Ullmann's Polymers and Plastics: Products and Processes

Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Symbols and Units

Conversion Factors

Abbreviations

Country Codes

Periodic Table of Elements

Part 1: Fundamentals

Plastics, General Survey, 1. Definition, Molecular Structure and Properties

1. Introduction

2. Molecular Structure of Polymers [1–12]

3. Polymer Manufacture

4. Plastics Manufacture [103]

5. Supermolecular Structures (→ Plastics, Properties and Testing) [114–116]

6. Thermal Properties [116]

7. Rheological Properties [125, 126]

8. Mechanical Properties [116, 129, 130]

9. Electric Properties [116, 126, 133, 134]

10. Optical Properties [116]

11. Polymer Composites (→ Composite Materials) [138]

12. Plastics and Sustainability (→ Plastics, Recycling)

References

Plastics, General Survey, 2. Production of Polymers and Plastics

1. Polymer Manufacture

2. Plastics Manufacture [27]

References

Plastics, General Survey, 3. Supermolecular Structures

1. Supermolecular Structures (→ Plastics, Properties and Testing) [1–3]

References

Plastics, General Survey, 4. Polymer Composites

1. Overview

2. Mixture Rules

3. Filled Polymers

4. Homogeneous Blends [13, 14]

5. Heterogeneous Blends [13, 14, 17, 18]

6. Expanded Plastics (→ Foamed Plastics) [21, 22]

References

Plastics, General Survey, 5. Plastics and Sustainability

1. Plastics and Environment [1–5]

2. Green Polymer Chemistry [6, 7] and Life Cycle Assessment [8]

3. Plastics Waste Recycling

4. Polymers for Sustainable Development [7]

References

Plastics, Analysis

1. Introduction

2. Polymer Isolation

3. Preliminary Tests for Polymer Identification

4. Chemical Analysis

5. Molecular Mass Determination

6. Determination of Sequential Structure

7. Determination of Chemical Heterogeneity

References

Polymerization Processes, 1. Fundamentals

1. Introduction

2. Polymerization Mechanisms and Kinetics

3. Kinetics of Step Polymerization

4. Basic Concepts of Molecular Mass Distribution (MMD)

5. Chain Polymerization

6. Free-Radical Polymerization

7. Copolymerization

8. Living Polymerization

9. Polymers with Branches and Crosslinks

List of Symbols

General References

Specific References

Polymerization Processes, 2. Modeling of Processes and Reactors

1. Introduction

2. Fundamental Effects of Reactor Types

3. Processes and Reactor Modeling for Step Polymerization

4. Processes and Reactor Modeling for Chain Polymerization

5. Bulk and Solution Polymerization

6. Precipitation and Dispersion Polymerization

7. Suspension Polymerization

8. Emulsion Polymerization

General References

Specific References

Plastics Processing, 1. Processing of Thermoplastics

1. Introduction

2. Compounding Processes

3. Pressureless Processing Techniques

4. Processing under Pressure

5. Forming Processes

References

Plastics, Processing, 2. Processing of Thermosets

1. Vinyl Ester Resins, and Phenol – Formaldehyde Resins

2. Curable Molding Compounds and Laminates

References

Plastics Processing, 3. Machining, Bonding, Surface Treatment

1. Machining

2. Bonding

3. Surface Treatment

References

Plastics, Properties and Testing

1. States of Order of Polymers

2. Properties and Testing

Abbreviations

References

Plastics, Additives

1. Introduction

2. Antioxidants

3. Light Stabilizers

4. Heat Stabilizers for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

5. Lubricants, Slip, Antiblocking, and Mold-Release Agents

6. Flame Retardants [73–78] See also → Flame Retardants

7. Fillers and Coupling Agents

8. Dyes and Pigments [110–112]

9. Miscellaneous Additives

References

Plasticizers

1. Introduction

2. Plasticizers in Common Use

3. Mechanism of Plasticizer Action

4. Plasticized PVC

5. Plasticization of Polymers Other Than PVC

6. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects

References

Part 2: Organic Polymers

Fluoropolymers, Organic

1. Introduction

2. Fluoroplastics

3. Fluoroelastomers (→ Rubber, 4. Emulsion Rubbers, Chap. 6)

4. Toxicology and Occupational Health

5. Economic Aspects

References

Polyacrylamides and Poly(Acrylic Acids)

