Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
GLASGOW 2011
British Academy
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
XIV th INTERNATIONAL NUMISMATIC CONGRESS
GLASGOW 2009
I
CONTENTS
Preface
Editors note
18
19
Inaugural lecture
A foreigners view of the coinage of Scotland, by Nicholas MAYHEW
23
Antiquity: Greek
I Delfini (distribuzione, associazioni, valenza simbolica), by Pasquale APOLITO
35
42
48
Up-to-date survey of the silver coinage of the Nabatean king Aretas IV, by Rachel
BARKAY
52
58
67
Not only art! The period of the signing masters and historical iconography,
by Maria CACCAMO CALTABIANO
73
81
89
97
105
114
123
CONTENTS
131
The coinage of the Scythian kings in the West Pontic area: iconography, by
Dimitar DRAGANOV
140
The royal archer and Apollo in the East: Greco-Persian iconography in the
Seleukid Empire, by Kyle ERICKSON & Nicholas L. WRIGHT
163
170
178
184
189
199
203
213
Archaic Greek coins east of the Tigris: evidence for circulation?, by J. KAGAN
230
237
246
251
The coinage of Chios during the Hellenistic and early Roman periods, by
Constantine LAGOS
259
265
CONTENTS
269
280
285
293
Some remarks concerning the gold coins with the legend , by Lucian
MUNTEANU
304
310
The coinage of the Paeonian kings Leon and Dropion, by Eftimija PAVLOVSKA
319
Le trsor des monnaies perses dor trouv Argamum / Orgam (Jurilovca, dp.
de Tulcea, Roumanie), by E. PETAC, G. TALMACHI & V. IONI
331
337
350
357
365
The coin finds from Hellenistic and Roman Berytas (fourth century BC third
century AD, by Ziad SAWAYA
376
382
Uso della moneta presso gli indigeni della Sicilia centro-meridionale, by Lavinia
SOLE
393
405
CONTENTS
417
427
436
Zur Datierung und Deutung der Beizeichen auf Stateren von Grtyn, by
Burkhard TRAEGER
441
447
461
473
487
The civic bronze coins of the Eleans: some preliminary remarks, by Franck
WOJAN
497
500
Antiquity: Roman
The coinage of Diva Faustina I, by Martin BECKMANN
509
514
The key to the Varus defeat: the Roman coin finds from Kalkriese, by Frank
BERGER
527
Monetary circulation in the Bosporan Kingdom in the Roman period c. first fourth century AD, by Line BJERG
533
The Roman coin hoards of the second century AD found on the territory of
present-day Serbia: the reasons for their burial, by Bojana BORI-BREKOVI
538
CONTENTS
Die Mnzprgung des Thessalischen Bundes von Marcus Aurelius bis Gallienus
(161-268 n. Chr.), by Friedrich BURRER
545
557
569
576
580
592
Analytical evidence for the organization of the Alexandrian mint during the
Tetrarchy (III-IV centuries AD), by J.M.COMPANA, L. LEN-REINA, F.J.
FORTES, L.M. CABALN, J.J. LASERNA, & M.A.G. ARANDA
595
605
613
621
629
635
Monuments on the move: architectural coin types and audience targeting in the
Flavian and Trajanic periods, by Nathan T. ELKINS
645
657
662
CONTENTS
668
New coins of pre- and denarial system minted outside Italy, by Paz GARCABELLIDO
676
686
696
709
Mars and Venus on Roman imperial coinage in the time of Marcus Aurelius:
iconological considerations with special reference to the emperors
correspondence with Marcus Cornelius Fronto, by Jrgen HAMER
715
The silver coins of Aegeae in the light of Hadrians eastern silver coinages, by F.
