Civ Du 5009 H Structural Design Criteria

CIV-DU-5009-H
STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA
APPLICATION: ONSHORE
This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Neither

the whole nor any part of this document may be disclosed to any third
party without the prior written consent of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Neither the
whole nor any part of this document may be reproduced, stored in any
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic,
mechanical, reprographic, recording or otherwise) without the prior
written consent of Chevron U.S.A. Inc.
Rev
Date
Description
Author
Sponsor
6/02
General revision
MULI
MULI
8/05
General revision
XSON
MULI
11/09
Major revision; no longer an Exception spec.
MULI
MULI
November 2009
19982009 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved.
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Structural Design Criteria
CIV-DU-5009-H
CONTENTS
1.0
Scope ..........................................................................................................................3
2.0
References ..................................................................................................................3
2.1 ......Purchaser Documents ......................................................................................3
2.2 ......Industry Codes and Standards .........................................................................3
2.3 ......Government Regulations ..................................................................................5
3.0
Definitions ...................................................................................................................6
4.0
Design Load Requirements .......................................................................................7

4.1 ......General .............................................................................................................7
4.2 ......Dead Loads (D) ................................................................................................8
4.3 ......Live Loads (L) .................................................................................................10
4.4 ......Wind Loads (W) ..............................................................................................11
4.5 ......Earthquake Loads (E) ....................................................................................11
4.6 ......Impact Loads ..................................................................................................12
4.7 ......Thermal Loads ...............................................................................................12
4.8 ......Bundle Pull Load (Bp) ....................................................................................13
4.9 ......Traffic Loads ...................................................................................................13
4.10 ....Blast Load ......................................................................................................14
4.11 ....Snow Loads (S) ..............................................................................................14
4.12 ....Occasional Loads ...........................................................................................14
5.0
Load Combinations ..................................................................................................14

5.1 ......General ...........................................................................................................14
5.2 ......Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations) .......................15
5.3 ......Test Combinations .........................................................................................21
6.0
Structural Design .....................................................................................................21

6.1 ......Steel ...............................................................................................................21
6.2 ......Concrete .........................................................................................................22
6.3 ......Masonry ..........................................................................................................23
6.4 ......Elevator Supports ...........................................................................................23
6.5 ......Crane Supports ..............................................................................................23
6.6 ......Allowable Drift Limits ......................................................................................24
6.7 ......Foundations ....................................................................................................24
6.8 ......Supports for Vibrating Machinery ...................................................................26
6.9 ......Anchor Bolts ...................................................................................................26
6.10 ....Wood ..............................................................................................................26
6.11 ....Design of Pile Foundations ............................................................................27
6.12 ....Cantilever Retaining Wall ...............................................................................28
6.13 ....Vessel Load Cell Supports .............................................................................28
7.0
Existing Structures ..................................................................................................28
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1.0
CIV-DU-5009-H
SCOPE
1. This specification defines minimum requirements for structural engineering and design of
process and manufacturing facilities at onshore U.S. and other sites.
2. Some content is reproduced and used under PIPs Membership Agreement.
3. More specific and comprehensive design requirements may need to be developed for specific
project needs.
4. Any exceptions to the requirement of this specification shall be submitted in writing for
resolution by the Purchaser.
2.0
REFERENCES
1. The documents listed in this section are referenced herein and are considered part of this
specification.
2. Use the edition of each referenced document in effect on the date of the publication of this
specification.
3. In the event of any inconsistency between the requirements stated in the various technical and
reference documents, the following order of precedence shall apply:
a. Local country statutes, regulations, and directives
b. Local country codes and standards
c. The project requisition
d. Data sheets
e. This specification
f.
Purchaser specific standards
g. Other international codes and standards

4. Notwithstanding the stated hierarchy, any discrepancies between the requirements of the
above documents shall be submitted in writing to the Purchaser for resolution.
2.1
Purchaser Documents
CIV-PU-4841
Driven Pile Installation
CIV-DS-5237
Project Data Sheet
CIV-DS-5238
Plant Site Data Sheet
Standard Drawings
GD-Q68922
2.2
Standard Anchor Bolts
Industry Codes and Standards

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
HB-17
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
American Concrete Institute (ACI)

318/318R
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary
350/350R
Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures

and Commentary
530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

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American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA)

(ANSI) NDS-2005
National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS)
NDS Supplement
Design Values for Wood Construction
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

LRFD Manual of Steel Construction, 3rd Edition
Steel Construction Manual, 13th Editionincluding Allowable Stress Design (ASD), Load and
Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), and Specification for Structural Joints
Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts (from RCSC)
(ANSI) 360-05
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) Specification for Structural Steel Buildings
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
SG 673, Part I
Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
SG 673, Part II
Commentary on the Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel

Structural Members
SG 913, Part I
Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel

Structural Members
SG 913, Part II
Commentary on the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for

Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members
American Petroleum Institute (API)

Standard 650
Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

SEI 7-05
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
SEI 37-02
Design Loads on Structures During Construction
Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities

Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities
Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
A17.1
Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
ASTM International (ASTM)

A36/A36M
Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
A82/A82M
Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement
A185/A185M
Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for

Concrete
A193/A193M
Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials

for High Temperature or High Pressure Service and Other Special Purpose
Applications
A307
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, 60 000 PSI
Tensile Strength
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A325
Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi
Minimum Tensile Strength
A354
Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts,

Studs, and Other Externally Threaded Fasteners
A490
Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat

Treated,150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A615/A615M
Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for

Concrete Reinforcement
A706/A706M
Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for
Concrete Reinforcement
A992/A992M
Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes
F1554
Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55, and 105 ksi
Yield Strength
American Welding Society (AWS)

D1.1/D1.1M
Structural Welding Code - Steel
Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)

No. 70
Specifications for Top Running Bridge and Gantry Type Multiple Girder
Overhead Electric Traveling Cranes
No. 74
Specifications for Top Running and Under Running Single Girder Overhead
Electric Traveling Cranes Utilizing Under Running Trolley Hoist
International Code Council (ICC)

International Building Code (IBC)
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)
MNL 120
Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete
Process Industry Practices (PIP)

PCCWE001
Weighing System Criteria
PCEWE001
Weighing System Guidelines
REIE 686/API 686
Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation and Installation Design
STE05121
Anchor Bolt Design Guide
STE03360
Heat Exchanger and Horizontal Vessel Foundation Design Guide
Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC)

Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 and A490 Bolts
Steel Joist Institute (SJI)
Standard Specifications, Load Tables and Weight Tables for Steel Joists and Joist Girders
2.3
Government Regulations
Federal Standards and Instructions of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
including any additional requirements by state or local agencies that have jurisdiction in the state
where the project is to be constructed, shall apply.
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U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