1. Introduction

2. Raw Materials

3. Production

4. Properties

5. Uses

6. Economic Aspects

7. Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Environmental Aspects

References

Polyacrylates

1. Introduction

2. Raw Materials

3. Production

4. Properties

5. Uses

6. Economic Aspects

References

Polyamides

1. Introduction

2. Nomenclature

3. General Considerations in Polyamidation

4. Other Polymerization Techniques

5. Commercial Processes

6. Properties

7. Processing

8. Uses

9. Ecological Aspects and Toxicology

10. Economic Aspects

References

Polyaspartates and Polysuccinimide

1. Introduction

2. Synthesis and Production of Polyaspartates

3. Analytical Characterization and Detection

4. Toxicological Properties and Environmental Fate

5. Function and Applications

6. Polysuccinimide

References

Polybutenes

1. Poly(1-Butene)

2. Polyisobutylene

References

Polycarbonates

1. Introduction

2. Properties

3. Blends

4. Production

5. Processing

6. Applications

7. Recycling

8. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects

References

Polyester Resins, Unsaturated

1. Introduction

2. Raw Materials

3. Production

4. Additives

5. Curing

6. Types of UP Resins

7. Testing and Properties

8. Uses and Economic Aspects

9. Occupational Health and Environmental Aspects [9]

References

Polyesters

1. Introduction

2. Polyesters as Intermediates for Polyurethanes

3. Thermoplastic Polyesters [19-25]

References

Polyethylene

1. Introduction

2. Properties

3. Polymerization Chemistry

4. Raw Materials

5. Production Processes

6. Uses

7. Environmental Aspects

References

Polyimides

1. Introduction

2. Physical and Chemical Properties

3. Synthesis

4. Uses

5. Photoimageable Polyimides

References

Polymethacrylates

1. Introduction

2. Properties

3. Raw Materials

4. Production Processes

5. Uses

6. Toxicology

7. Environmental Aspects

References

Polyoxyalkylenes

1. Introduction

2. Properties

3. Production

4. Toxicity [112]

5. Handling

6. Uses

7. Economic Aspects [121]

References

Polyoxymethylenes

1. Introduction

2. Physical and Chemical Properties

3. Production

4. Economic Aspects

5. Quality Specifications and Analysis

6. Product Range and Processing

7. Uses

8. Recycling

9. Toxicology and Occupational Health

References

Poly(Phenylene Oxides)

1. Introduction

2. Production

3. PPE Blends

4. Processing

5. Uses

6. Acknowledgement

References

Polypropylene

1. Historical Overview

2. Polymer Structure

3. Raw Materials

4. Polymerization Mechanism [35]

5. Industrial Polymerization Processes [40]

6. Product Finishing

7. Properties

8. Processing and Applications

9. Environmental Aspects

References

Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers

1. Polystyrene

2. Styrene–Acrylonitrile (SAN) Copolymers

3. Barrier Resins

4. Other Copolymers

5. Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) Polymers

References

Polyureas

1. Introduction

2. Synthesis

3. Polyureas as Starting Materials for Other Polymers

4. Homopolyureas

5. Copolyureas

6. Structure

7. Properties

8. Uses

9. Safety and Environmental Aspects

References

Polyurethanes

1. Introduction

2. Basic Reactions [3, 4, 8]

3. Starting Materials [3]

4. Structure and Morphology

5. Production of Polyurethanes

6. Processing of Polyurethanes

7. Foams

8. Noncellular Polyurethanes

9. Polyurethane Coatings [199–201]

10. Polyurethane Adhesives [202–204]

11. Polyurethane Fibers [205]

12. Polyurethanes and Isocyanates as Binders [219]

13. Special Products

14. Safety and Ecology

15. Economic Aspects

References

Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

1. Introduction

2. Physical and Chemical Properties

3. Resources and Raw Materials

4. Production

5. Environmental Protection

6. Quality Specifications and Analysis

7. Storage and Transportation

8. Processing and End Uses

9. Economic Aspects

10. Toxicology and Occupational Health

References

Polyvinyl Compounds, Others

1. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)

