aca American Gas Association AGA Report No. 3 ORIFICE METERING OF NATURAL GAS AND OTHER RELATED HYDROCARBON FLUIDS PART 1 General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines Copyright © American Gas Association and American Petroleum Institute 1990, 2003 All Rights Reserved American Gas Association 400 North Capitol Street, N.W., 4" Floor Washington, DC 20001 USA. Third Edition, October 1990 2nd Printing, June 2003 Catalog No. XQ9017DISCLAIMERS AND COPYRIGHT Nothing contained in this publication is to be construed as granting any right, by implication or otherwise, for the manufacture, sale, or use in connection with any method, apparatus, of product covered by letters patent, or as insuring anyone against liability for infringement of letters patent This publication was developed as a service to the natural gas industry and to the public. Use of this publication is voluntary and should be taken after an independent review of the applicable facts and circumstances. Efforts have been made to ensure the accurecy and reliability of the data contained in this publication; however, the American Gas Association (AGA) makes no representation, ‘warranty, or guarantee in connection with this publication and hereby expressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from its use or from the use of any product or methodology described herein; for any violation of any federal, state, or ‘municipal regulation with which this publication may conflict; or for the infringement of any patent from the use of this publication. Nothing contained in this publication should be viewed as an endorsement by AGA of any particular manufacturer's products. Permission is granted to republish material herein in laws or ordinances, and in regulations, administrative orders, or similar documents issued by public authorities. Those desiring permission for other publications should consult the Operations and Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 North Capitol Street, NW, 4" Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA. Copyright © 1990, 2003 American Gas Association and American Petroleum Institute, All Rights Reserved.FOREWORD AGA Report No. 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids, consists of four parts. This one is Part 1- General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines, Other parts are: Part 2 — Specification and Installation Requirements Part 3 — Natural Gas Applications Part 4 — Background, Development, Implementation Procedure, and ‘Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge Coefficient Equation Each of the four parts is published separately to facilitate future changes, allow immediate use, and reduce the size of the applicable part needed by most users. Although for many applications each part can be used independently, users with natural gas applications should ‘obtain Parts 2, 3 and 4 before implementing Part 1. This report applies to fluids that, for all practical purposes, are considered to be clean, single phase, homogeneous, and Newtonian, measured using concentric, square-edged, flange- tapped orifice meters: and the Part I of the report provides equations for computing the flow through orifice meters and offers guidelines for uncertainty determination. Users of pipe tap meters are referred to AGA Report No. 3, Part 3, for some equations and guidelines relevant to those meter This report has been developed through the cooperative efforts of many individuals from industry under the sponsorship of the American Gas Association, the American Petroleum Institute, and the Gas Processors Association, with contributions from the Chemical Manufacturers Association, the Canadian Gas Association, the European Community, Norway, Japan and others. It may become necessary to make revisions to this document in the future. Whenever any revisions are advisable, recommendations should be forwarded to the Operations and Engineering Section, American Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol Street, NW, 4" Floor, Washington, DC 20001, U.S.A. A form has been included at the end of this report for that purpose.