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19

CARGO

MASTS
Hatchcoamingsareraisedsteelsidesofa
hatch.Theyservethesamepurposeasa
Mastsareverticalsparsusuallymadeofsteel. bulwarkaroundadeck.Theforeandaftends
Theyaresteppedonthecenterlineoftheship. aretheendcoamingsandthesidesarethe
sidecoamings.Coamingsareusuallyfitted
KingpostsarealsoknownasSampsonposts withangleironstiffenersallaroundthe
orstumpmastsandareverticalspars,usually outsideandwithcoamingstaysfromthe
steel,steppedinpairs,oneoneachsideofthe stiffenertothedeck.
centerlineoftheship.Theymayalsoserveas
ventilators.
Hatchcleatsaresteelfittings,weldedor
rivetedtothestiffenerorthecoamingforthe
Pairmastsorkingpostsconnectedatthehead purposeofsecuringthetarpaulinagainstthe
byarigidstructureofsteel.Thisstructureis coaming.
calledamastbridgeorspanstructureand
servesasaplaceonwhichtostepatopmast. Hatchwedgesarehardwoodwedgesdriven
(SeeLibertyShipillustration.)
betweenthecleatandthewedgebattento
holdthetarpaulininplace.Alwaysdrivethe
Theprincipalfunctionofamastorkingpost wedgeinwiththelonggrainagainstthecleat
onamodernsteameristoserveasasupport andtheshortgrainagainstthebatten.This
forthecargobooms.Secondaryfunctionsare keepsthewedgefromsplitting.
toserveassupportsforradioantennae,signal
halyards,signalyard,runninglightsandcrow's Wedgebattensarestripsofsteelthatare
nests.Topmastorpairmastalsoservethis
insertedbetweenthecleatsandthetarpaulin
purpose.
andagainstwhichthewedgeisdrivenhome.
Thissavesthetarpaulinwearandinsures
Ahound'sbandisabandwithlinkslocated
uniformwatertightnessallaroundthehatch.
belowthecrosstreeonaship'smastintowhich
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theshroudsandstaysareshackled.Onsteel
Hatchbattensarebattensusedforsecuring
mastpadeyesusuallyserveinplaceofaband. thetopofthehatch.Theymaybeofwoodor
steel.Steelbattensareshapedasflatstripsor
Aspannerstayisthewirestaywhichruns
aschannelbarsandareusuallysecuredwith
athwartshipfromtheheadsofapairofking
turnbuckles.
posts.Thisstaygivestransversesupportwhen
boomsarebeingused.Thespannerstaysand Astrongbackisaheavygirderusuallyas
thestackstaysaretheonlyexceptionstothe deepasthecoamingitselfandextending
generaldefinitionthatstaysaretheforeand foreandaftintheexactcenterofthehatch.
aftsupportsofmastsandkingposts.
Itisfittedintoslotsorslidesintheend
coamingsandsecuredbybolts.
Ahatchisanopeninginthedeckleading
downtothe'tweendeckandhold.Itis
Hatchbeamsarethesteelgirdersextending
rectangularinshape.

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fromthestrongbacktothesidecoaming,
sheet.Thetucksarealternatedthus,leaving
dividingthehatchopeningintosmaller
roomforthebattenandwedge.
sections.Theyalsoservetostrengthenthehull
structurewherethedeckbeamshavebeencut Ifadraftofcargoisfoundtobetooheavy
toprovidethehatchopening.Thenumbersof forthesinglerunnerorfall,therunnermay
roveofflikeaninvertedwhip.Thecargo
hatchbeamsvarywiththesizeofthehatch.
hookisunshackledandtheendoftherunner
Akingbeamisanameusuallyappliedto
rovethroughablocksimilartothehead
beamsinahatchthatisnotfittedwitha
blockandtheendmadefasttotheheadof
strongback.Theyarefittedinthwartship
theboom.Inthismannertherewillbetwo
fashion.
partssupportingtheweightwithablockat
theweightgivingatwotoonemechanical
Hatchcoversarecoversmadeofwoodor
advantage.(Seeillustration.)
steel,fittedintorecessesorledgesinthe
strongback,beams,andcoamings.Wooden
Aheelblockisablocklocatedbelowthe
hatchcoversareaboutthreeinchesthickand heeloftheboomthroughwhichthecargo
ofanappropriatelengthandwidthtofitthe
runnerleads.
hatch.Theyarefittedwithhandholdsin
oppositecornersandtwomencanplacethem Aslacklineblockorboomfairleadisa
fittingofsomekind,locatedusuallynearthe
onthehatch.Onsmallerhatchesonepiece
steelhatchcoversaresometimesusedandthey middleoftheboom,throughwhichthecargo
aremadewatertightbyrubberorfibergaskets runnerleads.Itservestokeeptherunner
andsecuredbydogs.Onothertypesthehatch fromoverhaulingwhilebeingslackedaway
coversaremovedtooneendbyawormand rapidlyandperhapsfoulingthewinchor
winchman.Itmayormaynotbeablock.
screwattachment.
Aheadblockorcargoblockistheblock
shackledintotheheadoftheboomthrough
whichthecargorunnerleads.
Mastsandkingpostsaresupportedby
standingriggingcalledshroudsandstays.
Shroudsaredefinedasbeingtheside
supportofmastsandkingpostsstaysarethe
foreandaftsupportofmastsandkingposts.
However,onamodernsteamertheonlystay
thatleadsdirectlyaftisthetriaticstaywhich
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isonlyusedforsignalhalyards.Backstays
leadaftandtothesideoftheship.The
foremastisusuallytheonlymastona
steamerthathasforwardsupportintheform
ofaforestayandforetopmaststayleading
directlydowntothestem.(Seeillustration.)
Runningriggingisgearwhichactuatesover
sheavesorthroughblocksandfairleads.Itis
capableofbeingmoved.
Aheadofaboomistheupperorouterendof
theboom.
Aheelofaboomisthelowerorinnerendof
theboom.
THEPRINCIPLEOFTHEBOOM
Tarpaulinsarecanvascoversplacedoverthe
hatchandsecuredbythehatchwedgesand
battensagainstthecoaming.Thenumberof
tarpaulinsonahatchvarywiththeship'srun
ortheseason.Usuallythreeorfourareusedon
eachhatchthebestonenexttothehatch
covers.Thetarpaulinisalwaysputonthe
hatchsothattheseamsfairaft.That
preventsrippingbyseas.Thecornersare
tuckedlikea

