RF TELEMETRY APPLICATIO

Osman GLERCA
Graduation Project
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
June 2010
 ABSTRACT
LICENCE THESIS

RF TELEMETRY APPLICATION

Osman GLERCAN

Anadolu University
Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Emin GERMEN

2010

Abstract:

The aim of this RF TELEMETRY PROJECT is to get the analog values from sensors which
has information about Anadolu University Hydromobile, then to send these informations via
an RF module to another host through the ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band of 433
Mhz. By that way, we can easily be informed what is going on about the car. This helps us to
protect by warning the driver from any kind of accident and danger.

Also we can get information about speed, voltage and temperature values of the specific
circuit elements. By getting these informations we can easily make changes on the car to
reduce the performance and provide security to the driver.

i
 ZET
LSANS TEZ

RF TELEMETR UYGULAMASI

Osman GLERCAN

Anadolu niversitesi
Mhendislik-Mimarlk Fakltesi
Elektrik-Elektronik Mhendislii Blm

Danman: Yard. Do. Dr. Emin GERMEN

2010

zet:

RF Telemetri Projesinin amac Anadolu niversitesi Kybrid Hidrojen Arabasndan analog

verileri alarak bu verileri bir RF modul ile 433 Mhz. lik ISM band zerinden gndermek ve
baka bir lokal merkezde bu verileri gstererek araba hakknda baz verilerin uzaktan
izlenmesini salamaktr. Bu sistemle ara srcs tehlikeli olabilecek durumlardan
korunabilecektir.

Ayrca aratan alnan voltaj, scaklk ve hz bilgileri ile ara sr iin daha gvenli bir hale
getirilecek ve test aamasnda da aracn verileri daha iyi izlenebilecektir.

ii
 TE;EKKR

Lisans tezim iin bana yardmc olan danman hocam Yard. Do. Dr. Emin GERMENe ve
her zaman yanmda olan aileme sonsuz teekkr ederim.

iii
CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT .......i
ZET .....ii
TEEKKR .....iii
CONTENTS ......iv
LIST OF FIGURES ......vi
LIST OF TABLES .......vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....viii

1.ITRODUCTIO ....1

2. PIC16F877A MCU ......1

2.1 MCU Feautures ....1
2.2 Pin Diagrams ....2
2.3 I/O Ports ...2
2.4 Initializing PortA ......3
2.5 PortA Functions ...4
2.5 Special Function Registers .......6
2.5.1 STATUS Register .6
2.5.2 OPTION_REG Register ........7
2.5.3 INTCON Register .....7
2.6 Analog-To-Digital Converter (A/D) Module ...8
2.6.1 ADCON0 Register ....9
2.6.2 ADCON1 Register ......10
2.6.3 A/D Block Diagram ...12
2.6.4 Selecting the A/D Conversion Clock .....12

3. LM 35: PRECISIO CETIGRADE TEMPERATURE SESORS ..13

3.1 Features ..13
3.2 Applications of LM 35 ...13

4. L7800 SERIES: POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS ....14

iv
5. HD44780-BASED LCD MODULES ....16
5.1 Registers .....16
5.1.1 Register Selection ....16
5.1.2 Busy Flag .....16
5.1.3 Address Counter (AC) .....17
5.1.4 Display Data RAM (DD RAM) ..17
5.1.5 Character Generator ROM (CG ROM) ...18
5.1.6 Character Generator RAM (CG RAM) ...18

6. AMPLITUDE-SHIFT KEYIG (ASK) MODULATIO .20

6.1 Encoding ....20
6.2 ASK Modulation Using MATLAB 21
6.2.1 Matlab Codes ...26

7. RF MODULES ...27
7.1 ATX-34S UHF ASK DATA TRANSMITTER & NRX-34U-R UHF ASK DATA RECEIVER ......27
7.1.1 General Feautures ....27
7.1.2 Application Areas ....27
7.1.3 Data Communication .......27

8. SIMULATIO ...29
8.1 Program Codes ...32
8.1.1 Transmitter Part Codes ....32
8.1.2 Receiver Part Codes 33

9. COCLUSIO ...36

10. REFERECES .37

v
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 PIC16F877A Pin Diagrams 2

