Design Constrains

Sand content in mud

Erosion is happened in the case of removing materials from the surface, so the
outer surface of any drill bit body and drilling bit teeth will be damaged because of
the impact energy that is generated from the particles which have a mass above
0.05g. So, between particle impact and sand erosion there is a value that is
considered as a divider. Particles that have a mass less than 0.05g, we can classify
them in the sand erosion's range. In tears, cuts, gouges, or anything else which lead
to erosion of surface, impact damage occurs. (Azar & Samuel, 2007)
Velocity of cuttings transfer
The laminar flow will only occur in the case of the ideal velocity, because there is
the maximum number of cuttings sweep without happening any erosion in the
drilling bit body. Too much erosion maybe happens in the drill bit body because of
tumultuous flow because of existing too high velocity or too low velocity of fluid.
(Azar & Samuel, 2007)
The PH of mud
PH value, it is the measurement of acidity or alkalinity of any solution. Pure water
has a PH close to 7 at 25 Celsius; it is considered a neutral liquid. PH is ranged from
1 to 14, if PH value of any solution is between 1 to 7 it is said that it is acidic, on the
other hand if a PH value is between 7 to 14 it is said that it is a basic or alkaline. The
PH value is an essential factor that is taken into account to control the corrosion.
Where the increase in acidity will increase the corrosion of the material especially if
it consists of steel or steel alloy which is the most common used as drilling bit body
material selection. (Azar & Samuel, 2007)
Formation types and Temperatures Vs Depths
Sedimentary rocks are made from sediments such as sand, pebbles, fossil, and clay
that laying down at the bottom of sea or lake. Over millions of years, these
sediments which accumulate at the bottom of sea are cemented together by the
water that permeates the available spaces between grains and then sediments are
lithified by the resulting pressure from the overlying
layers of sediments.
Sedimentary rocks can be shaped in ocean, sea, lake, and desert.
Sedimentary rocks often contain oil, water, and gas because these rocks have high
permeability and porosity. Sedimentary rock such as limestone, sandstone, and
shale cover 75%-80% of the earths surface and also cover about 10 miles of the
earths crust. Therefore, when drilling well, the most formation will be faced are
sedimentary rocks. Geologists can differentiate between hard and soft rock,
depending on the adhesives that cemented the particles of sediments together.
(Azar & Samuel, 2007)
a) Sandstone is considered important because they provide half the worlds
production of oil and natural gas because they have adequate pore spaces. Most of
sandstone is brittle and soft if the adhesive is water but may be relatively hard if the
adhesive that cemented its particles together is calcium carbonate or silica. (Azar &
Samuel, 2007)

b) Limestone is also important due to efficiency of its pore spaces which can store
large quantity of oil and gas. Limestone is soft rock as the adhesive is water.
c) Shale is a seal or cap rock because it is impermeable (no pore spaces) but there
are fractured shale can store oil and gas. Shale is soft if the adhesive is water but
can be fairly hard if the adhesive that cemented its particles together is silica.