Single Stage Air Compressor

EXP NO: 1
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM: To study the performance of a single stage air compressor at different delivery pressures.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Elgi Single Stage Air Compressor with Receiver
a. Delivery pressure = 9.7 bar
b. Free air delivered = 10.73 m3/hr
c. Speed = 750 rpm
d. Bore = 70 mm
e. Stroke = 85 mm
f. Cooling: Air Cooled
2. Driving Motor
a. 3 phase Induction Motor
b. Power = 2 hp
c. Speed = 2880 rpm
d. Voltage = 420 V
e. Current = 3 A
3. Manometer
4. Energy meter; Constant = 150 rev/KWhr
5. Tachometer
6. Planimeter

DESCRIPTION:
The compressor outlet is connected to a storage tank which receivers the compressed air and
stores it. The air to the inlet is sucked through an orifice across which the manometer is connected.
The compressor is driven by an electric motor. The speed of the compressor is measured by a
mechanical type tachometer.

PROCEDURE:
Energy meter is connected between two lines to measure the power input to the motor. The
outlet valve of the receiver is kept open to facilitate starting. Then the motor is switched on. When the
compressor reaches its normal speed, the outlet valve or the receiver is closed and pressure is built up.
When the pressures reaches, say 2 bars the outlet valve adjusted is so that the delivery pressure
remains constant at 2 bars. At this point, manometer reader, speed of motor (using tachometer) and
energy meter readings are noted down. After the pressure reaches the maximum value, the pressure is
gradually decreased by adjusting the outlet valve and all the readings at the same pressures of 8, 7, 6,
4, 2 bars are noted. The average of these two may be taken as the final reading.
Note: Sufficient time must be allowed for the compressor to adjust itself for the steady state values of
loads. The delivery pressure must not be allowed to exceed the maximum rated value.

OBSERVATIONS:

Energy meter constant = 150 rev/KWhr

Trial
No.

Spring strength of indicator = 15.2 10-3 (N/mm2)/mm

Orifice constant, K = 0.02655
Length of Indicator Diagram in mm =
Efficiency of motor = 75%

Delivery
Pressure
(Pd)(bar)

Energy Meter Reading

Rev. (w)

Time (t) (sec)

Manometer
Reading (h)
(cm) of H2O

Speed (N)
(rpm)

Area of Indicator
Diagram (a) (mm2)

CALCULATIONS:

Trial
No.

Delivery
Pressure
(bar)

Shaft Power
(KW)

MEP
(N/mm2)

Indicated
Power
(KW)

Free Air
Delivered
(m3/min)

Isothermal
Power
(KW)

Isothermal
Efficiency

Mec
Effic

1. Input to motor (kW) =

24

w
t

2. Shaft Power (SP) (kW) = Efficiency of motor Input to motor

=
3. Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) (N/mm2) = Pm =

a
S =
l

P m LAM
60000 =

4. IP (kW) =

Where A = area of piston (mm2) and L = length of stroke (m)

5. Free Air Delivered (FAD) (m3/min)

Assuming Ti = To = T and Pi = Po = P

V = k h P

Where,
T = Ambient temperature of air (K)
P = Ambient pressure (cm of Hg)
h = Pressure head across the orifice (cm of H2O)

P1 V 1 ln ( r )
60000

6. Isothermal Power (kW) =

Where V1 is in m3/min, P1 = intake pressure = P/75 bar abs.

r=

P1
P2

( P d + P1 )
=

P1|.|

Therefor Isothermal Power =

7. Mechanical Efficiency =

i
o
V1 = k P h T
i
o

IP
SP =

8. Isothermal Efficiency = Isothermal Power/Indicated Power =

9. Overall Efficiency = Isothermal Power/Shaft Power =

10. Volumetric Efficiency =

FAD /min
2
D ln =
4

Where D = piston dia. (m) and L = stroke length (m)

RESULTS:
The performance characteristic curves of the single stage air compressor are obtained,
tabulated and plotted on the graph sheet.
The performance characteristic curves are: FAD, SP, IP, mech, iso, overall, vol vs Pd

Centrifugal Blower
EXP NO: 2
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM: To determine the characteristics of a centrifugal blower.