Agooseneckisthefittingwhichsecuresthe
lowerendoftheboomtothemastorking
post.Itgivestheboomtwoplanesof
movement,upanddownandfromsideto
side.
Aboomisacylindricalsparmadeofwood
orsteelbywhichcargoisloadedand
discharged.Itissupportedbymastsorking
posts.
Atoppingliftistherigthatsupportsthe
boomatanydesiredanglefromthedeck.
Amultipletoppingliftisatoppinglift
having

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morethanonepart.Inotherwords,itmaybe ofhavingthetoppingliftandbullrope
roveoffinanycombinationhavingmorethan shackledintothetoppinglifteye,thebail
onepart.Thistypeoftoppingliftisalsocalled servedtoseparatethem.
theoverheadtoppingliftbecausethemajor
portionofthetackleisoverheadandonlythe Aspiderbandorlinkbandisabandfitted
aroundtheheadofacarpboomintowhichis
haulingpartreachesthedeck.
shackledthetoppinglift,headblockand
Asingletoppingliftconsistsofasingleheavy boomguys.Onsteelboomstheremaybeno
wirerope,oneendofwhichisshackledinto bands,thegearbeingshackledintopadeyes
theheadoftheboomandtheotherextends
weldeddirectlytotheboom.
downalongthemastsorkingpostterminating
inaneye.Intothiseyeisshackledthetopping Cargorunnersaretherunnersorthewire
ropebywhichthecargoisactuallyhandled.
liftchainandthebullrope.Thechainand
Oneendismadefasttothewinchandfrom
bullropeislongenoughtoreachthedeck
thereitleadsthroughtheheelblock,slack
whentheboomissecuredinthecradle.
lineblock,headblock,andtothecargohook.
Aspantoppingliftisastationarytoppinglift. Thecargorunnerisalsocalledthecargofall
Itisshackledintotheheadoftheboomand
orcargowhip.
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intotheheadofakingpost.Theboomremains Asidewhiporsiderunneristherunneron
atonecertainangleatalltimes.
theboomthatisspottedoverthesideofthe
ship.
Boomguysarethatpartoftherunningrigging
whichcontrolsthesidewaymovementsofthe Ahatchwhiporhatchrunneristherunneron
booms.Theyarecalledvariouslytheportand theboomthatisspottedoverthehatch.
starboardguytheinboardandtheoutboard
Byspottingtheboomsismeantswingingthe
guy,andtheforwardorafterguy.
boomstoanydesiredpositionbymeansof
Boomguysaremadeupofone,twoorthree theboomguys.
components.Theusualmethodistohavea
pendantofwireshackledintotheheadofthe Thesideortheoutboardboomistheboom
boomandextendingabouthalfthelengthof thatisspottedoverthesideoftheshipfor
theboomdownward.Inthelowerendofthe handlingcargo,etc.
pendantaguypurchaseisshackledandthe
lowerblockofthepurchaseisshackledtothe Thehatchorinboardboomistheboom
spottedovertheship'shatchincargowork.
deck.
AspanguyisusedonthesocalledWestCoast Ajumboboomisaheavyliftboomcapable
rigandtakestheplaceofthetwoinboardguys. ofhandlingweightsfrom5to50tonsandin
somecasesmore.Theseheavyboomsare
Riggingtheinboardboomcontrolinthis
mannereliminatesthefoulingofrunnersand supporteddirectlyfromthedeckandare
locatedusuallyabafttheforemastand
cargowiththeinboardguy.Thespanguyis
alsocalledthemidshipguyandtheschooner forwardofthemainmast.Thelocationofthe
jumboboomisnotstandardanddependson
guy.
thelocationofthelargesthatches.Onships
havingnomastsbutriggedwithkingposts
Abailisatriangularpieceofsteelorboiler
andpairmasts,thejumboboomisstepped
plateusedinconnectionwiththesingle
aftandforwardofthepairmasts,depending
topping
onthelocationofthelargesthatch.A
pedestalislocatedinlinewitheachpairmast
sothatthejumboboommayberiggedon
whicheversideitistobeused.Inthiscase
thejumboboomisnormallystowedondeck
incradlesprovidedforitandmaybeliftedin
placebytheregularcargoboom.Inships
havingmasts,thejumboboomisalways
SCREWANDPINSHACKLES
riggedwithheavygearmultipletoppinglift,
multiplemainpurchase,andheavyboom.
lift.Thelowerendofthesingletoppingliftis
shackledintotheuppercornerofthebailthe Apedestalisthefittingwhichtakesthe
toppingliftchainandthebullropeare
gooseneckofthejumboboom.
shackledintothetwolowercorners.Instead
Amastplatformormasttableisatableor
platformusuallyrectangularinshape,built
aroundamast6to10feetabovethedeck
andsupportedfromthedeckbystanchionsor
angle

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TYPICALHEAVYDUTYBOOMS,FULLYRIGGED
Guyscontrolsidewaymovements.
Toppingliftsupportsboom.
Gooseneckisajointwhichgivesboomfreedomupanddownandfromsideto
side.
Spiderbandisfittedaroundheadofboom.Toppinglift,headcargoblockandguys
areshackledtoit.
Hatchisopeningindeckleadingtothe'tweendeckandhold.
Hatchcoamingsareraisedsteelsidesofahatch.
Wakeofhatchisdirectlybeneaththeopening.

ironsorbars.Thepurposeofthistableor
removedfromthemastisduplicatedaloft
platformistoraisetheboomsabovethedeck wherethetoppingliftblockisshackledintoa
andtospacethemalittledistanceoutboard
padeyeintheextremeendofthecrosstree
fromthemasttoobtainabetterworking
insteadofbeingshackledintothemast
radius.Thedistancetheheeloftheboomis
proper.Keepingthesetwodistanceseven
resultinaneven

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WORKINGCARGOFROMADOCK
Frequentlycargoisworkedfromlightersorbargesmooredalongside.

