the ner nou condtng seas ‘ecm oppositely charged (nce the tytn was neal eg wf). We wish 0 ‘clas chacg inthe tay tae is entablisod afc the angular velocity {0 (gre o By) as ben mained constant for sme tine “Te uations of te poten ae av cant 6, ni =e, nT} oxB+8xB. GAD Ha Blo +8 Oofcoune,&-= Mic. Inte lasline of (4.1 weave used relation M = =P (Gf 22) fora lnear,nonreliivite ili. Using cline coordinates {redseh we wees solion with E'= (£,0,0) and B= (00, 8) AS res of 34. Wisow's experiment 121 ‘he equations, we sal hen ne P = (P, 0,0),D = (D,0,0) and H= (0,0, H). Sine the net charge onthe ner and ute ures vanishes, D il yanish ous the einer Sima, the convection curets do to the eating fe and bound ‘hurgs Will bave o apna eft cue: even near the ede we sl hen he the wise mapae eld By Inside however, Bee not eal By. ‘The equsion dv D = 0 pvesrD = a conta, Appin the conn ns] =o athe suraces, we obtain = 40, = ~bey, Whee and Oy ate the race charge densities Ths fora < by DaaktPmab sant +o=fu, 642) andoverysbere cue D=0, “Tuning now tothe magnetic el, cet HL seta 1 = Bug BrP Bjug~ Rreax\E + 8B) ‘sconsunt.Applyngthe conitionn>{H] = Ktothesuraes, we bia HH ‘ag, and H™Byjip= bop, where theca peal athe ier ion ea. Ths H = Buy and HW = Bjug~ Rreox\B + 9B) = Bajuy— Rasy. 43) ‘The st equaiis in (34.2) and 3.) provide pro iner equations for ad oy Te slutions se Bam -aEi2, Soon (1-2? 1) B+ Geer, hes al = (+o: Negleting the ro (¢— of the ei Telly smal tio 2/22 we have Boy eB +(e co) 4s) Equation (4.5) is the same a te st equality of (42), with B replaced by By "he magni Bld aide the ylindrifers fom he ft By oad by 0 ‘Since E = dV dr hati where cur E = 0s wet, a he volage » = = Ve beeen hefner and outer sree of ie cylinder, which age cnet bya ite, seo, 34.3) negates 0 4 Ina) = Hee ~ ey 2896" — a), In tems ofthe capacity C = 2eL/ln (ba) of the eine (ct (2.11), he ast quo becomes e san, = foam, oo)122. Chapter? Lineor Disectris te wires ow cata deo ends connected an eletromet of apc Ci, ‘olage st wp such that (C++, = 0 captor competed in ral), 6 2 x8) oe 1s Gie We pote hat (2 there of rtaton in eolcons per unit ie and tat i? a! is theconeseton ofthe ollom liner: the rodut x(a Bi Therefor the age fax thgh the roesecin of he eine. he curen inthe solenoids ees, By bosoms sniper: Q and v hen change tee sles. "Wilson's experiment conti the lina dependence ofthe vole 08 8 or ‘aswel ait change of sig and 0 ean at) open ever ofthe cet thug the solenoid. But esto importance was confining the wa) in niche wa (347 dep o th ile constant X= 0, we regard WIV] a8 foto of Vn) the Inter being subject onl othe seqiemeat of having pesribed constant vanes fn the eleceoks. We Jono gute V to stsly dv(o grad V) = 0. Cel, "hen, WL] wl ave no maxi, fr we ane V ost wly between the ‘estrodes, wil however havea micimumn—a piv ne une he codes tne sll maintain’ at he ame potential Inordr td it we calla the arion ‘Sf WIV]. Taking account ofthe fat tha BV = onthe lcs, whee Vis reseribed, integration by pans ies 2 [ev dive gave 66.16) 36 Resistance 131 ence the minimam is bail when Vsatisies dive grad V) = 0. his V ie reset solution ofthe potential roblem (36.1), Theres Sometines refered {o'r thepincipl of minimum dian lsu that he ata dato of ‘leeuc pte thoushot conducting mea, n which nie system of eles ‘woes with rscriedptetls semble, rays the ne formic he nie Soule esting ean Every lec toate, or example, works nthe wor pss be way (a feature whic sot sully averse and for which tbe manufacture ‘an aly be Blamed), Another consequence a this aon fomulation st the lines of elect eld B'=— grad V ste moe conceatated n reins of low ‘dct. xerces ‘At Tig stances the creat urn an athe = ection Stow at Vo Ale {7/8 andthe nest coent fom ne iene 8 centr. 