HAYMANN
720
726
732
742
749
757
765
772
The Nome coins: some remarks on the state of research, by Katarzyna LACH
780
785
CONTENTS
794
800
809
816
822
828
839
846
856
864
Die Sammlung von Lokalmythen griechischer Stdte des Ostens: ein Projekt der
Kommission fr alte Geschichte und Epigraphik, by Johannes NOLL
872
878
888
893
901
Could the unofficial mint called Atelier II be identified with the officinae of
Chteaubleau (France)?, by Fabien PILON
906
CONTENTS
911
916
926
933
941
A stone thesaurus with a votive coin deposit found in the sanctuary of Campo
della Fiera, Orvieto (Volsinii), by Samuele RANUCCI
954
964
973
Numismatics and archaeology in Rome: the finds from the Basilica Hilariana,
by Alessia ROVELLI
983
991
999
1004
1013
1019
1020
1025
CONTENTS
1037
The iconography of two groups of struck lead from Central Italy and Baetica in
the second and first centuries BC, by Clive STANNARD
1045
1056
Personalized victory on coins: the Year of the Four Emperors Greek imperial
issues, by Yannis STOYAS
1067
1073
1082
Gold and silver first tetrarchic issues from the mint of Alexandria, by D. Scott
VANHORN
1092
Note sulla circolazione monetaria in Etruria meridionale nel III secolo a.C., by
Daniela WILLIAMS
1103
Roman coins from the western part of West Balt territory, by Anna ZAPOLSKA
1115
Antiquity: Celtic
La moneda ibrica del nordeste de la Hispania Citerior: consideraciones sobre
su cronologa y funcin, by Marta CAMPO
1135
1142
1148
1155
Trading with silver bullion during the third century BC: the hoard of Armua de
Tajua, by Manuel GOZALBES, Gonzalo CORES & Pere Pau RIPOLLS
1165
1173
10
CONTENTS
1182
1191
1198
New coin finds from the two late Iron Age settlements of Altenburg (Germany)
and Rheinau (Switzerland) a military coin series on the German-Swiss border?,
by Michael NICK
1207
1218
Antiquity: general
La moneda en el mundo funerario-ritual de Gadir-Gades, by A. ARVALO
GONZLEZ
1231
Neues Licht auf eine alte Frage? Die Verwandschaft von Mnzen und Gemmen,
by Angela BERTHOLD
1240
Tipi del cane e del lupo sulle monete del Mediterraneo antico, by Alessandra
BOTTARI
1247
Not all these things are easy to read, much less to understand: new approaches to
reading images on ancient coins, by Geraldine CHIMIRRI-RUSSELL
1254
1261
Preliminary notes on Phoenician and Punic coins kept in the Pushkin Museum,
by S. KOVALENKO & L.I. MANFREDI
1266
Greek coins from the National Historical Museum of Rio de Janeiro: SNG
project, by Marici Martins MAGALHES
1278
1292
The sacred life of coins: cult fees, sacred law and numismatic evidence, by
Isabelle A. PAFFORD
1303
Anton Prokesch-Osten and the Greek coins of the coin collection at the
Universalmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Austria, by Karl PEITLER
1310
CONTENTS
11
1323
1334
Greek and Roman coins in the collection of the orum Museum, by D. zlem
YALCIN
1344
1355
1360
1372
1382
1392
1401
1408
1411
Norwegian bracteates during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, by Linn EIKJE
1418
1426
1431
1436
1441
12
CONTENTS
1452
1458
1464
Among farmers and city people: coin use in early medieval Denmark, c. 10001250, by Gitte Tarnow INGVARDSON
1470
1477
1492
Byzantine coins from the area of Belarus, by Krystyna LAVYSH & Marcin
WOOSZYN
1500
Die frheste Darstellung des Richters auf einer mittelalterlicher Mnze?, by Ivar
LEIMUS
1509
Coinage and money in the years of insecurity: the case of late Byzantine
Chalkidiki (thirteenth - fourteenth century), by Vangelis MALADAKIS
1517
1535
The money of the First Crusade: the evidence of a new parcel and its
implications, by Michael MATZKE
1542
1552
1557
1564
1570
CONTENTS
13
1580
1591
The discovery of a hoard of coins dated to the fifth and sixth centuries in
Klapavice in the hinterland of ancient Salona, by Tomislav EPAROVI
1597
1605
1614
1620
1625
1633
1640
1649
1664
1671
1679
The money box system for savings in Amsterdam, 1907-1935, by G.N. BORST
1687
1693
14
CONTENTS
1704
1713
1719
1725
1734
1744
1748
Representaciones del caf en el acervo de numismtica del Museu Paulista USP, by Angela Maria Gianeze RIBEIRO
1752
Freiburg im echtland und die Mnzreformen der franzsischen Knige (16891726), by Nicole SCHACHER
1758
1765
1774
The political context of the origin and the exportation of thaler-coins from
Jchymov (Joachimsthal) in the first half of the sixteenth century, by Petr
VOREL
1778
The late sixteenth-century Russian forged kopecks, which were ascribed to the
English Muscovy Company, by Serguei ZVEREV
1783
1789
1796
CONTENTS
15
1807
1813
1821
1826
Numismatic research in Japan today: coins, paper monies and patterns of usage.