OSHA 29 CFR 1910 Occupational Safety and Health Standards
OSHA 29 CFR 1926 Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
3.0
DEFINITIONS
Blast loadsThe load on a structure caused by overpressure resulting from the ignition and
explosion of flammable material or by overpressure resulting from a vessel burst.
Bundle pull loads (Bp)The force required to pull the bundles out of the heat exchanger.
Dead loads (D)The actual weight of materials forming the building, structure, foundation, and
all permanently attached appurtenances. For this specification, dead loads are designated by the
following nomenclature:
Ds
Structure dead load is the weight of materials forming the structure (not the empty
weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, piping, nor cable trays), foundation,
soil above the foundation resisting uplift, and all permanently attached
appurtenances (e.g., lighting, instrumentation, HVAC, sprinkler and deluge
systems, fireproofing, and insulation, etc.).
Df
Erection dead load is the fabricated weight of process equipment or vessels and is
generally taken from the certified equipment or vessel drawing.
De
Empty dead load is the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, piping,
and cable trays.
Do
Operating dead load is the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks,
piping, and cable trays plus the maximum weight of contents (fluid load) during
normal operation.
Dt
Test dead load is the empty weight of process equipment, vessels, tanks, and/or
piping plus the weight of the test medium contained in the system.
Earthquake loads (E)The effect of earthquake induced forces on the structure and/or
equipment as determined in accordance with the applicable design standard and code. For this
specification, earthquake loads are designated by the following nomenclature:
Eo
Earthquake load considering the unfactored operating dead load and the applicable
portion of the unfactored structure dead load
Ee
Earthquake load considering the unfactored empty dead load and the applicable
portion of the unfactored structure dead load
Engineer of RecordPurchasers authorized representative with overall authority and

responsibility for the engineering design, quality, and performance of the civil works, structure,
foundations, materials, and appurtenances described in the contract documents. The engineer of
record shall be licensed as defined by the laws of the locality in which the work is to be
constructed, and be qualified to practice in the specialty discipline required for the work described
in the contract documents.
Impact loadsLoads produced as a result of unusual vibration and impact forces, such as in
machinery, elevator, moving loads, crane and vehicle loads, etc. An impact load is computed by
multiplying the effective weight of the equipment and moving loads by a percentage increased
factor as defined in the applicable design standard or by the equipments manufacturer
instructions.
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Live loads (L)Loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or structure. Live loads
include the weight of all movable loads, such as personnel, tools, miscellaneous equipment,
movable partitions, wheel loads, parts of dismantled equipment, stored material, etc.
Pressure loadsFor this specification, pressure loads for ground-supported tanks are designated
by the following:
Pi
Design internal pressure
Pe
External pressure
Pt
Test internal pressure
Snow loadsLoads on a building or structure as a result of the accumulation of snow on its roof
as defined by the applicable design standard.
Thermal loads (T)Loads or effects produced by thermal expansion and contraction of
equipment and piping. For this specification, thermal loads are designated by the following
nomenclature:
Tp
Forces on vertical vessels, horizontal vessels, or heat exchangers caused by the

thermal expansion of the pipe attached to the vessel
Self-straining thermal forces caused by the restrained expansion of horizontal

vessels, heat exchangers, and structural members in pipe racks or in structures
Af
Pipe anchor and guide forces
Ff
Pipe rack friction forces caused by the sliding of pipes or friction forces caused by
the sliding of horizontal vessels or heat exchangers on their supports, in response
to thermal expansion
Traffic loadsDesign vehicle wheel loading as defined in the applicable standard for design of
highway bridges.
Wind loads (W) Loads on a building or structure caused by the wind pressure as defined in the
applicable design standard.
4.0
DESIGN LOAD REQUIREMENTS
4.1
General
1. Design, construction, and general project requirements shall comply with the referenced
Purchaser and project specifications, codes, standards, and regulations applicable in the
country where the project is located.
2. New facilities, buildings, and other structures, including floor slabs and foundations, shall be
designed to resist the minimum loads defined in ASCE/SEI 7, local building codes, this
section and the loads defined in the project and plant site data sheets (CIV-DS-5237 and 5238).
3. In addition to the loads in this section, other loads shall be considered as appropriate. These
loads shall include, but are not limited to, snow, ice, rain, hydrostatic, dynamic, upset
conditions, earth pressure, vehicles, buoyancy, and erection.
4. Future loads shall be considered if specified by the Purchaser.
5. For existing facilities, actual loads may be used in lieu of the minimum specified loads.
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6. Eccentric loads (piping, platforms, etc.), particularly on horizontal and vertical vessels and
exchangers, shall be considered. For additional information regarding eccentric loads on
horizontal vessels and exchangers, see PIP STE03360.
7. The Purchaser shall be consulted to determine the classification of occupancy categories for
buildings and other structures for the purpose of applying wind, earthquake, snow, and ice load
provisions in accordance with Section 1.5 of ASCE/SEI 7.
Note
4.2
For process industry facilities, ASCE/SEI 7 Category III is the most likely
classification because of the presence of toxic or explosive substances. Category II
may be used if the Purchaser can demonstrate that release of the toxic or explosive
substances does not pose a threat to the public. See ASCE/SEI 7, Section 1.5.2 and
Table 1-1 for specific details. In some cases, it may be appropriate to select
Category IV.
Dead Loads (D)

Weights of fixed process equipment and machinery, piping, valves, electrical cable trays, and the
contents of these items shall be considered as dead loads. Dead loads are designated as Ds, Df, De,
Do, and Dt, as defined in Section 3.0.
4.2.1
Process Equipment and Vessel Dead Loads

1. Erection dead load (Df) for process equipment and vessels shall be taken from the
certified equipment or vessel drawing.
2. Empty dead load (De) for process equipment and vessels shall include all
attachments, trays, internals, insulation, fireproofing, agitators, piping, ladders,
platforms, etc. Empty dead load shall also include weight of machinery (e.g., pumps,
compressors, turbines, and packaged units).
3. Test dead load (Dt) for process equipment and vessels shall be determined using the
test medium as specified in the contract documents or as specified by the Purchaser.
a. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall be used for
the test medium.
b. Equipment and pipes that may be simultaneously tested shall be included.
c. Cleaning load shall be used for test dead load if the cleaning fluid is heavier than
the test medium.
4.2.2
Pipe Rack Piping Loads

1. Dead loads for piping on pipe racks shall be estimated as shown in Table 1, unless
actual load information is available and requires otherwise.
2. Pipe racks and their foundations shall be designed to support loads associated with full
utilization of the available rack space and any specified future expansion.
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Table 1:
CIV-DU-5009-H
Dead Loads for Piping on Pipe Racks
Operating dead load (Do)
Uniformly distributed load of 40 psf (1.9 kPa) for 12-inch

and smaller diameter pipes
A concentrated load including the weight of piping,
product, valves, fittings, and insulation for larger than
12-inch nominal diameter pipes:
Note: 40 psf is equivalent to 8-inch (203-mm) diameter,
Schedule 40 pipes, full of water, at 15-inch (381-mm)
center to center spacing.
Empty dead load (De)
60% Do for checking uplift and components controlled by

minimum loading when combined with wind, unless the
actual conditions require a different percentage
Test dead load (Dt)
De plus the weight of test medium used.