5363. rove tt inarytemof dace wih tal retcueatnasOhicmedi 364, rove ht Gro’ cipal ren SV" = VV tl for eat caret iemeen cst in an One medi 365. Acie care cin thy lane, ig etl onthe pose sd of 9 as isis dough 180° tout he yas The ake oom ied wth ner ‘unr conc ool eos a aed a wo paneee, Peat he Siem Aisne eet neon onthe ees 366. Atinpevel el onan hicks ise of mate withconacvi Ca le nee al pa ccs a whee ‘tll sah that angle POA in show hat eure deny is far sn, 47. show tritastely care iin component jiflowing sth beaniry Betwen wo eoedsig mea thet be asi cage i Eek ‘468 The pce bnew parle condutng plans ea wt two as oo of ihetaess condi o alpen abe eer of nes ds cma land permit nd th saree des andthe sre ce dey ote Sander been the lr whens luge Yop cond nes182. Chapter 10 Steady cure in nary conducting materials 249, Tw cg wire Ra jd elf Ae i 25¢ eine undone ap po tw ta be ace Spica tenm ul aroha onc ase 361, tes ye ae ser Sho a ol se 2S AEST ts 1st rele 36:1, nano shin i es ak otc pl iin) vl ng lence of cle R pr ant ee Aa ta bo. HE cthieme poem steams, Show at Def ios yun for Vd a tebe oes he ween Feings potnals Y,e -ov si YORU - 2) Yo i ERE Problem 36. In line pall nacido ae emit ter lot [oma ehods septal and ace wer ance df overt rae fa hse mums t oie pt Vy. Anes space href ects ‘ht uptseen se cco an he sori Held nt heated ams. rom het mae carent Bows brweon tects Ite dees compre Sika hat fg elo can Be neglstd shw at! trie he Solution Let. = be cade ns =the ne. rom he xc ite on ‘hein conse 0) = Oand VO) =D weobe Jn —eve =0 ‘The cmc) cent deny is oan (2)! Nott jhe leon cg desy inept carent Hows mth anode Ptcatte, When) sonst ave vie Matpsicsion by ¥( lets oe fisting yor =2ev4, 37 Hlecoomotive force 133, ere th uot of nertona xadtoined bye Bundy ontns tthe ‘hos wich eat zr sei eld "Vans pein Te ferential con Perera vii = ichs which sists be body conn V0) = 0. Ths vermm(S)', sela ‘Tcaeats gen by Chi’ Ferme benuan ‘Toe syuce cag imide ere const tc 37. Electromotive force ‘The oczong considerations were hase on Ohm's Iw j= oF, which api ‘ase ofthe ore general relation (1). We fue ale taken the lin nes {€£35.2) of that elation [ea [ose ony “Tne second, Thorton ie tra onthe ght-and sie, taken with the oppose signs lle the Thomson elecromative force, asl weit 0 Thon ‘nf, and denoted. Ie, of cou, not a fore sie ae those of late eld times distance, shat is, volts. The notation is standard the sel shold ot be confused withthe electromotive Intensity vector & If we app (37.1 0 Tinea crents—tich ow lang wie, alized neste fist er on he righthand ie becomes te product of met nd esses [este iner er Fora tionary conductor ine tad apatite negra onthe et hand side is dependent ofthe path of ign, sine eurt = Us simpy the ‘ollage Deoen te ens In this case we therefore have We Rime, on) ere is the resistance Hetwen te pins 1 and 2 lng the cient ne.134 Chapter 10 Steady carents nary conducting materials Fes A themocouplelscbsoedy ning wo diferent conductors asshownin ig. 37.1. tthe Thomson coefficients are constants, cach Thoason emis jst ad, and it we take the nepal a (372) sod the whole loop (o apply G7. 