Figure 2 PIC16F877A Block Diagram 4
Figure 3 PIC16F877A Register File Map 5
Figure 4 A/D Block Diagram 12
Figure 5 Lm 35 Plastic Package, Volt vs. Temp.e Characteristics, Application 13
Figure 6 L7800 Series Packages and Its Application Circuit 14
Figure 7 L7800 Block Diagram 15
Figure 8 Example of busy flag testing using an 8-bit interface 17
Figure 9 Example of busy flag testing using an 4-bit interface 18
Figure 10 Example of data transfer using a 4-bit interface 18
Figure 11 16x1 LCD Module 19
Figure 12 16x1 LCD Module Block Diagram and Power Connection 19
Figure 13 The ideal model for a transmission system using an ASK modulation 20
Figure 14 M=8 and n=2, ASK constellation vs. In-phase component 21
Figure 15 M=8 and n=2, Input and ASK baseband signal 22
Figure 16 M=8 and n=2, ASK baseband and passband signals 23
Figure 17 M=8, n=4, ASK constellation vs. In-phase component 23
Figure 18 M=8, n=4, Input and ASK baseband signal 23
Figure 19 M=8, n=4, ASK baseband and passband signals 24
Figure 20 M=16, n=4, ASK constellation vs. In-phase component 24
Figure 21 M=16, n=4, Input and ASK baseband signal 25
Figure 22 M=16, n=4, ASK baseband and passband signals 25
Figure 23 Data Format 28
Figure 24 ATX-34S Transmitter and NRX-34U-R Receiver Packages 28
Figure 25 RF Telemetry Application Simulation Circuit 29
Figure 26 Transmitter Part 30
Figure 27 Receiver Part 30
Figure 28 LCD Connection on Receiver Part 31
Figure 29 RF Telemetry Application Receiver and Transmitter Boards 31

vi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 PIC16F877A Features 2

Table 2 PORTA Functions of PIC16F877A 4
Table 3 ADCON0 Register 9
Table 4 ADCON1 REGISTER 10
Table 5 TAD vs. MAXIMUM DEVICE OPERATING FREQUENCIES 11
Table 6 Electrical Characteristics For L7805 15
Table 7 16x1 LCD Module Pin Descriptions 19
Table 8 ATX-34 PIN Feautures 28
Table 9 NRX-34 PIN Feautures 28

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIOS

ADC Analog Digital Conversion

CPU Central Processing Unit
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
MCU Micro Controller Unit
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
RF Radio Frequency
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication
SCI Serial Communication Interface
ST Schmitt Trigger
WDT Watch-Dog Timer

viii
1. ITRODUCTIO

RF Telemetry Project is a system that we can get some analog informations from Anadolu
University Hydromobile Car, and send these information via an RF module to another host
through the ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band of 433 Mhz. The informations, we want
to send while the car is driven, are the values coming from temperature, speed and voltage
sensors.

Getting the analog values from the sensors is used for testing the experimental results.
Microcontroller which is used for measurement and sending data via RF module is
PIC16F877A. In the period of this report, an LCD display has been controlled by this MCU
and some of the sensor results are displayed on it.

RF modules are chosen UDEAs NRX-34U ASK receiver module and ATX-34S ASK
transmitter module. Also, some of basic ASK applications are written and its waveforms are
observed in MATLAB.

2. PIC16F877A MCU
2.1 MCU Feautures
The PIC16F877A features 256 bytes of EEPROM data memory, self programming, an ICD, 2
Comparators, 8 channels of 10-bit Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter, 2
capture/compare/PWM functions, the synchronous serial port can be configured as either 3-
wire Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) or the 2-wire Inter-Integrated Circuit (IC) bus and
a Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART). All of these features make it ideal
for more advanced level A/D applications in automotive, industrial, appliances and consumer
applications.

1
 Table 1. PIC16F877A Features

Parameter ame Value

Program Memory Type Flash
Program Memory (KB) 14
CPU Speed (MIPS) 5
RAM Bytes 368
ata EEPROM (bytes) 256
Digital Communication Peripherals 1-A/E/USART,1-MSSP(SPI/I2C)
Capture/Compare/PWM Peripherals 2 CCP
Timers 2 x 8-bit, 1 x 16-bit
ADC 8 ch, 10-bit
Comparators 2
Temperature Range (C) -40 to 125
Operating Voltage Range (V) 2 to 5.5
Pin Count 40

2.2 Pin Diagrams

Figure 1. PIC16F877A Pin Diagrams

2.3 I/O Ports
Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral
features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a
general purpose I/O pin.

2
PORTA is a 6-bit wide, bidirectional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (= 1) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an input (i.e., put
the corresponding output driver in a High-Impedance mode). Clearing a TRISA bit (= 0) will
make the corresponding PORTA pin an output (i.e., put the contents of the output latch on the
selected pin).

Reading the PORTA register reads the status of the pins, whereas writing to it will write to the
port latch. All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore, a write to a port
implies that the port pins are read, the value is modified and then written to the port data latch.

Pin RA4 is multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin.
The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open-drain output.