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distributionofthethrustalongtheboom.In Beamsaremetalsupportsforthehatch
someofthenewershipsthisideahasbeen
covers.Theystrengthenthehatchcoaming
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carriedintoeffectinaratherstartlingmanner.
Insteadofregularmastsorkingposts,theship
isequippedwithshortpolemasts,havinglong
crosstrees.(LibertyShips.)Thesecrosstrees
areverystrongandsturdyinconstructionand
mayalmostbeconsideredmastbridges.Atthe
extremeendofthesecrosstreesarefittingsfor
thetoppingliftblocks.Theheeloftheboomis
steppedonamasttableacorresponding
distanceawayfromthemast.Inthismannera
favorableworkingradius,comparabletoa
kingpostrig,isobtained.

andatthwartshipsinsidethecombingsand
restinheavycleats.Theyareoftwokinds
theflatbeamswhichcanbechangedaround,
andthekingbeamswhichmustbeputin
theirproperplaces.

DETAILOFHATCHCOAMING

Atabernacleisawatertightstructurebuilt
aroundmastsorbetweenkingposts,inwhich CrossBattensareheavymetalstripswhich
arefastenedontheundersideoftheextension
gearmaybestowedorperhapswinchesare
ofthecoamings.Theyextendthwartships
housed.
acrossthehatch.Theyareoftwoparts,
joinedinthecenterofthehatchby
Apreventerisanypieceofgearriggedin
additiontotheregulargeartopreventitfrom turnbucklesorbolts.
carryingaway.Thebestknownpreventeron
boardshipisthepreventerguywhichis
simplyasinglewireshackledintotheheadof
theboomandleddowntothedeckandmade
fast.
Astopperisapieceoflineorchainusedto
stopoffahaulingpartwhileitisbeingbelayed
(madefast).
Achainstopperisusedonwirerope.Itissafe
andwillnotsliponagreasywire.Threehalf
hitchessixinchesapartarerecommended.
Ondurablewireropeamanilastopperisused.
Itwillnotcutthehempcovering.
Therearetwodifferentbullropesinusein
cargogear.Onehasalreadybeenmentionedin
connectionwiththesingletoppinglift.Itis
simplyapieceofwireofanappropriatesize,
shackledintotheeyeofthetoppingliftorinto
onesideofthebailasthecasemaybe.This
bullropeistakentotheniggerheadonthe
winchandtheboomistoppedup.Whenthe
boomisashighasrequiredthetoppinglift
chainisshackledtoapadeyeinthedeckand
thussupportstheboomunderworking
conditions.Thebullropeisbelayedtoacleat
onornearthemastorkingpost.Theotherbull
ropeisusedintheholdforsnakingoutcargo
fromtheendsorwingsofthe'tweendecksor
hold.Itissimplyapieceofwirewithaneye
andhookorotherappropriatefitting.Itsaves
wearandtearoncargorunner.
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DETAILSOFCARGOGEAR

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Hatchcoverscomeinvarioussizesand
materials.Onoldershipstheywereofwood
cuttofitbetweenthekingbeams.Onthelater
shipstheyareofmetalextendingrightacross
thehatchontopofthebeamsthwartships.

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Breakwater:Someshipsareprovidedwith whereabailisshackledintheothertwo
breakwaters.Theyareuprightplatesabout3 holesofthebailareshackledaheavychain
feethighatthepeakandslopingdownto
andabullrope.Someshipsinsteadofthe
about1footoneitherside.Theyextendacross bailhaveamanilafallwhichleadstothefoot
thedeckinfrontof#1hatchtotakesomeof block.Thistypeisveryhandybutnot
theweightoftheseasbreakingoverthebows. popular.Usingthesecondtypethebullrope
leadstothefootblockandthentothe
HatchCoamingsarebulwarksbuiltaround
niggerhead.Whentheboomisatthedesired
thehatchopeninginthedeck.Theyextend
height,thelinkwhichreachesthedeckpad
aboutthreefeetfromthedeckandhavea
eyeisshackledinandtheboomissecure.
horizontalchannelironaboutonefootfrom
thetop.
Guys,usedtocontrolthesideward
movementoftheboom,consistofawire
CleatsorCombingCleatsarefourbysix
pennantandropefall.Someboomshavetwo
metaluprightsweldedtothechannelironon guysorfourguystoasetofbooms.Some
thecombing.Theymustbestrong,ascanvasis boomshavethreeguystoasetofbooms
foldedintothesecleatsandsecuredbymeans usingaschoonerormidshipguywhichruns
ofbattensandwedges.
betweenthetwoboomheads.Preventerguys
ofwireormanilaarerequiredasasafety
Battensarelongstripsofsteelwhichextend measure,inadditiontotheregularoutboard
thelengthandwidthofthehatch.Theyfitinto boomguy.
thecleatstosecurethecanvas.
Fairleadsarelocatedinvariousplaces.Fair
Wedgesarejustwhatthenameimplies.
leadsarenothingmorethanguideswhich
Woodenwedgesaredrivenintightbetween
insureagoodandtrueleadtothe
thebattenandthecleattoholdthecanvas.
niggerheads.Sometimeswhenshipsarebuilt,
Theymustbetight.
forsomereasonthefairleadsareplaceda
littleoutofplace.Thisnecessitatestaking
BOOMSANDRIGGING
backturns.(Seeniggerheads.)
BoomsWoodenorsteelarethesameonaship
asaderrickistoalandlubber.Theyare
securedatoneendtothemasttablebyagoose
neck.Theyextendacrossthehatchtoaboom
restwhichisgenerallysupportedbyangleiron
uprights.

Chocksareleadsfromtheshipstothedock
orbarges,towboats,etc.Theseprevent
chafingandinsodoingrelievesomeofthe
strainontheline.

