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Asian History: Encyglopedía OF
Asian History: Encyglopedía OF
ENCYGLOPEDA
OF
ASIAN
HISTORY
Prepared under rhc auspices ot
The .\sia Society
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involving residents of the presidency towns or company factories. But uniformity proved elusive and
jurisdiaional restrictions proved difficult to maintain in the face of the appeal of these courts to Indian
litigants. [See East India Company.]
A new plan, put forth in Bengal in 1772 and later
adopted in Bombay and Madras, established in each
presidency a hierarchy of courts empowered to hear
civil cases between all residentsboth Indian and
Europeanof the presidency. In suits regarding inheritance, succession, marriage, caste, and religious
endowments, the courts were to apply the dharmashastra to the Hindus and the shari'a to Muslims.
The Brirish judges were assisted by brahman advisors in ascertaining and applying Hindu law, and
moulvis for Islamic law. Presidency-wide hierarchies
of criminal courts were established in the 1790s.
Thus, by the end of the eighteenth century British
courts had completely supplanted those of the Indian rulers throughout the territory of the presidencies. This process continued through the nineteenth
century, with new British courts being created as the
territory of Brirish India increased.
The law applied by the Brirish courts was derived
from many sources. Hindu and Muslim law continued to be applied in the "personal law" areas of
inheritance, caste, marriage, and religion. J-Iowever,
the British were not content to depend solely upon
Indian advisers for knowledge of Hindu and Muslim
law; they also translated many basic works on the
dharmashastra and shari'a. The Brirish judges relied
increasingly on such texts, as well as on precedent
from their own courts. Outside these areas, the British judges were empowered to decide according to
"justice, equity, and good conscience," a rubric under which most cases were decided according to
principles and rules of English law. [See also Jones,
Sir William.]
The anglicization of the law in India increased
after 1858, when the Brirish Crown replaced the
administrarion of the East India Company. During
the next quarter century a series of codes, based
more or less on English law and applicable throughout British India, were enacted. There was virtually
complete codificarion of all fields of commercial,
criminal, and procedural law. Separate "personal
laws" were srill applied to Hindus and Muslims, but
the connection between these laws and the original
traditions of the dharmashastra and the shari'a became transformed. After 1862 the courts no longer
employed Indian law advisers but instead decided
cases on the basis of precedent and the available
texts. The traditional methods of refining the doc-
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