COMP218 - Lesson 2

Lesson 2: Built-in Data Types
Slide 1: Lesson Outline

This document is designed to help you take notes while watching the videos for this
lesson. Print these slides before going to the Video Lectures.
Note: Reviewing this material is not sufficient to fully understand the topic; you should
also complete the readings and exercises.
Review these slides
Integer Data Type (slides 2-10)
Identifier and Variable Names (slides 11-24)
Character Data Type (slides 25-38)
Floating-Point Data Types (slides 39-55)
Arithmetic Operators (slides 57-58)
Implicit Type Conversion (slides 59-61)
Explicit Type Conversion (slides 62-64)
Arithmetic Assignment (slides 65-67)
String Data Type (slides 68-78)
Lesson 2
Slide 2: Integer Data Type

Object
Components in problem solving are called objects.
Objects made up of:

Attributes: describe what it is
Actions: describe what it can do
Example 1:
Pencil object. What are its attributes?

Example 2:
Car object. What are its attributes and actions?

Integer Object - Declaration
There are several kinds of integer objects.
The most commonly used integer object is int, which ranges from -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647.
Declaration statement
Example:
int k;
int classSize;
can also be written as:
int k, classSize;
What are the values of the variables k and classSize ?
Lesson 2

Integer Object-Assignment
Three ways to assign a value to a variable:
1. Assignment Statement
Assigns a value to a variable. Syntax: variable = expression;
k = 65;
classSize = 50;
2. Initialized Declaration
Combines declaration and assignment.
int k = 65;
int classSize = 50;
3. Ask User to Provide Value
cout << "Enter class size: ";
cin >> classSize;

Integer Object
Sometimes want an integer object that will not change values during execution of
program.
const int WEEK_DAYS = 7;
const int WKS_IN_YR = 52;
Integer Operations:
int a = 1, b = 2, c = 3;
-
addition:
subtraction:
multiplication:
negation:
Lesson 2
a + 4 value is 1 + 4 = 5
c - 1 value is 3 - 1 = 2
b * c value is 2 * 3 = 6
- a value is -1

Integer Operations:
int a = 17, b = 3;
- integer division: a / b value is 17/3 = 5
- remainder: a % b value is 17 % 3 = 2
Example of Uses:
1) Convert 100 inches into feet and inches.
100/12 = 8
100 % 12 = 4
So, 100 inches is equivalent to 8 feet, 4 inches.
2) How do you know if a number is odd or even?
Check video for answers.

Assignment Operator ( = )
Syntax object = expression;
The value of the expression is assigned to the object.
Original value is destroyed.
Example:
int a=1, b=2;
a = 12; (constant object)
a = b; (integer object)
a = b + 1;
Lesson 2

Assignment Operator ( = ) (cont'd)
Example:
a = a + 1; (counter)
a = b = 100; (multiple assignment)
Not valid! Why? a + 1 = b + 4;

Input and Output
Can use cout to display the value of integer expressions and cin to assign a value to
an integer variable.
Example:
cout << " What is the size? ";
cin >> size;
cout << "Size is: " << size;
Lesson 2

Program Which Uses Integers
int main()
{
int quarters, dimes, nickels, pennies;
cout << "Enter number of quarters: ";
cin >> quarters;
cout << "Enter number of dimes: ";
cin >> dimes;
cout << "Enter number of nickels: ";
cin >> nickels;
cout << "Enter number of pennies: ";
cin >> pennies;
int total = 25 * quarters + 10 * dimes + 5 * nickels +
pennies;
cout << "The total amount is"<< (total/100)<<"dollars and "
<< (total % 100) << "cents." << endl;
return 0;
}
Slide 11: Identifiers and Variable Names
Identifiers used to name constants, variables and various other things as well;
Have seen to date:quarters, dimes, nickels, pennies, total, size, etc.;
Three factors affect the choice of names:

1. Rules of C++
2. Conventions adopted by C++ programmers
3. Good style
Lesson 2

Rules
An identifier may contain:

- upper case letters (A, B, , Z)
- lower case letters (a,b,c,,z)
- digits (0,1,2,,9)
- underscore ( _ )
Identifier must begin with a letter.

