1 20《经济学家》读译参考

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong
TEXT 1
Rebuilding the American dream machine
Jan 19th 2006 | NEW YORK

From The Economist print edition
FOR America's colleges, January is a month of reckoning. Most applications for the next academic year beginning in the autumn have to be
made by the end of December, so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard: how many people want to attend. One of the more
unlikely offices to have been flooded with mail is that of the City University of New York (CUNY), a public college that lacks, among other
things, a famous sports team, bucolic campuses and raucous parties (it doesn't even have dorms), and, until recently, academic credibility.
12
A primary draw at CUNY is a programme for particularly clever students, launched in 2001. Some 1,100 of the 60,000 students at CUNY's
five top schools receive a rare thing in the costly world of American colleges: free education. Those accepted by CUNY's honours
programme pay no tuition fees; instead they receive a stipend of $7,500 (to help with general expenses) and a laptop computer. Applications
for early admissions into next year's programme are up 70%.
2001 6
1100
7500
70%
Admission has nothing to do with being an athlete, or a child of an alumnus, or having an influential sponsor, or being a member of a
particularly aggrieved ethnic groupcriteria that are increasingly important at America's elite colleges. Most of the students who apply to the
honours programme come from relatively poor families, many of them immigrant ones. All that CUNY demands is that these students be
diligent and clever.
Last year, the average standardised test score of this group was in the top 7% in the country. Among the rest of CUNY's students averages are
lower, but they are now just breaking into the top third (compared with the bottom third in 1997). CUNY does not appear alongside Harvard
and Stanford on lists of America's top colleges, but its recent transformation offers a neat parable of meritocracy revisited.
7%
1997
Until the 1960s, a good case could be made that the best deal in American tertiary education was to be found not in Cambridge or Palo Alto,
but in Harlem, at a small public school called City College, the core of CUNY. America's first free municipal university, founded in 1847,
offered its services to everyone bright enough to meet its gruelling standards.
20 60 Palo Alto
1847
Page 1 of 62

City's golden era came in the last century, when America's best known colleges restricted the number of Jewish students they would admit at
exactly the time when New York was teeming with the bright children of poor Jewish immigrants. In 1933-54 City produced nine future
Nobel laureates, including the 2005 winner for economics, Robert Aumann (who graduated in 1950); Hunter, its affiliated former women's
college, produced two, and a sister branch in Brooklyn produced one. City educated Felix Frankfurter, a pivotal figure on the Supreme Court
(class of 1902), Ira Gershwin (1918), Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine (1934) and Robert Kahn, an architect of the internet
(1960). A left-wing place in the 1930s and 1940s, City spawned many of the neo-conservative intellectuals who would later swing to the
right, such as Irving Kristol (class of 1940, extra-curricular activity: anti-war club), Daniel Bell and Nathan Glazer.
1933 1954 9 2005

1950
1902 1918 1934
1960 20
1940
What went wrong? Put simply, City dropped its standards. It was partly to do with demography, partly to do with earnest muddleheadedness.
In the 1960s, universities across the country faced intense pressure to admit more minority students. Although City was open to all races,
only a small number of black and Hispanic students passed the strict tests (including a future secretary of state, Colin Powell). That, critics
decided, could not be squared with City's mission to serve all the citizens of New York. At first the standards were tweaked, but this was
not enough, and in 1969 massive student protests shut down City's campus for two weeks. Faced with upheaval, City scrapped its admissions
standards altogether. By 1970, almost any student who graduated from New York's high schools could attend.
20 60
1969
1970
The quality of education collapsed. At first, with no barrier to entry, enrolment climbed, but in 1976 the city of New York, which was then in
effect bankrupt, forced CUNY to impose tuition fees. An era of free education was over, and a university which had once served such a
distinct purpose joined the muddle of America's lower-end education.
1976
By 1997, seven out of ten first-year students in the CUNY system were failing at least one remedial test in reading, writing or maths
(meaning that they had not learnt it to high-school standard). A report commissioned by the city in 1999 concluded that Central to CUNY's
historic mission is a commitment to provide broad access, but its students' high drop-out rates and low graduation rates raise the question:
Access to what?
1997 1999
Using the report as ammunition, profound reforms were pushed through by New York's then mayor, Rudolph Giuliani, and another alumnus,
Herman Badillo (1951), America's first Puerto Rican congressman. A new head of CUNY was appointed. Matthew Goldstein, a
mathematician (1963), has shifted the focus back towards higher standards amid considerable controversy.
Page 2 of 62

1951
For instance, by 2001, all of CUNY's 11 senior colleges (ie, ones that offer full four-year courses) had stopped offering remedial education.
This prompted howls from the teaching faculty, who said it would create a ghetto-like separation between levels of colleges, keeping black
and Hispanic students out of the best schools. In fact, the racial composition of the senior schools, monitored obsessively by critics, has
remained largely unchanged: one in four students at the senior colleges is black, one in five is Latino. A third have ties to Puerto Rico,
Jamaica, China and the Dominican Republic.
2001
Admissions standards have been raised. Students applying to CUNY's senior colleges now need respectable scores on either a national, state
or CUNY test, and the admissions criteria for the honours programme are the toughest in the university's history. Contrary to what Mr
Goldstein's critics predicted, higher standards have attracted more students, not fewer: this year, enrolment at CUNY is at a record high.
There are also anecdotal signs that CUNY is once again picking up bright locals, especially in science. One advanced biology class at City
now has twice as many students as it did in the late 1990s. Last year, two students, both born in the Soviet Union, won Rhodes scholarships,
and a Bronx native who won the much sought-after Intel Science Prize is now in the honours programme.
20 90 (
)
1898
All this should not imply that CUNY is out of the woods. Much of it looks run down. CUNY's annual budget of $1.7 billion has stayed
largely unchanged, even as student numbers have risen. With New York City's finances still precarious, city and state support for the
university has fallen by more than one-third since 1991 in real terms. It has, however, begun to bring in private money.
17
1991
A new journalism school will open in the autumn, helped by a $4m grant from the Sulzberger family, who control the New York Times, and
led by Business Week's former editor, Steve Shepard (class of 1961). Efforts to raise a $1.2 billion endowment have passed the half-way
mark, helped by (formerly estranged) alumni. Intel's former chairman, Andrew Grove, who graduated from City in 1960 as a penniless
Hungarian immigrant, donated $26m (about 30% of City's operating budget) to the engineering school, calling his alma mater a veritable
American dream machine.
400 1961
12 1960
2600
30%
Page 3 of 62

There are broader lessons to draw from CUNY, especially to do with creating opportunities in higher education for the poor. Currently, only
3% of the students in America's top colleges come from families in the lowest income quartile and only 10% from the bottom half, according
to a study by Anthony Carnevale and Stephen Rose for the Century Foundation. Most students are relatively well-off, and their numbers
include plenty of racial minorities who receive preferential status independent of their economic circumstances.
3% 10%
For all its imperfections, CUNY's model of low tuition fees and high standards offers a different approach. And its recent history may help to
dispel the myth that high academic standards deter students and donors. Elitism, Mr Goldstein contends, is not a dirty word.
TEXT 2
Here be dragons
Jan 26th 2006

Google, the internet search engine that has grown into a corporate giant, began operations in China on January 25th. Though critics suggest it
has betrayed its own motto - don't be evil - by agreeing to censor certain sites, Google maintains it will do more good than harm
Google1 25 Google
Google
IN 2001 human-rights activists in China crowed that a little-known search engine called Google was the most important tool ever created to
skirt state censors. Users could retrieve content that Beijing banned by clicking to call up a cached copy of the web page, stored by Google.
Soon, however, Google itself was being sporadically blocked. The firm was instructed to deactivate that particular feature, and for a short
time its web address was even re-routed by Chinese network operators to the website of a local rival.
2001 Google
Google Google
google
The continual cat-and-mouse game ended this week when Google, now a corporate giant, entered the dragons den. On January 25th the
search engine Google.cn began operations. It is a first step towards beefing up the companys local presence, which will also mean placing
computer-servers in the country. This will speed up service for mainland users, who otherwise must penetrate the great firewall of China,
which dramatically slows down access to Google.com.
Google 1 25
Google.cn
Google
Having local infrastructure gives an advantage to Googles search-engine rivals, such as Chinas Baidu.com (which enjoys around 40% of the
Chinese search market, compared with Googles 30%), and Yahoo! and Microsofts MSN, which have local Chinese operations. Chinas
internet market, with more than 100m users, is one of the fastest-growing and most lucrative in the world. Can Googlewith its motto
dont be evildo business in China without betraying its soul?
Page 4 of 62

Google 40% Google
30% MSN 1
Google
The company is making a concerted effort to do just that. It has reached an agreement with the Chinese authorities that allows it to disclose to
users, at the bottom of a list of search results, whether information has been withheld. This is similar to what the company does in other
countries where it faces content restrictions, such as France and Germany (where Nazi sites are banned), and America (where it removes
material that is suspected of copyright infringement). Although the disclosure is more prominent on these western sites, putting such a
message on its Chinese site is an important step towards transparency and, furthermore, is something its rivals do not do.
Google
Google
Furthermore, Google is tiptoeing into the country with only a handful of services. It is not offering e-mail, blogging or social-networking
services, because it worries that it will not be able to ensure users privacy. It wishes to avoid the situation in which MSN and Yahoo! find
themselves, whereby they are forced to obey the Chinese governments orders in censoring content and revealing users identities. Rather
than be placed in a position where it may have to compromise its values, Google instead is narrowing what it offers (although its news
service will contain only government-approved media sources).
Google
Google MSN
Google
Google believes that entering China, even with restraints on content, lets it offer more information than if it remained outside. Yet the
decision comes as American internet firms such as Yahoo! and MSN duck criticism that they are complicit with the Chinese authorities.
Google MSN
Google
Meanwhile in America
For Google, taking the higher road happens to also be a way to differentiate its service. This month Americas Department of Justice went to
court to force Google to comply with a subpoena seeking more than 1m web addresses and a weeks worth of all users searches (down from
an original demand of every web address it holds and two months of searches), albeit without any information that would identify individual
users. The government wants the data in order to examine the effectiveness of software filters to block pornography, for a case involving a
law prohibiting the content, which the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional.
Google 1 Google
The government requested, and received, information from Yahoo!, MSN and AOLall of which initially stonewalled about whether they
disclosed the data. Yet Google resisted, arguing that acceding to the request would suggest it is willing to reveal information about those
who use its services. This is not a perception that Google can accept. The day the subpoena was made public, Googles shares dropped
almost 9%, its largest single-day decline since it began trading in 2004.
MSN AOL Google
Page 5 of 62

Google
Google 9% 2004
Googles stance could put commercial pressure on its rivals to adopt more customer-friendly policies, and may serve as a warning to other
internet firms to treat customers data with more care. Yet such high-mindedness will be tested as Google enters China. Keeping its options
open, the company is not shutting down the Chinese-language version of Google.com. It will remain available, for those willing to wait a bit
longer for their uncensored search results.
Google
Google Google Google.com
TEXT 3
Food firms and fat-fighters
Feb 9th 2006