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS From the initial data-collection phase through the final publication of this revision of the AGA Report No. 3, Orifice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids, many individuals have devoted time and technical expertise. However, a small ‘group of individuals has been very active for much of the project life. This group includes the following people: H, Bean, EL Paso Natural Gas Company (Retired) R. Beaty, Amoco Production Company, Committee Chairman D. Bell, NOVA Corporation T. Coker, Phillips Petroleum Company \W. Fling, OXY USA Inc. (Retired), Profect Manager J. Gallagher, Shell Pipe Line Corporation L. Hillburn, Phillips Petroleum Company (Retired) P. Hoglund, Washington Natural Gas Company (Retired) P. LaNasa, CPL & Associates G. Less, Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (Retired) J, Messmer, Chevron U.S.A. Ine. (Retired) R. Teyssandier, Texaco Ine. E. Upp K. West, Mobil Research and Development Corporation During much of the corresponding time period, a similar effort occurred in Europe. The following individuals provided valuable liaison between the two efforts: D. Gould, Commission of the European Communities F. Kinghorn, National Engineering Laboratory M, Reader-Harris, National Engincering Laboratory 4. Sattary, National Engineering Laboratory E. Spencer, Consultant J. Stolz, Consultant P. van der Kam, Gasunie ‘The American Petroleum Institute provided most of the funding for the research project. ‘Additional support was provided by the American Gas Association and the Gas Processors ‘Association, Special thanks is given to the Gas Research Institute and K. Kothari for ‘providing funding and manpower for the natural gas calculations used in this project and to the National Institute of Standards and Technology in B oulder, Colorado, for additional flow work. J. Whetstone and J. Brennan were responsible for the collection of water data at the ‘National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. C. Britton, S. Caldwell, and W. Seidl of the Colorado Engineering Experiment Station Inc., were responsible for the oil data. G. Less, J. Brennan, J. Ely, C. Sindt, K. Starling, and R. Ellington were responsible for the Natural Gas Pipeline of America test data on natural gas. ‘Over the years many individuals have been a part of the Chapter 14.3 Working Group and its many task forces. The List below is the roster of the working group and its task forces at the time of publication but is by 20 means a complete list of the individuals who participated in the development of this document. R. Adamski, Exxon Chemical Americas ~ BOP R. Bass 'M. Bayliss, Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd. R. Beaty, Amoco Production Company D. Bell, NOVA Company B. Bey J. Bosio, StatoilJ. Brennan, National Institute of Standards and Technology E. Buxton S. Caldwell R. Chitim, American Petroleum Insitute TT. Coker, Phillips Petroleum Company H. Colvard, Exxon Company, U.S.A. L. Datta-Barua, United Gas Pipeline Company D. Embry, Phillips Petroleum Company W. Fling J. Gallagher, Shell Pipe Line Corporation V. Gebben, Kerr- McGee Corporation B. George, Amoco Production Company G. Givens, CNG Transmission Corporation TT. Glazebrook, Tenneco Gas Transportation Company D. Goedde, Texas Gas Transmission Corporation . Gould, Commission of the European Communities K. Gray, Phillips Petroleum Company IR. Hankinson, Phillips 66 Natural Gas Company R. Haworth E. Hickl, Union Carbide Corporation L. Hillburn P. Hoglund, Washington Natural Gas Company J. Hord, National Institute of Standards and Technology E. Jones, Jt, Chevron Oil Field Research Company M. Keedy K. Kothari, Gas Research Institute P.LaNasa G. Less G. Lynn, Oklahoma Natural Gas Company R. Maddox G. Mattingly, National Institute of Standards and Technology B. McConaghy. NOVA Corporation C.Mentz L. Nomis, Exxon Production Research Company K. Olson, Chemical Manufacturers Association A. Raether, Gas Company of New Mexico E, Raper, OXY USA, Inc. W. Ryan, El Paso Naiural Gas Company R Segers J. Sheffield S. Stark, Williams Natural Gas Company K Starling Stolz J. Star, Pacific Gas and Electric Company W, Studzinski, NOVA/Husky Research Company M. Sutton, Gas Processors Association R. Teyssandier, Texaco Inc. V. Ting, Chevron Oil Field Research Company L. Traweek, American Gas Association E.Upp F. Van Orsdol, Chevron U.S.A. Inc. N. Watanabe, National Research Laboratory of Metrology, Japan K_ West, Mobil Research and Development Corporation P, Wilcox, Total of FranceJ. Williams, Oryx Energy Company M. Williams, Amoco Production Company E. Woomer, United Gas Pipeline Company CC. Worrell, OXY USA, Inc.CONTENTS 1.1 Introduction : LI Scope ~ 1.1.2. Organization of Standard 1.13 Referenced Publications 1.2. Field of Application 1.2.1 Applicable Fluids 1.2.2 Types of Meters .. 123. Uncertainty of Measurement 1.3. Method of Calculation 14 Symbols .. 15 Definit 15.1 Primary Element 1.52 Pressure Measurement 15.3 Temperature Measurement 1.54 Flow Rate Determination 15.5 Fluid Physical Properties .. 