(can start with _ but not good style)
Case sensitive:
QUARTER, Quarter, quarter
are three different names

Conventions
Use lower case names for variables.

Ex: quarters, pennies, size
If variable name consists of more than one word, start each new word with an upper
case lette.r
Ex: muffinPrice, studentId
An alternate method for multi-word names is to separate each word with an

underscore.
Ex: muffin_price, student_id
Use upper case letters for constant identifiers

Ex: const int MAX_LENGTH = 80;
Lesson 2

Good Style
What does the following program do?
const double BTR_1 = 0.15;
const double STR_2 = 0.10;
const double LXVRW = 40000.0;
void main()
{
cout <<" ?";
double stuff;
cin >> stuff;
double theAnswer;
if (stuff < LXVRW)
theAnswer = stuff * BTR_1;
else
theAnswer =stuff * (BTR_1 + STR_2);
cout<< "Answer = " << theAnswer << endl;
}

Good Style (cont'd)
const double BASE_TAX_RATE = 0.15;
const double SUPER_TAX_RATE = 0.10;
const double SUPER_LEVEL= 40000.0;
void main()
{
cout <<" Enter income: ";
double income;
cin >> income;
double tax;
if (income < SUPER_LEVEL)
tax = income * BASE_TAX_RATE;
else
tax =income * (BASE_TAX_RATE + SUPER_TAX_RATE);
cout<< "Tax = " << tax << endl;
}
Lesson 2

Good Style (cont'd)
Sometimes you will see:
int count; // Number of coffees
Better style to do:
int numCoffees; // Number of coffees
Slide 17: Output Statements
The cout statement produces output on the screen;
Items in double quotes (") are treated as a message and shown exactly as they
appear;
Items not in double quotes must therefore be variables or expressions;
Each item is separated by the output operator <<;
Need to include library iostream as cout is predefined there.
Slide 18: Output Statements (cont'd)

What will the output of the following statements be?
1) x = 8; y = 6;
cout << x << y;
cout << " " << y;
Lesson 2

What will the output of the following statements be?
1) x = 8; y = 6;
cout << x << y;
cout << " " << y;
Conclusion:
Separate cout statements do not necessarily produce separate lines of output.
To begin a new line of output, use the endl manipulator. Causes printing cursor to go to
the beginning of the next line.

What will the output of each of these program fragments be?
2) yards = 8;
feet = 3 * yards;
cout << yards << " yd. is";
cout << feet << " ft.";
3) yards = 8;
feet = 3 * yards;
cout << yards << " yd. is";
cout << endl;
cout << feet << " ft.";

What will the output of each of these program fragments be?
4) cout << "Yes";
cout << endl << "No.";
5) cout << "Yes" << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << "No";
6) cout << "Yes";
cout << "No";
Lesson 2
10
Slide 22: Basic Types of Integers

Type Name
Memory Size
short
(short int)
int
long
(long int)
2 bytes
4 bytes
4 bytes
Size Range
-32,768 to 32,767
-2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
-2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647
Slide 23: cin - Some Facts
cin waits for input from the keyboard;
Sets the first variable equal to the first value entered in the keyboard, the second
variable equal to the second value entered, and so forth;
Program reads input only once user has pressed the <return> key;
Numbers in input must be separated by one or more spaces or by a line break;
Will skip over any number of line breaks or blanks until it finds the next input value.
Lesson 2
11
Slide 24:
2 cin - Some
S
Fac
cts (cont'd)
Possible formatss of input:
1) 10
0 11 12
Example
e:
int a, b, c;
cin >> a >> b >> c;
= <en
nter> key
= spacce
2) 10
0
11
12
3) 10
0 11
12
4) 10
0 11
12
0
5) 10
11
12
Slide 25:
2 Chara
acter Data Type
Charac
cter Obje
ects
A varriable of typ
pe char can
n store any single charracter value
e;
Chara
acter data in a C++ prrogram is re
epresented
d by writing the approp
priate symb
bol
betwe
een single quote
q
signss;
Exam
mple:
'a ' '#
#' 'Z ';
Decla
aring and in
nitializing a variable of type charaacter.
char letter = 'a';;
Lesson 2
12
2
26: Chara
acter Data Type
cter Obje
ects (contt'd)
e:
ade;
< "Enter
r your gr
rade: ";
> grade;
< "You received
r
< endl;
a grade of " << grade <<
espace cha
aracters = characterss that produ
uce empty (white) spa
ace when
such as bla
anks, new line characte
er and horizontal tabss.
27: Chara
acter Data Type
cter Obje
ects (contt'd)
that i, j are
e int variables and ch is a char vaariable.
ill the conte
ents of i , j and ch be after
a
input??
ent
Data
a
> i;
32
> i >> j;
4 60
6
or answer
rs.
video fo
13
3
28: Chara
acter Data Type
cter Obje
ects (contt'd)
> i >> ch;
25
> i >> ch;
25
A
> i >> ch;
25A
A
> i >> j >>