From The Economist Global Agenda
Five leading food companies have introduced a labelling scheme for their products in the British market, in an attempt to assuage critics who
say they encourage obesity. But consumer groups are unhappy all the same. Is the food industry, like tobacco before it, about to be
*engulfed[1] by a wave of lawsuits brought on health grounds?
KEEPING fit requires a combination of healthy eating and regular exercise. On the second of these at least, the worlds food companies can
claim to be setting a good example: they have been working up quite a sweat in their attempts to fend off assaults by governments, consumer
groups and lawyers who accuse them of peddling products that encourage obesity. This week saw the unveiling of another industry initiative:
five leading food producersDanone, Kellogg, Nestl, Kraft and PepsiCointroduced a labelling scheme for the British market which will
show guideline daily amounts for calories, fats, sugar and salt on packaging. The new labels will start to appear on the firms crisps,
chocolate bars, cheese slices *and the like[2] over the next few months. A number of other food giants, such as Cadbury Schweppes and
Masterfoods, have already started putting guideline labels on their products.
Danone, Kellogg, Nestl, Kraft PepsiCo
Cadbury Schweppes Masterfoods
The food companies say doing this will empower consumers, allowing them to make informed decisions about which foods are healthy.
1But consumer groups have cried foul. They point out that the Food Standards Agency, a government watchdog, is due to recommend a
different type of labelling scheme next month: a traffic light system using colours to tell consumers whether products have low, medium or
high levels of fat, salt and the like. The food firms, they say, have rushed to introduce their own, fuzzier guidelines first in a cynical attempt
to undermine the governments planwhich they fear might hurt their sales. In consumer tests, the traffic light performed better than rival
labelling schemes.
Page 6 of 62
Nevertheless, the food companies argue that the traffic-light system is too simplistic and likely to scare people away from certain products
that are fine if consumed in moderation, or in conjunction with plenty of exercisewhich most observers, including the medical profession,
agree is crucial for anyone wanting to stay in shape. They also point out that they have competitors to worry aboutnamely the big
supermarket chains with their own-label products. Last April, Tesco, the biggest of these, announced that it was rejecting the traffic-light
system in favour of a less stark signposting approach. Its rivals fear that adopting colour-coding could put them at a competitive
disadvantage.
Tesco
Better labelling has become an important weapon of the food giants armoury as they fight back against their critics. In October 2005
McDonalds, the worlds largest fast-food company, said it would start printing nutritional facts on the packaging of its burgers and fries,
including the fat, salt, calorie and carbohydrate content. Before that, information about 2big-sellers such as the Big Mac, which contains
30g of fat, could only be found on the firms website or in leaflets.
2005 10 1
30 Big Mac
But labelling is not enough; the food firms know they must also offer healthier fare. McDonald's has introduced salads and fruit to its menus.
Kraft and others have brought out low-carbohydrate ranges. Last year, McDonalds even announced a sporty makeover for Ronald
McDonald, its mascot clown, in a bid to encourage children to be more active. But some in the industry suspect that consumers are keener on
seeing 3lighter, healthier meals on the menu than they are on actually buying and eating them; such products are not what the industry
calls 4business builders. That said, some of Nestls more nutritional products, like its PowerBar range for athletes, enjoy higher
margins and growth than its traditional fare.
Kraft
PowerBar
Wobbling all over the world
The pressure on the industry is most acute in America, which leads the world in obesity. The proportion of Americans characterised as
overweight has risen steadily from 47% ( 5bad enough in itself) in the late 1970s to around two-thirds, including over 30% who are
clinically obese. Fast-food chains American sales grew from about $6 billion in 1970 to an estimated $134 billion in 2005. Eric Schlosser,
author of Fast Food Nation, an influential book attacking the industry, has pointed out that Americans spend more on fast food than they do
on higher education, PCs or new carsworrying, when a single meal at a KFC of less than a pound-weight of food plus a large Pepsi can top
1,600 calories, not far short of the daily intake recommended by the government for adults doing only light physical activity.
70 47%
30% 1970 60
Page 7 of 62

2005 1340
1600
6Where the United States leads, others are following. In the European Union, up to 27% of men are considered to be obese, and almost
a quarter of all children are deemed overweight. Britain, with its love of burgers and packaged meals, is seen as following closest on
Americas heels, but the rate of obesity has started to swell on the continent too. Some 11% of the adult population of France were obese in
2003, up from 8% in 1997 (the actual level may be higher still since the figures are based on polls asking people if they are fat, and
7self-reporting produces underestimates). France has *latched on to[3] the fast-food culture: it is one of the biggest and most profitable
European markets for McDonalds.
27%
1997 8% 2003 11%
No wonder, then, that the past few years have been bad for food companies (8)in image termsand terrible for the fast-food lot. Attacks on
the industry have changed the psychological climate in which it operates, and they may yet change the legislative climate too. So far, lawsuits
brought on health-and-safety grounds have been more of a warning than a general threat. In 2003 a New York judge dismissed a lawsuit
claiming that McDonalds had misled customers into believing that its food was healthy (though the suit was later partially reinstated). A
number of American states have passed common-sense consumption laws aimed at deterring obesity cases in local courts.
2003
Nevertheless, some lawyers still see a similarity between the position of food companies now and that of tobacco companies in the 1960s and
1970s, when private lawsuits paved the way for a co-ordinated attack on big tobacco by attorneys-general. Worries about rising obesity
rates among children, and fear of subsequent legal actions, have caused companies to 9scale back their marketing of fatty food and soft
drinks to minors.
In several countries, government pronouncements and actions have added to the pressure on the industry. The British governments push to
introduce traffic-light labelling comes in the wake of a hard-hitting report from the House of Commons Health Select Committee, whose
chairman said: The devastating consequences of the epidemic of obesity are likely to have a profound impact over the next century. In
France, a law has been passed to impose a 1.5% tax on the advertising budgets of food companies if they do not encourage healthy eating.
The industry may claim, with some justification, that ultimate responsibility for bad diet *rests with[4] the individual, and that the amount of
exercise you do is just as important as the amount of food you eat. But as long as governments, lawyers and health campaigners continue to
pile on the pressure, it will have to work hard to convince them it is (10)doing its bit to stop people piling on the pounds.
1.5%
Page 8 of 62
[1]engulf
[2]and the like:
[3]latch on to: latch
[4]rest with:
1 cried foul cry foul
2 big-sellers seller big

3 light
4 builder
5
6 Come on, guys!
7 self-reporting
8 in image terms
9 scale up scale down scale back scale down
10 do ones bits bit
TEXT 4
A question of standards
Feb 9th 2006

From The Economist Global Agenda
More suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies. Maybe
ANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco companies and those who regard them as spawn of the devil. In a paper
just published in the Lancet, with the provocative title Secret science: tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette
toxicity, David Hammond, of *Waterloo University[1] in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard, two members of Physicians for a
Smoke-Free Canada, a lobby group, criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT). They say the firm considered manipulating
some of its products in order to 1make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine levels
to smokers.
It was and is no secret, as BAT points out, that people smoke low-tar cigarettes differently from high-tar ones. The reason is that they want a
decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains. They therefore *pull[2] a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they
*draw on[3] a low-tar rather than a high-tar variety. 2The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug.
Page 9 of 62
But a burning cigarette is a complex thing, and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences. In particular, a bigger draw is
generally a faster draw. 3That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper
sides of the cigarette. This, in turn, means more smoke per unit volume, and thus more tar and nicotine. The nature of the nicotine may
change, too, with more of it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb.
According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues, a series of studies conducted by BAT's researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much
of this. The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke, as *laid down[4] by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO),
which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases, uses a machine to make 35-millilitre puffs, drawn for two seconds once
a minute. The firm's researchers, by contrast, found that real smokers draw 50-70ml per puff, and do so twice a minute. 4 Dr
Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements
that have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States.
1972 1994
ISO
35 2
2 50 70
Dr Hammond suggests, however, the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked. A series of internal documents from the
late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at least thought about applying this knowledge to cigarette design. A research report from 1979
puts it thus: There are three major design features which can be used either individually or in combination to manipulate delivery levels;
filtration, paper permeability, and filter-tip ventilation. A conference paper from 1983 says, The challenge would be to reduce the
mainstream nicotine determined by standard smoking-machine measurement while increasing the amount that would actually be absorbed by
the smoker. Another conference paper, from 1984, says: 5 We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a
cigarette that cheats the league table. Ideally it should appear to be no different from a normal cigarette...It should also be capable of
delivering up to 100% more than its machine delivery.
70 80
1979
1983
1984

100%
None of the documents discovered by the three researchers shows that BAT actually did redesign its cigarettes in this way, and the firm
denies that it did. However, BAT's own data show that some of its cigarettes delivered far more nicotine and tar to machines which had the
characteristics of real smokers than to those which ran on ISO standards. In the most extreme example, in a test carried out in 1987, the real
smoking machine drew 86% more nicotine and 114% more tar from Player's Extra Light than the ISO machine detected, although smoke
intake was only 27% higher.
Page 10 of 62

ISO
1987 Player's Extra Light ISO
86% 114% 27%
6Regardless of how this [b][color=#0000FF]*came about[5], the irony is that low-tar brands may have ended up causing more health
problems than high-tar ones.[/color][/b] As one of BAT's medical consultants put it as early as 1978, Perhaps the most important
determinant of the risk to health or to a particular aspect of health is the extent to which smoke is inhaled by smokers. If so, then deeply
inhaled smoke from low-tar-delivery cigarettes might be more harmful than uninhaled smoke from high-tar cigarettes. The firm, meanwhile,
points out that the ISO test has been regarded as unreliable since 1967, and says its scientists have been part of a panel that is working on a
new ISO standard.
1978
1967 ISO
ISO
[1]Waterloo 1815 6 18
[2]pull: ;
[3]draw on:
[4]lay down:
[5]come about:
1 make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom

2 The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug.
3 That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette.
4 Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal
settlements that have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States.
5 We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table.
6 Regardless of how this came about, the irony is that low-tar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than high-tar
ones.
TEXT 5
Stuff of dreams
Feb 16th 2006 | CORK AND LONDON

Two exhibitions show how a pair of 18th-century painters, James Barry and Henry Fuseli, inspired the modern visual romance
with[1] the gothic
18
THIS spring the bad boys of British art are making a comeback[2]. Not Damien Hirst and his friends, but the original enfants
terribles[3]Henry Fuseli[4] (1741-1825) and James Barry (1741-1806)who aimed, above all, to depict extremes of passion and terror
Page 11 of 62

in what they called the new art of the Sublime.
1741-1825
1741-1806
Barry and Fuseli are hardly household names; indeed since Victorian times they have been virtually ignored. But in the late 18th century,
Fuseli, and for a short time Barry also, were prominent members of the young Royal Academy of Arts (RA) and influential professors of
painting there. Barry's fall from grace[5] was the most dramatic, but there is much to admire in this irascible Irish artist who, like Fuseli,
once taught William Blake. Barry's prolific historical paintings demonstrate his ambition to rival the painters of antiquity and the
Renaissance and to practise what the then president of the RA, Sir Joshua Reynolds, always preached that history painting was the noblest
form of art. 1But Barry found it hard to be bound by rules, and he turned history and myth into a series of tableaux[6] that were at
once oddly expressionistic and deeply personal.
18 RA
His melodramatic King Lear Weeping over the Body of Cordelia and his sexually charged Jupiter and Juno on Mount Ida[7],
now both part of a retrospective of the artist's work in Cork, 2proved too full of feeling for a British audience raised on portraits and
landscape paintings. His only loyal patron was Edmund Burke, who had coined[8] a theory of the Sublime.
Barry felt he was a persecuted soul, and he painted himself as various ill-fated characters, most bizarrely Philoctetes[9], the sailor whom
Odysseus abandoned on the island of Lemnos because he smelled so bad. As if that weren't enough, Barry also incited his RA students to
revolt and then allegedly accused Reynolds of financial impropriety. When he became too unbearable, Barry became the first artist to be
expelled by the academy.
Barry knew Fuseli, and 3he makes a minor appearance in Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake and the Romantic Imagination, the
brainchild[10] of an engaging British polymath[11], Sir Christopher Frayling, who heads the Arts Council of England and the Royal
College of Art. Sir Christopher has long been fascinated by the horror genre[12]he once presented a popular television programme on
the topicand his favourite painting is Fuseli's The Nightmare (pictured above), an unsettling image of a sleeping maiden, with an
incubus[13] perched[14] on her stomach and a ghoulish[15] horse peering through a curtain.
Sir Christopher sees this painting, together with Fuseli's scenes from Milton and Shakespeare, as part of a search for national myths in the
late 18th century. 4Indeed, his interpretation illuminates an Enlightenment world that hovered between reason and bigotry[16], and
Page 12 of 62

where a quasi-scientific interest in the occult[17] and the emerging genre of the novel fed a public that was hungry for tales of
wonder.
18
Unlike Barry, Fuselia former preacher who was forced to leave his native Zurichlooked rationally at the London art scene. He saw
that5the only way to compete for wall power at the all-important annual exhibition of the RA was to carve out his own niche, the
more eye-catching and esoteric[18] the better. In 1782 Fuseli exhibited The Nightmare for the first time, drawing record crowds of up
to 3,000 people a day. Perplexed critics asked what the painting was about. In an age when art was supposed to depict an actual person or
event, 6it came as a shock that this was a painting not of a nightmare, but of the nightmare as a generalized experience.
1782
3000
Interestingly, it was not until 1793 that anyone suggested publicly that the painting of a scantily clad[19] woman stretched out on a bed
might be about sex. In a post-Freud world, it is impossible to look at The Nightmare and see anything else.7 There is a soft-porn
perversity[20] about many of Fuseli's muscular super-heroes and nubile[21] nymphs[22], particularly his Titania from A
Midsummer Night's Dream. The erotic[23] drawings and prints by him and his pupil Theodor von Holst are so explicit that the Tate has
hung a veil between them and Fuseli's popular fairy paintings nearby, which are a favourite with children.
1793
Unsurprisingly, Fuseli's work was vilified[24] by the Victorians, and he came back into favour only when the Surrealists
8enthralled[25] by his weird mix of deviance, death and dreamsclaimed him as a hero. Today, the artist who bred his own moths in
order to depict them accurately in his fairy paintings hangs in the same gallery as those other attention-seekers, Mr Hirst and Tracey Emin; it
is almost as if he were their long-lost ancestor.
While Fuseli's rehabilitation is admirable, the Tate's obsession with inclusiveness dilutes Sir Christopher's ideas. 9 Viewers are
overloaded with mawkish[26] pictures that the curators call Gothic gloomth, borrowing a phrase from Horace Walpole. Instead of
rising to Sir Christopher's wide-ranging themes, which link Fuseli and Blake with other great European painters, including Goya and Caspar
David Friedrich, the Tate has taken a parochial[27] view, showing virtually every mediocre British artist who ever dabbled[28] in gothic
fantasy. Thankfully James Gillray is also there, and his biting[29] caricatures lift the spirits.
Page 13 of 62