All other PORTA pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers. Other PORTA
pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and the analog VREF input for both the A/D
converters and the comparators. The operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the
appropriate control bits in the ADCON1 and/or CMCON registers.

The TRISA register controls the direction of the port pins even when they are being used as
analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained set when
using them as analog inputs.

2.4 Initializing PortA

3
2.5 PortA Functions
Table 2. PORTA Functions of PIC16F877A

Figure 2: PIC16F877A Block Diagram

4
Figure 3: PIC16F877A Register File Map

5
2.5 Special Function Registers
The Special Function Registers are registers used by the CPU and peripheral modules for
controlling the desired operation of the device. These registers are implemented as static
RAM.

2.5.1 STATUS Register (Address 03h, 83h, 103h, 183h)

The Status register contains the arithmetic status of the ALU, the Reset status and the bank
select bits for data memory.

The Status register can be the destination for any instruction, as with any other register. If the
Status register is the destination for an instruction that affects the Z, DC or C bits, then the
write to these three bits is disabled. These bits are set or cleared according to the device logic.
Furthermore, the TO and PD bits are not writable, therefore, the result of an instruction with
the Status register as destination may be different than intended.

For example, CLRF STATUS, will clear the upper three bits and set the Z bit. This leaves the
Status register as 000u u1uu (where u = unchanged). It is recommended, therefore, that only
BCF, BSF, SWAPF and MOVWF instructions are used to alter the Status register because
these instructions do not affect the Z, C or DC bits from the Status register.

6
2.5.2 OPTIO_REG Register (ADDRESS 81h, 181h)
The OPTION_REG Register is a readable and writable register, which contains various
control bits to configure the TMR0 prescaler/WDT postscaler (single assignable register
known also as the prescaler), the external INT interrupt, TMR0 and the weak pull-ups on
PORTB.

2.5.3 ITCO Register (ADDRESS 0Bh, 8Bh, 10Bh, 18Bh)

The INTCON register is a readable and writable register, which contains various enable and
flag bits for the TMR0 register overflow, RB port change and external RB0/INT pin
interrupts.

7
2.6 Analog-To-Digital Converter (A/D) Module
The Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter module has five inputs for the 28-pin devices and
eight for the 40/44-pin devices.

The conversion of an analog input signal results in a corresponding 10-bit digital number. The
A/D module has high and low-voltage reference input that is software selectable to some
combination of VDD, VSS, RA2 or RA3.

The A/D converter has a unique feature of being able to operate while the device is in Sleep
mode. To operate in Sleep, the A/D clock must be derived from the A/Ds internal RC
oscillator.

8
The A/D module has four registers. These registers are:
- A/D Result High Register (ADRESH)
- A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)
- A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)
- A/D Control Register 1 (ADCON1)

The ADCON0 register, shown in Table-3, controls the operation of the A/D module. The
ADCON1 register, shown in Table-4, configures the functions of the port pins. The port pins
can be configured as analog inputs (RA3 can also be the voltage reference) or as digital I/O.

2.6.1 ADCO0 Register (ADDRESS 1Fh)

Table 3. ADCON0 Register

9
2.6.2 ADCO1 Register (ADDRESS 9Fh)
Table 4. ADCON1 REGISTER

The ADRESH:ADRESL registers contain the 10-bit result of the A/D conversion. When the
A/D conversion is complete, the result is loaded into this A/D Result register pair, the
GO/DONE bit (ADCON0<2>) is cleared and the A/D interrupt flag bit ADIF is set. The block
diagram of the A/D module is shown in Figure11-1.
10
After the A/D module has been configured as desired, the selected channel must be acquired
before the conversion is started. The analog input channels must have their corresponding
TRIS bits selected as inputs.

To do an A/D Conversion, we should follow these steps:

1. Configure the A/D module:
- Configure analog pins/voltage reference and digital I/O (ADCON1)
- Select A/D input channel (ADCON0)
- Select A/D conversion clock (ADCON0)
- Turn on A/D module (ADCON0)
2. Configure A/D interrupt (if desired):
- Clear ADIF bit
- Set ADIE bit
- Set PEIE bit
- Set GIE bit
3. Wait the required acquisition time.
4. Start conversion:
- Set GO/DONE bit (ADCON0)
5. Wait for A/D conversion to complete by either:
- Polling for the GO/DONE bit to be cleared (interrupts disabled); OR
- Waiting for the A/D interrupt
6. Read A/D Result register pair (ADRESH:ADRESL), clear bit ADIF if required.
7. For the next conversion, go to step 1 or step 2 as required. The A/D conversion time
per bit is defined as TAD.
Table 5. TAD vs. MAXIMUM DEVICE OPERATING FREQUENCIES

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For correct A/D conversions, the A/D conversion clock (TAD) must be selected to ensure a
minimum TAD time of 1.6 s.

