1

RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Animal Physiology with title Homeostasis which
made by:
name

: Rahmayani

ID

: 1414442002

class

: International Class Program of Biology ( ICP B)

group

: IV(Four)

Has been checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator, so this report was
accepted.

Makassar, May 11th 2016

Assistant

Assistant Coordinator

Mangngemba Dg. Paropo, S.Pd

Muhammad Richsan Yamin

ID. 1314440006

Known,
Responsibility Lecture

Dr. A. Munisa, S.Si., M. Si.

ID. 19720526 199802 2 001

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

A. Background
True living beings constantly exchange with the environment, taking
the necessary materials and secrete substances that are not useful in the body.
Let's take the example of Amoeba for example. Amoeba taking oxygen and
nutrients from the environment and releases waste products into the
environment. What happens to the human body is almost as though not exactly
the same. Humans take the necessary substances from the environment, and
excrete the rest (wastes) into the environment. The human body is composed of
many cells do not like Amoeba which consists of only one cell. For body cells
there are two environments, namely the external environment and internal
environment. The external environment is the environment in which the human
body can be said to live or anything that is outside the human body. The
internal environment is the environment outside the cell but inside the body.
Internal environment in the form of liquid plasma and interstitial fluid.
When the cells of the body require an intake, he can not immediately take it
away from extra-cellular fluid, a substance which is required to be taken from
the interstitial fluid supplied by the blood plasma. When cells need to spend the
rest of metabolism, for example carbon dioxide can not also directly released
into the external environment, the carbon dioxide will be released into the
interstitial fluid. In order for the metabolic waste interstitial fluid does not
accumulate metabolic waste is then expelled through the blood plasma and
then towards the means of excretion and eventually released into the external
environment.
Blood plasma and interstitial fluid arranged to support the life of the
cell, unlike Amoeba who can not manage their environment. Setting the state of
the internal environment to remain stable is called homeostasis. Maintenance
of the internal environment in the form of composition, temperature and other
characteristics of this does not mean there is no change at all. Stable here
means changes that occurred not too stray far. If a factor began to move away

from the internal environmental conditions optimal conditions, the systems in

the body will start a counter reaction to minimize such changes. For example if
the body is exposed to cold temperatures, the body's internal temperature will
tend to fall. Thus, the control center in the brain would respond to start
compensating for instance shivering to increase body temperature toward
normal temperature.
Conversely when the body's internal environment during hot weather,
for example, the temperature control center will trigger sweating to lower body
temperature to normal.Many factors in the internal environment of the body
that must be maintained. These factors include the concentration of nutrient
molecules, O2 dan CO2 concentration, concentration of residual, pH, salt
concentration, water and other electrolytes, volume and pressure as well as
temperature. Homeostasis is maintained by physiological mechanisms that
control and monitor the functions of the body organs. To a large extent this
mechanism is controlled by the nervous and endocrine systems and do not
cover the conscious behavior.
The body makes adjustments in heart rate, respiratory rate, blood
pressure, body temperature, fluid and electrolyte balance, hormone secretion
and the level of consciousness, all intended to contribute to homeostasis.
Humans have a body that is composed of triliyunan cells interact with each
other and is a multicellular organism. each cell perform basic functions that are
important for survival. The cell is the smallest part of an organism. A set of
cells in the body will form a network. From the collection of the network will
form the organ. Set of organs that work together to form organ systems that
perform functions related to each other and interact with each other to complete
the activity which is important for overall survival.
Cells in the body will be in direct contact with the environment inside
and outside the cell environment. To keep the situation in it remains constant,
the body requires an effort to maintain the condition. This condition is also
called homeostasis. Homeostasis exist for elements that exist in the
environment in the body while maintaining and so the cell can perform basic
functions optimally cells.