Paper money in early modern Japan: economic and folkloristic aspects, by
Keiichiro KATO
1832
1841
A study of medieval Chinese coins from Karur and Madurai in Tamil Nadu, by
KRISHNAMURTHY RAMASUBBAIYER
1847
1852
Silver fragments of unique Byid and amdnid coins and their role in the Kel
hoard (Czech Republic), by Vlastimil NOVK
1862
Numismatic evidence for the location of Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde,
by A.V. PACHKALOV
1869
Le regard des voyageurs sur les monnaies africaines du XVIe au XIXe sicles, by
Josette RIVALLAIN
1874
Les imitations des dirhems carrs almohades: apport des analyses lmentaires,
by A. TEBOULBI, M. BOMPAIRE & M. BLET-LEMARQUAND
1884
1890
Glass jetons from Sicily: new find evidence from the excavations at Monte Iato,
by Christian WEISS
1897
Medals
Joseph Kowarzik (1860-1911): ein Medailleur der Jahrhundertwende, by
Kathleen ADLER
1907
16
CONTENTS
1920
1931
1937
1945
The rediscovery of the oldest private medal collection of the Netherlands, by Jan
PELSDONK
1959
1965
Shines with unblemished honour: some thoughts on an early nineteenthcentury medal, by Tuukka TALVIO
1978
General numismatics
Dalliconografia delle monete antiche allideologia della nazione future.
Proiezioni della numismatica grecista di DAnnunzio sulla nuova monetazione
Sabauda, by Giuseppe ALONZO
1985
1993
The Count of Caylus (1692-1765) and the study of ancient coins, by Franois de
CALLATA
1999
2004
2012
2017
A prosopography of the mint officials: the Eligivs database and its evolution, by
Luca GIANAZZA
2022
2027
CONTENTS
17
2036
2044
Foundation of the Hellenic World. A new private collection open to the public,
by Eleni PAPAEFTHYMIOU
2046
2047
2058
2072
2082
2089
2100
From the electrum to the Euro: a journey into the history of coins. A multimedia
presentation by the Bank of Cyprus Cultural Foundation, by Eleni ZAPITI
2102
Highlights from the Museum of the George and Nefeli Giabra Pierides
Collection, donated by Clio and Solon Triantafyllides: coins and artefacts, by
Eleni ZAPITI & Evangeline MARKOU
2112
Index of Contributors
2118
coins between the third and the end of the first century have been chosen.
The mints are Alontion, Halaisa Archonidea, Kephaloidion, Thermae
Himeraiai and Tyndaris. A detailed analysis is postponed to future research.
115
116
ANTONIO CRIS
issue of Halaisa Archonidea. In the case of the issue of Tyndaris the legend allows
us to identify safely the figure represented. According to the myth, the local hero Agathyrnos, son of
Aeolus, was sent by his father to control the territories of Capo dOrlando (the ancient Agathyrnon).8
After having chosen an already widespread iconographic type, in this case Tyndaris opted for
a clear identification of the hero. It is necessary to emphasize the presence of a star, previously
neglected by scholars or erroneously interpreted as a sort of monogram or miniature figure. This
important iconographic element is the decoration of Agathyrnoss shield and it indirectly alludes to
the cult of the Dioscuri, well represented by symbols or figures in the mintage of Tyndaris.9 So the
issue holds a propagandistic meaning of remarkable importance. The Greek letter , placed on the
upper part of the reverse, is an important sign, because it attributes to the issue the nominal value of
a pentonkion. This element would advance the dating of the series to the post-Agathocles period.10
Recently three termini post quem have been established for this coin: the sign of value , the
iconographic comparison with the post 241 BC issue of Halaisa and the striking on a coin of Hieron II. The proposed dating ranges between the end of the third and the second century BC. During
this period Tyndaris would have assumed a politically strong role in the process of pacification and
reorganization of the Agathyrnon area. In that context the consul Laevinus had operated, transferring in Italy an inconditam multitudinem of mercenaries and criminals.11
The presence of the star could be explained in these terms. It symbolizes Tyndaris, which assumes through the shield a sort of control on the local hero (therefore on the same Agathyrnon).
On the obverse Apollo alludes to the restored order. For political reasons the cult of the hero and its
personification momentarily entered within Tyndaris, which carried out his function of peacemaker centre in the surrounding , perhaps larger than the initial extension of the fourth century
BC. The city, after the creation of the Roman province of Sicily, was forced to pay the tax on the
tenth part of the harvest. It consequently needed to extend own territories. In that period the initial
territorial area, acquired from Abakainon after the foundation (396 BC), was evidently insufficient.