Bittsareapairofheavyuprightsmadeof
steelorcastironsecurelyboltedtothedeck.
TheToppingLiftisgenerallycomposedofa Mooringlinesaremadefasttothem.
fourparttackleortwo,twosheaveblocks,the
fifthpartbeingthehaulingpartbywhichthe
RIGGINGANDTOPPINGBOOMS
boomisraisedorlowered.
TheaverageshiphasninemenandaBos'n,6
Thelowerendofthefallissecuredtothehead A.B.'s,3O.'s.Therearequiteafewjobsto
oftheboom.Theupperendtoalinkorpad
bedoneatthesametimesowewillsuppose
eyeoronthecrosstrees.
thattheshiphasjustcometoanchorandall
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Sometimeswhentheboomissecured,the
haulingpartleadsdownfromthecrosstreetoa
footblockandthentothecleatbutmosttimes
asnatchblockisused.
ToppingLifts
1.Atwoblockfallcomposedoftwo
sheaveblocks.
2.Asinglewirefallwithabailheavy
chainandbullrope.
Usingthefirst,thehaulingpartcomesdown
fromthecrosstreetoafootblock,generallya
snatchblock,andthentotheniggerheadofthe
winch.

handsareondeck.Firsttheguys,runners,
preventers,areshackledtothebooms.Now
westartcuttingallthelashingsandstretching
thegearwhichsimplymeans,takingthe
outboardguysandclearingthemof
everything.Stretchthemfromtheheadofthe
boomtothepadeyesontherailsjustforward
ofthemast.Bringthepreventersback
alongsideofthemsotheycanbegottentoin
ahurryincasetheguyparts.Theinboard
guysgofromtheheadoftheboomtothe
oppositesideofthehatch.Inotherwords
crosstheinboardguys.Thentherunnersare
takenoffthewinches.BynowtheBos'nhas

Usingthesecondtypeasinglewirepennantor
fallcomesdownfromthecrosstreepartway

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hismenpostedsomethinglikethisamanon Runners(cargofalls)shouldbeproperly
eachguy,ifpossibleonemandrivingtwo
securedtowinchdrumswithclipsbefore
winches,amanstandingbyeachtoppinglift, workingcargo.Ropeyarnsshouldneverbe
everyoneattentivethetoppingliftmenlead used.
thewirefromthefootblockstothe
Runnersshouldalwaysbeledfromthetopof
niggerheadstakingplentyofturnsaround
becausethesteamorelectricityissupposedto thewinchdrumtotheheelblockinorderto
dotheworkandnottheman'sarm.Everything preventfouling.
ready,theBos'nwillgivethewordto"heave
way."Asthewirecomesintothemanatthe Toppingliftwiresshouldalwaysbeproperly
niggerheadanothermanshouldbeclearingthe securedoncleatstopreventthemfrom
slackfromhim.Themenattheguyspayout jumpingoff.
slackbutnottoomuch.Whentheboomsare
highenoughtheBos'nwillgivetheword"vast Whennotinplace,hatchcoversshouldbe
keptneatlypiled,awayfromthehatch
heaving"andthemenattheguyswillmake
themfastandthencometotheaidofthemen combings,butabreastthesectionwherethey
atthewinchpromptly.Thefirstthingtodois belong.
tostopoffthetoppingliftwithachainstopper.
Strongbacksshouldbestowedasnearthe
Thebestmethodistwohalfhitches,oneright
handed,theotherlefthandedsotheywillbind. bulwarkrailaspossible,andontheirsides.
Chainstoppersalwaysonwireandmanilaon
Steelhatchcoversshouldalwaysbehandled
manilaline.Whenthestopperison,themanat withthecargofall.
theniggerheadslacksbackintothestopper,
thenwhenthestopperhasalltheweight,take Tarpaulinsshouldneverbeplacedoveran
thewirefromthefootblockaroundthecleats. openhatch,oroveronewheresomeofthe
Threeroundturnsfirst
coversorstrongbacksarenotinplace.

CHAINSLING
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Hatchcoversshouldnotbeusedasskidsor
dischargingplatforms.Theymaybe
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andthenfigureeightturnsuntiltheboomis
secure.Squareupthewireandputtherunners
onthedrumandthathatchisreadyforthe
longshoreman.Ontoppingliftswithbullropes
takethebullropesdirectlytotheniggerhead
andheaveway,alltheotherjobsbeingthe
same.Thechaincomesrightdowntothepad
eyeondeck.Whentheboomishighenough
takethenearestlinktothepadeyeandshackle
intothechain.Theboomisnowsecure.

damaged,resultinginsubsequentinjuryto
men.
Whenworkingahatchsection,allcoversand
strongbacksshouldberemoved.Ifthisis
impossible,thoseremainingshouldbe
carefullysecuredtopreventunshipping.
STANDINGRIGGING
Mastsaresupportedandmaderidgedby
meansofstays,shrouds,andbackstays.Stays
areheavywireropesthatsupportthemast
fromforwardandrunfromthehoundstothe
forecastledeckandareusuallyshackledto
thetopofthestem.

Tolowertheboomswithawirefalltopping
lift,firsttaketheendofthewireandstretchit
outondecktotakethekinksorchinamenout
ofitthentakeallthefigureeightturnsoffthe
cleatsandloweraway.Menshouldbestanding
bytheguysduringthisoperationtoguidethe
Shroudsareheavywireropesthatsupport
boom.
themastfromthesidesandrunfromthe
Oneprecautionmakesurethekinksareoutof houndstothegunwale.Two,threeorfour
shroudsareusedoneithersideofthemast
wirebeforestartingtoworkwithit.Never
andarespacedoutinaforeandaftdirection
standinthebightofanything.
asfaraspossiblewithoutinterferingwiththe
Whenloweringortoppingbooms,alwaystake swingingofthecargobooms.
thetoppingliftfalltotheniggerheadwithat
Backstayssupportthemastfromaft.They
leastfourturns.
areleddirectlyaftifpossiblebutasis
usuallythecase,theyareledtothesidesas
faraftascanbesoasnottointerferewiththe
cargobooms.Whenbackstaysareledtothe
sidestheyalsocontributetothesidewise
supportofthemast.
Allstaysandshroudsarenamedaccordingto
thesectionofthemastthattheybrace,as
topmaststays,lowermastshrouds,etc.
PreventerStaysareheavywireropesused
tosupplementtheregularstayswhenagreat
strainistobeplacedonthemastsuchas
occurswhenaheavyliftishandled.
Preventerstays