APPARATUS:The motor-blower setup with flow measurement devices

SPECIFICATIONS:
Blower:
Flow rate =
Pressure =
Outlet dia. = 10cm
Speed = 2880rpm
Energy meter constant = 320 rev/kW-hr
Motor:
Power = 2hp
Efficiency = 90%

DESCRIPTION:
The centrifugal blower is directly coupled to an induction motor. The outlet of the blower is
connected to a pipe in which there is a tapping to measure the delivery head. The delivery head is
changed by means of a butterfly valve placed in the delivery pipe. The motor is connected to the
mains through an energy meter to measure the input to the motor.

PROCEDURE:
The butterfly valve is fully closed and the motor is switched on. Due to the leakage past the
valve there may be a small air flow and this is indicated by the manometer reading. The delivery head,
the pressure difference across the orifice place and the energy meter readings are noted down. The
experiment is repeated for different delivery heads by opening the valve.

OBSERVATIONS:
Position of
valve
Fully closed
closed
closed
closed

Energy Meter Reading

Rev in
w

Time (t) in sec

Delivery Pressure
(h1) in cm of H2O

Head across flow

meter (h) in cm of
H2O

Flow rate (Q)

in m3/hr

Fully open

CALCULATIONS:
1. Input power to motor (IP)(KW) =

3600 w
320 t =

2. Input to blower (SP)(KW) = IPmotor=

3. Output of the blower (OP)(KW) =

a QH

3600 10 3

a. a = sp. weight of air (N/m3)

b. Q = Volume of air delivered (m3/hr) =
c. H = head in metres of air =

Q h 1 9810
4. Output (KW) =

3600 10 100

5. Blower efficiency =

h1 water
100 air

171 h / a =

=2.725Q h1 10

Input
Output of Blower
Blower 100 =

RESULTS:
Position of valve

Output of blower (KW)

Input to blower (KW)

Fully closed
closed
closed
closed
Fully open

The following characteristic curves of the blower are drawn:

1. Discharge volume vs. Delivery head
2. Blower efficiency vs. Delivery head
3. SP vs. Delivery head

Blower Efficiency

Test on Heat Exchangers

EXP NO: 3
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM:To determine the overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness of a double pipe heat
exchanger under conditions of parallel flow and counter flow.

THEORY:
Heat transfer from one fluid to another fluid is given by the expression,

Q= A U ( T )m
Where,

( T )m is the mean temperature difference

U is the overall heat transfer coefficient for the inside area
A is the inside area of the heat exchanger

Temperature Profiles for Parallel and Counter Flow Heat Exchangers

For which ( T )m =

i o
log ( i /o )

Parallel Flow

Counter Flow

Thi - Tci

Thi - Tco

Tho - Tco

Tho - Tci

This expression for the mean temperature difference is known as the Log Mean Temperature
Difference (LMTD).

U=

Q
( T )m A

In order to make comparisons between various types of heat exchangers, the term Heat Exchanger
Effectiveness is used, which is defined as:

Actual heat transfer

Maximum possible heat transfer

Actual heat transfer may be computed by calculating the energy lost by the hot fluid or the
Q=C h ( T hi T ho )
Q=C c ( T co T ci )
energy gained by the cold fluid as
or
.
Both for parallel and counter flow heat exchanger where

Ch =W h C p

Wh = weight of hot fluid flowing per unit time

Wc = weight of cold fluid flowing per unit time
Cph and Cpc are the specific heats of the hot and cold fluid respectively
Maximum possible heat transfer is given by

Qmax =Cmin ( T hi T ci )

Where Cmin is either Cph or Cpc, whichever is lesser.

Hence, effectiveness

=C h ( T hi T ho ) / C min ( T hi T ci )
=C c ( T co T ci ) /C min ( T hi T ci )
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

and

C c =W c C p

It consists of two concentric pipes of specific length through which hot and cold fluids pass.
By opening and closing suitable valves the heat exchangers can be operated either in parallel or
counter flow configurations. Provision has to be made to measure flow rates as well as inlet and outlet
temperatures for both fluids. The heat exchanger is insulated from outside to prevent any loss to
atmosphere. The entire setup is mounted on a frame.