Only a set of simultaneously tested piping systems shall
be considered.
Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of
1.0 shall be used for the test medium
4.2.3
Pipe Rack Cable Tray Loads

Dead loads for cable trays on pipe racks shall be estimated as described in Table 2, unless
actual load information is available and requires otherwise:
Table 2:
Dead Loads for Cable Trays on Pipe Racks
Operating dead load

(Do)
A uniformly distributed dead load of
Empty dead load (De)
A reduced level of cable tray load (i.e., the actual

configuration) shall be considered as the empty dead load
for checking uplift and components controlled by minimum
loading.
20 psf (1.0 kPa) for a single level of cable trays and

40 psf (1.9 kPa) for a double level of cable trays.
Note: These values estimate the full (maximum) level of
cables in the trays.
Engineering judgement shall be exercised in defining the

dead load for uplift conditions.
4.2.4
Ground-Supported Storage Tank Loads

Dead loads for ground-supported storage tanks are shown in Table 11 with the same
nomenclature as other dead loads in this specification for consistency.
The individual load components making up the dead loads may have to be separated for
actual use in design, as follows:
1. Operating dead load (Do)
a. Operating dead load for a ground-supported storage tank is made up of the metal
load from the tank shell and roof and the weight of the insulation, vertically
applied through the wall of the tank, in addition to the fluid load from the stored
product.
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b. The fluid load acts through the bottom of the tank and does not act vertically
through the wall of the tank. Therefore, the metal dead load and the fluid load
shall be used separately in design.
2. Empty dead load (De): The corroded metal weight (if a corrosion allowance is
specified) shall be considered as the empty dead load for checking uplift and
components controlled by minimum loading.
3. Test dead load (Dt)
a. Test dead load for a ground-supported storage tank is the same as the operating
load (Do), except that the fluid load shall be calculated based on the specific
gravity of the test medium used.
b. The test medium shall be as specified in the contract documents or as specified by
the Purchaser. Unless otherwise specified, a minimum specific gravity of 1.0 shall
be used for the test medium.
4.3
Live Loads (L)

1. Areas specified for maintenance (e.g., heat exchanger tube bundle servicing) shall be designed
to support the live loads.
2. Minimum live loads shall be in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7 and applicable codes and
standards unless otherwise specified, as shown in Table 3:
Table 3:
Minimum Live Loads

Uniform**
Stairs and Exitways

Operating, Access Platforms,
and Walkways
Control, I/O, HVAC Room Floors
Concentrated**
2
100 psf (4.8 kN/m )
1,000 lb (4.5 kN)
75 psf
(3.6 kN/m2)
2,000 lb (4.5 kN)
100 psf (4.8 kN/m2)
2,000 lb (4.5 kN)
125 psf (6.0 kN/m2)
2,000 lb (9.0 kN)
250 psf (12.0 kN/m2)*
3,000 lb (13.5 kN)
Manufacturing Floors and Storage Areas:

Light
Heavy
Ground-Supported Storage Tank Roof
*
**
25 psf (1.2
kN/m2)
NA
This 250 psf (12.0 kN/m2) live load includes small equipment.
The loads provided in this table are to be used unless noted otherwise on the
Purchasers data sheet.
3. Uniform and concentrated live loads listed in Table 3 shall not be applied simultaneously.
4. According to ASCE/SEI 7, concentrated loads equal to or greater than 1,000 lb (4.5 kN) may
be assumed to be uniformly distributed over an area of 2.5 ft (750 mm) by 2.5 ft (750 mm) and
shall be located to produce the maximum load effects in the structural members.
5. Stair treads shall be designed according to OSHA regulations or building code as applicable.
6. Live load reductions shall be in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7.
7. For manufacturing floor areas not used for storage, the live load reduction specified by
ASCE/SEI 7 for lower live loads may be used.
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8. The loadings on handrails and guardrails for process equipment structures shall be in
accordance with OSHA 1910.
9. The loadings on handrails and guardrails for buildings and structures under the jurisdiction of
a building code shall be in accordance with the building code.
4.4
Wind Loads (W)

1. Unless otherwise specified, wind loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with
ASCE/SEI 7 and the recommended guidelines for open frame structures, pressure vessels, and
pipe racks in Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities.
2. Site specific design parameters shall be in accordance with the Plant Site data sheet,
CIV-DS-5238.
3. Traditionally, nonbuilding structures in a petrochemical facility designed for wind according
to ASCE/SEI 7 shall be classified as Occupancy Category II. In some cases it may be
appropriate to select the current Category III or IV instead.
a. The appropriate classification shall be determined based on the functionality requirement,
the probability and consequences of a release of regulated substances during a major wind.
b. The Purchasers Process Safety Management (PSM) group will have this data and shall be
consulted when making this determination.
4. The full design wind load shall be used when calculating wind drift (see Section 6.6).
5. A solid width of 1.5 ft (450 mm) shall be assumed when calculating the wind load on ladder
cages.
6. Partial wind load (WP) shall be based on the requirements of ASCE/SEI 37, Section 6.2.1, for
the specified test or erection duration. The design wind speed shall be 68 mph (109 km/h)
(which is 0.75 x 90 mph [145 km/h] according to ASCE/SEI 37 for test or erection periods of
less than 6 weeks).
7. For test or erection periods of 6 weeks or more or if the test or erection is in a hurricane-prone
area and is planned during the peak hurricane season (from August 1 to October 31 in the
U.S.A), see ASCE/SEI 37, Section 6.2.1.
8. Unless otherwise specified, Exposure C shall be used to determine wind load for all equipment
and structures, except pipe racks inside process unit limits, which shall use Exposure B.
4.5
Earthquake Loads (E)

1. Except for API Standard 650 ground-supported storage tanks, earthquake loads shall be
computed and applied in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7, unless otherwise specified.
Note
The earthquake loads in ASCE/SEI 7 are limit state earthquake loads, and this should
be taken into account if using allowable stress design methods or applying load
factors from other codes. Earthquake loads for API Standard 650 storage tanks are
allowable stress design loads.
2. Site specific design parameters shall conform to the Plant Site data sheet, CIV-DS-5238.
3. Guidelines for Seismic Evaluation and Design of Petrochemical Facilities may also be used as
a general reference for earthquake design.
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4. Earthquake loading shall be determined using ASCE/SEI 7, Chapter 15, if ASCE/SEI 7 is used
for the earthquake design of nonbuilding structures as defined in ASCE/SEI 7, Section 15.1.1
and Tables 15.4-1 and 15.4-2.
Note
Nonbuilding structures include but are not limited to elevated tanks or vessels, stacks,
pipe racks, and cooling towers.
5. The importance factor I for nonbuilding structures shall be determined from ASCE/SEI 7,
Section 15.4.1.1.
Note
4.6
Traditionally, for nonbuilding structures in petrochemical process units, use an

importance factor I of 1.0 in conjunction with Occupancy Category II; however, in
some cases, it may be appropriate to use an importance factor I of 1.25 or 1.5 in
conjunction with Occupancy Category III or IV respectively.
Impact Loads
1. Impact loads shall be in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7.
2. Impact loads for davits shall be the same as those for monorail cranes (powered).
3. Lifting lugs or pad eyes and internal members (included both end connections) framing into
the joint where the lifting lug or pad eye is located shall be designed for 100% impact.
4. All other structural members transmitting lifting forces shall be designed for 15% impact.
5. Allowable stresses shall not be increased when combining impact with dead load.
4.7
Thermal Loads
1. All support structures and elements thereof shall be designed to accommodate the loads or
effects produced by thermal expansion and contraction of equipment and piping.
2. Thermal loads shall be included with operating loads in the appropriate load combinations.
Thermal load shall have the same load factor as dead load.
3. Thermal loads and displacements shall be calculated on the basis of the difference between
ambient or equipment design temperature and installed temperature. To account for the
significant increase in temperatures of steel exposed to sunlight, 35F (20C) shall be added to
the maximum ambient temperature.
4. Friction loads caused by thermal expansion shall be determined using the appropriate static
coefficient of friction. Coefficients of friction shall be in accordance with Table 4.
Table 4:
Coefficients of Friction
Steel to Steel (normal condition)
0.3
Steel to Steel (corroded)
0.4
Steel to Concrete
0.6
Proprietary Sliding Surfaces or Coatings