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ALIBERTYSHIPSECUREFORSEA
Noticebatteneddownhatches,chaintoppingliftsandtrimmedhatchventilatorbuiltinto
masthousing.Theseamanistakingafirehoseandattachingthenozzlesothatitmaybe
readyforanypossibleemergency.Frompreviousstudycanyoudistinguishthedifferent
partsoftherigging?
StudythelargescaleLibertyshipmodelatyourstation.Ifyouareindoubtaboutanyaspect
ofit,donothesitatetoaskyourinstructors.
shouldbeledasnearlyaspracticaldirectly
heavinglinetohimdownthroughthehawse
oppositetothedirectionofthegreatestloadon pipewhichhebendstothebullrope.Bythis
themast.
messengerwehaulthewireupthroughthe
pipeandmakewellfasttothejewsharptake
Bullropesareheavymanilaorwireropeused thehaulingpartofthebullropetoa
toheave,haulorliftanyloadwithoutthe
niggerheadorcapstananduponapplication
benefitofthemultiplyingpoweroftackle
ofpoweryouhaultheanchordownandout
blocks.Forexample:Ananchorhasjammed ofthehawsepipe.
itsshankinthehawsepipe.Afterslackingthe
chainalittleandsettingbraketightweleada Bullropesareadefinitepartofsomecargo
wirebullropethroughabowchockasnear
boomtoppinglifts.Theyarealsousedto
abovetheanchoraspossibleandsendaman heaveheavyandunwieldyobjectsfrom
overthesideinabosunchair.Thensenda
inaccessibleplaces,suchasafterendsof
messengerof
cargoholdswellunderthehatchtrunksand
whereatacklewill

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notserveconvenientlywithoutconsiderable
rigging.
Gantlinesmaybedefinedaslightallround
bullropesusuallyoftwoinchmanilaandfrom
tenfathomsupwardinlength.Agantlinewill
commonlygetitsnamefromtheworkitis
requiredtodo,suchas,topmastgantline,stack
gantlineandstaginggantline,andofcoursethe
usewilldecidethelength.Inmostcasesa
topmastgantlinewillbeusedtoloweraman
inabosunchairwhilepaintingorwashing
aloftsendinggearaloftdressingshipwitha
spanofflagsandmanyotherjobs.Remember
thatatopmastgantlineisusedalmostevery
dayforsomepurposeandforamanto
painstakinglyclimbaloftandreevethe
gantlineeachtimewouldbepoorpractice,for
bearinmindthatthetopmastblockisusually
justbelowthetruckandtoclimbthetopmast
isadifficultanddangeroustask.Thereforea
dummygantlineisbenttotheworking
gantlinebybuttingthemendtoendand
passingafewturnsofyarnbackandforth
throughthestrandsfromonetotheotherand
seizingthethroatwithhalfhitches.Linesbent
togetherinthismannerwilleasilyoverhaul
throughtheswallowofatopmastblock.

severalonhandatalltimes.Theyareused
whenpaintingaloftorovertheside,orto
loweramanintoahold.
Withamaninthechairthebendwouldclose
upandlayjustbelowthethroatwiththe
haulingpartinaverticallinewiththe
standingpart.
Thestandingpartisbenttotheeyewitha
singleordoublesheetorBecketbend.Leave
athreeorfourfoottailitwillbehandyasa
shortfrappinglineandcanbeusedto
advantageinmanyways.
Nowtomakeyourselffastaloft:Youhave
beenhauleduptothetruckonthetopmast,
youaresittinginthechairfacingthemast:
reachupabovethebendinthebridleeyeand
seizeboththehaulingpartandthestanding
partofthegantlinetogetherwithyourleft
handmakesureyouhaveagoodgripand
canholdyourweightnowaskthemanon
decktoslackthehaulingpartreachwell
downwithyourrighthandandgeta
generousbightoftheslackpullitthrough
thebridle,slipitoveryourhead,avoiding
turns,downoveryourshoulders,underthe
chairseatandyourlegs.Nowlettheslack
graduallyoverhaulitselfuntilitisbroughtup
underthethroatofthebridle.

Thedummygantlineisleftrovethroughthe
topmastblockwhentheworkinggantlineis
notinuse.Inthiscaseitactsasamessengerto
Toloweryourselfsimplyliftthehaulingpart
sendtheworkinggantlinebackthroughthe
ofthegantlineupandworkitthrougheasily.
block.
Thisriggivesyoucompletecontrolofyour
chairandyoucanworkwithsafety.
Bos'n'sChairThiseverhandy"tool"isa
standardpieceofgearonallships.The
boatswaingenerallymakesthemupandkeeps Practicethisbendondeckseveraltimes
beforegoingaloft.

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RiggingaStageAsafeworkingstageisan
excellentinsurancepolicy,butifbeing
worked

29

byanoviceoracarelesspersonitbecomesa ports,andhangsinalongbightclosetothe
numberonedeathtrap.Learntorigandwork waterandismadefastwellaftofsuch
onastageproperlyanotherthingthatisvery ladders.Thislineisusedbypilotboatsand
importantneverplayjokesonanyone
smalllaunchestotakeholdingturnswith
workingonorconnectedwithastaging.
whiletakingonordischargingpersons,and
isparticularlyhandywhenthereisaseaway
Astageisasubstantialplank,onwhichhorns suchasisfoundoffpilotstations.
areboltedtotheunderside.Securestagelines
aroundtheplankatthehornswitha
Pendantsareshortlinesorwireshavingan
marlinespikehitchandthenbendabowlinein eyesplicedinbothends.Pendantsareusedin
thestandingpartformingabridle.
manywaysaboutashipandareusually
namedaccordingtotheiruse,suchasguy
pendants,clearhawsependants,etc.
Guypendantsarependantsthatconnectthe
headofaboomwithaguytackleandserve
toshortenthelengthoftheguytackle.
Someguypendantsarefittedwithswivelsat
eachendforthepurposeofkeepingtheguy
tacklefreeofturns.