PROCEDURE:
The heat exchanger is set for parallel flow operation by suitably manipulating the valves.
After steady state is reached the flow rate and temperature are recorded.
Next, the heat exchanger is set for counter flow operation and after steady state conditions are
reached, the required data is recorded. The experiment can be repeated for different flow rates and
with different fluids. The values of U and E are calculated for each set of specific conditions.

OBSERVATIONS:
Heat transfer area of the pipe = 0.0612m2
Data Recorded

Parallel Flow

Hot Fluid
Flow rate (kg/min) (Wh)
Inlet Temperature (C) (Thi)
Outlet Temperature (C) (Tho)
Cold Fluid
Flow rate (kg/min) (Wh)
Inlet Temperature (C) (Tci)
Outlet Temperature (C) (Tco)

RESULTS:
Calculated
Values
LMTD (C)
U (W/m2K)
Effectivenes
s ()

Parallel
Flow

Counter
Flow

Counter Flow

Vibration of Spring Mass Systems

EXP NO: 6
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM:To determine the natural frequencies of the given spring-mass systems theoretically and verify
them experimentally.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Springs
Mass
Steel scale
Stopwatch

Two springs in parallel and the third spring in series with the other two springs:

k=

(k1+ k2) k3
k 1+ k 2 +k 3

For single degree of freedom system the theoretical natural frequency of the system is given by:

n=

60
2

g
60
n =
st
2

k
m

n = natural frequency (cpm)

g = acceleration due to gravity (m/s 2)
st = static deflection of the free end of the spring when the mass it attached to it (m)
k = spring stiffness (N/m)
m = W/g where W = weight of the mass attached to the spring (N)

PROCEDURE:
1. The spring is suspended from the fixed support and its initial length is measure. Its final
length is also measured after the weight has been attached to the spring. Then the stiffness of
the spring is given by the ratio of the weight in Newton to the deflection of the spring in
meters. Stiffness of all the springs is determined in the same way.
2. Springs in the required configurations are suspended from the support. The equivalent
stiffness is calculated from the formula corresponding to the system configuration. The
theoretical natural frequency is calculated.
3. The system is disturbed from its equilibrium position by pulling the weight vertically and
releasing it.
4. The number of oscillations completed in one minute is noted down with the help of a stop
watch. The results are tabulated.

OBSERVATIONS:
System

Stiffness of the
springs (N/m)

Equivalent spring
stiffness (N/m)

Theoretical natural
frequency (cpm)

Actual natural
frequency (cpm)

RESULTS:
The theoretical and experimental natural frequencies of different spring mass systems are determined
and tabulated.

Thermal Conductivity of Metal Rod

EXP NO: 7
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM:To determine the thermal conductivity of the given metal rod.

THEORY:
From Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction:

Q=kA

dT
dx

APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of a brass rod, one end of which is heated by an electric heating coil
while the other end projects into the cooling water jacket. The rod is insulated with glass wool to
minimize the radiation and convection loss from the surface of the rod and this ensures nearly
constant temperature gradient throughout the length of the rod. The temperature of the rod is measure
at five different locations. The heater is provided with a dimmerstat for controlling the heat input.
Water is circulated through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise can be measured.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Specimen material:

Brass rod

Size of the specimen:

20mm, 450mm long

Cylindrical shell:

300mm long

Voltmeter:

Digital type, 0-300V, AC

Ammeter:

Digital type, 0-2A, AC

Dimmer for heating coil:

0-230V, 12A

Heater:

Band type Nichrome heater, 250W

Thermocouple used:

Cr-Al, 11 nos.

Temperature indicator:

Digital type, 0-199.9

PROCEDURE:
1. Power supply is given to the apparatus.
2. Give heat input to the heater by slowly rotating the dimmer and adjust the voltage to the
required value.
3. Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust its flow rate so that the heat is
taken away from the specimen constantly.
4. Allow sufficient time for the apparatus to reach steady state.
5. Take readings from the voltmeter and ammeter.
6. Note the temperatures along the length of the specimen rod at 5 different locations.
7. Note down the inlet and outlet temperatures of cooling water and measure the flow rate of
water.
8. Repeat the experiment with different heat inputs.