B. Purpose
Purpose of this observation are:
1. Activity 1 : To know how the state of the cell when placed in a solution
that are isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic.
2. Activity 2 : To observe osmosis event at frog skin.
3. Activity 3 : To know osmosis event at chicken intestine.
C. Benefit
Benefit of this observation are:
1. Activity 1 : Student can know how the state of the cell when placed in a
solution that are isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic.
2. Activity 2 : Student can observe osmosis event at frog skin.
3. Activity 3 : Student can know osmosis event at chicken

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
According to Guyton (1996) in his book Fisiologi manusia dan
mekanisme penyakit, technical term of homeostatic used by physiologist to show

static or constant condition in internal environment. In reality, all of the organs

and body tissues doing a function that help to maintain that constant condition.
For example, lung prepares the oxygen to extra cell liquid to change continuously
oxigent that has been use by cell.
Transport of liquid in a cell also one of process to keep the constant
condition in cell environment or sometimes called homeostatic. According Isnaeni
in her book fisiologi hewan, substance transport by cell membrane can be happen
in two ways, there are passively (diffusion and osmotic) and actively (using
energy from the cell). Diffusion is one of result of thermal movements that is
substance molecule movement until spread evenly in an available room
(Campbell, 2010).
Diffusion is a spontaneous process without using energy. If there isnt
another force, a substance will do diffusion from the place with higher
concentration to the place with lower concentration. In another ways, all kinds of
substance will do diffusion go down along the concentration gradient. Whereas,
osmotic is water diffusion through the selective permeable membrane (Campbell,
2010).
When we study about cell behavior in solution, soluble substance
concentration and membrane permeability have to consider together. This two
factors was measured in tonicity concept, solution ability to causes cell can get or
lose water. Some solution tonicity depends on soluble substance concentration
that cant pass the membrane, relative with substance in the cell. If there is higher
soluble substance concentration around cell, water will disposed to let the cell,
and also held for the opposite (Campbell, 2010).
If a cell without membrane, for example animal cell, was submerged in isotonic
(the environment concentration are same with cell concentration) environment
toward cell, there will be nothing water movement pass the membrane. In isotonic
environment, animals cell volume is stable. Now, lets we move that cell to the
hypertonic (the environment concentration are higher than cell concentration)
solution toward the cell. Cell will be losing water, crease, and may be death, but
for animal cell, losing water are as danger as taking water too much. If we put

animal cell in the hypotonic (the environment concentration are lower than cell
concentration) solution, water will enter to the cell faster than the water that go
out from the cell, and cell will be bulbar and also broken just like water ball that
too full of water. Animals and the others organism that dont have such a rigid
wall membrane that live in hypertonic or hypotonic area must have a special
adaptation to do osmoregulation, that is balance water control (Campbell, 2010).

CHAPTER III
OBSERVATION METHOD
A. Time and Place
Day / date
Time
Place

: Thursday / May 11th 2016

: 16.00-17.30 WITA
: The third floor biologi laboratory Department of
Biology, State University of Makassar. .

B. Equipments and Materials

Activity 1st
1. Equipments
a. Aqua glass
b. Transparant straws

c. Candle
d. Matches
e. Ruler
f. Rubber bracelet
2. Materials
a. Frog
b. Aquadest
c. NaCl solution of 0,2% ; 0,4% ; 0,8%; 1% ; 2% ; 4%
Activity 2nd
1. Equipments
a. Breaker
b. Test tube
c. Test tube rack
d. Tes tube damp
e. Ruler
f. Section tools and material
2. Materials
a. Frog
b. Aquadest
c. NaCl solution of 2% ; 4 % ; 6% ; 8%
Activity 3rd
1. Equipments
a. Test tube
b. String of raffia
c. Test tube rack
d. Ruler
e. Syringe
2. Materials
a. Chicken
b. Distilled water
c. NaCl solution of 6% ; 8%
C. Work Procedure
1. Activity 1st
a. Aqua glass filled with distilled water up to three quarters
b. Knocking eggshells rounded end is the heart - the heart
c. Release the egg shells in the heart - the heart of the size of a finger
d. Knocking pointy end of the egg. create suction hole
e. Laid eggs in an upright position with a blunt below the mouth of the
glass filled with water

f. Insert the tip of the straw into the tube shell penetrates the membrane
shell
g. Lit candles dripping wax around the straw until the space between the
shell and sealed straws
h. Observing the movement of the water in the straw every 5 minutes.
measuring the liquid level in a straw by using a ruler.