RIGGINGASTAGE

Bridlesmaybedescribedaswire,steelor
manilahangersthatresembleaninverted
"V."Theyareusedtoslinganobjectbytwo
ormorepointstokeepintrimwhen
handling.Examples:Accommodationladders
andautomobileslingshavebridles,andthe
ropepartofabos'n'schairisalsoabridle.

Somebosunsfittheirstageswithpermanent PreventerGuyandStays,asthenames
bridlesinwhichcasebendthestagelinesto imply,areusedasprecautionarymeasures
thebridles.Ifyouareriggingafixedstage,
whenhandlingheavycargo.
securethelinestocleatsorsomeotherstrong
supportwitharoundturnandtwohalfhitches. Preventerguyssupplementtheregularguys
Ifthestageistoberaisedorloweredbythe
andconsistusuallyofasinglepartofwireor
menworkinguponitsecuretailblocks,stage rope.Thewireorropeshouldbeofsufficient
hooksorlizardsinasafemannerandreevethe strengthtoholdtheboomiftheregularguy
stagelinesthroughthemsecurethehauling
carriesaway.
parttothestagewithtwoorthreeroundturns
andbelayaroundthehorns.Dropamanrope Bailsmayalsobecalledyokesandare
aboutmidwaybetweenthestagelinesandriga commonlyofsteelthoughsometimes
referredtoasspreaderswhenmadeofwood.
Jacob'sladderatoneendofthestage.
Example:Abailisusedtospanorbracket
Ifworkingastagelowovertheboworstern twobridlesontheaccommodationladder.
andithangstoofaroutboard,passheaving
Anotheruseiswhenatoppingliftisattached
linesfromthedecktobothendsofthestage toatriangularbailandtoitisbentthe
andheaveintodesiredposition.Youcouldalso bullropefortoppingboomsandtheopenlink
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breastthestageinwithfrappinglinesand
hooksplacedinportholerims.

chainwhichshacklestoapadeyeonthe
decktoholdtheboomatthedesiredheight.

BoatRopeorLineiscommonlytwoanda
halftothreeinchmanilaputovertheside
forwardofaccommodationladders,pilot
laddersorside

AccommodationLadderSwunginbutnot
securedforsea:Thegangwayrestsonblocks
inarecessofship'sside.Laddersofthistype
areusuallyturnedoutinthefollowingsteps:
First.Rigahandybillyfromthetopofthe
platformtothefishplatedirectlyaboveit.
Second.Settightthebullropeonthe
breastingarmandmakeitfast.Third.Clear
bridlefallsandremovelashingsfromladder.
Fourth.Pushouttheladderandslackthe
handybillyandbreastingarmbullrope
togetheruntiltheladderisinahorizontal
position.Fifth.Removethe

30

handybillyastheforwardorplatformendis pinoutofthebreastingarm,allowingthe
nowrestingonitswishbonesupport.Sixth.
armtodropflatagainstthesideoftheship,
Pickuptheladderwiththebridlefallsuntilthe clearoftheladder.Seventh.Puthandrailsin
weightisoffthebreastingarm,andtakethe
placeandthegangwayisreadytolower.
REMEMBERNEVER,NEVERSLEEPONHATCHES

31

GROUNDTACKLEANDMOORINGLINES

Menengagedintieringchaininchainlockers than30fathoms.Atthatdepththereisno
shouldbeclearofthelockerbeforethe
needtoanchorasyoucandriftwithout
windlassisunlocked.Someshipshowever
damage.
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havespeciallydesigned,selfstowingchain
lockers.

Theanchorisfrequentlyusedtoholdaship
whilewaitingquarantine,orders,orchange
oftide.

Menatwindlassbrakesshouldalwayswear
goggleswhendroppinganchor,toavoideye
injuryduetoflyingparticles.Gogglesshould
bewornatallothertimeswhenanyworkis
beingdonewhichmightbeinjurioustothe
eyes.

Theanchorisalsousedtomaneuvershipby
droppingalittleovertheamountofchain
requiredtoreachanddragalongthebottom.
Ashipisneveranchoredatadock.Sheis
madefastortiedupormooredtoadock.

Ridingpawlsordevilclawsshouldalwaysbe
keptinplaceoncableswhileavesselisatpier
topreventinjurytopersonsinthevicinity.
Chainsshouldneverbeusedwithlinksknotted
orkinked.Theyshouldneverbeshortenedby
wiring,tying,orboltingtwolinkstogether.
Thewildcatisapartofthewindlassusedfor
heavingtheanchor.Theanchorchainleadsup
throughthehawsepipesandthroughthepawls
overthewildcatwhichisshapedwithstoppers
orcompartments,whichfitonelinkofthe
chain.Theweightoftheanchorandthechain
itselfholdthelinksinplace.Thewildcatis
securedbythebreakorcompressor.Whenthe
anchorissecuredwiththebreakthewindlass
istakenoutofgearorunlocked.Theanchoris
nowreadyforlettinggoandthewindlasscan
beusedforheaving,thatis,theniggerheads
arefreeandcanbeturnedineitherdirection.
ANCHORING

ANCHORCHAINLINKS
TYPESOFANCHORS
BowerThelargeanchorcarriedinthebow
ofavessel.Threeareusuallycarriedaboard
ship,oneoneachsideofthebowandaspare
lashedondeck(usuallyforward).
KedgeAsmallanchorweighingfrom900to
1,200poundsusedforkedgingaship,thatis
movingashipbycarryingouttheanchorina

Thepurposeofanchoringistokeeptheshipin
alimitedarea.
Theanchorisseldomdroppedinwaterdeeper