OBSERVATIONS:
Trial 1
Voltmeter reading (V) (volts)
Ammeter reading (I) (amps)
Heat input (VI) (W)

Metal Rod Thermocouple Readings (C)

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
Volume flow rate of water (Vf)
(cc/min)

Trial 2

Trial 3

CALCULATIONS:
Plot the variation of temperature along the length of the rod.
From the graph, obtain dT/dx, which is the slope of the straight line passing through/near the points
on the graph.
Assuming no heat loss,
heat conducted through the rod = heat carried away by the cooling water.

Q=kA

dT
=mf C p ( T 11 T 10 )
dx

Where,
k = thermal conductivity of metal rod (W/mK)
A = cross sectional area of metal rod (m2) = (d2/4)
d = diameter of the specimen = 20mm
Cp = specific heat of water = 4.187kJ/kgK
Thus, the thermal conductivity k of metal rod can be evaluated.

dT
=
dx

k=

mf C p ( T 11 T 10 )
A

dT
dx

Q dT
=
A
dx

RESULTS:
1. Graph of variation of temperature along the length of the rod is plotted.
2. Thermal conductivity of the rod is

Heat Transfer Through Lagged Pipe

EXP NO: 8
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM: To determine the heat flow rate through lagged pipe for known value of thermal conductivity
of lagging material.

DESCRIPTION:
To apparatus consists of two concentric pipe mounted on suitable stands. The inside pipe consists of
the heater. Between the first cylinders the insulating material with which lagging is to be done is saw
dust. The thermocouples are attached to the surface of cylinders to measure the temperature. The input
to the heater is varied through a dimmerstat and measured on a wattmeter. The experiment can be
conducted at various values of input and calculations can be made accordingly.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Inner pipe diameter (d1) = 45mm
Outer pipe diameter (d2) = 75mm
Length of the pipe (l) = 500mm
Surface temperature on inner pipe T1, T2 and T3
Inner surface temperature on outer pipe T4 and T5
Heater control unit = 2A
Wattmeter = 1200W
Insulating materials
1. Thermal conductivity (asbestos), (K1) = 0.26W/mK
2. Thermal conductivity (saw dust), (K2) = 0.069W/mK

LIMITS AND PRECAUTIONS:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Keep dimmerstat at zero position before start.

Increase voltage gradually.
Keep the assembly undisturbed while testing.
Read the temperature indicator.

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the apparatus and vary dimmerstat to desired value by using voltmeter and
ammeter.
2. Take readings of all the 5 thermocouples when steady state is reached.

OBSERVATIONS:
Thermocouple Readings (C)
Sl. No.

Heat Input (Vi) (W)

T1

T2

CALCULATIONS:
1. Mean temperature (C)

Ti=

T 1+ T 2 +T 3
=
3

T o=

T 4 +T 5
=
2

2. Heat conducted through composite cylinder

Q=

2 L ( T i T o )
ln ( r 2 /r 2 )

K1
3. Effective thermal conductivity

K eff =

Q ln ( r 2 /r 2 )
2 L ( T iT o )

4. Temperature profile based on Keff

T=

Q ln ( r 2 /r 2 )
=
2 l K eff

RESULTS:
The effective thermal conductivity of the lagged pipe is

T3

T4

T5

Composite Wall Apparatus

EXP NO: 9
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM: To determine the thermal conductivity of different wall material and overall heat transfer
coefficient of the composite wall.

THEORY:
Thermal conductivity of a composite wall is given by:

Q=

U=

UA T
L
1
L 1 L2 L3
+ +
K1 K2 K3

Q = heat input (W)

A = area of heat flow (m2)
T = temperature difference (C)
U = overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2K)
K = thermal conductivity of material (W/mK)
L = thickness of wall (m)

APPARATUS:
The apparatus consists of three walls made of cast iron, press wood, and Bakelite having the
same thickness. The three walls are clamped on both sides using bolts and nuts. On one side of the
composite wall, a heater is provided. The heater input can be varied using a dimmerstat.
Thermocouples are embedded at top and bottom wall sections to find out the average temperature.