Alontion: the hero Patron
Alontion, already mentioned for the use of specific Herakles iconographies, issued an interesting
bronze coin (Pl. I, 7), significant for the presence of a particular local hero. On the obverse there
is a virile head in profile, wearing a helmet. It probably represents the hero Patron. Therefore he
is not standing and armed, as in the previous issues of Halaisa and Tyndaris. Patron also wears
a Phrygian helmet, decorated with a griffin on the upper part. The item refers to Acarnania, the
Greek region of the hero. On the reverse there is the legend ALONTINWN and a man-headed
bull with water flowing from its mouth. This iconographic type, referring to a river god, was quite
popular in Italic mintages. In our case it could refer to the Achelous river of Acarnania or to a torrent of San Marco dAlunzio.12
The legend tells that the Acarnanian hero Patron, after having fought during the Trojan War
and followed Aeneas, was persuaded by the Trojan hero to remain in Sicily and settle with his
companions at S. Marco dAlunzio.13 Therefore the issue of Patron / man-headed bull, generally
referable to the Roman period, would testify to the recovery of a local legend, connected to the
Aeneas events. This choice is probably linked to a political and propagandistic intent; in fact the
citizens of Alontion wanted to celebrate at the same time their city and Rome.
8
Diod. Sic. V, 8; Ciaceri 1911, pp. 167-68; Gabrici 1927, p. 192, n. 4,
plate X, n. 5; Calciati 1983, I, pp. 79, 83, n. 5; Mastelloni 2004, pp. 23-32, 68.
11
Gabrici 1927, p. 136, n. 9, plate VI, n. 18; Bruno 1963, pp. 81-140;
Bernab Brea 1975, p. 12; Calciati 1983, I, p. 67, n. 2.
13
Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. I 51, 18-30.
12
117
15
16
118
ANTONIO CRIS
Conclusions
This research has certainly shown a complex system of iconographies of Herakles and local heroes, used by the centres of Northern Sicily as allusive and symbolic elements in different ways.
On the obverse Herakles is usually represented bearded (Alontion) and on the reverse standing
in heroic nakedness (Kephaloidion). Also on the reverse his attributes are very common, especially the club, the lion skin and the bow, vertically or horizontally arranged (Alontion). The hero
was probably appreciated as a symbol of a common substratum of very ancient myths and legends.
Between the third and the first century BC they could still be used for propaganda purposes, but at
the same time they could be kept alive locally, according to the spread of worship of the hero. This
concept has been perfectly identified in the issue of Kephaloidion, which is very significant for the
association of the portrait of Augustus with Herakles standing.
For the local heroes the most popular iconography is represented by the standing and armed
warrior, as is evident in the coins of Halaisa Archonidea and Tyndaris. Particularly in the coin of
Agathyrnos the god Apollo and the star iconographically allude to the control of Tyndaris over the
wide western areas of Capo dOrlando and to historical events of the late third century BC. The
iconography of Patron is exceptional, since it differs from the usual and widespread type of the
standing warrior. The resumption of a local hero showed a political necessity on the part of Alontions inhabitants to link their origins to the founding myth of Rome.
In the seventeenth century epigraphy and especially numismatics were useful for the interpretation of the archaeological remains in San Marco dAlunzio and Cefal. In particular the coins of
Alontion and Kephaloidion, which were already known at that time probably for the purposes of
collecting, presented the iconography of Herakles so common and significant for the interpretation
of the archaeological ruins.
This study, supported mainly by the analysis of historical and numismatic data, has highlighted
the most remarkable themes and referred to the spread of heroic cults and coin iconographies in
Northern Sicily. The research can still provide ideas for further in-depth analysis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bernab Brea, L. (1975), Che cosa conosciamo dei centri indigeni della Sicilia che hanno coniato
monete prima dellet di Timoleonte, in Le emissioni dei centri siculi fino allepoca di Timoleonte.
Atti del IV Convegno del Centro Internazionale di Studi Numismatici, Napoli 9-14 aprile 1973,
Roma, pp. 3-52, plates I-II.
Bruno, O. (1963), Alunzio: la leggenda delle origini, Archivio Storico Siciliano 14, pp. 81-157.
Burkert, W. (2003), La religione greca di epoca arcaica e classica, Milano.
Burnett A. / Amandry M. / Ripolles P.P. (1992), Roman Provincial Coinage. I. From the death of
Caesar to the death of Vitellius (44 BC-AD 69), London-Paris.
Calciati, R. (1983), Corpus Nummorum Siculorum: la monetazione di bronzo, Mortara.
Ciaceri, E. (1911), Culti e miti della Sicilia antica, Catania.
Cris, A. (2008), La monetazione di Tindari romana con segni di valore e legende in lingua latina, Rivista Italiana di Numismatica 109, pp. 235-68.
119
120
ANTONIO CRIS
Plate II
8. San Marco dAlunzio, plan of the so-called temple of Herakles (Salinas 1880, p. 192).
9. San Marco dAlunzio, the Greek inscription (Gualtieri 1624, p. 48, n. 316).
10. Cefal, the so-called temple of Diana (by the author).
11. Coin of Kephaloidion with Herakles (V. Auria, Dellorigine ed antichit di Cefal, Palermo
1656, p. 24).
Plate I
Plate II
10
11