2.6.3 A/D Block Diagram

Figure 4. A/D Block Diagram

2.6.4 Selecting the A/D Conversion Clock

The A/D conversion time per bit is defined as TAD. The A/D conversion requires a
minimum 12 TAD per 10-bit conversion. The source of the A/D conversion clock is
software selected. The seven possible options for TAD are:

- 2 TOSC
- 4 TOSC
- 8 TOSC
- 16 TOSC
- 32 TOSC
- 64 TOSC
- Internal A/D module RC oscillator (2-6 s)

Table 5 shows the resultant TAD times derived from the device operating frequencies and
the A/D clock source selected.

12
3. LM 35: PRECISIO CETIGRADE TEMPERATURE SESORS

The LM 35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage
is linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM 35 thus has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to
subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convenient Centigrade scaling. The
LM 35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies of
+/- C at room temperature and +/- C over a full -55 to +150C temperature range. Low
cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The LM 35's low output
impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout or
control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus and
minus supplies.

3.1 Features
- Calibrated directly in Celsius (Centigrade)
- Linear a 10.0mV/C scale factor
- 0.5C accuracy guaranteeable (at a 25C)
- Rated for full -55 to +150C range
- Suitable for remote applications
- Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
- Operates from 4 to 30 volts

Figure 5. Lm 35 Plastic Package, Voltage vs. Temperature Characteristics, and Basic Application

13
3.2 Applications of LM 35

The LM 35 can be applied easily in the same way as other integrated-circuit temperature
sensors. It can be glued or cemented to a surface and its temperature will be with in about
0.01C of the surface temperature.

This presumes that the ambient air temperature is almost the same as the surface temperature;
if the air temperature were much higher or lower than the surface temperature, the actual
temperature of the LM35 die would be at an intermediate temperature between the surface
temperature and the air temperature. This is expecially true for the TO-92 plastic package,
where the copper leads are the principal thermal path to carry heat into the device, so its
temperature might be closer to the air temperature than to the surface temperature.

To minimize this problem, be sure that the wiring to the LM 35, as it leaves the device, is held
at the same temperature as the surface of interest. The easiest way to do this is to cover up
these wires with a bead of epoxy which will insure that the lead sand wires are all at the same
temperature as the surface, and that the LM 35 dies temperature will not be affected by the
air temperature.

4. L7800 SERIES: POSITIVE VOLTAGE REGULATORS

The L7800 series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in several packages and
fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of applications. These regulators can
provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single
point regulation.

Figure 6. L7800 Series Packages and Its Application Circuit

14
Each type employs internal current limiting, thermalshut-down and safe area protection,
making it essentially in destructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver
over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

Figure 7. L7800 Block Diagram

Table 6. Electrical Characteristics For L7805

15
5. HD44780-BASED LCD MODULES

5.1 Registers

The HD44780 has two 8 bit registers, an instruction register (IR) and a data register (DR).
The IR stores instruction codes such as display clear and cursor shift, and address information
for display data RAM (DD RAM) and character generator RAM (CG RAM). The IR can be
written from the MPU but not read by the MPU.

The DR temporarily stores data to be written into the DD RAM or the CG RAM and data to
be read out from the DD RAM or the CG RAM. Data written into the DR from the MPU is
automatically written into the DD RAM or the CG RAM by internal operation. The DR is
also used for data storage when reading from the DD RAM or the CG RAM. When address
information is written into the IR, data is read into the DR from the DD RAM or the CG
RAM by internal operation. Data transfer to the MPU is then completed by the MPU reading
DR. After the MPU reads the DR, data in the DD RAM or CG RAM at the next address is
sent to the DR for the next read from the MPU. Register selector (RS) signals make their
selection from these two registers.

5.1.1 Register Selection

RS R/W Enable Operation
== === ====== =========
0 0 H,H->L IR write as internal operation
(Display clear, etc.)
0 1 H Read busy flag (DB7) and
address counter (DB0-DB6)
1 0 H,H->L DR write as internal operation
(DR to DD RAM or CG RAM)
1 1 H DR read as internal operation
(DD RAM or CG RAM to DR)
5.1.2 Busy Flag
When the busy flag is "1", the HD44780 is in the internal operation mode, and the next
instruction will not be accepted. As the Register selection table above shows, the busy flag is
output to DB7 when RS = 0 and R/W = 1. The next instruction must be written after ensuring
that the busy flag is "0".
16
5.1.3 Address Counter (AC)

The address counter (AC) assigns addresses to DD and CG RAMs. When an instruction for
address is written in IR, the address information is sent from IR to AC. Selection of either DD
or CG RAM is also determined concurrently by the instruction.