> ch; 1 2 8
> i >> ch;
46 32
14
4
Slide 29: Character Data Type

Escape Character
If you want the single quote ( ' ), character need to express it as \'
Example:
const char QUOTE = '\'';
\ (known as the backslash character) acts as an escape character in C++
More common uses of the escape character:
In program
Effect
\'
'
\\
\n
new line
\t
tab character
\a
bell character

Escape Character (cont'd)
Example 1:
If you wanted to output
She replied, "You can quote me."
What is the corresponding cout command?
Lesson 2
15

Example 2:
If you wanted to output
Read the file c:\windows\readme.txt
What is the corresponding cout command?

What will the following code fragment output be?
cout << " This code\nuses the\n " ;
cout << " quot; newline character\n ";
cout << " and makes the speaker beep\a. " ;
To begin a new line, use \n , when it can be made the last character of a string.
To begin a new line, use endl if the last output of a line is a value.

Input whitespace Characters
There are times when you do not want to skip over whitespace.
cin.get() (instead of cin >>..) reads the next input character regardless of whether
the next character is whitespace or not.
Example:
char nextCh;
cin.get(nextCh); // will read any character
Lesson 2
16
Slide 34:
3 Chara
acter Data Type
Input whitespa
ace Chara
acters (co
ont'd)
e:
Example
What is the input in
n each case
e?
char ch1
1, ch2, ch3;;
Check video fo
or answer
rs.
Slide 35:
3 Last Look
L
at Output
O
wiith int Ty
ype
cout can
c be used
d to outputt variables of
o type chaar , int and d
double;
cout with
w char outputs
o
justt that chara
acter;
cout with
w int displays just value
v
of inte
eger, using
g least amou
unt of spacce;
Can add
a whitesp
pace to output by writing setw(n)
n) (which is read "set w
width to n"));
NOTE
E: It only afffects the next item!
3 Last Look
L
at Output
O
wiith int Ty
ype (contt'd)
Slide 36:
Example
e:
int first=
=1, last = 9999;
9
cout <<
< setw( 6 ) << first <<
< last ;
Output:
(where
Lesson 2
19999
1
stands for a blank)
17
7
37: Last Look

L
at Output
O
wiith int Ty
ype (contt'd)
uld I generrate the folllowing outp
put using a single coutt statementt?
of quarterss =
of dimes =
of nickels =
of penniess =
45 (qua
uarters)
107 (dim
mes)
3 (nic
ickels)
24 (pen
ennies)
video fo
or answer
r.
38: Last Look

L
at Output
O
wiith int Ty
ype (contt'd)
e able to usse setw nee
ed to include the file io
omanip.
directive #include
#
<io
iomanip> att the beginning of you
ur program..
programs should
s
begiin with:
clude <io
ostream> // for cout,cin
c
clude < iomanip
i
> // for setw
ng namesp
pace std;
39: Floatiing-Pointt Data Ty

ypes
Numbers
numbers arre numberss with a who
ole and fracctional partt.
s of real nu
umbers are float, doub
ble, long doouble.
rence betwe
een them iss the level of
o accuracyy. Double has a higherr accuracy a
18
8
Slide 40: Floating-Point Data Types