(e.g., Teflon)
According to manufacturers instructions
5. Friction loads shall be considered temporary and shall not be combined with wind or
earthquake loads. However, anchor and guide loads (excluding their friction component) shall
be combined with wind or earthquake loads.
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6. For pipe racks supporting multiple pipes, use the following guidelines:
a. 10% of the total estimated operating weight (i.e., 4 psf or 0.19 kPa) shall be used as an
estimated horizontal friction load applied only to local supporting beams.
b. For pipes larger than 12-inches nominal diameter, the actual friction load shall be used.
For the remainder area not occupied by the larger pipes, 10% of the estimated operating
weight (i.e., 4 psf or 0.19 kPa) shall be used.
c. When there will be three or fewer pipes (i.e., no future pipe addition), 30% of the total of
the actual operating weight of the pipes shall be used.
d. An estimated friction load equal to 5% of the total piping weight shall be accumulated and
carried into pipe rack struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations.
Note
Under normal loading conditions with multiple pipes, torsional effects on the local
beam need not be considered because the pipes supported by the beam limit the
rotation of the beam to the extent that the torsional stresses are minimal. Under
certain circumstances, engineering judgement shall be applied to determine whether
a higher friction load and/or torsional effects should be used.
7. Pipe anchor and guide loads shall have the same load factor as dead loads.
8. Internal pressure and surge shall be considered for pipe anchor and guide loads.
9. Beams, struts, columns, braced anchor frames, and foundations shall be designed to resist
actual pipe anchor and guide loads.
10. For local beam design, only the top flange shall be considered effective for horizontal bending
unless the pipe anchor engages both flanges of the beam.
4.8
Bundle Pull Load (Bp)

1. Structures and foundations supporting heat exchangers subject to bundle pulling shall be
designed for a horizontal load equal to 1.0 times the weight of the removable tube bundle but
not less than 2,000 lb (9.0 kN). If the total weight of the exchanger is less than 2,000 lb
(9.0 kN), the bundle pull design load need not exceed the total weight of the exchanger.
2. Bundle pull load shall be applied at the center of the bundle.
Note
If it can be assured that the bundles will be removed strictly by the use of a bundle
extractor attached directly to the exchanger (such that the bundle pull force is not
transferred to the structure or foundation), the structure or foundation need not be
designed for the bundle pull force. Such assurance would typically require the
addition of a sign posted on the exchanger to indicate bundle removal by an extractor
only.
3. The portion of the bundle pull load at the sliding end support shall equal the friction force or
half the total bundle pull load, whichever is less. The remainder of the bundle pull load shall
be resisted at the anchor end support.
4.9
Traffic Loads
1. Buildings, trenches, and underground installations accessible to truck loading shall be
designed to withstand HS2O load as defined by AASHTO HB-17.
2. Maintenance or construction crane loads shall also be considered where applicable.
3. Truck or crane loads shall have the same load factor as live load.
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4.10
CIV-DU-5009-H
Blast Load
1. Control houses or other buildings housing personnel and control equipment near processing
plants may need to be designed for blast resistance.
2. Blast load shall be computed and applied in accordance with the Project data sheet,
CIV-DS-5237, and the Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities.
4.11
Snow Loads (S)

1. Unless otherwise specified, snow loads shall be computed and applied in accordance with
ASCE/SEI 7.
2. Site specific design parameters shall be in accordance with the Plant Site data sheet,
CIV-DS-5238.
4.12
Occasional Loads
1. Occasional loads from sources such as system upset, equipment start up, regeneration, water
hammer etc. shall be considered and treated as live loads (L).
2. Occasional loads need not be combined with seismic or wind loads.
5.0
LOAD COMBINATIONS
5.1
General
1. Buildings, structures, equipment, vessels, tanks, and foundations shall be designed in
accordance with the following:
a. Appropriate load combinations from ASCE/SEI 7 except as otherwise specified in this
specification
b. Local building codes
c. Any other applicable design codes and standards
d. Any other probable and realistic combination of loads
2. The non-comprehensive list of typical load combinations for specific type of structure
provided in Sections 5.2.2 through 5.2.6 in both allowable stress design (ASD) and strength
design format shall be considered and used as applicable.
3. Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing all appropriate load combinations.
4. Unless otherwise permitted by the applicable design standard of the material or component,
the use of a one-third stress increase for load combinations (including wind or earthquake
loads) shall not be allowed.
5. The load combinations provided are appropriate for use with the strength design provisions of
either AISC LRFD (third edition or later) or ACI 318 (2002 edition or later).
Note
November 2009
The dead load factor used for the earthquake uplift ASD load combinations is
generally taken as 0.9. This factor is greater than the 0.6 dead load factor used in the
ASD load combinations of ASCE/SEI 7, Chapter 2, because the dead loads of
nonbuilding structures are known to a higher degree of accuracy than are the
corresponding dead loads of buildings. A dead load factor of 0.9 instead of 1.0 is
used to account for the effect of vertical seismic forces. The use of this reduction is
necessary because foundations sized using ASD loads, except for foundations for
ground-supported storage tanks, are generally not required to consider the effect of
14 of 28
CIV-DU-5009-H
vertical seismic uplift forces if a dead load factor of 0.6 is used. A dead load factor of
1.0 is used for the wind uplift ASD load combinations because of the higher accuracy
of dead loads of nonbuilding structures
5.2
Typical Load Combinations (for Structures and Foundations)

5.2.1
General Plant Structures

Load combinations for buildings and open frame structures shall be in accordance with
ASCE/SEI 7, Chapter 2.
5.2.2
Vertical Vessels
Load combinations for vertical vessels are shown in Tables 5 and 6. Refer to Section 3.0
for definitions of Load abbreviations.
Table 5:
Loading CombinationsAllowable Stress Design (Service Loads)
Load
Comb.
No.
Load
Combination
Allowable
Stress
Multiplier
Description
D s + Do + L
1.00
Operating Weight + Live Load
Ds + D o +
(W or 0.7 Eoa)
1.00
Operating Weight + Wind

or Earthquake
Ds + De + W
1.00
Empty Weight + Wind

(Wind Uplift Case)
4a
0.9 (Ds + Do) + 0.7 Eoa
1.00
Operating Weight + Earthquake

(Earthquake Uplift Case)
4b
0.9 (Ds + De) + 0.7 Eea
1.00
Empty Weight + Earthquake

D s + Df + W p
1.00
Erection Weight + Partial Windb

(Wind Uplift Case)
D s + Dt + W p
1.20
Test Weight + Partial Wind
Notes:
a) For skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevated tanks classified as
Occupancy Category IV in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7, Section 1.5 and Table 1-1,
the critical earthquake provisions and implied load combination of ASCE/SEI 7,
Section 15.7.10.5, shall be followed.
b) Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight of the vessel is
significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel.
c) Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
calculations for operating load combinations, if deemed advisable. The pipe stress
engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to be considered.
November 2009
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Table 6:
CIV-DU-5009-H
Loading Combinations and Load FactorsStrength Design
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Description
1.4 (Ds + Do)
Operating Weightc
1.2 (Ds + Do) + 1.6 L
Operating Weightc + Live Load
1.2 (Ds + Do) +