After writing into (or reading from) DD or CG RAM display data, AC is automatically
incremented or decremented by 1. AC contents are output as DB0-DB6 when RS = 0 and
R/W = 1, as shown in the Register selection table above.

5.1.4 Display Data RAM (DD RAM)

The display data RAM (DD RAM) stores display data represented in 8-bit character codes. Its
capacity is 80 x 8 bits, or 80 characters. On displays with fewer than 80 characters, any DD
RAM that is not used for display can be used as a general data RAM. The relationship
between DD RAM addresses and positions on the liquid crystal display are shown below. The
DD RAM address is set in the Address Counter (AC) and is expressed in hexadecimal.

Figure 8. Example of busy flag testing using an 8-bit interface.

17
 Figure 9. Example of busy flag testing using an 4-bit interface.

Figure 10. Example of data transfer using a 4-bit interface

5.1.5 Character Generator ROM (CG ROM)

The Character Generator ROM generates 5 x 7 dot or 5 x 10 dot character patterns from 8-bit
character codes. It contains 192 5 x 7 dot character patterns and 192 5 x 10 dot character
patterns.

5.1.6 Character Generator RAM (CG RAM)

The Character Generator RAM is RAM with which the user can redefine character patterns in
software. With 5 x 7 dots, 8 user-defined character patterns can be stored and with 5 x 10
dots, 4 user-defined character patterns can be stored.

18
 Table 7. 16x1 LCD Module Pin Descriptions
PI UMBER SYMBOL FUCTIO
1 Vss GND
2 Vdd + 5V
3 Vo Contrast Adjustment
4 RS H/L Register Select Signal
5 R/W H/L Read/Write Signal
6 E H L Enable Signal
7 DB0 H/L Data Bus Line
8 DB1 H/L Data Bus Line
9 DB2 H/L Data Bus Line
10 DB3 H/L Data Bus Line
11 DB4 H/L Data Bus Line
12 DB5 H/L Data Bus Line
13 DB6 H/L Data Bus Line
14 DB7 H/L Data Bus Line
15 A/Vee + 4.2V for LED (RA = 0)
16 K Power Supply for B/L (0V)

Figure 11. 16x1 LCD Module

Figure 12. 16x1 LCD Module Block Diagram and Power Connection

19
6. AMPLITUDE-SHIFT KEYIG (ASK) MODULATIO

Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of modulation that represents digital data as

variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave.

The amplitude of an analog carrier signal varies in accordance with the bit stream (modulating
signal), keeping frequency and phase constant. The level of amplitude can be used to
represent binary logic 0s and 1s. We can think of a carrier signal as an ON or OFF switch. In
the modulated signal, logic 0 is represented by the absence of a carrier, thus giving OFF/ON
keying operation and hence the name given.

Like AM, ASK is also linear and sensitive to atmospheric noise, distortions, propagation
conditions on different routes in PSTN, etc. Both ASK modulation and demodulation
processes are relatively inexpensive. The ASK technique is also commonly used to transmit
digital data over optical fiber. For LED transmitters, binary 1 is represented by a short pulse
of light and binary 0 by the absence of light. Laser transmitters normally have a fixed "bias"
current that causes the device to emit a low light level. This low level represents binary 0,
while a higher-amplitude lightwave represents binary 1.

6.1 Encoding
The simplest and most common form of ASK operates as a switch, using the presence of a
carrier wave to indicate a binary one and its absence to indicate a binary zero. This type of
modulation is called on-off keying, and is used at radio frequencies to transmit morse code
(referred to as continuous wave operation).

More sophisticated encoding schemes have been developed which represent data in groups
using additional amplitude levels. For instance, a four-level encoding scheme can represent
two bits with each shift in amplitude; an eight-level scheme can represent three bits; and so
on. These forms of amplitude-shift keying require a high signal-to-noise ratio for their
recovery, as by their nature much of the signal is transmitted at reduced power.

Figure 13. The ideal model for a transmission system using an ASK modulation
20
6.2 ASK Modulation Using MATLAB

In this part, the MATLAB codes were implemented by changing the modulation types; also,
plotting the waveforms, the results were observed.

In the MATLAB codes, we first set the M-ary modulation parameter M to 8 and the number
of symbol intervals n to 2. By doing this, we observed 3 figures that show us some of
waveforms of PAM(ASK) signals.

Modulation constellations, input signals as M-ary levels, also both baseband and passband
signals were observed.

In this code, sampling rate of the message signal was constantly 1, we couldnt change it
because some of the vectors length had already assigned to 1.