10 each conductor, we ean (a + Re as aaNXP2 80) =0. or ‘where jis oust postive if lows counterclockwise, Ths curen wll How ithe contr re dierent (ey) al he jnctions ae a ile Temperatures, This amangement can be sod foe easing any oe of th a ties tt appear in 74)sesitune, cent, Thomson coef, temperate cence ital the eter satis ate KD “The Thonsonen{sjast nts line negra of he Thomson erm grad hich measures the effect of tempers rot the coast Fain (G5: ofa linear condor of worn composition, Ia ate cr voll the Import nkorogenity that of emia eoncensation. A constative tory tf such olsen fo. coesaration, obey ea, anaogoas othe Tams at Foraclosedcurestlaopconsing of ever elon, each with resistance ‘came nem soma of retin ike 7.3) gives Ywi-o-0 os “Tiss irch's second ee, xersses [7A Aspe chrged by mes of constant en he consti wits vig Tiassa fe Alt =O be ct cao. Show hate chage oe caps Gorm ecw t= RC: 1312, Show th nace two oti bts cen tithes ‘vat tenes fhe nett sucha hat Die 26) 38.The Rady die 138 2373, At sa wir tepone wit. At some ulna oi Cf he wie ere 3 i Sra of we mae mig Ch Bh rial ad anc appt Net pth pia ate sped eet mma ethe Shw hmo ec pst 38, The Faraday dise ‘Thetis relation (3.1, 8 well the sper O's aw (38.3), areconstitve ‘Bins whish hold inte conduc’ et fe. Ute condor moving relive to» ven ether fame, me ant tate Os ein th core om os, ‘where thepinod vectors ef tothe est frame, whose veloc ste instantaneous ‘elo of tecoaducio: The mtonof macoscpiconductorsn teeta expe mens i always noel, a tht we ca spply Callan tunsfomations nix = Tans H = Ey 4x B=, ube Jnl € ae he condor ‘ion een density and the eleromotve inte. THs, his pooelavsic ‘Sppoxination, Obs nw becomes xerce 23.2) teow Job. 82) Tete charge density 9 vanishes, = and we ave Jao esxB), 3) Incr to iestigtthe tet ofthe Berm, we sll consider on of he wel ‘now experiments of Farad: the Faraday dc also calle the nor induor, ‘tthe hamoplar generator, Koni of¢.aon-sagnetic snl de (allow ‘hiner of very set length) which aes with conse angular veloc ina ifr magnetic Bld par the axe, Jl 1] Fin 38 Siding conactare ascot iar and outer suracesfthe is, andonneted ‘trxgh ameter esiance (Fi. 38.1), The dc ofcondetity has ime and ‘terri oan, tikes136. Chapter 10 Steady cures inary conducting maeils ‘We sme te ine nl outer sree, adhe ling contacts, oe ighy| ondting Thon rand y= are eiptetas ante elected in the (incre Sneed isaloradal sae € = Ee Band) = 0. According {G82 we haven ead case, avy =0, = 0B 4k xB), os) unt B=0, ‘These equations ae the same as (36.1, with, them we oben, epectely 8 epacd by} = of. From as) re th oltge cose external resister Hence ve [Gael 1” apa? a = gin’ jane) 8 et ni ne, oo where Ris the estas (6.11 ofthe dis ‘ietonsier oem csc Ifthe cut open—or the extern esistance lninte— the caret wl vanish and 388) gies the open eultvolage as Va sn 2 Bnew — on thor and he ena ae shored —er the extemal resistances 21 — Vl vanish nd (384) es he short-cieicuent s ge = Me (88) For tpi alts of = 1 tesa, = 6 «107 siemens 3600p, (a Lem.b = Woman = Lm, Voc isabout2 volcan ig aboot 10° ap. HHomopolar generators at theefre ply high caren, o-yolge devices, 28 The Faraday dae 137 Inte foregoing scosson we av sumed going fo 38.20 (83) —tat there waso charge density inte conductor But in ssupn, which Was based ‘nthe rp charge elaation metalic condor at ret des 015) apy 0 moving Gondor Indes the ao of the coneton cent ensity x = 8 D (aE woth order A¢jo. which sextemely sal Tus G83 sate accurate ‘We have ticity made air asunpon that the magnetic eld its the disc ‘nn th same a tide Tis, to, can Be ail use, so long as (OD)? c "The render mst lead have noticed te simi etween Farias disc and Wien’ experiment Seton 34). We have mentioned, atte ea of Section “3 contovery tga the cnet frm of the ete elton in a moving icra; which—in the language of tone dye—was aot he tion ot “whether moving bodes do or do cay theater along withthe’ Asmat, ‘older controversy haga as Son ab Faraday pubis is se experiment aged ‘ver th gueton of weber th age Held ines o,f do ot, ate with he Intra” Faraday imslf siting tha thy dh bt ad in is be antipaed oat "Tous accustomed at we are to regarding Lorent's ater elas as an ununbigtous, lly sated ad independent icp of elesrmagaeina, se ‘estos ss, nt oly rag an config ut wanecesary. Neverthe the ‘tones tht pan with arash experiment ested formany dead, nd Loren’ (1898) vow act win univers aoopance un 1913, when HA, Wilson, ogetier with Marie Wikon, repeated his 1904 experiment (Se ‘hn 34, thistime witha non-conducting mageeable media, which hey eeated ty enbeding age numberof seo allman wan Problem 38.1 Anckicly mul onde pee ofa planta snore ‘ug ed Bnd mato ott with angi ely farsd a i ha spared {othe Find te lcs cna ie tote re Solution The mh his pbs i sino ta of Pree 341 ang ‘Reptymes inno Aber charge relauion BH +t» B vanes sie he condng [ptt Winhy = x rand dentig he lar ag mene en we ke (0 Bye =} mL = Heo, Go —aivy eR =y-ca AyD = dive = 2B, “To pol ind te persis v= avert vB =260-m)138 Chapter 10 Stey current inary coding mails ‘Tash parson Woe) = 2 mire, vm vien+ YA Be) nih nas 0 undetemined comnt em Ay. Be ‘ermine cause we tnon ae be pare Opty =P) =H mE fo comin tm we can "for aes a. Ayes enemies he remaining Aa vanish ‘i hepsi a eo = Enno ish consonant op nn a EY = 9 be, Bye a = HOB i ere determi yal By = Ay) we apy te sca concn ¢ = Dh se oft des the sarc care deat ares esse we sl at oa nc nts bn 3) +4 Ba, fords see 1-e) slose§ 3402 =. The tava charges —tre0}(0-B? 9. Thestin feet 139 ‘Te mum eof of tee mat vanish Doss the spre i est, Hence Ay = 0 and eet fale tea nse ee Ve ley Aare = Je BV? 0) §¢A By Ao). ‘Ouse tee ica gop tial Vem Bay = -4ier-we?( 2)" moo) Brercses SSL. tn a aay wh cots open = 0, Hence sw ht he ost Sele charge denty—2eyf) Blt di clay mea ee a ener Aho seer ear = Bla sts cage dns og = ea Band ‘8.2. Dung etn ena 1 te magnetics tag closed acct ‘rename Rhingeby be movie, nd ha cag ming eon cet 383, Alesomdvelsmoing wih elas. Show ttf bexwo rls we sled toe ihe pam hrs slags berneen hem egal a 8, we! th ian fetuses Ue rasand the ena component of tw uti msec Bal, 39, The skin effect A stationary Obmic contac is governed by ens (35 6). With elminated thse take the form eon Weave deay discussed soins of thi syst for tend ld, when By 0 [Now wei to comidr aril lds tht are sil sfiently wen forthe ‘condition caret tte linear nthe slecomnive intensity This ines ‘complain, beease Tay alte p with when he later changes api. We ll herefore replace T= of bya moe gene, history dependent, eae ‘elation ofthe form a0 [Foe oy140) Chapter 10 Steady carve linearly conducting materials here f¢e) mus of ours, bes da the integral conveges. This ithe same ‘ying tha tomo ntenstis inthe data pst ust havea vanising eet ‘Without sumo of tisKn experimental pais wouldbecomeimpose, Forth physic usually igor ofthe complete hinory of ny mater he uses. He therefore works onthe sumption tha, material as any mame eps, itis fading memory. "The mcmpton of fading memory lates tthe dan past. des not mean Yhanarie opt piece of mopasized eel may etal ivi eon at the proceses 0 which ws soja when twas ego fing mero in thscane with roped tothe soon ita spent underground before beng ied, fr with egatd os creation through nlear reactions in superna pogeni, eng beer the Solar syste was formed we subsite the igh hand side of (39.2) (wth € = Bor tionary eon- {scion for oF he seo (39.1) resis linea, batt xases to be a system of Paria fern eations. We trefore eeaoe te els by a Fourie exp