CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 1

09/04/2009

School of Civil Engineering

School of Civil Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

CIVE 1620: Engineering Maths 1.1

Linear Equations & Matrix Algebra

CIVE 1620: Engineering Maths 1.1

Linear Equations & Matrix Algebra

Lecture 1

Dr Andrew Sleigh

Introduction to the Module

Linear Equations

www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Contents of Module

Linear Equations & Matrices

Linear Equations

Examination and Course work

Formal Exam:

Solution of systems of linear

equtions by Echelon method

Matrix Algebra

Operations with matrices

Determinants
Inverse of a matrix
Linear equations (revisited)
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Linear equations in two variables

Linear Equations & Matrices

Simultaneous equations, two variable x, y

y

2x 3y 7

Replace (b) with (b)-2 (a)

x y 3

y 1

By back substitution
x 1 3

80% of total module mark

2 hours.
Answer 4 questions out of 6
3 questions on Calculus, differentiation and integration
3 questions on linear equations and Matrix Algebra

Coursework

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

20% of total module mark

4 problem sheets, each worth 5%
3 on Calculus, differentiation and integration
1 on linear equations and Matrix Algebra

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

General solution

Linear Equations & Matrices

To solve a set of equations perform any

(or all) of these operations:

Multiply an equation by a constant

Subtract (or add) one of the equations

from another
Substitute back the one solution to obtain
the value of the other solution

i.e. All its terms

x 2
Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Graphical solution

Linear Equations & Matrices

Often useful to picture the problem, and

solution:

Linear Equation in 3 variables

Solve
x

x+y=3
2x+3y=7

Linear Equations & Matrices

x 2 y 2z

x 3 y 4 z 13

(2,1)
2

Replace (b) with (b)-(a)

Replace (c) with (c)-(a)

0
-1

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

-1

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

0 2 y 3z 7

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equation in 3 variables

Linear Equations & Matrices

0 2 y 3z 7

Equivalent Sets of Equations

These to sets of equations are Equivalent

x y z 6
a

0 0 z 1

This is Echelon Form

Z=1
y=31=2

x=621=3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Graphical Solution

x y z 6
0 y z 3

x 3 y 4 z 13

0 0 z 1

Switch positions
Multiply row by any non zero
Add or subtract rows

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

An equation in 3 variables is the equation

of a plane:

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

6
9

i.e. Same solution

Operations to get these:

0 y z 3
2

x 2 y 2z

Replace (c) with (c)-2(b)

Linear Equations & Matrices

Graphical Solution: No solution

Linear Equations & Matrices

Not all sets of equations have a solution

The 3 planes may not cross:

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Linear Equations with No Solution Linear Equations & Matrices

Linear equation with non-unique solution

Linear Equations & Matrices

2 y 2z

x 2 y 2z

2 x 4 y 4 z 12

x 3 y 3z 10

x
x

(b) (b)-(a), (c) (c)-2(a)

x

2 y 2z 0

(b) (b)-(a), (c) (c)-(a)

x

(c) 2(b)-(c)

This is INCONSISTENT

x y z 6

Means there is NO solution

y z 3

The three planes never cross

0 6

2 y 2z 4

(c) (c) - 2(b)

This IS Consistent

x y z 6

Means there are multiple solutions

y z 2

The three planes cross along a line

0 0

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Graphical Solution: Non-Unique solution

Linear Equations & Matrices

Test for solution or unique solutionLinear Equations & Matrices

There can be multiple solutions

The 3 planes may cross along a line:

a1 x b1 y c1

a2 x b2 y c2

Solve for y

Leave equation (a)

Replace (b) with a1 (b)-a2 (a)
b1 y

a1 x
0

c1

(a)

a1b2 y a2b1 y a1c2 a2 c1

(b)

Giving y
y

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

Find k, reduce to Echelon form

y

x 2 y 2z 2

x 3 y 3z k

(c) (c)-(a)

0 2 y 2z k 1

(c) (c)-2(b)
x y z

0 y z

0 0 0 k 3

a1b2 a2b1

Is Unique if:

a1c2 a2c1

Exercise problem

Linear Equations & Matrices

Find the values for which these linear

equations have no solution.
Solve for k = 1

(b) (b)-(a),

Solution if:

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Unknown Coefficients
x

a1c2 a2 c1
a1b2 a2b1

x+1=1

2y

y=1z

k 2x

z=1-y

kx

x=0

kz 1

2z

3kz 2

Only Consistent if: k = 3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Engineering example using LinearLinear

Equations
Equations & Matrices

Engineering example using LinearLinear

Equations
Equations & Matrices

Consider the spring system:

Consider the spring system:

Tension in each spring equals

Youngs modulus extension()

Equilibrium at each node:

(Equate up force and down force)

Ka
node 1

Ka
node 1

Kb

Ta

ka

Tb

kb

Tc

kc

Td

kd

node 2

Kc

Tc

Tc Td

Kb
node 2

Kc

node 3

ka

Tb

kb

Tc

kc

Td

kd

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

kb

kd

kb

kc

kd

Combine the sets of equations:

Kd

node 3

Engineering example using LinearLinear

Equations
Equations & Matrices

kc

Tb

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Tb Td

Kd

Ta

ka

Ta

Example Spring Problem

Linear Equations & Matrices

Develop a set of linear equations in 1 2 3

Solve for Ka=4 N/mm, Kb=1 N/mm,
Kc=2N/mm, Kd=6 N/mm, Ke=2 N/mm.

0
Ka
node 1
1

Rearrange in terms of unknowns

Kb
node 2

ka

kb

kd

kb

kd

kb

kb

kc

kc

kc

kc

kd

node 2
node 1

Kc

Kd

Ke

node 3
node 3

Solve to determine the displacements, 1 2 3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Linear Equations & Matrices

Tensions
Tb

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

Example Spring Problem

Ta

Kc

Kb

Ka

Kd

Example Spring Problem

Linear Equations & Matrices

Combining
ka
kb

Tc

kc

Td

kd

Te

ke

node 2
node 1

Kc

Kb

Ka

ka

node 2

1
2

Equilibrium

Kd

kd

node 1

kd

kb

kc
ke

ke

kd

ke

Kd

Ke
node 3
W

node 3
W

Substitute in numbers
3

10

Tb Tc Te

Td

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

ke

kd

Ke

Ta Td
Te

Kc

Kb

Ka

18

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620

CIVE1620: Matrices : Lecture 1

09/04/2009

Example Spring Problem

Linear Equations & Matrices

Todays Lecture

Solve by reducing to Echelon form

10

18

Kc

Kb

Ka

node 2
node 1

Kd

(r2) (10r2)+(6r1)

10

20

6
2
2

44

2
6

20

44

36

180

Lecture 1

Introduction to the Module

Linear Equations

= 5mm

= 2mm

180

= 3mm

180

(r3) (4r3)+(r2)

10

Ke
node 3

Engineering Maths 1.1: www.efm.leeds.ac.uk/CIVE/CIVE1620