Lastly, we set the the M-ary modulation parameter M to 16, and the number of symbol
intervals n to 4. Then we run it and observed the modulation waveforms again.

Figure 14. M=8 and n=2, ASK constellation vs. In-phase component

21
 Figure 15. M=8 and n=2, Input and ASK baseband signal

Figure 16. M=8 and n=2, ASK baseband and passband signals

22
Figure 17. M=8, n=4, ASK constellation vs. In-phase component

Figure 18. M=8, n=4, Input and ASK baseband signal

23
 Figure 19. M=8, n=4, ASK baseband and passband signals

Figure 20. M=16, n=4, ASK constellation vs. In-phase component

24
 Figure 21. M=16, n=4, Input and ASK baseband signal

Figure 22. M=16, n=4, ASK baseband and passband signals

25
6.2.1 Matlab Codes

% This program shows the illustration of PAM (ASK) signals.

% Both bandpass and passband signals are shown. Keep the n, Fs , and fc settings.

clear; clc; close all

n = 4; % Number of symbol intervals

M = 16; % Use M-ary modulation
Fd = 1; % Sampling rate of the message signal
Fs = 100; % Sampling rate of the modulated signal
fc = 18; % Carrier frequency
x = randint(n,1,M); % Random multilevel message signal (from zero to M-1)
xt = reshape(repmat(x,1,Fs)',1,n*Fs); t = 1:1:n*Fs; % Arrange time axis
% PAM (ASK) Signals
% A) Baseband ASK
sask = real(dmodce(x,Fd,Fs,'ask',M)); modmap('ask',M); set(gcf,'Color',[1 1 1])
pause

subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,xt); title('Input signal x(t) as M-ary levels')

axis ([min(t) max(t) -0.1 max(x)*1.1])
set(gca,'XTick',[50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400])
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'T/2';'T';'3T/2';'2T';'5T/2';'3T';'10T/2';'4T'},'FontWeight','bold');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,sask); title('ASK baseband signal - s_m(t)'); xlabel('Time Axis')
axis ([min(t) max(t) -1.1 1.1])
set(gca,'XTick',[50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400])
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'T/2';'T';'3T/2';'2T';'5T/2';'3T';'10T/2';'4T'},'FontWeight','bold');
pause; clf reset

% B) Bandpass PAM (ASK)

uask = dmod(x,fc,Fd,Fs,'ask',M);
subplot(2,1,1); plot(t,sask); set(gcf,'Color',[1 1 1])
title('ASK baseband signal - s_m(t)')
axis ([min(t) max(t) -1.1 1.1])
set(gca,'XTick',[50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400])
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'T/2';'T';'3T/2';'2T';'5T/2';'3T';'10T/2';'4T'},'FontWeight','bold');
subplot(2,1,2); plot(t,uask); title('ASK bandpass signal - u_m(t)'); xlabel('Time Axis')
axis ([min(t) max(t) -1.1 1.1])
set(gca,'XTick',[50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400])
set(gca,'XTickLabel',{'T/2';'T';'3T/2';'2T';'5T/2';'3T';'10T/2';'4T'},'FontWeight','bold');
pause

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7. RF MODULES

RF Modules are divided into three; transmitters, recivers and tranceivers. The RF modules are
selected ATX-34S for data transmitter and NRX-34U-R for data receiver. They are the
products of UDEA which is an OSTM/ANKARA based Rf Manufacturer Company. They
have 1~200 m. ranges and uses too low energy.

7.1 ATX-34S UHF ASK DATA TRASMITTER & RX-34U-R UHF ASK DATA RECEIVER
7.1.1 General Feautures:
- 433.920 MHz. UHF band with EN 300 220 standard.
- High Frequency Stability
- Low power consumes
7.1.2 Application Areas:
- Remote Control Systems
- Security Based Alarm Systems
- RF-Telemetry Systems

7.1.3 Data Communication

1- Physical Character
Communication Type: Asynchronous
Communication Speed: 2.4 Kbps
Link: RS232-TTL (0-5V DC)
2- Format of Data
8 bit data bits, no parity bit and one stop bit

3- Communication Protocol
ATX-34S transmitter module has a digital data input (DIN) which is given data by user to
send via RF.

The standard data protocol is

TX : preamble + synchron+ data1+.....+dataX

It is necessary to use a preamble to start sending process even if it is an easy communication

system. Preamble is an array bits derives from 1s and 0s. It can be 5 byte 0x55 or 0xAA.
Delays that corresponding 1s and 0s should be equal. Briefly, preamble provides hardware
synchronization.