The last room is one of the best.10 Here Sir Christopher has added his cross-cultural hallmark[30]: a series of horror film clips that
invoke Fuseli's The Nightmare as the ultimate shock-horror icon. And at the exit, Angela Carter's words, We live in gothic times, are
emblazoned on the wall. The spirit of Barry and Fuseli lives on.
[1]romance with
a childhood romance with the sea
[2]make a comeback:
The film star made an unexpected comeback.
[3]enfant terrible enfants terribles
The radical painter was the enfant terrible of the art establishment.
[4] 1781 20
[5]fall from grace:

[6]tableaux: ,()
[7]Jubiter
Juno
Mount Ida 2,457.7m(8,058
[8]coin
Do not coin terms that are intelligible to nobody.
[9]Philoctetes Hercules Paris
[10]brainchild,,
[11]polymath
[12]genre
[13]incubus
[14]perchv.
Birds perched on the branch.
Page 14 of 62

[15]ghoulishadj. ghouln.
[16]bigotryn.
[17]occultn.
[18]esotericadj.
Some words are really too esoteric for this dictionary. ,
[19]clad
The woods on the mountain sides were clad in mist.
[20]perversityn.
[21]nubileadj.
[22]nymphn.
[23]eroticadj.
[24]vilifyv.
[25]enthrallv.
The boy was enthralled by the stories of adventure.
[26]mawkishadj.
[27]parochialadj.
[28]dabblev. dabble in
She just dabbles in chemistry.
[29]bitingadj.
His remark has a biting edge to it.
[30]hallmarkn.
The sense of guilt is the hallmark of civilized humanity.
[31]emblazonv.
1 But Barry found it hard to be bound by rules, and he turned history and myth into a series of tableaux that were at once oddly
expressionistic and deeply personal.
2 proved too full of feeling for a British audience raised on portraits and landscape paintings.
3 he makes a minor appearance in Gothic Nightmares: Fuseli, Blake and the Romantic Imagination
Page 15 of 62

4 Indeed, his interpretation illuminates an Enlightenment world that hovered between reason and bigotry, and where a quasi-scientific
interest in the occult and the emerging genre of the novel fed a public that was hungry for tales of wonder.
5 the only way to compete for wall power at the all-important annual exhibition of the RA was to carve out his own niche, the more
eye-catching and esoteric the better.
6 it came as a shock that this was a painting not of a nightmare, but of the nightmare as a generalized experience.
7 There is a soft-porn perversity about many of Fuseli's muscular super-heroes and nubile nymphs, particularly his Titania from A
Midsummer Night's Dream.
8 enthralled by his weird mix of deviance, death and dreams
9 Viewers are overloaded with mawkish pictures that the curators call Gothic gloomth, borrowing a phrase from Horace Walpole.
10 Here Sir Christopher has added his cross-cultural hallmark: a series of horror film clips that invoke Fuseli's The Nightmare as
the ultimate shock-horror icon.
TEXT 6
Travelling with baggage
Feb 16th 2006

1FEW modern travel writers excite more hostility and awe than Sir Wilfred Thesiger[1], who died in 2003. Despising the drab
uniformity of the modern world, Sir Wilfred slogged across [2] Africa and Asia, especially Arabia, on animals and on foot, immersing
himself in tribal societies. He delighted in killinglions in Sudan in the years before the second world war, Germans and Italians during it.
He disliked soft living and intrusive[3] women and revered murderous savages, to whom he gave guns. He thought educating the
working classes a waste of good servants. He kicked his dog. His journeys were more notable as feats of masochistic[4] endurance than as
exploration. Yet his first two books, Arabian Sands, about his crossing of the Empty Quarter, and The Marsh Arabs, about southern
Iraq, have a terse[5] brilliance about them. As records of ancient cultures on the cusp[6] of oblivion[7], they are unrivalled.
2003
Sir Wilfred's critics invariably sing the same chorus. They accuse him of hypocrisy, noting that his part-time primitive lifestyle required a
private income and good connections to obtain travel permits. They argue that he deluded[8] himself about the motives of his adored tribal
companions. In Kenya, where he lived for two decades towards the end of his life, his Samburu sons are calculated to have fleeced
him of[9] at least $1m. 2 Homosexuality, latent or otherwise, explains him, they conclude, pointing to the photographs he took of
beautiful youths.
100
This may all be true, but it does not diminish his achievements. 3 Moreover, he admits as much himself in his autobiography and
elsewhere. In 1938, before his main travels, for example, Sir Wilfred wrote of his efforts to adopt foreign ways: 4 I don't delude
Page 16 of 62

myself that I succeed but I get my interest and pleasure trying.
1938
In this authorised biography, Alexander Maitland adds a little colour to the picture, but no important details. He describes the beatings and
sexual abuse the explorer suffered at his first boarding school. Quoting from Sir Wilfred's letters, he traces the craggy[10] traveller's
devotion to his dead father, his mother and three brothers. At times, Sir Wilfred sounds more forgiving, especially of friends, and more
playful than his reputation has suggested.5As for his sexuality, Mr Maitland refers coyly [11] to occasional furtive[12] embraces
and voyeuristic[13] encounters, presumably with men. Wearisome as this topic has become, Mr Maitland achieves nothing by skirting
it; and his allusion to Sir Wilfred's almost-too precious relationship with his mother is annoyingly vague.
There may be a reason why Mr Maitland struggles for critical distance[14] He writes that he and Sir Wilfred were long-standing friends,
but he fails to mention that he collaborated with the explorer on four of his books and later inherited his London flat. If Mr Maitland found it
so difficult to view his late friend and benefactor objectively, then perhaps he should not have tried. An earlier biography by Michael Asher,
who scoured[15] the deserts to track down Sir Wilfred's former fellow travellers, was better; 6Mr Maitland seems to have interviewed
almost nobody black or brown.
His book is, however, 7a useful companion to the explorer's autobiography, The Life of My Choice. Hopefully, it will also refer
readers back to Sir Wilfred's two great books, and to sentences as lovely as this: Memories of that first visit to the Marshes have never left
me: 8firelight on a half-turned face, the crying of geese, duck flighting[16] in to feed, a boy's voice singing somewhere in the dark,
canoes moving in procession down a waterway, the setting sun seen crimson through the smoke of burning reed-beds, narrow waterways that
wound still deeper into the Marshes.
NOTES
[1]Wilfred Thesiger
[2]slogv.
slog across the swamp;
slogged through both volumes.
slogged away at Latin.
Page 17 of 62

[3]intrusiveadj.
[4]masochisticadj.
[5]terseadj.brief and to the point
[6]cuspn.
[7]oblivionn.
to be buried in oblivion
The city has long since passed into oblivion.
[8]deludev.into=deceive
fraudulent ads that delude consumers into sending in money.
deceive betray mislead beguile delude

1 Deceive
There is a moment of difficulty and danger at which flattery and falsehood can no longer deceive (Letters of Junius).

2Betray
When you betray somebody else, you also betray yourself (Isaac Bashevis Singer).

3Mislead
My manhood, long misled by wandering fires,/Followed false lights (John Dryden).

4Beguile
They beguiled unwary investors with tales of overnight fortunes. To
5Delude
The government deluded the public about the dangers of low-level radiation.
[9]fleecevt. of
They fleeced us of $100 at that hotel.
[10]craggyadj.
[11]coylyadj.
[12]furtive: adj.
The man's furtive manner gave rise to the suspicion of the theft among the policemen.",
"
Page 18 of 62

[13]voyeuristicadj.
[14]distancen.
The candidates could not be at a greater distance on this issue.
[15]scourvt. ;
The detective scoured the scene of the crime for clues.
[16]flightvi.
1 FEW modern travel writers excite more hostility and awe than Sir Wilfred Thesiger, who died in 2003.
2 Homosexuality, latent or otherwise, explains him, they conclude, pointing to the photographs he took of beautiful youths.
3 Moreover, he admits as much himself in his autobiography and elsewhere.
4 I don't delude myself that I succeed but I get my interest and pleasure trying.
5 As for his sexuality, Mr Maitland refers coyly to occasional furtive embraces and voyeuristic encounters, presumably with men.
6 Mr Maitland seems to have interviewed almost nobody black or brown.
7 a useful companion to the explorer's autobiography, The Life of My Choice.
8 firelight on a half-turned face
TEXT 7
Bridge across the Bosporus
Feb 23rd 2006
MORE than 80 years after being supplanted[1] by the Turkish republic, the Ottoman empire will not die. Bloodshed in the Balkans; Arab
and Kurdish nationalism across the Middle East; Turcophobia[2] in Armenia; 1 all are echoes of a dynasty that survived for 600
years and whose dominions e____ ____ from the Danube through the Levant to Algiers. Few historians have dared compress the story
of this extraordinary enterprise into a single volume. Osman's Dream shows why.
Osman led one of several Turcoman tribes, of Central Asian descent, that were competing for control of Anatolia at the beginning of the 14th
century. (The dream in question was interpreted to mean that Osman would found an imperial house; 2 Ottoman is the European
corruption of his name). By the mid-16th century, Osman's descendants had killed off the Byzantine Empire and t____ ____ its capital,
Constantinople (renamed Istanbul), into the world's greatest mosque city. They also had control of the Muslim holy places, Mecca and
Medina, in Arabia.
The empire's expansion was driven in part by Islamic notions of a just war against the infidel[3], but the Ottomans were also notable for
their relative tolerance. Jews fleeing the Spanish inquisition[4] were welcomed to Istanbul. Christian converts became key figures in the
bureaucracy, armed forces and the harem[5]. Even at the empire's peak, however, the tide of history was turning in Europe's f__ .___
Challenged by the Europeans' intellectual and military prowess[6], hampered by the fiscal ineptitude of its leaders, and powerless to
suppress the petty nationalisms that infected its Balkan possessions, 3 the empire began to unravelat times abruptly, at others
imperceptibly.
Page 19 of 62

With her doctorate in the fiendishly[7] complex discipline of Ottoman studies, 4Ms Finkel is ideally placed to make sense of this.
But Osman's Dream leaves one with the impression that the author's scholarshipshe includes a 30-page bibliographycould have
been put to better use. Her apparent desire to record every event of significance sometimes r___ ___ in a dispiriting succession of military
campaigns and diplomatic intrigues; 5one would have preferred a pruning[8] of the thicket[9] of events and more discussion of
what it all means.
(6)The author offers glimpses of a more satisfying book. She includes a suggestive aside on the blending of French and Persian
inspirations in the Ottoman palace-building of the early 18th centuryas good an emblem for the empire's strained multiculturalism as you
could wish for. There are tantalising[10] allusions to both the fascination and the repulsion which animated the later Ottomans'
ambivalence[11] t___ ___ Europe. And one wishes that (7)Ms Finkel had developed her intriguing defence of the empire in the 19th
century, multi-confessional, geographically incoherent and economically backward, in the face of demands, on the part of
impertinent[12] Europeans, that it reform internally.
The limitations of Ms Finkel's approach are most apparent in her perfunctory[13] treatment of the empire's final, tumultuous[14] years.
She deals no more than cursorily with the Armenian massacres during the first world war, preferring to observe that scholarship has suffered
from the highly-charged contemporary d___ ___ over whether the killings constitute genocide. This point would have made a worthwhile
footnote[15].(8) As a substitute for an account of what happened, it is a cop-out[16].
NOTES
[1]supplantvt.
The word processor has largely supplanted electric typewriters. Word
It is my view that the new historical disciplines complement rather than supplant traditional history.

replace supplant supersede
Replace
A conspiracy was carefully engineered to replace the Directory by three Consuls (H.G. Wells).
(H.G,
I succeed him [Benjamin Franklin, as envoy to France] ; no one could replace him (Thomas Jefferson).

Supplant
The rivaling poor Jones, and supplanting him in her affections, added another spur to his pursuit (Henry Fielding).

Supersede
In our island the Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech (Macaulay).

