Mesa de Anlisis sobre el

Acuerdo de Asociacin
Transpacfico (TPP)
MARCO REGULATORIO E INSTITUCIONAL TPP TLCAN
DR. GABRIEL CAVAZOS VILLANUEVA
TECNOLGICO DE MONTERREY
NOVIEMBRE DE 2016

La supervivencia del TPP en el contexto

poltico actual (no ratificacin de EE.UU.)
1. This Agreement shall enter into force 60 days after the date on which all original signatories
have notified the Depositary in writing of the completion of their applicable legal procedures.

2. In the event that not all original signatories have notified the Depositary in writing of the
completion of their applicable legal procedures within a period of two years of the date of
signature of this Agreement, it shall enter into force 60 days after the expiry of this period if at
least six of the original signatories, which together account for at least 85 per cent of the
combined gross domestic product of the original signatories in 2013 have notified the Depositary
in writing of the completion of their applicable legal procedures within this period.
3. In the event that this Agreement does not enter into force under paragraph 1 or 2, it shall
enter into force 60 days after the date on which at least six of the original signatories, which
together account for at least 85 per cent of the combined gross domestic product of the original
signatories in 2013, have notified the Depositary in writing of the completion of their applicable
legal procedures.

Marco institucional dbil : TLCAN - TPP

TLCAN

TPP
Comisin

Comisin de Libre Comercio

Article 27.2: Functions of the Commission 1. The Commission shall: (a) consider
any matter relating to the implementation or operation of this Agreement; (b)
review, within three years of the date of entry into force of this Agreement and
at least every five years thereafter, the economic relationship and partnership
among the Parties; (c) consider any proposal to amend or modify this
Agreement; (d) supervise the work of all committees, working groups and any
other subsidiary bodies established under this Agreement; (e) consider ways to
further enhance trade and investment between the Parties; (f) establish the
Rules of Procedure referred to in Article 28.13 (Rules of Procedure for Panels),
and, where appropriate, amend those Rules; (g) review the roster of panel
chairs established under Article 28.11 (Roster of Panel Chairs and Party Specific
Lists) every three years and, when appropriate, constitute a new roster; and (h)
determine whether this Agreement may enter into force for an original
signatory notifying pursuant to Article 30.5.4

Comits
Secretariado

Article 27.6: Administration of Dispute Settlement Proceedings 1. Each Party

shall: (a) designate an office to provide administrative assistance to a panel
established under Chapter 28 (Dispute Settlement) for a proceeding in which it
is a disputing Party and to perform such other related functions as the
Commission may direct; and (b) notify the other Parties of the location of its
designated office.

Opcin de un foro u otro en los mecanismos de solucin de

controversias

Convivencia con
otros tratados
Article 1.2: Relation to Other Agreements
1. Recognising the Parties intention for this Agreement to
coexist with their existing international agreements, each Party
affirms: (a) in relation to existing international agreements to
which all Parties are party, including the WTO Agreement, its
existing rights and obligations with respect to the other Parties;
and (b) in relation to existing international agreements to which
that Party and at least one other Party are party, its existing
rights and obligations with respect to that other Party or Parties,
as the case may be.
2. If a Party considers that a provision of this Agreement is
inconsistent with a provision of another agreement to which it
and at least one other Party are party, on request, the relevant
Parties to the other agreement shall consult with a view to
reaching a mutually satisfactory solution. This paragraph is
without prejudice to a Partys rights and obligations under
Chapter 28 (Dispute Settlement).
1 1 For the purposes of application of this Agreement, the Parties
agree that the fact that an agreement provides more favourable
treatment of goods, services, investments or persons than that
provided for under this Agreement does not mean that there is
an inconsistency within the meaning of paragraph 2.

Principio de exclusin de foros en los mecanismos de solucin de

controversias
Aplicacin limitada del principio de Nacin ms Favorecida
Convivencia con la OMC. Ejemplo:

Article 6.2: Global Safeguards 1. Nothing in this Agreement

affects the rights and obligations of the Parties under
Article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Safeguards Agreement. 2.
Except as provided in paragraph 3, nothing in this
Agreement shall confer any rights or impose any
obligations on the Parties with regard to actions taken
pursuant to Article XIX of GATT 1994 and the Safeguards
Agreement. 3. A Party that initiates a safeguard
investigatory process shall provide to the other Parties an
electronic copy of the notification given to the WTO
Committee on Safeguards under Article 12.1(a) of the
Safeguards Agreement.