27
 Figure 23. Data Format.

Synchron helps software synchronization. It is necessary to provide bit synchronization and

negotiation for start of message. This array bits length differs from application needs, and it
can be 5 byte 0x00 + 5 byte 0xFF.

While sending data, there should not empty, if so the preamble and synchron should be send
again.

At the receiver part, there is a digital data output pin (DOUT) which is demodulated signal
from RF signals. There is no need to look for preamble, only synchron is searched then data is
read.
Table 8. ATX-34 PIN Feautures Table 9. NRX-34 PIN Feautures
Pin o Pin ame I/O Description Pin o Pin ame I/O Description

4 Ant O 50 ohm antenna 1 Ant I 50 ohm antenna

connection point connection point
3 Gnd - 2 Gnd - Ground
2 DIN I Digital Input 3 Vcc - +5V
1 Vcc - +5V 4 RSSI O Analog Output
5 Dout O Digital Output

Figure 24. ATX-34S Transmitter and NRX-34U-R Receiver Packages

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8. SIMULATIO

PIC16F877A MCU has an internal ADC module that converts analog voltages to digital values.
In this application, it is used three ADC channels which are activated with multiplexing method
on the software. Converting digital values from the analog values at the transmmiter part, MCU
easily send these data to Receiver Part, and Receiver MCU writes these data to module LCD
according to HD44780 instruction set. For example, if we want to clear LCD display, we
should send 0x01 command or 0x05 to move cursor right. Fortunately, we have already used
the C programming language so that some of the libraries can easily be found like lcd.c .

Figure 25. RF Telemetry Application Simulation Circuit

29
Figure 26. Transmitter Part

Figure 27. Receiver Part

30
Figure 26 shows the Transmitter Part that three sensor (temperature, speed and voltage) output
are directly connected to MCU through serial resistors. These analog data are converted by
MCUs A/D convertor module and digital data are send via RF module.

Figure 27 shows the Receiver Part that MCU gets three data from the RF module, and makes
some calculation for each data and display them on the LCD.

Figure 28. LCD Connection on Receiver Part

Figure 28 shows a connection diagram between LCD module and Receiver part. 11 wires are
connected between them. Last two wire are used for back light of LCD.

Figure 29. RF Telemetry Application Receiver and Transmitter Boards

31
8.1 Program Codes
8.1.1 Transmitter Part Codes
#include "C:\Users\BenQ\Desktop\LCD\adc\ADC.h"
#include "C:\Program Files\PICC\Drivers\LCD.c"

#fuses XT
#use delay(clock=4000000)
//#use rs232(baud=9600,parity=N,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7,bi ts=8,Stream=PC)
#use rs232(baud=2400,parity=N,xmit=PIN_C6,rcv=PIN_C7,bi ts=8,Stream=RF)

int t2,t1,t0;

void gonder()
{

putc(0x55,RF);
putc(0x55,RF);
putc(0x55,RF);
putc(0x55,RF);
putc(0x55,RF);

putc(0x00,RF);
putc(0x00,RF);
putc(0x00,RF);
putc(0x00,RF);
putc(0x00,RF);

putc(0xFF,RF);
putc(0xFF,RF);
putc(0xFF,RF);
putc(0xFF,RF);
putc(0xFF,RF);

putc(0xCC,RF);
putc(0xCC,RF);
putc(0xCC,RF);
putc(0xCC,RF);
putc(0xCC,RF);

putc(t0,RF);
putc(t1,RF);
putc(t2,RF);

return;
}

void main()
{
int value=0; // long value of data to read from ADC
int n=0; // ADC channel number

setup_adc_ports(AN0_AN1_AN3); // set ADC, the first 3 bits of PortA

setup_adc(ADC_CLOCK_DIV_32); //adjust the ADC resolution
setup_psp(PSP_DISABLED);
setup_spi(FALSE);
setup_timer_0(RTCC_INTERNAL|RTCC_DIV_1);
setup_timer_1(T1_DISABLED);
setup_timer_2(T2_DISABLED,0,1);

32
while(n<3)
{
set_adc_channel(n); // select 1 of 3 ADC channel
delay_us(10); // wait 10 miliseconds to initiate
value=read_adc();
read_adc(ADC_START_ONLY); // start the ADC process
value=read_adc(ADC_READ_ONLY); //read the value from the ADC
delay_us(10); // wait for 10 miliseconds

if(n==0){ // if the first channel is activated

t0=make8(value,0);
}
else if(n==1){ // if the second channel is activated
t1=make8(value,0);
}
else if(n==2){ // if the third channel is activated
t2=make8(value,0);
}
if(n!=2) n++; // increase n except n=2
else
{
n=0; // otherwise reset n
gonder();
delay_ms(10);
}