Real Numbers (cont'd)
Two ways of representing real numbers.
1) Fixed point = whole part and fraction part
Example:
Number
-12.352
123.4
Whole
-12
123
Fraction
.352
.4

2) Floating point = scientific notation
<mantissa> . <exponent>
Example 1:
Number Mantissa Exponent
-5.07e15 -5.07 15
means -5.07 x 10 15 =
-5070000000000000 (13 zeroes)
Lesson 2
19

2) Floating point = scientific notation
<mantissa> . <exponent>
Example 2:
Number Mantissa Exponent
1.23e-5 1.23 5
means 1.23 x 10 = 0.0000123
Real number operations, standard +, -, *, / and negation.
Cannot use the % operator with real numbers.

To declare and initialize a variable of type float or double:
float y, z;
double a = 12.3;
float x = 0.1, w, s;
const double PI = 3.14159;
Lesson 2
20

What output do you think is generated by the following?
void main()
{
cout << 4.5 << endl;
cout << -.375 << endl;
cout << 10.6666666 << endl;
cout << 67800000.0 << endl;
cout << 523.0 << endl;
cout << 523000000000. <<
endl;
cout << 0.000098 << endl;
}
4.5
-0.375
10.6667
6.78e+007
523
5.23e+011
9.8e-005
Check video for explanations, as the answers are on the slide.

Output Format for Real Numbers
There are three modes for output of real values:
Default : depending on size of number, default chooses between scientific and

fixed.
Scientific: for very small or very large numbers.
Fixed: the way we are used to seeing real numbers.
When formatting output of real numbers, you need to consider the total number of
positions and the number of decimal places.
Lesson 2
21

Manipulators
Manipulators are used only in input and output statements.
endl *, fixed, showpoint, setw *, and setprecision are manipulators that can be used
to control output format.
endl is use to terminate the current output line and create blank lines in output.
* Have already seen with int type.

Manipulators (cont'd)
Use the following statement to specify that (for output sent to the cout stream) decimal
format (not scientific notation) be used, and that a decimal point be included (even for
floating values with 0 as fractional part)
cout << fixed << showpoint ;

Manipulators (cont'd)
Setprecision(n)
Requires #include <iomanip> and appears in an expression using insertion operator

(<<).
If fixed has already been specified, argument n determines the number of places
displayed after the decimal point for floating point values.
Remains in effect until explicitly changed by another call to setprecision.
Lesson 2
22

Output Format for Real Numbers
Example 1:
What output is generated by the following program segment?
double a = 123.545;
cout << fixed << showpoint;
cout << setw(8) << setprecision(3) << a << endl;
Check video for answer.

Output Format for Real Numbers (cont'd)
Example 1:
double a = 123.545;

Example 1:
double a = 123.545;
Lesson 2
23

Example 2:
double a = 123.545;
cout << fixed; // showpoint removed

Example 2:
double a = 123.545;

Example 2:
double a = 123.545;
Lesson 2
24
Slide 55:
5 Floatiing-Pointt Data Ty
ypes
Outputt Format for Real Numbers (cont'd
d)
Example
e 3:
What ou
utput is gen
nerated by the
t followin
ng program
m segment?
double a = 123.545;
//cout << fixe
ed << sho
owpoint;
cout << setw(8) << set
tprecisio
on(3) << a << end
dl;
Slide 56:
5 Floatiing-Pointt Data Ty
ypes
Manipu
ulators/H
Header Files
Lesson 2
25
5
Slide 57:
5 Arithm
metic Operators
Operattors
+, -, *, /, % are
e called ope
erators.
C++ uses conve

entions of algebra.
a
Orderr of evaluattion is contrrolled by prrecedence.
Prece
edence for the
t operato
ors we have
e seen to daate:
1. ( )
2. Un
nary + or 3. * / % from le
eft to right
4. + - from left to
t right
5. <<
< >> stream
m insertion//extraction
6. = single
s
assig
gnment stattement
Slide 58:
5 Arithm
metic Operators
Operattors (con
nt'd)
Some
e examples::
1) 2 + 3 * 5 - 5 * 2 / 5 + 10
1 (25)
2) (2 + 3) * 5 - 5 * (2 / 5) + 10 (35)
5)
3) (2 + 3) * 5 - (5 * (2 / 5)) + 10) (15
Write
e as a C++ statement:
Lesson 2
26
6
Slide 59: Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion

Implicit
Convert less complex type to more complex when applying operator.
integer operator short ==> integer
integer operator real ==> real
char operator integer ==> integer
Example 1:
What will be stored in r ?
double r;
int a = 4, b = 2;
r = a/b;

Implicit (cont'd)
Example 2:
double r = 2.0, s;
int a = 5, b = 2, c;
c = a/b;
s = a/b;
s = a/r;
c = a/r; //warning
Lesson 2
27

Implicit (cont'd)
Example 3:
char c = 'a'; //ascii code = 97
int a = 16;
double d = 1.5;
cout << (c + a + d) << endl;
// Result will be 114.5. How?

Explicit
Involves attaching the type to the object.
char(70) converts int 70 to char 'F'
double(5) converts int 5 to double 5.0
int(1.75) converts double 1.75 to int 1

Explicit (cont'd)
Example 1:
Value in each variable?
int a = 11, b;
double d = 1.23, f;
b = a / 5;
f = a / 5;
// How do I store 2.2 in f?
// What is stored in f & b?
f = d * a;
b = d * a;
Lesson 2
28

Explicit (cont'd)
Exercise:
Each statement uses type conversion. Give the value assigned to x.
a) int x ;
x = int(3.8);
b) int x, y =20;
x = int(3.8 * y );
c) char x ;
x = char(65); //'A'
d) int x, y =20;
x = int(3.8) * y ;
f) char ch ='F'; //70
int x ;
x = ch ;
Slide 65: Arithmetic Assignment

Each of the numerical operators +, -, *, / and % can be combined with the assignment
operator to create an arithmetic assignment operator.
total_tax += state_tax; is equivalent to

total_tax = total_tax + state_tax;
count = count - 1; can be written as

count -= 1;
twice = twice * 2; can be written as

twice *= 2;
Lesson 2
29
Slide 66: Arithmetic Assignment (cont'd)

Valid or invalid? Explain
salary =+bonus;
salary + = bonus;
Slide 67: Arithmetic Assignment (cont'd)

Fill in the values for the objects a and b.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void main()
{
int a = 20, b;
a -= 4; // a = ______
a
b
a
b
a
}
= 20;
= 4;
+= b; // a = ______
*= a; // b = ______
%= b + 6; // a = ______
Lesson 2
30
Slide 68: String Data Types
We have already seen strings in output statements:

cout<< "Hello world;
To be able to declare an object of type string we need to add:

#include <string>
Declaring a string:
string fName, lName;
Declaring and initializing a string:

string message= "Hello";

Example 1
Input/output of strings:
Can use cin, cout with the << and >> operators.
For input, whitespace is used to separate the objects.
Example 1:
cin >> fName >>
cout << fName <<
cout << setw(10)
<< setw(10)
lName;
lName << endl;
<< fName
<< lName << endl;
Lesson 2
31
70: String
g Data Ty
ypes
ple 2
ude <iost
tream> //
/ for cin
n, cout
ude <ioma
anip> // for setw
w()
ude <stri
ing> // for
f
strin
ng
namespac
ce std;
ain()
Declarati
ion of va
ariables
ng teamN
Name, coa
ach;
teamID; // leagu
ue assign
ns teamID
D #
r level; // teams
s play at
t level A
A, B, C
Request input
i
fro
om user
<< "Ent
ter team name, id
d, level and coac
ch: " << endl;
>> teamN
Name >> teamID
t
>>
> level >
>> coach;
;
32
2
71: String
g Data Ty
ypes
ple 2 (con
nt'd)
<
<
<
<
"Team: "
setw(10)
setw(10)
setw(10)
n 0;
<<
<<
<<
<<
te
eamName <<
< endl;
te
eamID << " (ID)" << endl
le
evel << " (Level) " << end
dl
co
oach << " (Coach) " << end
dl;
am name, id, level and

eam 218 A Acemian
A
COMPTeam
)
)
n (Coach)
ny key to co
ontinue.
72: String
g Data Ty
ypes
tions
Concatena
ation:
pending of one
o string onto
o
the en
nd of anotheer.
e:
g word1 = "Hello", word2 = "World
d", mess;
;
= word1 + word2;
33
3