Each of us carries his own life-forman indeterminable form which cannot be superseded by any other (Carl Jung).
-
[2]turcophobian.,
-phobia
xenophobia ;
Americanophobia (),()
Page 20 of 62

Anglophobia ,
technophobia ()
thanatophobia [](),()
[3]infideladj. & n.
[4]Spanish inquisition1480-1834 1543
http://www.pep.com.cn/200406/ca416233.htm
[5]haremn.
[6]prowessn.
He is a football player of great prowess.
The young student from the theatrical school showed great prowess at acting in the play.
[7]fiendishlyadv.,
fiendishadj.
a fiendish blizzard a fiendish problem
[8]prunevt. down, off, away of
prune the slang from a speech
[9]thicketn.
the thicket of unreality which stands between us and the facts of life
[10]tantalise tantalizevt.
The very thought that a human being would deliberately starve herself for any reason provoked, intrigued, and tantalized the public.
Psychobiology and Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa by Katherine A Halmi
A
[11]ambivalencen.towards
ambivalent adj.
There is an ambivalent feeling towards rural workers.
[12]impertinentadj.
He deemed all such inquiries on the part of a slave improper and impertinent, and evidence of a restless spirit.
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass
irrelevant extraneous immaterial impertinent
an irrelevant comment;
Page 21 of 62

a question extraneous to the discussion;
an objection that is immaterial after the fact;
mentioned several impertinent facts before finally coming to the point.
[13]perfunctoryadj.
The operator answered the phone with a perfunctory greeting.
[14]tumultuousadj.
These details have also had a tumultuous effect on the nation of Bolivia. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life by Jon Lee
Anderson
[15]footnoten.( fn.)
a political scandal that was but a footnote to modern history.

[16] cop out cop-out n.
You've got to take it up. Don't try to cop out of it by telling me you're too busy!","
Jimmy was known to the team as a cop-out because he never showed up for important games.(A Concise Collection of College-students
Slang)
1 all are echoes of a dynasty that survived for 600 years

2 Ottoman is the European corruption of his name
3 the empire began to unravelat times abruptly, at others imperceptibly.
4 Ms Finkel is ideally placed to make sense of this.
5 one would have preferred a pruning of the thicket of events and more discussion of what it all means.
6 The author offers glimpses of a more satisfying book.
7 Ms Finkel had developed her intriguing defence of the empire in the 19th century, multi-confessional, geographically incoherent
and economically backward, in the face of demands, on the part of impertinent Europeans, that it reform internally.
8 As a substitute for an account of what happened, it is a cop-out.
80
600
14
Ottoman
16
Page 22 of 62
30
18
19
that it reform internally it reform
[/replyview]
[replyview]extended turned favour results towards dispute

TEXT 8
Ready, fire, aim
Feb 16th 2006

ForewordA vice-president, a quail[1] and the first glimmer of class warfare in hunting
POLITICALGRAVEYARD.COM is 1a goldmine for both trivia addicts and congenital time-wasters. Do you want to find out about
American politicians who were killed in duels (17 a___________ to the site)? Or about politicians who were murdered (86)? Or politicians
who have been to outer space (6)? Or politicians who died while hunting or fishing (14)? Just point and click. But as yet the site doesn't have
an entry for politicians who almost kill the poor saps[2] they are hunting or fishing with.
politicalgraveyard.com
17 86 6
14
No doubt 2the good people at politicalgraveyard will soon update their site. Ever since Dick Cheney took aim at a quail on February
Page 23 of 62

11th and hit a 78-year-old lawyer i_________, America has been talking of little else. This is not only because Mr Cheney's tragicomic
accident seemed to sum up his style of shooting first and asking questions later (hence a torrent of jokes about Mr Cheney's insistence that he
was right to shoot despite the failure to find quail in the bushes). It is also because he handled the incident with astonishing ineptitude[3].
2 11 78
Harry Whittington's wounds were s________: he was pepper-sprayed in the face, neck, chest and rib cage, and rushed to intensive care.
But Mr Cheney didn't bother to tell the public that their vice-president had winged[4] a lawyer until the next day (when he got his host to
phone her local paper, the Corpus Christi[5] Caller-Times) and he didn't give a television interview until February 15th, a day after his
v_________ suffered a mild heart attack. As one ally puts it, 3Dick is beyond PR.
2 15
The media has pored over[6] every aspect of the incident: the fact that Mr Cheney had failed to buy the proper stamp for his licence (he
subsequently sent $7 to the requisite authorities); that his host was a lobbyist; that the White House initially tried the strategy of
t________the shooting as a joke. But one thing was almost entirely ignored4the fact that Mr Cheney was spending his weekend
slaughtering innocent birds in the first place.
In many European countries, no ambitious politician would want to be seen with a hunting rifle in his hands and a cuddly[7] animal in his
sights. In America, politicians go to great lengths[8] to get seen doing just that. The classic example of the shooting photo-op was
5John Kerry's appearance in rather too pristine[9] duck-hunting gear in October 2004. But even left-wingers like Howard Dean and
Dennis Kucinich 6defer to[10] the hunting vote.
2004 10
And why not? Hunters like to boast that their sport is as American as baseball and apple pie, a tradition shared by young and old, rich and
poor, conservatives and l_______. The US Fish and Wildlife Service claims that 80m Americans aged 16 or overnearly 40% of the adult
populationenjoyed some recreational activity relating to fish and wildlife in 2001, the latest year for which figures are
a__________. About 13m Americans shoot, and they spend some $20.6 billion a year on their pastime. 7 There is a hunting
channel. There are camouflaged[11] Bibles for people who want to read scripture before blasting off. There are also powerful lobbies,
from the National Rifle Association to the Safari[12] Club International. The Congressional Sportsmen's Foundation has more than 300
members.
2001 8000 16 40%

1300 206
300
Page 24 of 62

But8 the reality is not quite so tally ho[13]. The proportion of the population that goes hunting has been shrinking for the past 20
years. The number of hunters fell by 7% in the decade ending in 2001; the number of small-game hunters, including quail hunters, fell by
29%. The main cause of this is e__________. Every year America loses 1.5m acres of wildlife habitat and 1m acres of farm and ranchland
to development and sprawl[14]. But the real worry for hunters is, or should be, class.
20 2001 10
7% 29% 150 100
1according 2instead 3serious 4victim 5treating 6liberals 7available 8economics

NOTES
[1]quailn.
vi. at, before
He quailed at the thought of meeting the President.
[2]sapn.()
vi.vt.
[3]ineptitudeadj. inept
[4]wingvt.
[5] Corpus Christin.
[6]pore overv.
He pored over the classified ads in search of a new job.
[7]cuddlyadj.
[8]go to great lengths go to great pains
[9]pristine adj.
[10]defer tov.
Do you always defer to your parents wishes?
yield relent bow defer submit succumb
1 Yield
yield to an enemy;
yield to reason;
Page 25 of 62

yieldto desire.
The child . . . soon yielded to the drowsiness (Charles Dickens).
2 relent
The captain at last relented, and told him that he might make himself at home (Herman Melville).

3Bow
Bow and accept the end/Of a love (Robert Frost).
4defer
Philip . . . had the good sense to defer to the long experience and the wisdom of his father (William Hickling Prescott).
5Submit
What must the King do now? Must he submit? (Shakespeare). ? ?
6Succumb
I didn't succumb without a struggle to my uncle's allurements (H.G. Wells). (H.G.
[11]camouflagevt.
The military vehicles were camouflaged.
[12]safarin.safaris
[13] tally n. (,), , , , , , ,
hointerj.!
Land ho! Westward ho!
[14] sprawl vi.
sprawling on the sofa
suburbs that sprawl out into the countryside
TEXT 9
Memoirs of a quail-shooting man
The biggest d________ in hunters is taking place among the working classamong the Deer Hunter crowd in the small towns of the
north-east, the rednecks[15] of the South and the cowboys of the West. Their places are being taken by moneyed professionals, 1the
sort of people who weren't brought up to hunt but who discovered that it is a good way to flash their money[16] and make connections.
The number of hunters with household incomes above $100,000 increased by more than a q________ in the 1990s. There are so many
nouveaux chasseurs strutting around[17] the canyons of Manhattan that both Holland & Holland and Barbour have opened shops there.

20 90 10
Holland&Holland Barbour
Mr Cheney's own expedition was a lot closer to Gosford Park than The Deer Huntera group of fat old toffs[18] 2waiting
for wildlife to be flushed[19] towards them at huge expense. There has also been a big increase in so-called exotic hunting, where
Page 26 of 62

guests not only go after i_________ species such as wolves and bears, but also blast away at imported zebras and giraffes.
3Convenience is essential for the hedge-fund crowd. Most exotic hunts take place in ranches from which the animals can't escape
(Texas has 600). Exotic hunters can shoot elephants from cars or from the backs of other elephants, sometimes the orphaned calves of the
victims of previous hunts. For the truly lazy there is just-in-time shooting, where animals are trained to turn up at certain hours, and
internet shooting, where you can g________ the gun from your desk. All this removes much of the inconvenience from hunting.
4It also removes its main justificationthat it is the most natural way of culling local wildlife.
600
America's anti-hunting movement is tiny by British standards. But 5it is gathering momentum, with the mainstream Humane Society
taking an increasingly tough line and even conservatives protesting about exotic hunting. (The examples above are taken from Dominion:
The Power of Man, the Suffering of Animals, and the Call to Mercy, a remarkable book by Matthew Scully, one of Mr Bush's former
speechwriters.) The squall over [20]Mr Cheney's behaviour in Quailgate will probably die down, providing Mr Whittington survives. But
the d________ over hunting will go on growing.
1decline 2.quarter 3.indigenous 4. guide 5.debate

NOTES
[15] redneck n.
[16]flash their money

flash vt.& n. =flaunt
The antique flash and trash of an older southern California have given way to a sleeker age of cultural hip (Newsweek)
()
[17] nouveaux adj.
chasseur n.
strut vi.
[18]toffn.
[19]flushv.
Page 27 of 62

[20]squallvi. n.
Gosford Park 30
the Deer Hunter
MichaelStevenNickAngela
5 12
Dog Day Afternoon, 1975
TEXT 10
Ominous
Feb 23rd 2006
FOR most of the past three years, the highly pathogenic bird flu k________ as H5N1 has been found mainly in Asia. Suddenly it has
arrived in many countries in Europe, triggering widespread alarm. The detection of the virus in wild birds across Europe is certainly a cause
for concern, particularly to Europe's poultry farmers, who are rightfully worried that the presence of the virus in wild birds will increase
Page 28 of 62

the risk to their flocks. However, in the m_________ of a European debate about the benefits of vaccinating chickens and whether or not
poultry should be brought indoors, there is a danger that far more significant events elsewhere will be overlooked[1].
In particular, most attention should be f________ on the fact that bird flu is now widespread in the poultry flocks of two nations in Africa
Egypt and Nigeriaand in India. And on the fact that, in Nigeria, the disease is continuing to spread despite great efforts undertaken by
the government. An outbreak in Afghanistan also appears to be inevitable.
Arguably, these matter much more than the (also inevitable) arrival of the disease in Europe. Poor countries with large rural populations
are in a far weaker position to handle, and stamp out[2], outbreaks of bird flu in poultry, through both culling[3] and the prevention of
the movement of animals in the surrounding areas. In Africa and India, chickens and ducks are far more likely to be found roaming[4] in
people's backyards, where they can mingle with humans, other d________ animals and wildlife, thus spreading the disease. In Europe, by
c_______, most poultry are kept in regulated commercial farms.
The opening up of a new African front for the bird-flu virus is a problem because eradication there will be tremendously difficult. There is
a high risk that the disease will spread to other countries on the continent and it could easily become endemicas it has in Asia. This offers
the virus huge new scope to mutate and become a disease that can pass between humans. The virus is certainly mutatinggenetic changes
have already affected its biological behaviour, although apparently not yet its transmission between humans. Experts are unsure as to how
much, and what kind, of genetic changes would be required for the virus to become a global health threat. N_____ do they know how long
this process might take.
But to dwell on[5] the increased risk of a pandemic of influenza is to miss a serious point about the direct risks posed by the loss of a large
numbers of chickens and ducks across Africa. For some time, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation has been warning that if
avian flu gets out of c_______ in Africa, it will have a devastating impact on the livelihoods of millions of people. Poultry is a vital source
of protein. For example, it provides almost 50% of the protein in the diet of Egyptians. The spread of a disease that is highly lethal to poultry,
and requires culling, could have a dire[6] nutritional impact, there as elsewhere. Africa would also have to contend with huge economic
losses. People who scratch out[7] a living in poor African nations simply cannot a_______ to lose their chickens. Most of the world's
poor live in rural areas and depend on agriculture. In Africa, rather a lot of these poor people depend heavily on their poultry. It is easy to see
why some believe that bird flu could turn out to be primarily a developmentrather than just a healthissue for the whole African
continent.
No game of chicken
What can be done? It is clear that the movement and trade of poultry is making a big contribution to the spread of the virus. That trade needs
tighter regulation, as does the movement of live birds from countries with H5N1 infections. In such places trade should be suspended
u_______ flocks have been cleaned up.
In addition, Nigeria and surrounding countries need serious public-education campaigns about the danger of contact with dead birds. When
outbreaks o______, governments should immediately offer realistic compensation to farmers for birds lost to disease and culling.
Without this, poor farmers will be tempted to hide bird-flu outbreaks and continue to sell poultry that should be culled. Farming practices that
mix poultry species in farms or live animal markets are a danger too, and must be addressed although that might take longer. The effort
would be helped if those in the poultry industry and governments in poultry-exporting nations would stop simply pointing to the risks posed
by wild birds and start paying more attention to the movement of animals, products and people from infected to un-infected regions and
countries.
Unusually for a complex problem with international ramifications[8], money is available to make a serious attempt at tackling it$1.9
Page 29 of 62

billion was pledged by the world's wealthier nations last month in Beijing. There is no excuse for delay, unless we want more dead people to
follow lots more dead ducks.
[1]overlook vt.(1)
The house on the hill overlooks the village.
(2)
You have overlooked several of the mistakes in this work.
The secretary is very careful and never overlooks any little points.
[2]stamp out do away with; eradicate

[3]cull vt.Every year the groups of seals that live off our coasts are culled because they eat too much fish.
[4]roam vi.& vt.

