Asexual Reproduction

One parent: organism produces offspring without fertilization

Uniform offspring:
Because offspring inherit all of their DNA from one parent, they are genetically identical to
each other and to their parent

1. Fission:
Fission: Cell division in prokaryotes that forms two genetically identical cells
DNA is copied
The cell begins to grow longer, pulling the two copies apart
The cell membrane pinches inward in the middle of the cell
Cell splits to form two new uniform, identical offspring
Examples: bacteria, Ecoli, pond critters
2. Budding:
Budding: a new organism grows by mitosis and cell division on the body of its parent
The bud, or offspring is identical to the parent
The bud, when large enough, can break off of the parent and live on its own
Offspring may remain attached and form a colony
Examples: Yeast, Hydra, cactus
3. Regeneration:
Regeneration: occurs when an offspring grows from a piece of its parent.
Producing new organisms: Sea Stars
Sea urchins, sea cucumber, sponges, and planarians
Producing new body parts: Gecko
Newts, tadpoles, crabs, hydra, and zebra fish
4. Spore Formation:
Spores are produced and each spore develops into offspring which are identical to parent
happens in fungi, green algae, moulds and non flowering plants (e.g. ferns)
5. Vegetative Propagation:
Vegetative Propagation: uniform offspring grow from a part of a parent plant
Parent plants sends out runners
Where the runner touches the ground, roots can grow
A new plant is produced even if the runner is broken apart
Each new plant is uniform and identical to the parent.
Examples: strawberries, potatoes, ivy, crabgrass

The Components Of Ecosystems

1. Abiotic Factors
Non-living components of an ecosystem
The abiotic portion of the biosphere
consists of three parts .They are the;
- Atmosphere (Air)
- Hydrosphere (water)
- Lithosphere (Solid part: Soil, rock, sediments)
2. Biotic factors
Living components of an ecosystem
Functionally the living organisms can be grouped as,
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers

Ecological Niche
The ecological niche describes the role an organism plays in its environment. It consists of:
The species habitat.
The organisms activity
The resources it obtains from the environment.

Food Chain and Food Web

1. Food Chain
Flow of energy in an ecosystem is one way process.
The sequence of organism through which the energy flows, is known as food
chain.
o Plants are called producers (autotrophs) because they create their own food
through photosynthesis
o Animals are consumers (heterotrophs) because they cannot create their own
food, they must eat plants or other animals to get the energy that they need.

2. Food Web
Food web can be defined as, "a network of food chains which are
interconnected at various tropic levels, so as to form a number of
feeding connections amongst different
organisms
of a biotic
community".

Sexual Reproduction
A type of reproduction in which the genetic materials from two different cells combine,
producing an offspring
Combined cells are called sex cells or gametes
Female egg
Male sperm
Fertilization: an egg cell and a sperm cell join together
A new cell is formed and is called a zygote

Pollination: The transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma
Fertilization: The union of the male and female gametes to produce a fertilized egg
called zygote
Floral variation
1. Perfect flowers: Flowers with both stamens and pistils:
2. Imperfect flowers: Either pistillate (have pistil) or staminate (have stamens).
Reproductive floral organs
1. Carpel or pistil female reproductive organs; contains:
Stigma is where pollen sticks to
Style is the long tube that connects stigma to ovary
Ovary enlarged structure at the base of carpel/pistil where the ovules are
located; it will become the fruit.
Ovules contains female gametophyte, becomes the seed
2. Stamen male floral organ, consists of:
Anther part of the stamen that produces pollen
Filament stalk-like structure that holds anther
Pollen immature male gametophyte

Male

Female

Gamete sperm
Gonad testes
- spermatogenesisproduction of
sperm cell

Gamete egg
Gonad ovary
- oogenesis
production of
egg cell