(1.6 W or 1.0 Eoa)
Operating Weightc + Wind or Earthquake
0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.6 W
Empty Weight + Wind

(Wind Uplift Case)
5a
0.9 (Ds + Do) + 1.0 Eoa
Operating Weightc + Earthquake

5b
0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.0 Eea
Empty Weight + Earthquake

0.9 (Ds + Df) + 1.6 Wp
Erection Weight + Partial Windb

(Wind Uplift Case)
1.4 (Ds + Dt)
Test Weight
1.2 (Ds + Dt) + 1.6 Wp
Test Weight + Partial Wind
Notes
a) For skirt-supported vertical vessels and skirt-supported elevated tanks classified as
Occupancy Category IV in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7, Section 1.5 and Table 1-1,
the critical earthquake provisions and implied load combination of ASCE/SEI 7,
Section 15.7.10.5, shall be followed.
b) Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight of the vessel is
significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel.
c) Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to be considered. The
same load factor as used for dead load shall be used.
5.2.3
Horizontal Vessels and Heat Exchangers

Load combinations for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers are shown in Tables 7 and 8:
Table 7:
Load
Comb.
No.
November 2009

(1 of 2)
Load
Combination
Allowable
Stress
Multiplier
Description
Ds + Do +
(T or Ff)b
1.00
Operating Weight +
Thermal Expansion or Friction Force
Ds + Do + L +
(T or Ff)b
1.00
Operating Weight + Live Load +

Ds + Do +
(W or 0.7 Eo)
1.00
Operating Weight + Wind

or Earthquakea
D s + De + W
1.00
Empty Weight + Winda

(Wind Uplift Case)
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Table 7:
CIV-DU-5009-H

(2 of 2)
Load
Comb.
No.
Load
Combination
Allowable
Stress
Multiplier
Description
5a
0.9 (Ds + Do) + 0.7 Eo
1.00
Operating Weightf + Earthquakea

5b
0.9 (Ds + De) + 0.7 Ee
1.00
Empty Weight + Earthquakea

D s + D f + Wp
1.00
Erection Weight + Partial Winda,c

(Wind Uplift Case)
D s + D t + Wp
1.20
Test Weight + Partial Winda

(For Horizontal Vessels Only)
Ds + Ded + Bp
1.00
Empty Weight + Bundle Pull

(For Heat Exchangers Only)
Notes:
a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal
directions, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall be the
lesser of T or Ff.
c. Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight of the vessel or
exchanger is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel or exchanger.
d. Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pull because of the
removal of the exchanger head.
e. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding caused by vessel or exchanger
expansion shall be considered in operating load combinations with wind or
earthquake.
f. Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
calculations for operating load combinations if deemed advisable. The pipe stress
engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to be considered.
Table 8:
November 2009
Loading Combinations and Load FactorsStrength Design (1 of 2)
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Description
1.4 (Ds + Do) + 1.4 (T or Ff)b
Operating Weight +
1.2 (Ds + Do) + 1.6 L +

1.2 (T or Ff)b
Operating Weight + Live Load +

1.2 (Ds + Do) +

(1.6 W or 1.0 Eo)
Operating Weight +
Wind or Earthquakea
0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.6 W
Empty Weight + Winda

(Wind Uplift Case)
5a
0.9 (Ds + Do) + 1.0 Eo
Operating Weight + Earthquakea

5b
0.9 (Ds + De) + 1.0 Ee
Empty Weight + Earthquakea

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Table 8:
CIV-DU-5009-H
Loading Combinations and Load FactorsStrength Design (2 of 2)
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Description
0.9 (Ds + Df) + 1.6 Wp
Erection Weight + Partial Winda,c

(Wind Uplift Case)
1.4 (Ds + Dt)
Test Weight
1.2 (Ds + Dt) + 1.6 Wp
Test Weight + Partial Winda

1.2 (Ds + Ded) + 1.6 Bp

10
0.9 (Ds + Ded) + 1.6 Bp

(Bundle Pull Uplift Case)
Notes:
a. Wind and earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal
directions, but shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
b. The design thermal force for horizontal vessels and heat exchangers shall be the
lesser of T or Ff.
c. Erection weight + partial wind is required only if the erection weight of the vessel or
exchanger is significantly less than the empty weight of the vessel or exchanger.
d. Heat exchanger empty dead load will be reduced during bundle pull because of the
removal of the exchanger head.
e. Sustained thermal loads not relieved by sliding from vessel or exchanger expansion
shall be considered in operating load combinations with wind or earthquake.
f. Thrust forces caused by thermal expansion of piping shall be included in the
engineer shall be consulted for any thermal loads that are to be considered. The
same load factor as used for dead load shall be used.
5.2.4
Pipe Rack and Pipe Bridge Design

Load combinations for pipe rack and pipe bridge design are shown in Tables 9 and 10:
Table 9:

(1 of 2)
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Allowable
Stress
Multiplier
D s + Do + F f + T + A f
1.00
Operating Weight + Friction Force +

Thermal Expansion + Anchor Forcee
Ds + D o + A f +
(W or 0.7 Eo)
1.00
Operating Weight + Anchor Forcee +

Winda or Earthquakeb
D s + D ec + W
1.00
Empty Weight + Wind

(Wind Uplift Case)
4a
0.9 (Ds+Do) + Af + 0.7 Eo
1.00
Operating Weight + Earthquakeb

November 2009
Description
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Table 9:
CIV-DU-5009-H

(2 of 2)
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Allowable
Stress
Multiplier
Description
4b
0.9 (Ds + Dec) + 0.7 Ee
1.00
Empty Weight + Earthquakeb

D s + Dt + W p
1.20
Test Weight + Partial Windd
Notes:
a. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in the longitudinal
direction because friction and anchor loads will normally govern.
b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but
shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
c. 0.6Do may be used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition De.
d. Test weight + partial wind normally is required only for local member design because
test is not typically performed on all pipes simultaneously.
e. Pipe-stress engineer shall be consulted for the nature of the anchor loads (static or
dynamic) that are to be considered in structural analysis of pipe racks and bridges.
Table 10:
Loading Combinations and Load Factors Strength Design
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Description
1.4 (Ds + Do + Ff + T + Af)
Operating Weight + Friction Force +

Thermal Expansion + Anchor Forcee
1.2 (Ds + Do + Af) + (1.6 W or 1.0 Eo)
Operating Weight + Anchor Force +

Winda or Earthquake
0.9 (Ds + Dec) + 1.6 W
Empty Weight + Wind

(Wind Uplift Case)
4a
0.9 (Ds + Do) + 1.2 (Af) + 1.0 Eo
Operating Weight + Earthquakeb

4b
0.9 (Ds + Dec) + 1.0 Ee
Empty Weight + Earthquakeb

1.4 (Ds + Dt)
Test Weight
1.2 (Ds + Dt) + 1.6 Wp
Test Weight + Partial Windd
Notes:
a. Considerations of wind forces are normally not necessary in the longitudinal
direction because friction and anchor loads will normally govern.
b. Earthquake forces shall be applied in both transverse and longitudinal directions, but
shall not necessarily be applied simultaneously.
c. 0.6Do may be used as a close approximation of the empty pipe condition De.
d. Test weight + partial wind normally is required only for local member design because
test is not typically performed on all pipes simultaneously.
e Pipe-stress engineer shall be consulted for the nature of the anchor loads (static or
dynamic) that are to be considered in structural analysis of pipe racks and bridges.
November 2009
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5.2.5
CIV-DU-5009-H
Ground-Supported Storage Tank Load Combinations