2. Activity 2nd
a. Inject the lymph sacs in frogs to the frog anesthetized
b. Using a scalpel and release the skin attached to the body of the frog
c. Cleaning the skin of frogs, and use to cover one's mouth plastic hose.
tying the frog skin using a rubber band
d. Fill the plastic tube with 8% NaCl solution. inserting a plastic tube into a
beaker
e. Containing distilled water vertically. use tongs to hold the test tube
plastic tube to stand upright
f. Observations every 30 minutes selanma 24 hours.
g. High observe the surface of NaCl solution in a plastic hose
3. Activity 3rd
a.
b.
c.
d.

Chicken intestinal cleanse from dirt, cutting length of 15 cm

Tie one end with a rubber chicken intestine
Enter 8% NaCl solution on each - each chicken intestine as much as 4 cc
Enter each chicken intestines into a test tube menususk end portion of
chicken intestine open with a stick as a hanger at the mouth of the test

tube
e. Fill a test tube with distilled water using a syringe to 3 / 4. Marking the
water level in the test tube
f. Observations every 30 minutes for 24 hours. mengamatii water level in
the test tube

CHAPTER IV
OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Observation Result
Activity 1st
Observation table
NaCl
Minutes

Aquadest

0,2 %

0,4%

0,8%

1%

2%

4%

5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm
0 cm

Activity 2nd
Observation table
1%
Minutes
1
2
3
4
5
6

2%

4%

6%

DRL

VTL

DRL

VTL

DRL

VTL

DRL

VTR

0,4
0,4
0,4
0,4
0,5
0,5

0,5
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,6
0,6

2,0
2,0
2,0
2,3
2,3
2,5

2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,0
2,1

3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,3

3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1

2,5
2,6
2,9
2,8
3,0
3,2

2,5
2,6
2,8
3,0
3,0
3,0

10

7
0,5
8
0,5
9
0,5
10
0,5
11
0,5
12
0,5
13
0,5
14
0,5
15
0,5
16
0,5
17
0,5
18
0,5
19
0,5
20
0,5
21
0,5
22
0,5
23
0,5
24
0,5
25
0,5
26
0,5
27
0,5
28
0,5
29
0,5
30
0,5
31
0,5
32
0,5
33
0,5
34
0,5
35
0,5
36
0,5
37
0,5
38
0,5
39
0,5
40
0,5
41
0,5
42
0,5
43
0,5
44
0,5
45
0,5
Note : DRL = Dorsal
VTL = Vental
Activity 3nd
Observation table

0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6
0,6

2,5
2,7
3,0
3,2
3,5
3,7
3,9
4,1
4,3
4,4
4,6
4,7
4,7
4,8
4,8
4,8
4,9
5,0
5,1
5,1
5,2
5,3
5,3
5,3
5,4
5,4
5,4
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,5
5,6
5,6
5,7
5,7
5,7
5,7
5,7

2,1
2,2
2,2
2,3
2,3
2,4
2,4
2,4
2,5
2,6
2,8
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,2
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,6
3,6
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,8
3,8
3,8
3,9
3,9
4,0
4,1
4,1
4,1

3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,6
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,7
3,8
3,8
3,8

3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,1
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,2

3,2
3,1
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,3
3,2
3,4
3,3
3,5
3,4
3,3
3,2
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,4
3,3
3,2
3,2
3,2
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,3
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,5
3,4
3,4
3,4
3,5
3,5
3,6

3,0
3,0
2,9
2,9
2,9
2,7
2,7
2,6
2,7
2,5
2,7
2,6
2,5
2,5
2,6
2,6
2,6
2,6
2,7
2,7
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,8
2,9
2,9
2,9
2,9
3,0
3,0
3,0
3,0
2,9
2,9
2,9
3,1
3,1
3,1

11

Minutes

NaCL 6%

NaCl

12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44

12,0
12,2
12,2
12,1
12,1
12,2
12,3
12,3
12,4
12,3
12,3
12,4
12,4
12,3
12,4
12,4
12,3
12,3
12,4
12,3
12,4
12,4
12,4
12,3
12,4
12,4
12,4
12,5
12,5
12,5
12,6
12,6
12,6
12,6
12,5
12,5
12,5
12,5
12,6
12,5
12,5
12,5
12,6
12,6