32

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CHOCKS
THEPARTSOFTHEOLDFASHIONED
ANCHOR

33

MOORINGLINES
smallboat,droppingtheanchorandthen
timeabowlineisoutandthespringis
heavingtheshipouttotheanchor.
beginningtowarpthevesselin,asternlineis
sentashore.Astheshipishauleduptoher
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SeaAconicalshapedcanvasbagusedtokeep finalmooring,thislineleadsaftasastern
aboat'sheadintothesea.
line.
MOORINGASHIP

Untilashipissecuredinherberthyoumust
keepclosewatchonmooringlinesandbe
Inmooringashipyoumustfirstconsiderthe readytorenderthemtopreventparting.A
chocksforpassingthelines.Chocksareof
tautlinewillgenerallygivewarningby
threemaintypes,openchocks,coverchocks creaking,howeveritiswelltokickittotest
(closed),androllerchocks.Rollerchocks
thestrainandifitappearsthatitisgoingto
minimizethefrictiononahawser.Chocksare partandyouareunabletorenderit,stand
alwaysservedbyasetofbits.Ahawser
clearquicklyastheendwillwhipandyou
shouldleadfromthechocktothebittsand
maybeinjured.
thentotheniggerhead.Occasionallywhen
loading,linesareleftontheniggerhead.This FairleadsFairleadsusuallycomeintouse
facilitateskeepingthelinestautasinthecase whentheobjectbeinghauledisnotindirect
ofatankerloadingrapidly.
linewiththehaulingapparatus.Fairleads
maybechocks,bollards,cleats,snatch
Mooringlinesaredividedintobowlines,breast blocksoranydeviceusedtoleadahauling
lines,springlines,andsternlines.
linefairandtruetothemechanicalhauling
power.Fairleadsdecreasepowerbyfriction
BowlinesTheremaybeinshoreandoffshore lossbutalsoprotecttheline.
bowlines.Aninshorelinepaysoutofthe
inshorebowchocksandisbelayedoninshore
bitts.Sternlinesareconsideredinthesame
mannerasboworheadlines,exceptthat
offshoresternlinesactuallyleadfromoffshore
chocks.
WHENUSINGBIGHTOFHAWSER,
BreastLinesleadfrombowchocksaswellas
PLACEEYEAROUNDBITNEAREST
theirownandsometimesfromsprings.They
CHOCKSOTHATSTOPPERMAYBE
leadasneartorightanglesoftheshipas
EASILYAPPLIED
possible.Breastlinesmaybeusedbothfore
andaft.Sometimestheyaredoubledby
Placechafinggearatallwearingpointsof
puttingthebightout.Inputtingoutabightput
mooringlines.Oldcanvasorburlapmaybe
theeyeofthehawseraroundthebitt.
wrappedaroundthelinesandseized.
SpringLinesaremostusefullinesfor
Placeratguardsonalllinesofshipsmoored
handlingvesselsalongdocks,whetheritbe
mooring,warping,shiftingship,undockingor todocks.Ratguardsaretwopiecemetal
"springing"ashipfromadock.Itisoneofthe discswhicharelashedtothelinestoprevent
ratsfromcomingaboardorgoingashore.
firsttwolinessentoutonmooringandvery
oftenthefirst.Asitsnameimpliesit"springs Keeplinesclearofwaterifpossible.
in"and"springsout"avessel,andforpurposes
ofwarpingmayleadfromanyofthechocks.It Neversteponalinethatisrunningout
isthebowspringthatgetsthebruntofthe
rapidly.Neverstandinthebightofalinethat
workindockinganyship.
maybepaidout.Alwayskeepclearofany
workingline.
SternLinesWhilemooringtheshipforward,
anidenticalprocesstakesplaceaftaboutthe StoppersStoppersarecommonlymadeof
threeinchmanilathreeorfourfathomslong

34

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SINGLESTOPPER
withaneyesplicedinoneendlargeenoughto Inheaving,coilaboutonethirdofthe
passitsownendthrough,theotherendbeing knottedendlooselyintherightorheaving
whippedwithtwine.Mooringlinestoppersare handwithknothangingatoutsideturnofthe
aboutthreefathoms.
coilandbelowthesamelevel.Coilbalance
oflinelooselyoverpalmoflefthand
ChainStoppersareusedto"stopoff"wire
arrangedsothattheoutsideturnswillrunout
hawserspreparatorytobelayingonthebitts. andnottanglethefollowingturns.Theheave
shouldbemadewithasweepingsidearm
Usuallyalineisstoppedoffbythesamebittit movementkeepingthecastingarmstraight
istobebelayeduponbutthisisnotasetrule andbringingthebodyintoplay.Whenyou
asastoppermaybeusedanywherealine
learntoarrangethecoilssotheywillrunout
passesthroughoraroundafairlead.
freely,distanceandaccuracywillcomewith
practice.
HeavingLineisalightflexiblelinewitha
weightinoneendwhichhelpsgetdistanceand Bendtheworkingendoftheheavinglineto
accuracyintheheave.Itsmostcommonuseis hawserwithabowline.
inpassingahawsertothedockwhentyingup.

DOUBLESTOPPER

35

PAINTINGWRINKLES
Handfulsofcleanropeyarnsmakeexcellent makethestrokescrosstheyshouldalways
soogeeragsandwillremovethemoststubborn beparalleltoeachother.
dirtfrompaintwork.
Neverputthepaintoninathickcoat.Itwill
Afewturnsofragsaroundapaintbrushjust
notdryandbecomehard,butitiseasily
abovethebristleswillstopthepaintworking rubbedofffordaysafterward,andcatches
ontothehandle.Trythisthenexttimeyou
dirtcontinually.Putitoninthincoats,andit
havetopainttheoverhead.
willdryquicklyandformahardsurface.