Operations (cont'd)
Remember:
word1= "Hello"
word2 = "World"
mess = "HelloWorld"
Example:
mess = word1 + "_" + word2;
word1 += word2;
word1 += "!!!";

Operations (cont'd)
String Length:
Function length() returns an unsigned integer value that equals the number of
characters currently in the string.
Example:
string word1 = "Hello!!!";
cout << word1.length(); // output ????

find() Function
Function find() returns an unsigned integer value that is the beginning position for
the first occurrence of a particular substring within the string.
The substring argument can be a string constant, a string expression or a char value.
If the substring was not found, function find returns the special value string::npos.
Lesson 2
34

substr() Function
Function substr() returns a particular substring of a string.
The first argument is an unsigned integer that specifies a starting position within the
string.
The second argument is an unsigned integer that specifies the length of the desired
substring.
Positions of characters within a string are numbered starting from 0, not from 1.

What is Exact Output?
#include <iostream>
#include <string> // for functions length(),
// find(), substr()
using namespace std;
int main ( )
{
string stateName = " Mississippi " ;
cout << stateName.length( ) << endl;
cout << stateName.find( " is " ) << endl;

What is Exact Output? (cont'd)
// stateName = "Mississippi";
cout << stateName.substr( 0, 4 ) << endl;
return 0 ;
}
Lesson 2
35

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Lesson 2: Built-in Data Types

Slide 1: Lesson Outline

Integer Data Type (slides 2-10)

Identifier and Variable Names (slides 11-24)

Character Data Type (slides 25-38)

Floating-Point Data Types (slides 39-55)

Arithmetic Operators (slides 57-58)

Implicit Type Conversion (slides 59-61)

Explicit Type Conversion (slides 62-64)

Arithmetic Assignment (slides 65-67)

String Data Type (slides 68-78)

Slide 2: Integer Data Type

Components in problem solving are called objects.

Objects made up of:

Pencil object. What are its attributes?

Car object. What are its attributes and actions?

Slide 3: Integer Data Type

Slide 4: Integer Data Type

Slide 5: Integer Data Type

Slide 6: Integer Data Type

Slide 7: Integer Data Type

Slide 8: Integer Data Type

Slide 9: Integer Data Type

Slide 10: Integer Data Type

Slide 11: Identifiers and Variable Names

Have seen to date:quarters, dimes, nickels, pennies, total, size, etc.;

Three factors affect the choice of names:

Slide 12: Identifiers and Variable Names

An identifier may contain:

Identifier must begin with a letter.

Slide 13: Identifiers and Variable Names

Use lower case names for variables.

An alternate method for multi-word names is to separate each word with an

Use upper case letters for constant identifiers

Slide 14: Identifiers and Variable Names

Slide 15: Identifiers and Variable Names

Slide 16: Identifiers and Variable Names

Sometimes you will see:

int count; // Number of coffees

Better style to do:

int numCoffees; // Number of coffees

Slide 17: Output Statements

The cout statement produces output on the screen;

Items not in double quotes must therefore be variables or expressions;

Each item is separated by the output operator <<;

Need to include library iostream as cout is predefined there.

Slide 18: Output Statements (cont'd)

Slide 19: Output Statements (cont'd)

Slide 20: Output Statements (cont'd)

Slide 21: Output Statements (cont'd)

Slide 22: Basic Types of Integers

Slide 23: cin - Some Facts

cin waits for input from the keyboard;

Numbers in input must be separated by one or more spaces or by a line break;

> i >> ch;

> i >> ch;

> i >> j >>

Slide 29: Character Data Type

More common uses of the escape character:

Slide 30: Character Data Type

Slide 31: Character Data Type

Slide 32: Character Data Type

Slide 33: Character Data Type

37: Last Look