The visitors roamed around the town.
[5]dwell on vt.: Don't dwell so much on your past.
[6]dire adj.(1)be in dire need of food (2)a dire warning
[7]scratch a living to scrape a living
[8]ramification n.( the ramifications of a
business/of a railway system /
H5N1
50%
Page 30 of 62
H5N1
19
known midst focused domestic contrast Nor control afford until occur
TEXT 11
A calibrated provocation
Mar 2nd 2006 | BEIJING
But China has not fallen into the trap.
1IN THE elaborate fiction[1] that governs relations across the Taiwan Strait, there exists in Taiwan a body called the National
Unification Council, whose notional aim is to advise the president on how the island and the mainland are to u_______, an aim which
China and Taiwan notionally share. The body has been inactive for six years. But when President Chen Shui-bian appeared to scrap it this
week, he caused anger in China, and worry in America.
Mr Chen has been weakened by scandals in his party but has two years l______ in office. Appealing to Taiwanese nationalism is one way
to rally support. Hence the appeal of scrapping a body that is supposed to advise him on unification. But Mr Chen does not want to provoke
China into a military response. So 2his decision was judiciously worded. The council, he said, had ceased to f________ and its
guidelines had ceased to apply. This phrasing suggests the possibility of a future revival.
The careful wording was also partly intended to pacify America, which has been trying to persuade Mr Chen not to rock the boat[1] since
late January, when he signalled his intention to take this step. A spokesman for the State Department said America would continue to hold
President Chen by his commitments not to take unilateral moves. He also said it was America's understanding that Mr Chen had not
formally a_________ the council.
3For all its fulminations, however, China does not seem keen to escalate this particular dispute. President Hu Jintao accused Mr
Chen of taking a dangerous step towards i__________. But officials have not threatened to invoke[3] an anti-s________ law
passed by China's legislature a year ago. That authorised military action against Taiwan in the event of 4 undefined major
incidents entailing[4] the island's independence from China. The law has been described by Taiwanese officials as a threat to the
Page 31 of 62

s________ quo and, indeed, a primary justification for Mr Chen's decision.
A bigger worry for Chinese leaders is that Mr Chen might renege on[5] other pledges not to amend the island's constitution. He may
suggest that China is a separate country. W______, he may change Taiwan's official name (the Republic of China). China does not
officially accept this name for Taiwan, but much prefers it to the Republic of Taiwan. Given the distinct possibility that the opposition
Kuomintang (KMT) will reclaim Taiwan's presidency in 2008, Mr Chen might 5feel tempted to risk a dramatic gesture[6] in order
to rally support for his party.
But as Mr Chen noted this week, any constitutional reform would, under rules introduced last year, require approval by three-quarters of the
legislature as w_____ as a referendum. With the KMT and its supporterswho favour keeping on good terms with China and keeping the
councilcontrolling a majority of parliament's seats, this would make it hard to introduce an amendment China strongly disliked. Mr Chen
wants a constitutional referendum next year, but has not so far proposed any changes that would rile[7] the Chinese.
6 An escalation of rhetoric can be expected in the next few days as China's legislature holds its annual meeting, starting on
March 6th. Nationalistic outbursts from the Communist Party-picked delegates have become part of the ritual. Unlike the meeting last year
at which the anti-secession law was adopted, the focus of this year's agenda will be domestic: in particular a new five-year economic plan
which is aimed at reducing a growing g_____ between rich and poor. But just to be sure that Taiwan stays in line, the meeting will surely
engage in another of its annual rituals, a hefty increase in military spending.
NOTES
[1]fiction n.His account of the crime was a complete fiction.
[2]rock the boat The leader of the party asked Tony not to rock the boat until after the election.
[3]invoke vt.to invoke the powers of the law to present a crime.

[4]entail.vt. ()an investment that entailed high risk.
[5]renegev.onYou said youd comeyou cant renege now!

[6]gesture n.Some countries give rare animals to important foreign visitors as a gesture of friendship.
[7]rile vt.It riles me when he wont stop whistling.
Page 32 of 62
2008
3 6
unite
left
function
abolished
independence
secession
status quo
Worse
well as well as
gap
TEXT 12
Not science fiction
Feb 23rd 2006
THE recent stem-cell scandal in South Korea may have made front-page news across the world, but 1few readers are likely to bet that
a literary novel set in a laboratory and based on scientific research might end up being a page-turner[1]. Readers of Intuition,
however, will battle with themselves over whether to savour Allegra Goodman's exquisite filleting[2] of character, as the scientists are
themselves dissected like their experimental mice, or to rush headlong[3] to find out what h________ next.
In an under-funded Harvard laboratory, the dogged[4], unglamorous slog[5] towards finding a cure for cancer is u_______ way.
Suddenly one research assistant's experiment bears [6]fruit. After mice infected with human breast-cancer cells are injected with Cliff's R7 virus, their tumours melt away in 60% of the population. But are Cliff's results too good to be true? 2The question of whether the R7 results were fiddled[7] powers the remainder of the book.
Page 33 of 62

Ms Goodman follows the good novelist's credo[8] that plot proceeds from[9] character; and 3 she follows the good scientist's
credo that objective truth is inexorably coloured[10] by whoever stands[11] to lose or gain by it. All the researchers in
Intuition are sympathetic, and they are all screwed up[12]. Sandy, co-director of the lab, is a charismatic[13] dynamo[14], but too
enamoured with worldly glory. His brilliant, shy partner Marion has impeccable[15] research standards, but is undermined by chronic selfdoubt. By contrast, Cliff is glibly[16] over-c_________. Robin, R-7's whistle-blower[17] (also Cliff's former girlfriend), is a natural
scientist, but her determination to uncover fraud may be driven by romantic disappointment. Robin is heeding her intuition, and young
researchers had their intuition tamped down[18] lest, like the sorcerer's[19] apprentice, they flood the lab with their conceits.
What a relief to find a novel that does not take place in the literary salons of London or New York. 4Ms Goodman manages fully to
inhabit another profession's world. Her characters so live and breathe on the page that they could get up and m_______ you a cup of
coffee while you finish another chapter. 5Her writing is rich, so rich it would be easy to miss how skilful is the prose itself. Exciting
and, for most, exotic as well, Intuition is a stunning[20] achievement.
TRANSLATED BY CHENJILONG
R7 60%
R7
R7
NOTES
[1]page-turner n.(
)The book is a page-turner(Frank Conroy)()
[2]fillet v.
[3]headlong adj.&adv.=headfirst Hes gone headfirst into trouble.
[4]dogged adj.She was not very clever, but by dogged efforts she learnt a good deal at school.
[5]slog n.I always found school difficult: it was a hard slog.

[6]bear v.The young apple tree is bearing this year for the first time.
[7]fiddle v.to fiddle ones income tax
[8]credo n.a credo of socialist principles
Page 34 of 62

[9]proceed from
[10]colour vt.Personal feelings coloured his judgement.|a
highly-coloured account of his difficulties
[11]stand v. to be in a position to gain or lose If this new law is passed, we stand to lose our tax
advantage.
[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English] stand to do something: to be likely to do or have something: stand to gain/lose/win/make
What do firms think they stand to gain by merging?
After the oil spill, thousands of fishermen stand to lose their livelihoods.
[12]screw up v. Things are screwed up, as usual. Screw up ones
courage
[Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English] someone who is screwed up has a lot of emotional problems because of bad or unhappy
experiences in the past.
[13]charismatic adj.
[14]dynamo n.Randolph is a real dynamo; he never stops working.
[15]impeccable adj.=faultless
[16]glibly adv.
[17]whistle-blower n. someone who tells people in authority or the public about dishonest or illegal practices at the place where they work
What is disturbing is that it is typical of a new intolerance against whistlee-blowers that raises serious questions about free
speech.
[18]tamp down v. to press or push something down by lightly hitting it several times As well as surprise, she had heard
irritation tamped down in Vitor's voice.
[19]sorcerer n.
[20]stunning adj.
happens find out

underunder way to have started to happen or be done
confident self-doubt by contrast
make a cup of coffee
for to
TEXT 13
Go forth and multiply
Mar 2nd 2006

WHAT makes for a successful invasion? Often, the answer is to have better weapons than the enemy. And, as it is with people, so it is with
plantsat least, that is the conclusion of a p_______ published in Biology Letters[1] by Naomi Cappuccino, of Carleton University,
and Thor Arnason, of the University of Ottawa, both in Canada.
The phenomenon of alien species popping up[2] in unexpected parts of the world has grown over the past few d________ as people and
goods become more mobile and 1plant seeds and animal larvae have hitched[3] along for the ride. Most such aliens blend
into the ecosystem in which they arrive without too much fuss. (Indeed, many probably fail to establish themselves at all but those failures,
Page 35 of 62

of course, are never noticed.) Occasionally, though, something goes bananas[4] and starts trying to take the place over, and an invasive
species is born. Dr Cappuccino and Dr Arnason asked themselves w_______.
One hypothesis is that aliens leave their predators b________. Since the predators in their new homelands are not adapted to exploit them,
they are able to reproduce unchecked. That is a nice idea, but it does not explain why only certain aliens become invasive. Dr Cappuccino
and Dr Arnason suspected this might be because native predators are 2sometimes pre-adapted to the aliens' defences, but in
other cases they are not.
To test this, they had first to establish a reliable list of invaders. That is not as easy as it sounds. As they observe, although there are many
lists of invasive species published by governmental agencies, inclusion of a given species in the lists 3may not be entirely free of
political motivation. Instead, they polled established researchers in the field of alien species, asking each to list ten invasive species and,
for c_________, ten aliens that just rubbed along quietly with[5] their neighbours. The result was a list of 21 species widely agreed to
be invasive and, for comparison, 18 non-invasive aliens.
10 10 21
18
H________ established these lists, they went to the library to find out what was known about the plants' chemistry. Their aim was to find
the most prominent chemical weapon in each plant, whether that weapon was directed against insects that might want to eat the plant,
bacteria and fungi that might want to i_______ it, or other plants that might compete for space, water, nutrients and light. Botanists know a
lot about which sorts of compounds have what roles, so classifying constituent chemicals in this way was not too hard.
The researchers then compared the chemical arsenals of their aliens with those of native North American plants, 4to see if superior
(or, at least, unusual) weaponry was the explanation for the invaders' success. Their hypothesis was that highly invasive species would
have chemical weapons not found in native plants, and w________ pests, parasites and other plants would therefore not have evolved any
resistance to. The more benign aliens, by contrast, were predicted to have arsenals also found in at least some native species.
And so it proved. More than 40% of the invasive species had a chemical unknown to native plants; just over 10% of the non-invasive aliens
had such a chemical. M_________, when they looked at past studies on alien plants that had examined how much such plants suffer from
the depredations[6] of herbivorous insects, they found that the extent of the damage reported was significantly correlated with the number
Page 36 of 62

of native species with which that alien shared its principal chemical weapon.
40% 10%