Load combinations for ground-supported storage tanks shall be taken from API 650. Load
combinations from API 650 and modified for use with ASCE/SEI 7 loads and this
specification are shown in Table 11.
Table 11:
Load
Comb.
No.
Load Combination
Description
Ds + Do + Pi
Operating Weight +
Internal Pressurea
Ds + Dt + P t
Test Weight +
Test Pressure
Ds + (De or Do) + W + 0.4 Pib
Empty or Operating Weight + Wind +

Internal Pressurea
Ds + (De or Do) + W + 0.4 Peb
Empty or Operating Weight + Wind +

External Pressure
Ds + Do + (L or S) + 0.4 Peb
Operating Weight + Live or Snow +

External Pressure
Ds + (De or Do) + 0.4 (L or S) + Pe
Empty or Operating Weight +

Live or Snow +
External Pressure
Ds + Do + 0.1 S + Eoc + 0.4 Pib
Operating Weight + Snow + Earthquake

+ Internal Pressurea
Ds + Do + 0.1 S + Eoc
Operating Weight + Snow + Earthquake
Notes:
a. For internal pressures sufficient to lift the tank shell according to the rules of API
Standard 650, tank, anchor bolts, and foundation shall be designed to the additional
requirements of API Standard 650, Appendix F.7.
b. If the ratio of operating pressure to design pressure exceeds 0.4, the Purchaser shall
consider specifying a higher factor on design pressure in load combinations 3, 4, 5,
and 7 of Table 9.
c. Earthquake loads for API Standard 650 tanks taken from ASCE/SEI 7 bridging
equations or from API Standard 650 already include the 0.7 ASD seismic load factor.
5.2.6
Load Combinations for Static Machinery, Skid and Modular Equipment,

Filters, and Other Equipment
Load combinations for static machinery, skid and modular equipment, filters, etc., shall be
similar to the load combinations for vertical vessels (see Section 5.2.2).
November 2009
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5.3
CIV-DU-5009-H
Test Combinations
1. Engineering judgment shall be used in establishing the appropriate application of test load
combinations to adequately address actual test conditions in accordance with project and code
requirements while avoiding overly conservative design.
2. Consideration shall be given to the sequence and combination of testing for various
equipment, vessels, tanks, and/or piping systems supported on common structures, pipe racks,
or foundations.
3. Full wind and earthquake loads are typically not combined with test loads unless an unusually
long test duration is planned (i.e., if a significant probability exists that the partial wind
velocity will be exceeded or an earthquake event may occur).
4. Additional loading shall be included with test if specified in the contract documents.
5. For allowable stress design, a 20% allowable stress increase shall be permitted for any test
load combination.
6. For ultimate strength/limit states design, no load factor reduction shall be permitted for any
test load combination.
6.0
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
6.1
Steel
1. Steel design shall be in accordance with AISC/ANSI 360-05 specification.
2. For cold-formed shapes, design shall be in accordance with AISI/SG-673 or AISI/SG-913
specifications.
3. Steel joists shall be designed in accordance with SJI standards.
Note
Supplement number 1 to the AISC ASD specification deleted the one-third stress
increase for use with load combinations including wind or earthquake loads. Because
of the deletion of the one-third stress increase, designs made to the AISC LRFD
specifications should be considered for economy.
4. Steel design, including steel joists and metal decking, shall be in accordance with OSHA 29
CFR 1926, Subpart R, to provide structural stability during erection and to protect employees
from the hazards associated with steel erection activities.
5. Common requirements that affect steel design areas are as follow (not an all inclusive list):
a. All column base plates shall be designed with a minimum of four anchor bolts. Posts
(which weigh less than 300 lb [136 kg]) are distinguished from columns and are excluded
from the four-anchor bolt requirement.
b. Columns, column base plates, and their foundations shall be designed to resist a minimum
eccentric gravity load of 300 lb (136 kg) located 18 inches (450 mm) from the extreme
outer face of the column in each direction at the top of the column shaft. Column splices
shall be designed to meet the same load-resisting characteristics as those of the columns.
c. Double connections through column webs or at beams that frame over the tops of columns
shall be designed so that at least one installed bolt remains in place to support the first
beam while the second beam is being erected. The fabricator may also supply a seat or
equivalent device with a means of positive attachment to support the first beam while the
second beam is being erected.
November 2009
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CIV-DU-5009-H
d. Perimeter columns shall extend 48 inches (1,200 mm) above the finished floor (unless
constructability does not allow) to allow the installation of perimeter safety cables.
Provision shall be made for the attachment of safety cables.
e. Structural members of framed metal deck openings shall be turned down to allow
continuous decking, except where not allowed by design constraints or constructability.
The openings in the metal deck shall not be cut until the hole is needed.
f.
Shear stud connectors that will project vertically from or horizontally across the top flange
of the member shall not be attached to the top flanges of beams, joists, or beam
attachments until after the metal decking or other walking/working surface has been
installed.
6. All welded structural connections shall use weld filler material conforming to AWS D1.1/
D1.1M, Section 3.3 (including Table 3.1), and have an electrode strength of 58 ksi (400 MPa)
minimum yield strength and 70 ksi (480 MPa) tensile strength, unless otherwise required.
7. Structural steel wide-flange shapes, including WT shapes, shall be in accordance with
ASTM A992/A992M, unless otherwise specified.
8. All other structural shapes, plates, and bars shall be in accordance with ASTM A36/A36M,
unless otherwise specified.
9. Preference in design shall be given to shop-welded, field-bolted connections.
10. Compression flanges of floor beams, not supporting equipment, may be considered braced by
decking (concrete or floor plate) if positively connected thereto.
11. Grating shall not be considered as lateral bracing for support beams.
12. Except as specified in Section 6.1, item 13 or if slip-critical connections are required by
the RSCS Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts, all bolts 3/4
inches (19 mm) and larger (except anchor bolts) shall be type-N (bearing-type with threads
included in the shear plane) high-strength ASTM A325 bolts.
13. Bolt size shall be as follows:
a. Structural members: 3/4 inch (19 mm) minimum
b. Railings, ladders, purlins, and girts: 5/8 inch, (16 mm) ASTM A307
14. Minimum thickness of bracing gusset plates shall be 3/8 inch (10 mm).
6.2
Concrete
1. Concrete design shall be in accordance with ACI 318/318R.
2. Concrete design for liquid-containing structures shall also be designed in accordance with
ACI 350/350R.
3. Unless otherwise specified, all reinforcing steel shall be in accordance with ASTM A615/
A615M Grade 60 deformed.
4. ASTM A615/A615M Grade 60 plain wire conforming to ASTM A82/A82M may be used for
spiral reinforcement.
5. Welded wire fabric shall conform to ASTM A185/A185M.
November 2009
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CIV-DU-5009-H
6. Reinforcement designed to resist earthquake-induced flexural and axial forces in frame