} // end of while loop

} // end of main program

8.1.2 Receiver Part Codes

#include <16F877.h>

#fuses XT
#use delay(clock=4000000)
#use rs232(baud=2400,xmit=PIN_C3,rcv=PIN_C7,stream=RF)

#include <LCD.c>
#include <stdlib.h>

float t0,t1,t2;

void my_func()
{
output_b(t0);
delay_ms(200);
return;
}
void my_lcd()
{
char mystring0[8];
char mystring1[8];
char mystring2[8];

lcd_putc("\f"); // clear the screen

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
printf(lcd_putc,"Temp : ");
delay_ms(10);

33
 sprintf(mystring0,"%.1f",t0*500/255);

if(mystring0[1]=='.'){
mystring0[3]=0XDF;
mystring0[4]='C';
mystring0[5]=' ';}
else{
mystring0[4]=0XDF;
mystring0[5]='C';}

lcd_gotoxy(10,1); // go to 1st row & 2nd column of the LCD

printf(lcd_putc,mystring0); //and print the value as a string
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f"); // clear the screen

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
printf(lcd_putc,"Speed : ");
delay_ms(10);

sprintf(mystring1,"%.2f",t1*70/255);

mystring1[4]='k';
mystring1[5]='m';
mystring1[6]='/';
mystring1[7]='h';

lcd_gotoxy(9,1); // go to 1st row & 2nd column of the LCD

printf(lcd_putc,mystring1); //and print the value as a string
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f"); // clear the screen

lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
printf(lcd_putc,"Volt : ");
delay_ms(10);

sprintf(mystring2,"%.2f",t2*12/255);

mystring2[4]=' ';
mystring2[5]='V';

lcd_gotoxy(10,1); // go to 1st row & 2nd column of the LCD

printf(lcd_putc,mystring2); //and print the value as a string
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_putc("\f"); // clear the screen

return;
}

Void Main()
{
char a;
int8 i=0,j=0;
set_tris_b(0);
set_tris_d(0);
output_b(0);

lcd_init(); // initiate the lcd

delay_ms(100); //delay 100 miliseconds
lcd_putc("\f"); // clear the screen

34
 lcd_gotoxy(1,1);
printf(lcd_putc,"NO DATA!");
delay_ms(10);
for (;;)
{
a = fgetc(RF);
if (a==0xFF)
{
if (j!=4) j++;
}

if ((a==0xCC) && (j==4))

{
i++;
if(i<5) continue;
i=0;

t0 = fgetc(RF);
t1 = fgetc(RF);
t2 = fgetc(RF);

my_func();
my_lcd();
}
if((i==4) && (j==4))
{
i=0;
j=0;
}
}
}

35
9. COCLUSIO

The aim of this graduation project is to build an RF telemetry system for Departmant of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering of Anadolu Universitys car (KYBRID) which will race
in TUBITAK FORMULA G races. Three analog data, selected as temperature, cars
accumulator voltage and its speed, are converted by MCUs A/D converter and an RF module
send them on wireless medium from KYBRID. These data are received and displayed on an
LCD module on the receiver side.

The RF modules are selected UDEAs ATX-34S for data transmitter and NRX-34U-R for data
receiver. They provides 150 m. range for RF communication. While sending data, they are
decoded at the transmitter side on the syncron processes of the protocol. At the receiver side,
these information data are encrypted and first three data are converted to decimal number to
display on the LCD module properly.

LM 35 temperature sensor is used to measure the air temperature. It offers the voltage
differences for each 10.0 mV/C. By using this differences, the A/D module converted its
voltage represantation in digitally format.

The voltage can be directly measured from the cars accumulator but a trimpot is used between
MCU and accumulator to supply maximum +5V because it may damage the MCU or the
accumulator voltage types can be changed future. It can be easily calibrated to supply +5V by
changing the trimpot resistance.

Speed measurment is not complated because the speed sensor is not selected yet. Howewer, a
potentiometer represents the speed sensor on the transmitter board and when its resistance is
changed, the output speed text value on the LCD is also changed at the receiver side.

To sum up, RF Telemetry Application is designed to measure KYBRIDs performance and to

demonstrate the RF data communication. By this RF telemetry system, KYBRID can easily be
analyzed as speed, voltage, and also air temperature. Hydrogen leakage or flatting tire can
cause mortal threats. By this RF Telemetry Application, we could avoid these dangerous threats
by changing sensors.

36
10. REFERECES

[1] Microchip Technology Inc., www.microchip.com

[2] National Semiconductor, www.national.com
[3] ST Microelectronics, www.st.com
[4] Longtech Optics, www.longtech-display.com
[5] Udea Elecronics, www.udea.com.tr
[6] Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying

37