For alien plants, then, the real secret of successalso as in human warfareis surprise. 5It is not that the chemicals concerned are
more toxic in any general sense (indeed, successful invaders are often rare in their own native habitats). R_______, it is that the locals
just don't see them coming.
NOTES
[1]Bilology Letters
[2]pop up =happen suddenly, arise
[3]hitch v.He hitched across Europe./Lets hitch a ride.
[4]go bananas
top banana go bananas
top banana chief comic boss or supervisor
He is a top banana in this corporation.
go bananas wild, crazy or excited banana
The drugs marijuana have made him go bananas.
to drive someone bananas nuts drive, banana
He has driven his wife bananas nuts
[5]rub along withMy wife and I seem to rub along (together) all right.
[6]depredation n.The depredations of war/of the storm can still be seen several years after the event./
BACKGROUND
Alien species
Alien invasive
speciesnon-nativenon-indigenousforeign
exotic
paper decades why behind comparison having infect which Moreover

Rather
TEXT 14
Small country, big example
Mar 16th 2006 | PORTO-NOVO
Page 37 of 62

Still an unusual success for democracyfingers crossed[1]
ON March 5th, Benin went to the polls for the fourth presidential election since multi-party democracy was introduced in 1990: no mean
achievement in west Africa. Even more impressive was the fact that President Mathieu Krkou did not stand for[2] re-election, nor did his
great rival, Nicphore Soglo, who was president from 1991-96. Both have passed the constitution's age l_______ of 70. 1 That
respect for the constitution goes admirably against Africa's trend for heads of state to change the law to stay even longer in office.
Benin has fewer than 8m people. It is one of the p______ countries on earth. And yet, in Africa, it is also a democratic exemplar[3].
Many of Africa's former French colonies brought in multi-party democracy only when forced to by the French in return for more aidin
June 1990. 2 Having abandoned Marxism, Mr Krkou, Benin's president and military ruler, not only legalised opposition
parties several months before then, but also stood down[4] after his electoral defeat to Mr Soglo in 1991. So Benin became the first
African country where an incumbent ran for re-election, lost and graciously bowed out[5]. Since then, d_________ has implanted itself
strongly in the minds of Benin's citizens. Our history is so terrible, with coups and years of problems, that now we all care about
democracy very deeply, says one of them.
Still, the election did not go smoothly. Electoral materials, i_________ voting forms, seals for ballot boxes and even the urns[6]
themselves turned up late or not at all, causing most polling stations to open hours late. Although they all then stayed open for the regulation
nine hours, election officials were often absent and many had not been properly trained. Mr Krkou blamed the independent electoral
commission, hinting that the errors were not accidental. 3All the same, turnout was high. Provisional results suggest that Yayi Boni, a
banker, is ahead and will be faced in a second round by Adrien Houngbdji, a former prime minister and long-time rival of Mr Krkou.
Several other more minor candidates have filed complaints about the election process with the constitutional court.
It is, alas, possible that a second round may not take p______. Mr Krkou has talked darkly[7] of following America's example in 2000
by taking months to verify the first-round results. His critics say he is stalling for time to handpick a favoured successor to run again if the
first round is invalidated. 4So far, however, his promise to give up power has to be taken at face value[8]. Benin's democracyloving people should make him stick to his word: it could be the former general's greatest legacy.
NOTESLONGMAN
1.keepfingers crossed
to hope that something will happen the way you want
e.g. We'rekeepingourfingers crossedthat she's going to be OK. Bingham is keeping his fingers crossed that
Gray's withdrawal is the only one.
2. stand for election
British Englishto try to become elected to a council, parliament etc [= run American English]
e.g.She announced her intention to stand for Parliament.
3.exemplar (exemplar of)
a good or typical example
e.g. Milt's career is an exemplar of survival in difficult times.
4.stand down
to agree to leave your position or to stop trying to be elected, so that someone else can have a chance [= step down American English]
5.bow out (bow out of)
1to stop taking part in an activity, job etc, especially one that you have been doing for a long time
e.g. Reeves thinks it is time for him to bow out of politics.
2to not do something that you have promised or agreed to do [= get out of]
e.g. You're not trying to bow out of this, are you?
Page 38 of 62

6.urn
7.darkly
in a sad, angry, or threatening way:
e.g. Fred scowled darkly at her.
8. take something at face value
to accept a situation or accept what someone says, without thinking there may be a hidden meaning:
e.g. You shouldn't always take his remarks at face value.
[BACKGROUND]
125
20-34 42 26-27
16 18 16
1904 1913 1958 1960 8
1 1972 10 1975 11 30
1990 3 1 1991 3 Nicphore SOGLO
1996 3
BY Chenjilong

3 5 1990
1991 1996
70
800 1990 6
1991
2000
1.limit 2.poorest 3.democracy 4.including 5.place

Page 39 of 62

TEXT 15
A text a day...
Mar 24th 2006
The medical uses of mobile phones show they can be good for your health
WHAT impact can mobile phones have on their users' health? Many people
(A)
the supposed ill effects caused by radiation from
handsets and base stations1, despite the lack of credible evidence of any harm. But evidence for the beneficial effects of mobile phones on
health is rather more abundant. Indeed, a systematic review
(B)
by Rifat Atun and his colleagues at Imperial College, London, rounds
up[1] 150 examples of the use of text-messaging in the delivery of health care. These uses
(C)
three categories: efficiency gains; public-
health gains; and direct benefits to patients by incorporating text-messaging into treatment regimes. The study, funded by Vodafone2, the
world's largest mobile operator, was published this week.
1Using texting[2] to boost efficiency is not rocket science, but big savings can be achieved. Several trials carried out in England
have found that the use of text-messaging reminders reduces the number of missed appointments with family doctors by 26-39%, for
example, and the number of missed hospital appointments by 33-50%. If such schemes were rolled out[3] nationally, this would
(D)
annual savings of 256m-364m.
Text messages are also being used to remind patients about blood tests, clinics, scans and dental appointments. Similar schemes in America,
Norway and Sweden have had equally satisfying resultsthough the use of text-message reminders in the Netherlands, where nonattendance rates are low, at 4%, had no effect other than to annoy patients.
Text messages can also be a good way to disseminate public-health information, particularly to groups who are hard to reach by other means,
such as teenagers, or in developing countries where other means of communication are unavailable. Text messages have been used in India to
inform people about the World Health Organisation's strategy to control tuberculosis, for example, and in Kenya, Nigeria and Mali to provide
information about HIV and malaria. In Iraq, text messages were used to support a campaign to vaccinate nearly 5m children against polio.
Finally, there are the uses of text-messaging as part of a treatment regime. These involve sending reminders to patients to take their medicine
at the right time, or to encourage compliance with exercise regimes or efforts to stop smoking. 2The evidence for the effectiveness of
such schemes is generally anecdotal[4], however, notes Dr Rifat. More quantitative research is neededwhich is why his team also
published three papers this week
(E)
the use of mobile phones in health care in more detail. One of these papers, written in
conjunction with Victoria Franklin and Stephen Greene of the University of Dundee, in Scotland, reports the results of a trial in which
diabetic teenagers' treatment was
(F)
with text messaging.
Diabetes needs constant management, and requires patients to take an active role in their treatment by measuring blood-sugar levels and
administering insulin injections. 3The most effective form of therapy is an intensive regime in which patients adjust the dose of
insulin depending on what they eat. This is more onerous[5] for the patient, but
(G)
a greater dietary variety. Previous studies have
shown that intensive treatment is effective only with close supervision by doctors. Dr Franklin and her colleagues devised a system called
Sweet Talk, which sends patients personalised text messages reminding them of the treatment goals they have set themselves, and allowing
them to send questions to doctors. The Sweet Talk system was tested over a period of 18 months with teenage patients receiving both
conventional and intensive diabetes treatment. A control group received conventional treatment and no text messages.
The researchers found that the use of text-messaging significantly increased self-efficacy3 (the effectiveness of treatment, measured by
Page 40 of 62

questionnaire). More importantly, among patients receiving intensive therapy, the level of haemoglobin HbA1c4an indicator of bloodglucose and hence of glycaemic controlwas 14% lower than for those in the control group. Since even a 10% decline in HbA1c level is
(H)
a reduction in complications such as eye and kidney problems, this is an impressive result. It suggests that texting can cheaply and
effectively support intensive therapy among teenagers, who often demonstrate poor compliance5.
Despite such promising results, Dr Rifat notes, many of the medical uses of text-messaging have not yet been
__ (I) _ clinical trials,
because they are so new. And even where the benefits are proven, the technology has not been systematically deployed on a large scale. But
when it
(J)
improving outcomes and reducing costs, 4text messages would seem to be just what the doctor ordered.
[QUIZ]
1. Fill in each blank with an appropriate form of each following phrasal verb. One verb can only and must be chosen once.
look at, subject to, allow for, carry out, associate with, worry about back up, come to, fall into, translate into
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
2. Translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1. round up v.
1if police or soldiers round up a particular group of people, they find them and force them to go to prison
e.g. Thousands of men were rounded up and jailed.
2to find and gather together a group of people, animals or things
e.g. See if you can round up a few friends to help you!
His dog Nell started to round up the sheep.
3to increase an exact figure to the nearest whole number (+to)
e.g. A charge of 1.90 will be rounded up to 2, and one of 3.10 rounded down to 3. 1.90 2 , 3.10
3 .
2.text v. to send someone a written message on a mobile phone
3.roll out v. to make a new product available for people to buy or use;=launch
e.g. The company expects to roll out the new software in September. 9
4.anecdotal adj. consisting of short stories based on someones personal experience
e.g. His findings are based on anecdotal evidence rather than serious research. anecdotal
evidence
Page 41 of 62

5.onerous adj. work or a responsibility that is onerous is difficult and worrying or
makes you tired.
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]
1. Base station GSM CDMA PHS
2. VodafoneNewbury
27 14
2004 12 31
VOD.L VODVodafone VoiceData
Fone
3. self-efficacy
4. HbA1c) A
120
120
48
5. compliance
150
26 39 33% 50%
2.563.64
3
Page 42 of 62
18
HbA1c 14 10%
[KEY TO QUIZ]
A.worry about
B.carried out
C.fall into The lecture series falls naturally into three parts.
D.translate into I wonder how your religious belief will translate into political action.
E.looking at That's the way I look at it, too.

F.backed up He drought along a file of document to back up his claim.
G.allows for In calculating profit, retailers must allow for breakage and spoilage.
H.associated with
I.subjected to
J.comes to TEXT 16
Like pearls falling into a jade plate
Mar 30th 2006
WHEN Wu Man arrived in New Haven1, Connecticut, from Beijing in 1990 she spoke no English and gambled on[1] surviving with the
help of her pipa, a traditional lute-like Chinese instrument. She has succeeded
(A) triumph , working her way from New York's
Chinatown to Carnegie Hall , where she gives her debut recital on April 6th.
The pipa is a sonorous, four-stringed, pear-shaped instrument held upright on the lap. Its strings used to be silk but are now steel, which
resonates better. The fake fingernails on Ms Wu's right hand pluck[2] the strings, while her left hand fingers the frets[3]. 1She
produces an (B) (astonish) range of colours and moods from a 2,000-year-old instrument which produces a sound, observed a poet from the
Tang dynasty, like pearls falling into a jade plate.
Ms Wu is a virtuoso[4] interpreter of traditional music, creating (C) haunt exotic waves of sound with pizzicatos and tremolos[5]
(the plucking of one string with all five fingers consecutively). But (D) evoke of dropping pearls soon fade to Jimi Hendrix3. During
her time in America, 2 Ms Wu has daringly expanded the pipa's range, playing jazz, bluegrass4 and Bollywood5 with eclectic
instrumentalistsand inspiring (E) (number) works from prominent composers.
Page 43 of 62