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Unusedportionsofakegofredorwhitelead
orzincpastemaybekeptsoftandfreefrom
skinsbypouringwateroverthesurfacetothe
depthofaninchormoreandkeepingthelid
onthekeg,firstscrapingsurpluspastedown
fromthesidesofthekeg.Iftobeused
frequently,adiskofstiffpapercutouttofit
theinsideofthekegmaybeplacedonthe
lead.
Manhelpersareusedtopaintinaccessible
places,usuallyaship'sside,whenstagingsare
notpracticable.Whenvesselsareberthed
alongsideadock,muchoftheworkisdone
fromthedockorfromworkboats.Manhelpers
arerarelyusedondeckasnopartofdeck
structuresshouldbeconsideredinaccessibleto
aseaman.Manhelpersareusuallytenfeetor
overinlength,thebrushbeingfastenedby
yarnstoanotchcutaboutthreeinchesfrom
oneend,thebrushsecuredatanangleofabout
45degreestotheshank.

Neverpaintoveradirtysurface,orarough
unpreparedsurface.Paintistoofrequently
usedtosavescrubbing.Thesurfacetobe
paintedmustbecleanedandscrubbeddown
toasmoothsurfacebeforeanypaintis
applied.
Bindingabrushisbindingthebristleswith
twinemuchthesameasthestrawsofa
broomarebound,tokeepthemfrom
spreading.
Generallythebrushisheldbythehandle,but
attimesthewristandpalmofthehandmay
gettiredandsore,inwhichcaseexperienced
paintershavefoundcomfortandeaseby
changingforaspellandholdingthebrushby
thebrindle,ormetalband,whichallows
plentyofplayonthebrush.Keepthebrindle
clean.
Whenpaintingorwashingtheforwardor
afterendsofdeckhousesalwaysstartatthe
windwardsideinthiswaynopaintordirty
waterwillbeblownontothefinished
surface.

Toomuchtimeiswastedonboardshipin
scrapingpaintoffscrewthreads,gaskets,and
otherplaceswhichshouldneverhavebeen
paintedoverinthebeginning.Alittleattention
Thereisnoendofusesforredleadandfor
tothefollowingcommonsenseruleswill
structuralpaintingithasnopeer.Redlead
preventthiswasteoftimeandimprovethe
mixedwithasmallamountofcarbonblack
appearanceoftheship:
makesanexcellenthullpaintofgoodbody.
Never,underanycircumstances,paintrubber
Anewpracticeistouseanaluminum
gasketsonwatertightdoors,manholes,
pigmentmixedwithzincoxideandavarnish
hatches,etc.
vehicleforthesecondcoating.Thisisagood
Neverpaintscrewthreads,compartmentname mixturetocoverredleadasitdullsthetint
andafinewhitefinishwilltakewellwhen
plates,louvres,gauzeairscreens,zinc
appliedoverit.
protectorsonthebottom.
Never,withoutorders,paintanythingthathas Whenmixingpaintinmorethanone
container,remembertoboxthecontents
notbeenkeptpainted.
togethertogetauniformpaintfilm.This
Neverpaintoutletteringwithoutspecialorders boxingofpaintisverynecessarywhenusing
todoso.Allthevariousnumbersandletters colors.
havedefinitemeanings,andtheymustnotbe
Consideringthepromptactionofdriersand
paintedout.
turpentineinpaint,itisadvisablenottoput
Asthereisaregulationwayinwhichships
theseingredientsintothepigmentuntiljust
mustbepainted,neverpaintanythinga
beforeusing.Whilepaintsshouldbemixed
differentcolorwithoutorders.
about24hoursprevioustotheiruse,they
shouldnotbeallowedtostandforlong
Inpaintinguseonlyalittlepaintonthebrush, periodsoftimeunlesstheyarekeptinwell
andneverpaintcrosswisethatis,never
sealedandairtightcontainers.

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Whenpaintingthemastortarringdownthe
riggingasimplewaytocontrolthepaintor
tarwhenchargingthebrushistofitthepaint

36

caninsideawaterbucketandpackoldrags
finishedsurface.Itisnotagoodideato
aroundthepaintcantokeepitcentered.Inthis varnishinthedirecthotsunordampweather.
waytheexcesspaintthatdripsfromthebrush
asyouwipeitovertheedgeofthecanistaken Linseedoilisveryusefultosoftenbrushes
upbytheragsandnotsplatteredonthedeck thathavebecomestiff.
below.
Itisnecessarytohaveahardundercoatfor
Foraquicksetandagoodthoroughdrying,it permanenceinpaintingandtoattainthisdo
notputtoomuchoilinaprimingcoat.
issuggestedthataboutfiveouncesof
powderedlithargebestirredintothefinishing
coat.Paintscontaininglithargeshouldbeused Whiletheadditionofdrierstopaintis
withintwoorthreedaysafterpreparation.If desirable,toomuchdrierwillcausetoorapid
boiledoilorlithargeisused,addonlyhalfthe topdrying,resultinginawrinkledeffect.
specifiedamountofdriers.
Onegallonofcorrectlymixedpaintwill
coverapproximately700squarefeet.
Incleaningbrushesthathavebeenusedin
shellacs,alcoholwillservebetterthan
anythingelse.Aftercleaningwithalcoholuse Running,streakingandsaggingmaybe
brownsoapandwarmwater.Shellacbrushes causedbyimpropermixingandstirringas
wellasbyapplyingthepainttoothick.
shouldneverbeallowedtostandlongafter
using,asshellachasaveryquickdryingpoint.
Topreparereadymixedpaintpouroffmost
Inrevarnishingasurfacealightsandpapering oftheliquid(vehicle)intoanothercanand
stirwellthepastypigmentwhichhassettled
beforeapplyingvarnishwillgiveanideal
finish.Innewvarnishwork,treatingthewood tothebottom.Duringthestirringprocessadd
toalittletungorrawoilwillgivethevarnisha smallamountsoftheliquidandcontinue
goodhold.Surfacesmustbekeptfreeofdust stirringuntilalltheliquidisused.Boxwell
themixedpaintbeforeusing.
whilevarnishing,asthiswillshowupinthe
Boxingpaintmeanspouringpaint,backand
forth,fromonecantoanotheruntilthe
mixtureissmoothandfreefromlumps.

DeckHome
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