Corrections from last time!!!!!!

1.)

Jovian planets
a.) Gas giants: Jupiter and Saturn
i.) 90% H and He, no definite
transition between atm and
surface
ii.) Super high, crushing
pressures
b.)

2.)

Ice giants: Uranus and Neptune

i.) 20% H and He: mainly
composed of heavier
elements
(1) O, C, N, S
ii.) Ice = supercritical fluids,
clathrates, superionic state
A planet must clear its neighborhood
a.) No objects in its orbit around
Sun

Earths Magnetic
Field

Magnetic field = region

affected by the force
emanating from a magnet
Repels other magnets
and charged particles
Dipole = two different ends
(North and South), bar
magnet
Opposites attract, like
repel
Northern polarity at
Southern geographic pole
Southern polarity at
Northern geographic pole

Earths Magnetic
Field

Solar wind = dangerous,

high-velocity charged particles
emitted from the Sun
Turns magnetic field into
tear drop shape
Shields against most charged
particles
Magnetosphere = region protected
from solar wind by magnetic field
Van Allen belts = 3,000 - 10,500
km from Earth,
Traps solar wind particles
and cosmic rays
Particles that penetrate Van Allen
belts are channeled along magnetic
field lines to polar regions of Earth

Earths
Atmosphere

Envelope of gas that surrounds the

planet
Formation
Early Earth volcanic
outgassing
Atm accumulates
Cools down enough for water
to condense
Oceans form
Atmosphere composition
78% Nitrogen
21% Oxygen
1% trace elements
Argon, carbon dioxide,
neon, methane, ozone,
carbon monoxide,
sulfur dioxide

Earths Atmosphere

Atmosphere accumulation
Density ( ) and air pressure
increase closer to surface
Air molecules packed
more tightly at base
atm
Measured in units of
pressure
Pressure = force/area, gh
At sea level

1 atm = 1.03 kg/cm2 or

14.7 lb/in2

1 atm = 101325 Pascals

Mt. Everest (8.85 km) = 0.3 atm

700-10,000 km is transition into space
vacuum
Temperature increases and decreases
also help subdivide the atmosphere

Thermosphere: 1500oC, where auroras occur,

where astronauts orbit the Earth

mesopause
Mesosphere: coldest parts of atm (-90oC),
where meteors burn

stratopause
Stratosphere: jet planes fly, location of ozone

tropopause
Troposphere: all weather occurs here

Po
s
e sib
qu ssay le
es
tio
n!!

Think-Pair-Share
Why do you think it is harder for humans to breathe at higher elevations?

Auroras

High energy particles from solar

wind that make it past the Van
Allen belts
Charged particles stream
along magnetic field lines
toward poles
Interact with gases in the
atmosphere which causes it to
glow
Aurora borealis = Northern
occurrence
Aurora australis = Southern
occurrence

Different colors of the auroras

Hydrosphere and
Biosphere

Hydrosphere = realm that

includes oceans, surface
water, and groundwater
Includes crysophere
Frozen portion
Biosphere = where all
living things live
A few km below
Earths surface and a
few km above into the
atmosphere

The Geosphere

Geosphere = solid Earth, surface

to center

Topography = variation in land

surface elevation
Bathymetry = variation of
seafloor depth

Includes
Continental shelf
Water depth is < 200 m,
transitions into abyssal
plain
Mid-ocean ridge (MOR)

Submarine mountain
belt, <2.5 km deep
Seamounts

One single submarine

mountain
Trenches

Submarine
troughs/canyons

3 Main Driving Forces

on Earth

Internal Energy
heat/thermal energy stored
or produced inside the
Earth
Drives plate tectonics,
earthquakes, volcanism,
mountain building
External Energy
Energy from the sun
Drives
circulation/convection of
atmosphere, hydrosphere,
and erosion
Gravity
Downward movement
Erosion, precipitation, flow,
etc.

Seismic Waves

Vibrations/shocks that pass

through the Earths surface
Originate on faults
Sudden break/slip along
crack or fraction in the
Earths surface
Earthquake = seismic waves
cause shaking on Earths surface
Wave velocities vary in different
materials
Tells us depth of
boundaries between layers
in Earths interior
Ultrasounds:patients insides::
seismic waves:Earths insides

Pressure and
Temperature inside
Earth

Pressure increase as depth

increases
Solid rock @ 1 km = 300
atm
Pressure at center of the Earth =
3,600,000 atm
Geothermal gradient
Upper crust = 20o-30oC/km
After that = increases by
10oC/km
35 km below continent
400 - 700oC
Mantle-core boundary
3500oC
Core
Estimated: 4700oC

Earths Interior:
The Crust

Moho = base of crust, 7-70 km

2 types of crust:

Oceanic

Found on seafloor

Oldest = 200 Ma

7-10 km thick

Top to bottom: clay and

shells, basalt, gabbro

On average: mafic ultramafic

= 3.3 g/cm3

Continental

Found on land surfaces

Oldest = 4.4 Ga

35-40 km thick

Ranges from felsic to

intermediate

granitic

= 2.7 g/cm3

Lithosphere and
Asthenosphere

Classified based on ability to flow

Rigid = bend/break, cant
flow
Plastic = soft, flow without
breaking
Lithosphere
Outer 100-150 km
Rigid
Crust + upper upper mantle
Crust DOES NOT EQUAL
lithosphere

Transition: occurs @ 1280oC

Asthenosphere
Under lithosphere
Plastic, flowy
Makes plate tectonics
possible

Earths Interior: The

Mantle

2885 km thick
Largest in volume
Ultramafic rock: peridotite
Most abundant rock on Earth
Seismic Wave Velocity Changes
Transition zone: 410-660 km
Upper mantle: 660 km
Lower mantle: 660-2900 km
Abrupt change in
mineral structure
Solid rock!
@ 100-150 km depth
High enough
temperature, soft
enough to flow
15 cm/year.
STILL NOT LIQUID!
Slow convection

Earths Interior:
The Core

Iron alloy

similar to gold
4% nickel
10% oxygen, sulfur, silicon
Outer core (2,900-5,155 km)
Liquid
Super hot, not even
greatest pressure could
keep atoms in solid
structure
Rapid flow/convection
Generates Earths
magnetic field
Inner core (5,155-6,371 km)
Solid
Atoms locked in crystal
structure by pressure

Think-Pair-Share

Why is the composition of Earths crust so different from the composition of the entire Earth?

Possible
essay
question!!

Composition of entire Earth

Composition of Earths crust