members and in wall boundary elements shall be in accordance with ASTM A706/A706M.
ASTM A615/A615M Grade 60 reinforcement is acceptable for these members under the
following conditions:
a. The actual yield strength based on mill tests does not exceed the specified yield strength
by more than 18,000 psi (124 MPa). Retests shall not exceed this value by more than an
additional 3,000 psi (20.7 MPa).
b. The ratio of the actual ultimate tensile strength to the actual tensile yield strength is not
less than 1.25.
7. Precast and prestressed concrete shall be in accordance with the PCI Design Handbook.
6.3
Masonry
Masonry design shall be in accordance with ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402.
6.4
Elevator Supports
Elevator support design shall be in accordance with ASME A17.1.
6.5
Crane Supports
1. Vertical deflection of support runway girders shall not exceed the limits given in Table 12,
below, if loaded with the maximum wheel load(s), without impact (where L = the span length).
Table 12:
Maximum Allowable Girder Deflections
Top-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes
L/600
Top-Running CMAA Class D Cranes
L/800
Top-Running CMAA Class E and F Cranes
L/1000
Under-Running CMAA Class A, B, and C Cranes
L/450
Monorails
L/450
2. Vertical deflection of jib crane support beams shall not exceed L/225 (where L = the maximum
distance from the support column to load location along the length of the jib beam) if loaded
with the maximum lifted plus hoist load(s), without impact.
3. Lateral deflection of support runway girders for cranes with lateral moving trolleys shall not
exceed L/400 (where L = the span length) if loaded with a total crane lateral force not less than
20% of the sum of the weights of the lifted load (without impact) and the crane trolley. The
lateral force shall be distributed to each runway girder with consideration for the lateral
stiffness of the runway girders and the structure supporting the runway girders.
4. Crane stops shall be designed in accordance with the crane manufacturers requirements or, if
not specified, for the following load:
F = W V2/(2gTn)
where:
F
Design force on crane stop, kips (kN)
50% of bridge weight + 90% of trolley weight, excluding the lifted load, kips (kN)
November 2009
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6.6
CIV-DU-5009-H
Rated crane speed, ft/sec (m/sec)
Acceleration of gravity, 32.2 ft/sec2 (9.8 m/sec2)
Length of travel (ft) of spring or plunger required to stop crane, from crane
manufacturer, typically 0.15 ft (0.05 m)
Bumper efficiency factor (0.5 for helical springs. Consult crane manufacturer for
hydraulic plunger.)
Allowable Drift Limits

In addition to the allowable drift limits specified in the following subsection, the deflection limit in
pipe racks and structures supporting process equipment shall not exceed the allowable deflection
of the supported pipes and/or equipment as set by the responsible piping engineer.
1. Allowable seismic drift limits shall be in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7.
2. Allowable wind drift limits shall be as indicated in Table 13.
Table 13:
Allowable Wind Drift Limits
For...
Shall Not Exceed...
Pipe racks
H/100 (where H = pipe rack height).
Occupied buildings
H/200 (where H = story height).
Pre-engineered metal buildings
H/80 (where H = building height).
A building with a bridge crane that

is required to be in service even
during hurricanes
H/400 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less.

(where H = the height from the base of the crane
support structure to the top of the runway girder)
Buildings with bridge cranes that

will not be in service during
hurricanes
H/140 or 2 inches (50 mm), whichever is less.

(where H = the height from the base of the crane
support structure to the top of the runway girder)
Process structures and personnel

access platforms
H/200 (where H = structure height at elevation of drift

consideration)
3. Pipe racks and structure supporting process equipment that are subjected to vibration shall be
evaluated by means of detail dynamic analysis to show the following:
a. The pipe, equipment, and supporting structure are not vibrating at their resonance
frequency, and
b. The pipe deflection due to the vibration is within the acceptable limit as set by the
responsible piping engineer.
6.7
Foundations
1. Foundation design shall be based on the results of a geotechnical engineering investigation.
2. The minimum overturning stability ratio and the minimum factor of safety against sliding
for wind, earthquake and other service loads shall be as shown in Table 14.
3. For earthquake loads calculated by the Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure in ASCE/
SEI 7, additional stability checks shall be performed in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7,
Section 12.8.5, Overturning.
November 2009
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Table 14:
CIV-DU-5009-H
Factor of Safety for Overturning and Sliding
Loading Condition
Overturning
Sliding
Normal Operating
2.0
2.0
Temporary & Construction
1.5
1.5
Wind
1.5
1.5a
Seismic
1.0
1.0
Notes:
a. The minimum overturning stability ratio and factor of safety against sliding shall
be 1.0 if the dead load factor of 0.6 in accordance with ASCE/SEI 7, Chapter 2
is used in the load combination involving wind. This requirement is consistent
with ASCE/SEI 7 provisions, in which the factor of safety is built into the 0.6
dead load factor in the load combinations.
4. For foundations designed using seismic load combinations from Tables 5, 7, and 9 of this
specification, the reduction in overturning effects at the soil-foundation interface permitted in
ASCE/SEI 7, Section 12.13.4, shall not be used.
5. The minimum factor of safety against buoyancy shall be 1.2 if using actual unfactored service
loads.
6. Long-term and differential settlement shall be considered if designing foundations supporting
interconnected, settlement-sensitive equipment or piping systems.
7. Unless otherwise specified, maximum absolute (long term) total and differential settlement for
shallow foundations shall be 1 inch and 1/2 inch, respectively, for structural, equipment, or
piping systems that are sensitive to settlement.
8. Because OSHA requires shoring or the equivalent for excavations 5 ft (1,525 mm) deep or
greater and because it is costly to shore excavations, minimizing the depth of spread footings
shall be considered in the design.
9. Unless otherwise specified, the top of grout (bottom of base plate) of pedestals and ringwalls
shall be 1 ft (300 mm) above the high point of finished grade.
10. Except for foundations supporting ground-supported storage tanks, uplift load combinations
containing earthquake loads do not need to include the vertical components of the seismic load
effect, E, if used to size foundations.
11. Foundations for ground-supported storage tanks that have sufficient internal pressure to lift the
shell shall be designed for the requirements of API Standard 650, Appendix F.7.5.
12. For high temperature equipment supported by concrete foundations, the foundations/structures
shall be isolated from hot equipment with spacers, lugs, rings, such that temperature of
concrete does not exceed 400F (240C).
a. Alternatively, heat resistant concrete may be used.
b. When heat resistant concrete is used, it shall have compressive strength equal to that of
structural concrete it protects.
November 2009
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6.8
CIV-DU-5009-H
Supports for Vibrating Machinery

