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Collection of hydrogen
1. Upward delivery ( hydrogen, 0.089 g/L, is less dense than air, 1.28 g/L)
2. Over water (hydrogen is insoluble in water)
3. In a gas syringe.
A sample of hydrogen can be dried using a suitable drying agent:
1. Anhydrous calcium chloride (CaCl2)
2. Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4)
Hydrogen is usually made by the reaction of zinc or magnesium with dilute sulphuric acid.
Magnesium + sulphuric acid Magnesium sulphate + hydrogen
Mg (s) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
Zinc + sulphuric acid Zinc sulphate + hydrogen
Zn (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
Notes
1. Potassium, sodium, lithium and calcium all react violently with dilute sulfuric acid and dilute
hydrochloric acid. It is dangerous to put these metals into an acid.
2. Metals below hydrogen in the reactivity series (copper, silver, gold and platinum) will not react
with dilute acid.
Reaction at anode
Uses of hydrogen
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Isotopes of hydrogen
Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same atomic number (same number of electrons
and protons) but different mass number (number of neutrons)
Isotopes of hydrogen and their relative subatomic particles are listed below
Hydrogen
1 proton
1 electron
zero neutron
Deuterium
1 proton
1 electron
1 neutron
Tritium
1 proton
1 electron
2 neutrons
Hydrogen as a Fuel
Hydrogen can be used directly as a fuel for cars or used in a fuel cell to produce electricity.
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water plus energy.
hydrogen + oxygen water + energy
2H2(g)
+ O2(g) 2H2O(l)
The energy released by the reaction can be used to run a car engine which is similar to (but not the
same as) car engines which burn petrol.
Advantages of using Hydrogen as a Fuel
1. Hydrogen can be made from the electrolysis of water. If the electricity used during electrolysis
comes from a renewable resource (solar power for example) then the hydrogen fuel produced
is also renewable.
2. Hydrogen used as a fuel does not produce pollution or contribute to global warming because
the only product of combustion is water.
Disadvantages of using Hydrogen as a Fuel
1. Hydrogen does not contain a lot of energy compared to petrol per gram. A larger amount of
hydrogen is needed to run a similar car.
2. Hydrogen is explosive and being a gas is difficult to store.
3. If the hydrogen does not come from a renewable resource but is made from methane, then the
hydrogen fuel produced is also not renewable.