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Wateristheessenceoflife
GEEKYSTUFF
Formula: H2O
Molar mass: 18.0153 g/mol
Density: 1,000.00 kg/m
Boiling point: 99.98 C
Melting point: 0.0 C
http://dark.pozadia.org/images/wallpapers/24835556/Fantasy/Litle%20Mermaid%20in%20Ocean.jpg
Watercovers~70%of
ourworld'ssurface.
Ifyoucollectedallof
Earthswaterintoa
sphere,howbig
woulditbe?
Got your answer?
Our water sphere would have a diameter of 1,385 kilometers (about 860 miles),
and span the distance from Salt Lake City, Utah to Topeka, Kansas. A sphere this
far across would have a volume equal to about 1,386 million cubic kilometres
(roughly 332,500,000 cubic miles).
Mostwater
Isintheocean
http://io9.com/5908108/ifyoucollectedallofearthswaterintoaspherehowbigwoulditbe
21/3/2016
2.2%inIce(Cryosphere)
70%oftheEarthiscoveredinwater.
Table1:WheretheFreshWaterIs
VolumeinThousands
ofCubicKilometers
Percentageof
TotalWateronEarth
Oceans
1,310,302
97.3
Thisissaltyseawater.
Ice
29,492
2.2
Muchofthisiceisinthe
Antarctic
Groundwater
6,733
0.5
Undergroundaquifers,
deepwells
Lakes
242
0.02
Providedrinkingwater,
irrigationwater,fishand
recreation
SoilMoisture
74
0.005
Thisisbeingusedbyour
crops,trees,andsurface
vegetation
WaterVaporinthe
Atmosphere
14
0.001
Clouds,fog,anddew
Rivers
1.3
0.0001
Providewaterfor
drinking,irrigation,and
recreation
Remarks
Adaptedfrom:EnvironmentCanada
http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2001/SyedQadri.shtml
Groundwater(0.05%)
Lakes(0.02%)
21/3/2016
Atmosphericwater(0.001%)
Rivers(0.0001%)
Cannotdrinkthis.
Ocean(97.3%)
http://www.salinityremotesensing.ifremer.fr/seasurfacesalinity/definitionandunits
21/3/2016
21/3/2016
UncleDanChallenge
3Volunteers+supportteam
21/3/2016
Windpatterns
21/3/2016
21/3/2016
Monsoon
MONSOON
21/3/2016
North-East Monsoon
(November to March)
north-easterly winds prevail
December and January
characterised by rainy
afternoons
February until early-March often
drier
Annual average wind speeds
reach a peak in January and
February
South-West Monsoon
(May to October)
south-easterly to south-westerly
winds prevail
Sumatra Squalls are common
Hazy periods
North-East Monsoon
(November to March)
north-easterly winds prevail
December and January
characterised by rainy
afternoons
February until early-March often
drier
Annual average wind speeds
reach a peak in January and
February
South-West Monsoon
(May to October)
south-easterly to south-westerly
winds prevail
Sumatra Squalls are common
Hazy periods
Inter-Monsoon
(March to May)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
Inter-Monsoon
(October to November)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
Inter-Monsoon
(March to May)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
Inter-Monsoon
(October to November)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
33
34
North-East Monsoon
(November to March)
north-easterly winds prevail
December and January
characterised by rainy
afternoons
February until early-March often
drier
Annual average wind speeds
reach a peak in January and
February
South-West Monsoon
(May to October)
south-easterly to south-westerly
winds prevail
Sumatra Squalls are common
Hazy periods
North-East Monsoon
(November to March)
north-easterly winds prevail
December and January
characterised by rainy
afternoons
February until early-March often
drier
Annual average wind speeds
reach a peak in January and
February
South-West Monsoon
(May to October)
south-easterly to south-westerly
winds prevail
Sumatra Squalls are common
Hazy periods
Inter-Monsoon
(March to May)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
Inter-Monsoon
(October to November)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
Inter-Monsoon
(March to May)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
Inter-Monsoon
(October to November)
light, variable winds
afternoon and early evening
thunderstorms
35
36
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EXTREMES
1998ElNino
http://mbojo.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/elnino19971998.jpg
1998wasdryintheregion
LotsofburninginIndonesia
http://time2transcend.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/img_73653.jpg
10
21/3/2016
WillHazeReturnin2016?
http://www.somamedicalnews.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/06/hazemapmalaysiasingapore25june20131.jpg
http://www.todayonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/photo_gallery_image_lightbox/public/15391230_0.JPG?itok=WcZognyB
11
21/3/2016
Whatistheconnection
betweenElNinoand
weather?