The pipa can sound gently lyrical or (F) aggress modern, which is why, says Ms Wu, it attracts such composers as Terry Riley, Philip
Glass, Tan Dun and Bright Sheng, all of whom have written for her. She was the first to partner the pipa with an endongo (an eight-stringed
Ugandan instrument), an Appalachian banjo and a string quartet6. She was also, she says, the first to play jazz on the pipa.
All this happened after she arrived in America. Young Chinese musicians are now ubiquitous in American and European conservatories,
competitions and concert halls, but during China's cultural revolution the performance of Western music was greatly restricted. Traditional
instruments, however, were (G) courage, and Ms Wu, born in 1964 in Hangzhou, began studying the pipa when she was nine.
She entered the Beijing Central Conservatory of Music (where she heard Western music for the first time) and became the first
(H)
receive of a masters degree in the pipa. She was awarded a tenured[6] faculty position. But her curiosity about the West proved (I)
resist. Colleagues who had emigrated to the United States warned her that there was no interest in Chinese traditional music, 3but,
undaunted, she packed seven instruments (including pipas, a zither and a dulcimer) and set off.
During the first two difficult years she learnt English and cried a lot. She joined other Chinese musicians and began performing in New
York's Chinatown, (J) rehearse in the basement of a dry-cleaner. 4 American musicians would approach her after concerts, (K)
fascination . David Harrington of the Kronos Quartet said that the first time he heard her play was like the first time he heard Jascha
Heifetz, a master violinist.
Mr Harrington chose her to perform in the quartet's recent Bollywood- (L) inspiration recording because he wanted one person to
create many different sounds. 5Ms Wu, with her large sonic vocabulary, was uniquely qualified. She also attracted the attention of Yo
Yo Ma, a cellist with whom she now frequently performs as a member of his Silk Road Ensemble[7].
Pipa players and audiences in China are also becoming more open minded; she caused (M) exciting when she performed in Beijing
with the Kronos Quartet ten years ago. That's my hope, she says, that 6 the next generation know there is another way for traditional
instruments to survive.
[QUIZ]
1.
WHEN Wu Man ________(arrival) in New Haven, Connecticut, from Beijing in 1990 she spoke no English. arrived.
2.
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
[1]gamble v. to do something that involves a lot of risk, and that will not succeed unless things happen the way
you would like them to
gamble on
They're gambling on Johnson being fit for Saturday's game.
gamble something on something
Potter gambled everything on his new play being a hit.
[2]pluck v. to pull the strings of a musical instrument
pluck at
Someone was plucking at the strings of an old guitar.
[3]fret n. one of the raised lines on the fretboard of a guitar etc
Page 44 of 62

[4] virtuoso
plural virtuosos
n. someone who is a very skilful performer, especially in music:

violin virtuoso Stephane Grappelli
virtuoso adjective [only before noun]
a virtuoso performance
a virtuoso pianist
[5] pizzicatos and tremolos
[6]tenure
[UC] the right to stay permanently in a teaching job:
It's becoming increasingly difficult to acquire academic tenure.
tenured adjective:
a tenured professor
a tenured position
[7]ensemble <>, [],
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]
1. New HavenConnecticut 12.4 1984
41.7 1980 1638
"Frank
Pepe's''"Sally"
2. Carnigie Hall 57 154 1891
20
3. Jimi Hendrix..(James Marshall Hendrix)1942 11 27

. 60
.(Robert Johnson) B.B.(B. B.
King)1961 .(Billy Cox)
(LittleRichard).(Ike and Tina Turner)"(IsleyBrothers).

(King Curtis). (Curtis Knight)
(Animals).(Chas Chandler)
1966 .(Jimi
Hendrix xperience).(Noel Rid ding)
.(Mitch Mitchell)
.(Eric Clapton).(PeteTownshend)1967
(Hey Joe)(Purple Haze)?(AreYouExperienced?).
(Paul McCartney)
1969
Page 45 of 62

1968 (Axis: Bold As Love)(1969)
(ElectricLadyand) 1968
.
(Miles Davis)
1968 1 .
47 54
1969
..
..(Billy Cox)
12 ((Band of Gypsies)
) 1
(FirstRays of the New Rising Sun)
.(Buddy Miles)8
9
1970 9 18
,
70
(Cry of Love)(Rainbow Bridge)

1974 .(Alan Douglas)
(Crash Landing)(Midnight Lightning)
19691970
(Nine to the Universe)
(Concerts)(Live at Winterland) 4CD
(Stages)(Radio One)( 1967 BBC )
Acid Rock Album

Rock Blues-Rock Hard Rock Psychedelic
4. Bluegrass
.John Dopyera1893-1988 1 3 Dobro

5.Bollywood(Bombay)(Hollywood)
(Hindi)(Urdu)
( - Kollywood(Telugu)(Bengali) Tollywoord(Kannada)(Malayalam))
Page 46 of 62

6. string quartet
[APPENDIX]
Woodwinds:
12.Tuba
1.Piccolo
13.Bass Tuba
2.Flute
14.Piccolo Cornet
3.Soprano Recorder
15.Piccolo Trumpet in A A
4.Oboe
16.Bass Trumpet in C C
5.English Horn
17.Alto Trombone
6.Bassoon
18.Contrabass Trombone
7.Contrabassoon
Pitched Percussion
8.Clarinet in Eb E ()
1.Timpani
9.Clarinet in A A
2.Bells
10.Clarinet in Bb B
3.Glockenspiel
11.Bass Clarinet
4.Crystal Glasses
12.Soprano Saxophone
5.Xylophone
13.ALto Saxophone
6.Vibraphone
14.Tenor Saxophone
7.Marimba
15.Baritone Saxophone
8.Bass Marimba
16.Alto Flute *
9.Tubular Bells
17.Bass Flute
10.Chimes
18.Oboe d' Amore
11.Steel Drums
19.Piccolo Clarinet *
12.Mallets
20.Alto Clarinet (Eb
Percussion:
21.Contrabass Clarinet
1.Percussion
22.Descant Recorder
2.Wind Chimes
23.Alto Recorder
3.Bell Tree
24.Tenor Recorder
4.Triangle
25.Bass Recorder
5.Crotales
26.Bagpipes
6.Finger Cymbals
27.Basset Horn
7.Sleigh Bells
28.Panpipes
8.Cymbals
Brass:
9.Cowbell
1.Cornet
10.Agogo Bells
2.Trumpet in Bb B
11.Flexatone
3.Trumpet in C C
12.Musical Saw
4.Flugelhorn
13.Brake Drum
5.Horn in F F
14.Tam Tam
6.Trombone
15.Gong
7.Tenor Trombone
16.Claves
8.Bass Tromone
17.Slapstick
9.Baritone(T.C.)
18.VibraSlap
10.Baritone
19.Sand Block
11.Euphonium
20.Ratchet
Page 47 of 62

21.Guiro
6.Clavichord
22.Cuica
7.Harmonium
23.Maracas
8.Synthesizer
24.Castanets
Chorus:
25.Wood Blocks
1.Soprano
26.Temple Blocks
2.Soprano 1
27.Log Drum
3.Soprano 2
28.Tambourine
4.Mezzo-Soprano
29.Whistle
5.Contralto
30.Siren
6.Alto
31.Jawbone
7.Counter-Tenor
32.Anvil
8.Tenor
Drums:
9.Tenor 1
1.Drum Set
10.Tenor 2
2.Bongo Drums
11.Baritone
3.Timbales
12.Bass
4.Conga Drums
13.Bass 1
5.Snare Drum
14.Bass 2
6.Quad Toms 4
15.Voice
7.Quint Toms
16.Vocals
8.Tenor Drum
Strings:
9.Tom Toms
1.Violin
10.Roto Toms
2.Violin 1
11.Bass Drum
3.Violin 2
Plucked Strings:
4.Viola
1.Harp
5.Cello
2.Guitar
6.Violoncello
3.Scoustic Guitar
7.Contrabass
4.electric Guitar
8.Double Bass
5.Banjo
9.Solo Violin
6.Bass
10.Solo VIola
7.Acoustic Bass
11.Solo Cello
8.Electric Bass
12.Solo Bass
9.String Bass
13.Viola d' Amore
10.Mandolin
Handbells:
11.Lute
1.Handbells
12.Ukulele
2.Handbells(T.C)
13.Zither
14.Sitar
Keybords:
1.Piano
2.Organ
3.Harpsichord
4.Celesta
5.Accordion
Page 48 of 62
[TRANSLATION]

1990
4 6
2000
1964 9
[KEY TO QUIZ]
A.
triumphantly triumph triumphant triumphantly
B.
astonishing ( astonished astonishing )
C.
hauntingly haunt haunting hauntingly

exotic haunted
D.
evocationsevoke evocation n.
E.
numerous number numerous-
F.
aggressively modern,aggress v.aggressive adj.

aggressively adv.
G. encouraged
H. recipient recipient
I.
irresistible resist resistance n.

resistant adj.
J.
rehearsing rehearse v. rehearsal n.
K. fascinated
L.
inspired inspire
M. excitement
TEXT 17
Farewell the red soldiers
Apr 12th 2006 | BEIJING
LONG gone are the days when Chinese parents often chose such names as Hongbing (Red Soldier), Aihua (Love China) or even Kangmei
(Anti America) for their children. 1They are still limited by the custom of using no more than two Chinese characters for given names.
But growing numbers now prefer to choose highly obscure ones to
the common phenomenon, given a paucity[1] of surnames, of
bestowing[2] a name already used by countless others. The police, however, have plans to stop this.
The problem is that commonly used software for inputting Chinese characters, including that used by police departments responsible for
identity cards (which every Chinese must carry), cannot
computer is to
very rare characters. In China, the usual way of writing a character on a
its pronunciation using Roman letters, then choose from a list of possible options (most characters have many
homonyms[3]). A rare character might not
up on the list.
The tens of millions of Chinese with rare characters in their names 2have long suffered the consequences, experiencing problems with
everything from buying airline tickets to opening bank accounts. A Chinese graduate student says none of her examination certificates has
ever
her full name, Chen Minqian. The rare min character, a poetical term for autumn, has been represented by zeros or
asterisks[4]. Many computers once had problems generating the name of Zhu Rongji, China's former prime minister,
to his rong
character, which is an unusual variant of a character meaning smelt.

For the police all this has become a particular problem with the introduction in 2004 of new identity cards with
than
microchips. Rather
better software, a senior police official has announced that the answer is to ban problematic characters.
3Reaction has not been entirely positive. One Chinese newspaper
that the new regulation would simply be for the convenience
of the police rather than for the good of the public. A government adviser was quoted in another as saying that the right of citizens to use
characters freely should be respected. 4The old hundred surnames, as ordinary citizens are often described in Chinese, would agree.
[QUIZ]
1. Fill in each blank with an appropriate form of each following verb. One verb can only and must
be chosen once.
handle, get, show, complain, issue, avoid embed, enter, thank, record
2. Translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.

1
2
3
4
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1. paucity n.
less than is needed of something [= lack]
e.g. a paucity of information
2.bestow v.
to give someone something of great value or importance
bestow something on/upon somebody
e.g. honours bestowed on him by the Queen
3.homonym n.
a word that is spelt the same and sounds the same as another, but is different in meaning or origin. For
example, the noun 'bear' and the verb 'bear' are homonyms
4.asterisk n.
a mark like a star (*), used especially to show something interesting or important
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]

minmn (:)
,
:();(,);()

zhn
ka
1462
56764 2320 18000

4520 6000
4 1
[TRANSLATION]
2004
agree
[KEY TO QUIZ]
Avoid issuing handle enter show recorded thanks embedded getting complained
TEXT 18
Has all the magic gone?
Apr 12th 2006
ON MARCH 27th a bathroom cleaner called Magic Nano went
(A)
sale in Germany. Three days later it was withdrawn from the market
after nearly 80 people reported severe respiratory problems and six were admitted
(B)
hospital with fluid on their lungs. Although most of
the symptoms soon cleared up, critics of nanotechnology, have been quick to identify this as 1one of the first examples of a sinister
technology run amok[1].
One problem (C)
this criticism is that the respiratory problems were noticed only with the aerosol[2] spray-can form of the product. No
problems have been reported with the same fluid in a pump bottle. Jrgen Kundke, of the Berlin-based Federal Institute for Risk Assessment,
a government group that reports on consumer-health protection, points to similar respiratory effects in a Swiss product several years ago that
was not marketed
(D)
a nanotechnology label.
Another problem with blaming nanotechnology is that Kleinmann, the manufacturer based in Sonnenbhl, Germany, also produces a range of
other products such as a windscreen[3] cleaner containing the self-same[4] nanotechnology. These have not harmed anyone.
The technology
(E)
question contains very tiny silicate[5] particles suspended in a fluid. When they are applied to a surface, these
particles block the minute crevices[6] in it, 2reducing the scope for dirt, moisture and bacteria to cling to the surface.
Neil McClelland, a spokesman
(F)
Kleinmann in Britain, said 3the signs so far were that the culprit was the anti-corrosion liquid
inside the propellant[7] can. The aerosol was the only product in the Magic Nano range that the company did not produceit came from a
supplier in Munich, called Hago, which also tested the product.
On April 10th representatives from Kleinmann met scientists in Berlin to brief them
(G)
Magic Nano's ingredients. The product inside the
aerosol was also cleared by the German consumer-protection agency just before the meeting.
Whatever the source of the problem, Kleinmann clearly has the responsibility to be sure that what it sells is safe. 4And this is where
nanosceptics have a point. No law yet states how to test nanotechnology.
Although manufacturers will always test the safety of their products, consumersand the companies themselvesmay fear that they are
missing tests needed to establish that nanotechnology products are safe. Nobody knows what such tests might be, especially for
particulates[8]. Regulators have been slow to issue guidance in spite of requests in Europe and America. The trouble is that government
scientists are themselves unsure
(H)
exactly what tests might be necessary.
Nanosceptics hoped that this most recent episode[9] would create a health scare
(I)
nanotechnology. In fact, the reverse seems to have
happened. Mr McClelland says that the publicity about Magic Nanoin particular, that it provides as much as six months' antibacterial
resistance
(J)
bathroomshas brought Kleinmann more business than ever. 5In the teeth of[10] the scare, Kleinmann's customers
seem to have concluded that the magic hasn't rubbed off.
[QUIZ]
1.
on, with, for, over, under, to, of
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
A
2.
1
2
3
4
5
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1.amok amuck adv.
run amok
a) to suddenly behave in a very violent and uncontrolled way:
e.g. Drunken troops ran amok in the town.
b) to get out of control and cause a lot of problems:
e.g. an age in which global capitalism has run amok
2.aerosol n.
a small metal container with liquid inside. You press a button on the container to make the liquid come out in
very small drops. [ spray ]
aerosol spray can
3.windscreen n.
British Englishthe large window at the front of a car, bus etc [= windshield American English]
windshield
windscreen wiper
4.selfsame adj.
exactly the same:
e.g. two great victories on the selfsame day
5.silicate n.
one of a group of common solid mineral substances that exist naturally in the Earth
6.crevice n.
a narrow crack in the surface of something, especially in rock:
e.g. small creatures that hide in crevices in the rock
7.propellant n.
1)an explosive for firing a bullet or rocket
2)gas which is used in an aerosol to spray out a liquid
8. particulates []n.
harmful dust in the air, especially produced by car engines
9.episode n.
1an event or a short period of time during which something happens: ()
e.g. Being named the best athlete of the year was an important episode in his life.
She decided she would try to forget the episode by the lake.
one of the most interesting episodes in his career