2. Poly(Vinyl Acetals)

3. Poly(N-Vinyllactams) and Poly(N-Vinylamines)

References

Poly(Vinyl Esters)

1. Introduction

2. Raw Materials

3. Polymer Structure

4. Production

5. Industrially Important Poly(Vinyl Esters)

6. Properties

7. Quality Specifications, Trade Names, Storage and Transport, Wastewater

8. Uses, Toxicology, and Economic Aspects

References

Poly(Vinyl Ethers)

1. Introduction

2. Production

3. Industrial Processes

4. Properties and Uses

5. Copolymers

6. Toxicology

References

Poly(Vinylidene Chloride)

1. Introduction

2. Production

3. Structure and Properties [10-12]

4. Processing and Uses

5. Economic Aspects

6. Toxicology and Occupational Health [46, 47]

References

Polymer Blends

1. Introduction

2. Market Requirements

3. Blend Technologies

4. Property and Application Profiles of Selected Blends

5. General Application Technology

6. Future Developments

7. Acknowledgement

References

Polymers, Biodegradable

1. Glossary and Abbreviations

2. Introduction

3. Biodegradability and Toxicology

4. Biodegradable Polymers: Synthesis, Properties, and Suppliers

5. Processing and Additives

6. Market Overview and Growth Drivers

7. Value of Biodegradability — Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA)

8. Applications

9. Production Capacity

10. Outlook

Abbreviations

References

Polymers, Electrically Conducting

1. Introduction

2. Synthetic Routes

3. Principles of Electrical Conduction

4. Orientation Processes

5. Types of Electrically Conducting Organic Materials

6. Uses

References

Polymers, High-Temperature

1. Introduction

2. Polyetherimides

3. Polyaryletherketones

4. Polysulfones

5. Poly(Phenylene Sulfide)

6. Liquid Crystal Polymers

References

Reinforced Plastics

1. Introduction, Classification

2. Reinforced Plastic Components

3. Fabrication of Polymer Composites (→ Composite Materials, Chap. 5.; → Plastics, Processing, 2. Processing of Thermosets)

4. Physical and Chemical Properties

5. Quality Specifications

6. Economic Aspects

References

Specialty Plastics

1. Introduction

2. Polyphenylenes

3. Poly( p-Xylylenes)

4. Polybenzocyclobutenes

5. Ionomers and Related Polymers

References

Thermoplastic Elastomers

1. Thermoplastic Polyolefin Elastomers

2. Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers (Polyurethane Rubbers, see → Rubber, 7. Synthesis by Polyaddition, Polycondensation, and Other Mechanisms, Chap. 2; see also → Polyurethanes)

3. Thermoplastic Copolyester Elastomers

4. Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomers

5. Styrenic Block Copolymers

Abbreviations for Polymers and Monomers:

Other Abbreviations Used

References

Part 3: Films, Fibers, Foams

Films

1. Introduction

2. Production Technology [2]

3. Additives

4. Delivery Forms

5. Test Methods [18–24]

6. Film Products [20, 26, 27]

7. Summary of Uses [2, 10, 26, 27]

8. Environmental Aspects

References

Polyamide Fibers

1. Properties

2. Polyamides for Synthetic Fibers

3. Special Requirements for Polyamides

4. Modifying Additions

5. Technology of Melt Spinning

6. Uses

7. Economic Aspects

References

Polyester Fibers

1. Production

2. Structure and Properties

3. Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers

4. Other Polyester Fibers

5. Uses

6. Economic Aspects

References

Polyurethane Fibers

1. Physical Properties

2. Chemical Properties

3. Raw Materials

4. Production of Polymer

5. Spinning Processes

6. Uses

References

Polyolefin Fibers

1. Polypropylene Fiber

2. Polyolefin Film Yarns and Split Yarns

3. Monofilaments

4. High-Modulus Polyolefin Yarns

References

Polyacrylonitrile Fibers

1. Physical Properties

2. Chemical Properties [3]

3. Production

4. Analysis

5. Types of Fibers [40]

6. Economic Aspects

References

Polyvinyl Fibers

1. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) and Poly (Vinylidene Chloride) Fibers

2. Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Fibers

References

Polytetrafluoroethylene Fibers

1. Physical and Chemical Properties

2. Production

3. Uses

References

High-Performance Fibers

1. Introduction

2. Heat Resistant Fibers

3. High-Strength and High-Modulus Fibers

References

Foamed Plastics

1. Introduction

2. Production (→ Plastics, Processing 1. Processing of Thermoplastics)

3. Properties

4. Specific Foamed Plastics

5. Testing (→ Plastics, Properties and Testing)

6. Economic Aspects

7. Toxicology and Environmental Aspects

8. Abbreviations used in this article:

References

Part 4: Resins

Alkyd Resins

1. Introduction

2. Production

3. Film Formation by Coatings Based on Alkyd Resins

4. Modified Alkyds

5. Low-Solvent Coatings

6. Markets and End Uses

References

Amino Resins

1. Introduction

2. Physical Properties

3. Chemical Properties

4. Raw Materials

5. Production

6. Environmental Protection

7. Types of Resins and Their Properties

8. Analysis

9. Storage and Transportation

10. Uses

11. Economic Aspects

References

Epoxy Resins

1. Introduction

2. History

3. Industry Overview

4. Classes of Epoxy Resins and Manufacturing Processes

5. Liquid Epoxy Resins (DGEBA)

6. Solid Epoxy Resins Based on DGEBA

7. Halogenated Epoxy Resins

8. Multifunctional Epoxy Resins

9. Specialty Epoxy Resins

10. Monofunctional Glycidyl Ethers and Aliphatic Glycidyl Ethers

11. Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins and Epoxidized Vegetable Oils

12. Epoxy Esters and Derivatives

13. Characterization of Uncured Epoxies

14. Curing of Epoxy Resins

15. Coreactive Curing Agents

16. Catalytic Cure

17. Formulation Development With Epoxy Resins

18. Epoxy Curing Process

19. Formulation Modifiers

20. Coatings Applications

21. Structural Applications

22. Health and Safety Factors

23. Acknowledgments

Bibliography

Phenolic Resins

1. Introduction

2. Physical Properties

3. Raw Materials

4. Production

5. Storage and Transportation

6. Testing and Analysis

7. Uses

8. Economic Aspects

9. Toxicology and Occupational Health

References

Resins, Synthetic

1. Definition

2. Hydrocarbon Resins

3. Resins by Condensation

4. Natural and Synthetic Resins — Toxicology and Legislation

References

Part 5: Inorganic Polymers

Inorganic Polymers

1. Introduction

2. Polysilanes, Polygermanes, and Polystannanes

3. Poly(Carborane – Siloxanes), Polycarbosilanes and Polysilazanes

4. Polyphosphazenes

5. Poly(Boron Nitride)

6. Poly(Sulfur Nitride)

7. Polysulfur

8. Organometallic Polymers

9. Sol – Gel Inorganic Polymers

10. Inorganic Fibers and Whiskers

11. Biomedical and Antimicrobial Polymers

12. Boron Polymers

13. Aluminum Polymers

14. Polymers with –Si–O–M–O– Backbones

15. Poly(Carbon Disulfide), Poly(Carbon Diselenide), and Polythiocyanogen

16. Phosphorus-Containing Polymers

17. Traditional and Metal-Matrix Composites

References

Author Index

Subject Index

End User License Agreement

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