SPECIFICATIONS:
Diameter of composite wall (D) = 150mm
Thickness of each wall (L) = 6mm

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Switch on the apparatus.

Adjust power input to required value using dimmerstat.
Allow sufficient time to reach steady state.
Note down all the temperatures.
Repeat the experiment for different heat input.

OBSERVATIONS:
Sl. No.

Heat input
in watts
(W)

Temperature readings (C)

T1 (TH)

T2 (TC)

T3 (TP)

1. Temperature at outer surface of Bakelite (T B) =

T 4 +T 5
=
2

T4

T5

CALCULATIONS:

2. Heat transfer area (A) =

D
4

3. Thermal conductivity of CI wall (KC) =

QL
A ( T H T C ) =

4. Thermal conductivity of press wood wall (KP) =

5. Thermal conductivity of Bakelite wall (KB) =

6. Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) =

QL
A ( T C T P ) =

QL
A ( T PT B ) =

1
L 1 L2 L3
=
+ +
K1 K2 K3

RESULTS:
The thermal conductivity each wall is found and the overall heat transfer coefficient was calculated.
CI wall
Press wood

Bakelite
Overall heat transfer coefficient

Measurement of Emissivity
EXP NO: 10
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM: To determine the emissivity of a gray surface.

THEORY:
When heat is supplied at a constant rate to a body, heat loss takes place by conduction,
convection and radiation. If two bodies of the same geometry are heated under identical conditions,
the heat loss by conduction and convection can be assumed to be same for both the bodies. The heat
loss by radiation depends on:
a. Characteristic of the material
b. Geometry of the surface
c. Temperature of the surface
Rate of heat loss to surrounding air by radiation is given by:

Q= A 1 1 ( T 14T 42 )
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.6710-8W/m2K4
A1 = surface area (m2)
1 = emissivity
T1 = surface temperature of the body (K)
T2 = surrounding atmospheric temperature (K)

APPARATUS:
Two circular plates of identical dimensions (150mm dia), one of which is made black by
applying a thick layer of lamp black while the other plate whose emissivity is to be measured is a gray
body. Heating coils are provided at the bottom of the plates. The plates are mounted on an asbestos
cement sheet and kept in an enclosure to ensure undisturbed natural convection. Two thermocouples
are mounted on the same plate to measure the temperature. One thermocouple is in the chamber to
measure the chamber air temperature.

PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the apparatus.
2. Adjust power input to required value using dimmerstat to both the plates, giving equal power
to each.
3. When steady state is achieved, note down all the thermocouple readings.
4. Repeat experiment for different values of input power.

OBSERVATIONS:
Heat Input
(W)

Sl. No.

Temperature of black
surface (C)
T1

CALCULATIONS:
1. Temperature of the black body (K)

T b=

T 1 +T 2
+273=
2

2. Temperature of the gray body (K)

T g=

T 3 +T 4
+273=
2

3. Chamber air temperature (K)

T a=T 5+273=

4. Emissivity of test plate (gray body)

4

T bT a
=
4
4
T gT a

T2

Temperature of test
surface (C)
T3

T4

Ambient
temperature (C)
T5

RESULTS:
The emissivity of the gray body is found to be

Heat Transfer through Extended Surfaces

EXP NO: 11
DATE:

LABORATORY TEMPERATURE:
LABORATORY PRESSURE:

AIM:
1. To find out the temperature distribution along the given fin for constant base temperature
under natural and forced flow conditions.
2. To find out effectiveness, fin efficiency, heat transfer (theoretical and experimental) of the fin
under both conditions.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1.
2.
3.
a.
b.
c.
4.
5.