2a television or radio programme that is one of a series of programmes in which the same story is continued
each week: ()()
e.g. The next episode of this television movie will be shown on Friday.
10.in the teeth of sth.

in spite of opposition or danger from something:
e.g. Permission for the development was granted in the teeth of opposition from local shopkeepers.
get your teeth into something to start to do something with a lot of energy and determination:
e.g. I can't wait to get my teeth into the new course.

[TIPS & BACKGROUND]
nanotechnology 20 90 0.10100 nm
100 nm 10 nm
1000
99
[TRANSLATION]

3 27 80
6
Neil McClelland
Hago
4 10
McClelland 6
rub off
[KEY TO QUIZ]
A.
on on sale
B.
to admit to hospital
C.
with
D.
under
E.
in
F.
for
G. on
H. of
I.
over
J.
to
TEXT 19
Fair enough
Mar 30th 2006 | MEXICO CITY AND SAN JOS
MAKING good coffee is not a simple business. Coffee bushes must be grown in shadeneither too much, nor too little. A hillside is best
but it mustn't be too s______. After three years, the bushes will start to produce bright-red coffee cherries, which are picked, processed
to remove the pulp, and spread out to dry for days, ideally on concrete. They are m_______ again to separate the bean, which needs to rest,
preferably for a few months. 1Only then can it be roasted, ground and brewed into the stuff that dreams are quelled with[1].
In Mexico and parts of Central America, as in Colombia and Peru further south but not in Brazil, most coffee farmers are smallholders.
2They found it especially hard to deal with the recent slump[2] in the coffee price. The price has since recovered: the benchmark
price applied to m________ coffee now ranges from $1.11 to $1.14 per pound. That is roughly double its rock-bottom[3] level of
August 2002.
But the v_________ of their income makes it hard for farmers to invest to sustain their crop, says Fernando Celis of the Mexican National
Organisation of Coffee Growers. The slump forced many small farmers to switch to other crops, or migrate to cities. Mexico's exports of
coffee are less than half of what they were six years ago.
3For farmers, one way out of this dilemma is to decouple the price they are paid from the international commodities markets. This is the
a_______ of Fairtrade, a London-based organisation which certifies products as responsibly sourced. Fairtrade determines at what price
farmers make what it considers a reasonable profit. Its current calculation is that the appropriate figure is 10% above the market price.
W________, sales of Fairtrade-certified coffee have increased from $22.5m per year to $87m per year since 1998. This is still only a tiny
fraction of the overall world coffee trade, worth $10 billion annually. But there are plenty of other niche markets[4] for high-quality coffee.
Some small producers can c_________ more by marketing their coffee as organica switch which takes five years or soor birdfriendly 4because, unlike large, mechanised plantations, they have retained shade trees.
Starbucks, the Seattle-based coffee-bar c________, says it uses a similar formula to that of Fairtrade in buying its coffee. All is bought at a
fair price, says Peter Torrebiarte, who manages Starbucks' buying operation in Costa Rica.
5Some niches can be large. Only 6% of world o________ is of top quality, but in Costa Rica and Guatemala the figure rises to 60%,
says Mr Torrebiarte. Starbucks bought 37% of Costa Rica's entire coffee crop in the 2004-05 season, according to Adolfo Lizano of the
country's coffee institute.
Mexico lags behind its neighbours in extracting higher prices. But 95% of the coffee in Mexico is arabicathe type of bean demanded by
connoisseursrather than lower-grade robusta. Almost all of it is grown at a________, which also improves quality. So Mexico, too, has
the potential to compete on quality rather than price. Only by following the path forged by Costa Rica and Guatemala, says Mr Celis, can
Mexico's coffee growers survive in the world market. 6 For their part, discerning coffee drinkers can satisfy their palate and their
conscience at the same time.
[QUIZ]
1.
s______(adj. rising or falling at a sharp angle)
m______v. to crush grain, pepper, etc into flour
m_______adj. not very strong or hot-tasting
v_________n. likelihood to change suddenly and unexpectedly or suddenly become violent or angry
a_______n. something you hope to achieve by doing something
W________adj. everywhere in the world
c_________ v. to ask someone for a particular amount of money for something you are selling
c________n. a number of shops, hotels, cinemas etc owned or managed by the same company or
person
o________n. the amount of goods or work produced by a person, machine, factory etcproduction
10
a________n. the height of an object or place above the sea
2.
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
[1] quell
[transitive] formal
1to end a situation in which people are behaving violently or protesting, especially by using force [= put down]
quell the violence/disturbance/riot etc
Police used live ammunition to quell the disturbances.
2 literary to reduce or stop unpleasant feelings such as fear, doubt, or worry:
'Jerry?' she called, trying to quell the panic inside her.

[2] slump [countable, usually singular]
1 a sudden decrease in prices, sales, profits etc
slump in
a slump in car sales
2 a period when there is a reduction in business and many people lose their jobs [ boom]:
The war was followed by an economic slump.
a worldwide slump
3 especially American English a period when a player or team does not play well
in a slump
The Dodgers have been in a slump for the last three weeks.
[3]rock-bottom [only before noun]
a rock-bottom price is as low as it can possibly be:
bargain holidays at rock-bottom prices
[4] niche markets
niche [only before noun]
relating to selling goods to a particular small group of people who have similar needs, interests etc:
niche marketing
a niche market
a niche product
niche market niche
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]
25 30
Coffee Arabica Coffee Robusta

Arabica
Arabica-Natural Arabica
Arabica -Washed Arabica Robusta
Arabica 75~80%Robusta 20~25% 9 1
60 70% 20% 10%
6000
20 8 10
2000 1 2 1 4000
1 1 2 4-5
6 9
[TRANSLATION OF FULLTEXT]
1.11 1.14 2002 8
10 decouple from
decouplefrom
1998 2250 8700 100
6
60%2004 2005 37
95
[KEY TO QUIZ]
steep mill mild volatility aim Worldwide
charge chain output altitude
TEXT 20
Apocalypse Now?1

May 4th 2006 | LOS ANGELES
NLIKE many recent political documentaries, An Inconvenient Truth does not a_________ its fiercest fire at George Bush.
1 Surprising this, especially as the film stars Al Gore, the man whom President Bush narrowly [1] beat to the
White House in 2000. Instead, Davis Guggenheim, the film's director, tries to rise above American politics, addressing his film,
which is to be shown at the Cannes film festival 2 later this month, to the whole of the human race.
2000
2Mr Guggenheim's film is a fascinating and alarming polemic[2] that does, indeed, set out to speak to everyone. It was inspired
by the lectures and slide-show on global warming that Mr Gore has d__________ more than 1,000 times since he failed to become
president. The former vice-president is shown talking about what he calls our planetary emergency to groups of concerned Americans,
displaying the relaxed charm and sense of humour that he notably lacked as a political campaigner.
1000
The powers of cinema are used to extend his teaching techniques: before-and-after[3] photography from around the world, footage of iceshelves collapsing, animated maps and graphs, even an interlude[4] starring The Simpsons 3. These parts of the film, which
r_________ the entertaining science documentaries that Frank Capra4 made in the 1950s, 3 probably communicate as much
information as an audience in a cinema can be expected to digest in one sitting.
these parts of the film communicate

informationas much as an audience can
be expected to digest expect in a cinema in one sitting 20 50
In addition, the film tells a human story: how Mr Gore became an environmentalist, and the motives that have impelled him to devote the
past five years to playing the part of Paul Revere5, bearing his warning of approaching danger across the land. 4Orators have always
understood that their listeners must believe in the good character of the person addressing them if he is to have any chance of
winning them to his cause. To that end, Mr Guggenheim works away to humanise Mr Gore, who talks (as he has on other occasions) of
almost losing his six-year-old son in a traffic accident and seeing his sister die of lung cancera personal c_________ that spurred his
family to get out of the tobacco business.

The film's end-credits, which intersperse appeals to the s__________ with the names of the film-makers, do not actually include a Draft
Gore sticker. Even without such an overt bow, this portrait of Gore the Crusader[5] adds a political layer to the film's message which,
despite the director's supposedly non-partisan hopes, the press (and a lot of other people too) will make much of. With a bit of luck, however,
more attention will be paid to the message than to the messenger. 5If Mr Gore should happen to be right, and he may be, time is
running out faster than most of the world thinks.

Draft
Gore
[QUIZ]
1.
a________vt. to point a weapon or another object towards an intended goal
d________vt. to make a speech etc to a lot of people
r________vt. to remember a particular fact, event, or situation from the past
c________n. a disaster
s________n. someone who is watching an event or game; audience
2.
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1. narrowly adv.
1by only a small amount
He was narrowly defeated in the election.
One bullet struck his car, narrowly missing him.
A man narrowly escaped death when a fire broke out in his home on Sunday morning.
2in a limited way:

The law is being interpreted too narrowly.
These big general issues should be broken down into more narrowly focused questions.
2.polemic n.
1[C] a written or spoken statement that strongly criticizes or defends a particular idea, opinion, or person
2 [U] polemics the practice or skill of making written or spoken statements that strongly criticize or
defend a particular idea, opinion, or person
3. before-and-after adj.
4. interlude n.
1a period of time between two events or situations, during which something different happens:
2 a short period of time between the parts of a play, concert etc [=

intermission]
3a short piece of music, talk etc used to fill such a period
4a short romantic or sexual meeting or relationship:
5. crusader n.
[TIPS & BACKGROUND]

1.Apocalypse Now 1979
49 2001
Vittorio Storaro
I love the smell of napalm in the morning.

2. the Cannes film festivalFestival De Cannes
1946 1948 1949 1968

1957 1957
3.The Simpsons 17
20
4. Frank Capra18921991 1921
1926 H.
7
5. Paul Revere1775 4 18
[KEY TO QUIZ]
1. aim delivered recall catastrophe calamity spectator
2.

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Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Jan 19th 2006 | NEW YORK

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

1933 1954 9 2005

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Jan 26th 2006

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Feb 9th 2006

Danone, Kellogg, Nestl, Kraft PepsiCo

Cadbury Schweppes Masterfoods

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

1997 8% 2003 11%

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

1 cried foul cry foul

2 big-sellers seller big

Feb 9th 2006

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

1 make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom

Feb 16th 2006 | CORK AND LONDON

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

[5]fall from grace:

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Feb 16th 2006

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

deceive betray mislead beguile delude

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

irrelevant extraneous immaterial impertinent

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

a political scandal that was but a footnote to modern history.

1 all are echoes of a dynasty that survived for 600 years

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

that it reform internally it reform

[replyview]extended turned favour results towards dispute

Feb 16th 2006

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

2001 8000 16 40%

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

1according 2instead 3serious 4victim 5treating 6liberals 7available 8economics

Do you always defer to your parents wishes?

yield relent bow defer submit succumb

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

1decline 2.quarter 3.indigenous 4. guide 5.debate

[16]flash their money

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

the Deer Hunter

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

[2]stamp out do away with; eradicate

[4]roam vi.& vt.

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

Translated & Edited by Chen Jilong

[3]invoke vt.to invoke the powers of the law to present a crime.