Whenonthingchangesthe
weathergoesnuts.
ItsnatureBro!
ElNino
12
21/3/2016
science.kennesaw.edu
science.kennesaw.edu
13
21/3/2016
http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/droughtexactstolloncropsinregion
14
21/3/2016
2014
Singapore
Dry
Spell
FEB2014
http://www.todayonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/photo_gallery_image_lightbox/public/14369403_0.JPG?itok=E6iZhAlm
OfficialswererationingwaterinsomepartsofMalaysia duringthe
2014dryspell
http://www.bbc.com/news/business26445373
15
21/3/2016
Cloudseeding
Workersunloadtrucksofharvestedoilpalmfruitataplantationandproductionfactoryin
Kertajaya,Indonesia.Palmoilmaydeclinetoaverage3,078ringgitinthefourthquarter
becauseaprojectedsurplusforthecropwontbeentirelyerasedbyshortagesofsoybeanoil.
Photographer:Dadang Tri/Bloomberg
https://climateviewer.com/2014/01/15/photoindonesianairforceinstallsweathermodificationequipmenttopreventheavyrains/#prettyPhoto/0/
http://www.businessweek.com/news/20120416/droughtdrainingstocksofoilsamidrecorddemandcommodities
2014
1962WaterRationing
http://goodmorningyesterday.blogspot.sg/2009/10/waterrationingbyfreddyneo.html
16
21/3/2016
Groundwater(0.05%)
Singaporescommitmentto
http://coralgeographics.blogspot.sg/
17
21/3/2016
WaterpipedfromMalaysia
water
40%
Manytaps
Keytoresilience
Reservoirsdrainingcatchments
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/SingaporeJohor_Causeway.jpg
20%
desalinization
10%
LowerSeletar Reservoir
Dryconditions2014
http://www.pub.gov.sg/LongTermWaterPlans/wfall/images/wfall_sea_pic.jpg
http://www.todayonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/photo_gallery_image_lightbox/public/18213522.JPG?itok=l9nm_mEi
18
21/3/2016
yuckfactor
Drinkingreclaimedwater?
Whatdoyouthinkabout
30%
http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/wpcontent/uploads/2011/01/singaporegreen1000.jpg
Resilience
Are4tapssufficientinchanging
landscapeofSingapore?
6.9millionpeopleby2030
Watercontractends2061(Tap2)
http://sin.stb.smsn.com/i/BE/1B3914F051CF5B8EC8B431F198B915.jpg
Planning for the Future Water demand in Singapore is currently about 400 million
gallons a day (mgd), with homes consuming 45% and the nondomestic sector
taking up the rest. By 2060, total demand could almost double, with the non
domestic sector accounting for about 70%. On the supply side, we are on track to
more than triple our NEWater capacity and ramp up desalination. Together, these
will be able to meet up to 80% of water demand in 2060.
19
21/3/2016
importedcatchmentrunoff
Cangroundwaterbethe5th tap?
0%
20%
goalforthefuture
30%
50%
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/pictures/gwaquiferflow.gif
desalinizationrecycledwater
20
21/3/2016
5th tap
links
BillNyi:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rIoQ_cmkB4
WatercycleRap:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU
Watercyclejump:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=evH2r5dOq5Q
Sam:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T05djitkEFI&hl=enGB&gl=SG
ElNino:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hpg4ekustvc
Exam
HowwillElNinoPotentiallyAffectSingapore?
WhatisENSO?Whatisthedifference
betweenElNinoandLaNina?
DescribeSingaporesstrategyfordrought
resilienceinthefuture.
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