11,3
11,3
11,4
11,4
11,4
11,5
11,5
11,5
11,5
11,5
11,4
11,4
11,3
11,4
11,4
11,5
11,5
11,6
11,6
11,6
11,5
11,5
11,4
11,5
11,5
11,6
11,6
11,6
11,6
11,7
11,7
11,7
11,6
11,6
11,7
11,7
11,8
11,8
11,8
11,8
11,8
11,8
11,8
11,8

13

45

12,6

11,8

B. Discussion
Activity 1st
Before explaining how the condition of cell if we put it in solution that
isotonis, hipotonis, and hipertonis. First, we should know what the meaning of
isotonis, hipotonis, and hipertonis. Isotonic state is equal to the concentration
of cells, hipotonic state is lower than concentration of cells molecule. And
hypertonic is higher than the concentration of cells.
In these experiments used eggs as a sample to be observed the
movement of the liquid that comes out of the egg membrane. Each different
concentrations of NaCl solution then cause different effects on the movement
of liquid. From the observation can be seen that the height of the eggs in the
egg pipette is placed in a solution of NaCl with consentration 6 M is the
highest. While the eggs are placed in the pipette in the solution NaCl 0,2 M
and 8 M% did not move at all. Besides eggs laid in distilled water is also not
increased at all. Eggs are laid in distilled water did not rise because of
concentrations between outside and inside the egg has the same concentration.
Then it can be concluded that the greater the concentration, the increase in fluid
in the eggs is getting slower. According to the heory, the solution have a higher
concentration

should

fast

or

absolutely

faster

in

tehir

movement

(Shahab, 2014).
Activity 2nd
For the second activity, materials that we used is frog skin as a
permeable for observed the osmosis process. According with result that we
got, something change on the second minute while the dorsal side up to 0,3 cm
and the ventral is 0,2 cm because the dorsal side was thin, so it change does not
need a lot of time. Differebt with ventral side that need a lot of time for
osmosis. According to the data for dorsal side is up to 0,6 cm and ventral side
up to 0,4. It causes water move to NaCl through the frogs skin. In this
condition, water is hypotonic and naCl hypotonic. Osmosis is the diffusion of

14

water through semipermeable from area the total of water olecules much more
to the area bythe total or number of the less water molecules.
Activity 3rd
In the third observation used is chicken intestines. The chicken intestine
filled with a solution of NaCl, then inserted into the tube containing pure water
(distilled water), and then observed for 24 hours with intervals every 30
minutes. It aims to observe the events osmosis on chicken intestines. From
these observations in mind that the water reaction tube is reduced, it is because
the water in the test tube into the bowel. It can be concluded that a solution
having a low concentration, the higher the water potential. Vice versa, when a
solution has a high concentration of the potential value of the water is lower.
Thus, if a solution has a high concentration, the potential value of the water is
lower. So the move is distilled water or distilled water into the intestine that
contains NaCl so that an increase in the volume of water in the test tube.

CHAPTER V
CLOSING
A. Conclusion

15

Based on observation we can conclude that

1. The condition of cell, if we placed in an isotonic solution is no changing
constant.
2. For frogs skin osmosis happened in dorsal and ventral side, but in ventral
side need a lot of time, because the dorsal skin was thin, so the osmosis does
not need a lot of time to osmosis process.
3. In checken intestine theres a fluctuation in concentration 8%, but the higher
concentration is the most decreased of NaCl solution.
B. Suggestion
Based on observation that we have every weak. Apprentice should be carefully
to take a data or make explanation. In order we got the accurate data and
detailed explanation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell, Reece. 2010. Biologi I edisi kedelapan. Erlangga: Jakarta.

16

Guyton. 1996. Fisiologi manusia dan Mekanisme Penyakit. ECG penerbit buku
kedokteran: Jakarta.
Isnaeni, wiwi. 2006. Fisiologi hewan. Kanisius: Yogyakarta.