1. Machinery foundations shall be designed in accordance with PIP REIE 686/API 686,
Chapter 4, equipment manufacturers recommendations, and published design procedures and
criteria for dynamic analysis.
2. If equipment manufacturers vibration criteria are not available, the maximum velocity of
movement during steady-state normal operation shall be limited to 0.12 inch (3.0 mm) per
second for centrifugal machines and to 0.15 inch (3.8 mm) per second for reciprocating
machines.
3. Support structures or foundations for centrifugal machinery greater than 500 horsepower or
10,000 pounds shall be designed for the expected dynamic forces using dynamic analysis
procedures.
4. For centrifugal machinery less than 500 horsepower, in the absence of a detailed dynamic
analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at least three times the total machinery
weight, unless specified otherwise by the equipment manufacturer.
5. For reciprocating machinery less than 200 horsepower or 10,000 pounds, in the absence of a
detailed dynamic analysis, the foundation weight shall be designed to be at least five times the
total machinery weight, unless specified otherwise by the manufacturer.
6. The allowable soil-bearing or allowable pile capacity for foundations for equipment designed
for dynamic loads shall be a maximum of half of the normal allowable for static loads. No
reduction in allowable load is required for deep foundations such as pile foundation.
7. The maximum eccentricity between the center of gravity of the combined weight of the
foundation and machinery and the bearing surface shall be 5% in each direction.
8. Structures and foundations that support vibrating equipment shall have a natural frequency
that is outside the range of 0.80 to 1.20 times the exciting frequency.
9. Foundations for vibrating machinery shall be independent from the foundations of adjacent
equipment or buildings.
6.9
Anchor Bolts
1. Anchor bolts shall be headed type or threaded rods with compatible nuts using ASTM A36/
A36M, A307, F1554 Grade 36, F1554 Grade 55, F1554 Grade 105, A193/A193M Grade B7,
A354 Grade BC, or A354 Grade BD material.
2. All ASTM A36/A36M, A307, and F1554 Grade 36 anchor bolts shall be hot dip galvanized.
3. Standard cast-in-place anchor bolt shall be in accordance with Purchaser standard drawing
No. GD-Q68922, unless otherwise specified in the contract document.
4. When the minimum anchor bolt spacing and edge distance requirements specified in the
Standard Drawing No. GD-Q68922 cannot be met, special reinforcing bar to transfer tensile
and shear forces shall be required to achieve ductile design. Design of the special
reinforcement for anchors shall be in accordance with Guidelines for Wind Loads and Anchor
Bolt Design for Petrochemical Facilities and PIP STE05121
6.10
Wood
Wood design shall be in accordance with the ANSI/AF&PA NDS-2005 (National Design
Specification for Wood Construction) and the NDS Supplement (Design Values for Wood
Construction).
November 2009
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6.11
CIV-DU-5009-H
Design of Pile Foundations

6.11.1 Design of Drilled Shaft
1. Minimum vertical reinforcement shall be 0.50% of the pier gross area or as required to
resist axial loads and bending moments.
2. The minimum clear spacing of vertical bars shall not be less than three times the
maximum coarse aggregate size nor less than three times the bar diameter.
3. Reinforcing steel shall allow a minimum of 3 inches (75 mm) of concrete cover on
piers without casing and 4 inches (100 mm) of concrete cover on piers in which the
casing will be withdrawn.
6.11.2 Design of Driven Piles
1. Unless otherwise specified or approved, the pile types specified in CIV-PU-4841 shall
be used.
2. In addition to in-place conditions, piles shall be designed to resist handling,
transportation, and installation stresses.
3. Unless otherwise specified, the exposure condition shall be evaluated to establish the
corrosion allowances for steel piles.
4. The top of piles shall penetrate 2 inches (50 mm) into bottom of large slab
foundationssuch as those for cooling towers, cooling boxes, and oil-water
separatorsor 4 inches (100 mm) into bottom of foundations for all other major
equipment.
5. Piles shall be designed to develop the soil friction or end bearing capacity and the
lateral passive earth pressure capacity.
a. Factors of safety to be used for pile design are typically given in the geotechnical
report.
b. In the absence of such recommendations, the factor of safety against ultimate pile
capacity for different loading conditions shall be:
1) Axial compression: 2.0 (for dead plus operating load)
2) Axial tension (uplift): 3.0 (for static load); 1.5 (for short duration load)
3) For temporary, wind, or seismic loading: 1.5
6. Unless approved otherwise by Purchaser, foundations that use a combination of piles
and soil bearing shall not be used.
7. Pile capacity may be increased 33 1/3% for load combinations that include wind or
seismic load and 20% for load combinations that include hydrotest load.
8. Reinforcing bars in bottom of footings and slabs shall be minimum of 3 inches
(75 mm) above pile cutoff.
9. Timber piles shall not be used for temperature above 150F (65C) without approval
from Purchaser.
November 2009
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6.12
CIV-DU-5009-H
Cantilever Retaining Wall

1. The retaining wall shall be checked for stability about the toe to guard overturning.
2. The factor of safety to guard against overturning shall be a minimum of
a. 1.5 for cohesionless soils, and
b. 2.0 for cohesive soils, unless otherwise specified in the geotechnical report.
3. Sliding resistance of the retaining wall shall be checked.
4. The factor of safety to guard against sliding and the coefficient friction between the base and
the soil shall be based on geotechnical report. In the absent of such recommendation, the factor
of safety for sliding shall be a minimum of
a. 1.5 for cohesionless soils, and
b. 2.0 for cohesive soils.
5. Coefficient of friction between the base and cohesionless soil may be assumed as
a. 0.55 for sands and gravels;
b. 0.45 for silty sands and gravels;
c. 0.35 for silt.
6.13
Vessel Load Cell Supports

Supports for vessel load cells shall be designed in accordance with PIP PCCWE001 and PIP
PCEWE001.
7.0
EXISTING STRUCTURES
If the Purchaser and the engineer of record agree that the integrity of the existing structure is 100%
of the original capacity based on the design code in effect at the time of original design, structural
designs shall be performed in accordance with the following:
1. If additions or alterations to an existing structure do not increase the force in any structural
element or connection by more than 5%, no further analysis is required.
2. If the increased forces on the element or connection are greater than 5%, the element or
connection shall be analyzed to show that it is in compliance with the applicable design code
for new construction.
3. The strength of any structural element or connection shall not be decreased to less than that
required by the applicable design code or standard for new construction for the structure in
question.
November 2009
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Civ Du 5009 H Structural Design Criteria

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Civ Du 5009 H Structural Design Criteria

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CIV-DU-5009-H

STRUCTURAL DESIGN CRITERIA

This document is the confidential property of Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Neither

Major revision; no longer an Exception spec.

19982009 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural Design Criteria

Design Load Requirements .......................................................................................7

Load Combinations ..................................................................................................14

Structural Design .....................................................................................................21

Existing Structures ..................................................................................................28

19982009 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural Design Criteria

Purchaser specific standards

g. Other international codes and standards

Driven Pile Installation

Project Data Sheet

Plant Site Data Sheet

Standard Anchor Bolts

Industry Codes and Standards

Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges

American Concrete Institute (ACI)

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary

Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures

530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures

19982009 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural Design Criteria

American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA)

National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS)

Design Values for Wood Construction

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Specification for Structural Steel Buildings

Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members

Commentary on the Specification for the Design for Cold-Formed Steel

Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for Cold-Formed Steel

Commentary on the Load and Resistance Factor Design Specification for

American Petroleum Institute (API)

Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage

American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

Design Loads on Structures During Construction

Design of Blast Resistant Buildings in Petrochemical Facilities

Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators

ASTM International (ASTM)

Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel

Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Reinforcement

Standard Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain, for

Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials

19982009 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. All rights reserved.

Structural Design Criteria

Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts,

Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Heat

Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for

Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes

American Welding Society (AWS)

Structural Welding Code - Steel

Crane Manufacturers Association of America (CMAA)

International Code Council (ICC)

Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete

Process Industry Practices (PIP)

Weighing System Criteria

Weighing System Guidelines

REIE 686/API 686

Recommended Practices for Machinery Installation and Installation Design