on ino manaclomae components, ach of wich depends onthe tine toh the factor e-""Forsich nonoromat ld, the istry-dependeat O's av (G92) reves to T= ato), where the frequeny dependent, occhomatic cunctiyo( oen by w= [° hoemer om “Tos 0(9) ihe Fourier ofthe ecoletion function (terms of the monochromatic components of Kad = Bu, th equations (391), nom ‘come cu =o(0)8, cut = fay eo) ro (isunifonmtronghout he conductr i oF = div = Osacomsequence {1 09.) Simla vt = 0 flows fom (9.4). we elimi H between Theme equations 39), we aban Fee eis immotintly veri at too, satis he same equation ‘We sal apply 9.5) oa conducting wir of cela ersten. Using ‘sla cordinates (2), we eck sation wth E = (0,0, (7) Outside the wie, te cls el wl be uniform and equa tthe el Ee) a the srtace ‘sof the we. nie, E() wl be the sltion of 1d (48) 55 (3) Brno, 2 ionor. os) Li ur aes which ee ay — 0 The form ofthe soliton (kage a Bese anton) can ‘aban inthe following way. 39. The ain afer 14 Nea the ans, we expand £(7) a8 power series Faye" which we abstine in 996). The results Dra? ED a 20. eon flows that 2} = O and = Hy 2/0? form = 1,25... The expansion therefore cota only even owes, nthe eli el ner he aisha the fom emo x[1— hero? kerot]e™, 08m “Th ampli of Fmd wih it of be ca ey naa maarbe we [UIs ecm 0) cin ye Sli tet r = poy wal ae craps SEcunen dy] =o. Th wnt mn.) val ar Fores feqocny ach te 2 poet Naw taniny re ite emp he i of ody andi ps Tn 91) cos EG) SEE = ad sn Sac tne ere Boon, cere MMe ao “Tis approximition the bounds ali ifthe quency age enough stat {2 Toe clece eld nd wih the caret dens. she end 1 hin layer of thickness # neh srface of th wie TH the ki et. ‘Sine the elec cos-seton the conditng wie seduced, itsresistance incretse at bh quencies, The sae tro the Jone Retin at ven a ‘rent Ayla condctor of adasa and eat L hasan ody resistance, tae fegueny of y= Late). At high equncy. when be may repr the coments owing ough the anlar fegion of tiknes 8 nee te ‘ace. The resistance ion La Ro = sae = Ath 910) {nthe lini of very igh oer we have + he comet Hecomes sfae cent nthe lsat ed (and B) vanishes nse the costo,W Linear magnets 40, Magnetic effects of currents Inthe abience of magnetization, = Bo, atl te equations governing ately ony ewe regard as give, these equations determine B. The fist i satis by into cng vector potential eur 02) ‘The potenal Ais set oa gauge anommtion, and thi can be chosen such say that the eon ai, 403) tb said Such a vector potenti sit satis the Coulomb gauge ‘we now combine (402) and (40.3) wth th ealing equation (01)3 we ain te eation Am Hob, (oa whore AA = graddivA — cut? A. The Cantslan components of AA ae {uty Ay, BAL). The Caen component of 40.4) are tele ce Poison ‘sions. Hence he eel sation 4D) i. (27.3)) wo pie os) ‘where the length ofthe vector from the volume elements othe poi a ‘which Asean, dro get we ms ake ca ote he onl 0, Magnetic eet of cures 83 operates on The sat i 1 fen scents [P88 aw Sree gee eee se Se ee seam eng al § dl f dee = Brae P aon, ution (40-7) thf of Bt nd Sava Since H = Bug express (je corvent ect of lear curet t 1 fee mis wn ‘Therighthandsidesof(107)-(40.8)etndoveralcuea oes. three sever cent ops every pict fd Becomes am Problem 4.1 camet ow ina clr wie of ts 28 in ig 40. id he ‘ome paca ss pit Ponte si F401 Solution scents do he ware athe sane distance r= Va?) an ‘Sheds nl eahekenen ofthese Hof mage id 9). Ince to he cmgoon soe the swe mat mally by The compet ‘mal oe ar unas pay, Te «oo erat ‘The vector potenti A ofa cunt lope given (40-7) ters of line eg Wan, atematively, be writen in tors frre integral drt nd hit