Length of the pin fin (L) = 150mm

Diameter of the pin fin (D) = 12.5mm
Thermal conductivity of material (K)
Brass = 111W/mK
Copper = 327W/mK
Stainless steel = 45W/mK
Duct size = 100mm 200mm
Distance between each thermocouple on pin fin = 45mm

PROCEDURE:
Natural Convection
1. Switch on the power supply to the apparatus.
2. Adjust Heater 1 and Heater 2 by observing voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter to obtain the
required heat input.
3. Wait till steady state is reached.
4. Note down voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter and thermocouple readings.
5. Repeat the experiment for different values of heat input.

Forced Convection
1. Switch on the power supply to the apparatus.
2. Adjust Heater 1 and Heater 2 by observing voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter to obtain the
required heat input.
3. Start the blower and set the velocity to the required value.
4. Wait till steady state is reached.
5. Note down voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeter, thermocouple and hot wire anemometer readings.
6. Repeat the experiment for different values of heat input.

CALCULATIONS:
Natural Convection
1. Surface mean temperature
Tmf =

of temperaturesalong fin
no . of points

2. Air temperature (Ta) =

T mf +T a
=
2

3. Tm =

At which temperature air properties are to be read:

=
Cp =
Kair =
=
4. Prandtl number (Pr)

Cp
=
K air

Pr

5. Grashoff number (Gr)

3

D g ( )
Gr=
2
=

1
T m +273

=T mf T a =
6. Nusselt number (Nu) =
Nu = 0.59(Gr.Pr)0.25 where 104<Gr.Pr<109
Nu = 0.13(Gr.Pr)0.33 where 109<Gr.Pr<1012
7.

hth =

Nu K air
D

8. Perimeter (P) = D =
9. K = thermal conductivity of fin material =
10. Ac =

11. m =

D2
4 =

hP
K Ac =

12. Effectiveness of fin

tanh ( mL )
h Ac / KP

13. Fin efficiency

=

tanh ( mL )
tan ( mL )

14. Temperature distribution along the length of the fin:

T x =T a + ( T oT a )

cosh ( m ( L X ) )
cosh ( mL )

Tx = temperature of the fin at distance X on the fin measured from base (C)
To = fin base temperature (C)
Ta = ambient temperature (C)

15. Actual heat transfer rate

q= hPKA ( T o T a ) tanh ( mL )

Forced Convection
1. Surface mean temperature
Tmf =

of temperaturesalong fin
no . of points

2. Air temperature (Ta) =

3. Tm =

T mf +T a
=
2

At which temperature air properties are to be read:

air =
Kair =
=
Cp =
4. Reynolds number (Re)

V Deq
=

V = velocity of air (m/s)

Deq = duct area (m2)
5. Nusselt number(Nu)=
Nu = 0.618(Re) 0.466 where 40<Re<4000
Nu = 0.174(Re) 0.618 where 4000<Re<40000

6. h =

Nu K air
=
D

7. m =

where D = diameter of fin

hp
K Ac =

8. Effectiveness of fin

9.

tanh ( mL )
h Ac / KP

Fin efficiency

tanh ( mL )
tan ( mL )

10. Temperature distribution along the length of the fin:

T x =T a + ( T oT a )

cosh ( m ( L X ) )
cosh ( mL )

Tx = temperature of the fin at distance X on the fin measured from base (C)
To = fin base temperature (C)
Ta = ambient temperature (C)

11. Actual heat transfer rate

q= hPKA ( T o T a ) tanh ( mL )

Brass Fin
Heater 1

Type of
flow

SS fin

Heater 2

Voltmeter

Ammeter

Wattmeter

T1

(top-left)
T2

T3

T4

(top middle)
T5

T6

(V)

(A)

(W)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

Natural

Forced

Brass fin

Copper fin

Brass fin

(bottom-left)

(bottom-middle)

(bottom-right)

tem

T10

T11

T12

T13

T14

T15

T16

T17

T18

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

(C)

Fin

Type of

Power

hth

Material

flow

(W)

(W/m2K)

Brass

Natural

TL

Forced

SS

Natural

TM

Forced

Brass

Natural

TR

Forced

Brass

Natural

BL

Forced

Measured temperature
Tbase

T45

Theoretical tempe
T90

Tbase

T45

Copper

Natural

BM

Forced

Brass

Natural

BR

Forced