En materia de prcticas desleales prevalece el

GATT

Mecanismos de solucin de
controversias
TLCAN
Mecanismo general Estado v. Estado del Captulo
20
Mecanismo para disputas en materia de
prcticas desleales del Captulo 19 (Estado v.
Estado con participacin privada)
Mecanismo inversionista v. Estado del Captulo
11-B
Mecanismos de los Acuerdos Paralelos en
materias Laboral y Ambiental

TPP
Mecanismo general Estado v. Estado del Captulo
28
Mecanismo inversionista v. Estado del Captulo
9-B

El mecanismo general
TLCAN
Mecanismo de 3 panelistas
Un mecanismo poco usado
La excepcin de controversias en materia de
prcticas desleales
La experiencia en materia de servicios
transfronterizos (el caso del auto-transporte)
No implementacin
Represalias

TPP
Consultas
Acceso opcional a MASC, que pueden ser
suspendidos
Panel de tres rbitros (de una lista). Nombramiento
de presidente por acuerdo; a falta de ste, un
procedimiento complejo que incluye terceros
independientes.
Especialidad de panelistas en algunas reas:
ambiental, corrupcin y transparencia, laboral, etc.
Participacin de expertos y amicus curiae
Implementacin razonable o determinada por el
presidente del Panel
Represalias: suspensin de beneficios o pago
pecuniario.
A diferencia de la OMC, ni en el TLCAN ni en el TPP
hay apelacin

Inversin
TLCAN

TPP

Captulo 11 del TLCAN ha sido uno de los

referentes ms importantes del derecho
internacional de las inversiones extranjeras

En principio ms restrictivo en cuanto a

derechos del inversionista y ms favorable a la
capacidad regulatoria de los Estados

La experiencia del principio de Trato Justo y

Equitativo en los distintos arbitrajes

Acota el principio de Nacin Ms Favorecida

que no aplica a solucin de controversias

La nota interpretativa de la Comisin de Libre

Comercio

El principio de Trato Justo y Equitativo tiene un

contenido normativo ms restringido

Antidumping y cuotas compensatorias

TLCAN
La experiencia del mecanismo del Captulo 19
del TLCAN
El acceso a participantes privados.
La aplicacin de derecho nacional y su
convivencia con el derecho de la OMC
Debilidad institucional y lentitud en el
nombramiento de panelistas
A pesar de todo ha sido un mecanismo exitoso

TPP
Article 6.8: Antidumping and Countervailing
Duties 1. Each Party retains its rights and
obligations under Article VI of GATT 1994, the AD
Agreement and the SCM Agreement. 2. Nothing
in this Agreement shall confer any rights or
impose any obligations on the Parties with
regard to proceedings or measures taken
pursuant to Article VI of GATT 1994, the AD
Agreement or the SCM Agreement. 3. No Party
shall have recourse to dispute settlement under
Chapter 28 (Dispute Settlement) for any matter
arising under this Section or Annex 6-A (Practices
Relating to Antidumping and Countervailing Duty
Proceedings).

Conclusiones
La supervivencia del TPP va a depender de la negociacin de una enmienda entre los 11 pases restantes, debido a la no ratificacin por parte de Estados Unidos.
El escenario menos deseable es que no se ratifique el TPP y que EE.UU denuncie (sin renegociar) el TLCAN: Capacidad limitada del presidente para hacerlo
Algunas reas como propiedad intelectual tienen mucha mayor proteccin y cobertura, por lo que parece poco conveniente para las empresas de EE.UU retirarse
El mecanismo general de solucin de controversias del TPP parece ms estructurado y complejo; asegura de mejor manera que el TLCAN la implementacin de
las resoluciones
Hay que ver como conviven y se traslapan los dos acuerdos, sobre todo en materia de inversin (TLCAN y APPRIs)
La gran diferencia en materia de prcticas desleales Qu pasar con el Captulo 19?
Ventaja del TPP en cuanto a que se define la posibilidad de una compensacin monetaria. El procedimiento est diseado para ser ms expedito
Ventaja de la OMC en cuanto a certidumbre jurdica
Ventaja del TPP en cuanto a transparencia de los procedimientos
Ventaja del TLCAN en cuanto a participacin de entes privados en prcticas desleales y ley nacional como derecho aplicable
En materia de inversin, definitivamente el TPP refleja una evolucin paulatina hacia lo que se percibe como un mayor margen de maniobra regulatoria de los
Estados.