15.6 Base Conditions 1.5.7 Sensitivity Coefficient .. 15.8. Meter Factor 1.6 Orifice Flow Equation . 1.6.1 Velocity of Approach Factor 1.62. Orifice Plate Bore Diameter 1.63 Meter Tube Internal Diameter 1.7 Empirical Coefficient of Discharge 1.7.1 Regression Data Base .. 1.7.2. Empirical Coeficient of Discharge Equation for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters Reynolds Number Flow Conditions Pulsating Flow 1.8. Empirical Expansion Factor for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters. 1.8.1 Upstream Expansion Factor 1.82 Downstream Expansion Factor 19° In-Situ Calibration .. 19.1 General. 1.9.2. Meter Correction Factor 1.10 Fluid Physical Properties... 1.10.1 Viscosity 1.102. Density 11103 Isentropie Exponent 1.11. Unit Conversion Factors. LILI Orifice Flow Equation 1.11.2. Reynolds Number Equation 1.113 Expansion Factor Equation 1114 Flow Rate per Unit of Time Conversion1.12. Practical Uncertainty Guidelines .. L121 General 1.122. Uncertainty Over a Flow Range 1.12.3. Uncertainty of Flow Rate .. 1.124 ‘Typical Uncertainties 1.125 Example Uncertainty Calculations APPENDIX |-A—REFERENCES APPENDIX 1-B—DISCHARGE COI ORIFICE METERS APPENDIX 1-C—ADJUSTMENTS FOR INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION ANDUSE ... 1-2—Orifice Tapping Location 1-3—Contribution to Flow Error due to Differential Pressure Instrumentation 1-4—Empirical Coefficient of Discharge: Uncertainty at Infinite Reynolds Number 1-5—Relative Change in Uncertainty: Dependence on Reynolds Number 1-6—Practical Uncertainty Levels... Tables 1-1—Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1-2—Orifice Flow Rate Equation: Unit Conversion Factor 1-3—Reynolds Number Equation: Unit Conversion Factor 1-4—Empirical Expansion Factor Equation: Unit Conversion Factor 1-5—Uncertainty Statement for Empirical Expansion Factor .. 1-6—Example Uncertainty Estimate for Liquid Flow Calculation. 1-7—Example Uncertainty Estimate for Natural Gas Flow Calculation 1-B-1—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 2-Inch (50-Millimeter) Meter corn se 1-B-2—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 3-Inch (75-Millimeter) Meter 1-B-3—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters. ‘Nominal 4-Inch (100-Millimeter) Meter... = 1-B-4—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: ‘Nominal 6-Inch (150-Millimeter) Meter... 1-B-S—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: ‘Nominal 8-Inch (200-Millimeter) Meter. 1-B-6—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: ‘Nominal 10-Inch (250-Millimeter) Meter 1-B-7—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: ‘Nominal 12-Inch (300-Millimeter) Meter 1-B-8—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: ‘Nominal 16-Inch (400-Millimeter) Meter 1-B-9—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meter ‘Nominal 20-Inch (500-Millimeter) Meter... 1-B-10—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 24-Inch (600-Millimeter) Meter... I-B-11—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Mete! Nominal 30-Inch (750-Millimeter) Meter vi a a 43 47 48 9PART 1 ~GENERAL EQUATIONS AND UNCERTAINTY GUIDELINES: 4.4 Introduction 4.4.1 SCOPE This standard provides a single reference for engineering equations, uncertainty estima- tions, construction and installation requirements, and standardized implementation recom- mendations for the calculation of flow rate through concentric, square-edged, flange-tapped orifice meters. U.S. customary [Inch-Pound (IP)] and International System of Units (SI) are included. 1.1.2 ORGANIZATION OF STANDARD ‘The standard is organized into four parts, Parts 1, 2, and 4 apply to the measurement of any Newtonian fluid in the petroleum and chemical industries. Part 3 focuses on the appli- cation of Parts 1, 2, and 4 to the measurement of natural gas. 4.4.2.4 Part 1~ General Equations and Uncertainty Guidelines The mass flow rate and base (or standard) volumetric flow rate equations are discussed, ‘along with the terms required for solution of the flow equation. ‘The empirical equations for the coefficient of discharge and expansion factor are pre- sented. However, the bases for the empirical equations are contained in other sections of this, standard or the appropriate reference document. For the proper use of this standard, a discussion is presented on the prediction (or deter- mination) of the fluid’s properties at flowing conditions. The fluid’s physical properties shall bbe determined by direct measurements, appropriate technical standards, or equations of state. Uncertainty guidelines are presented for determining the possible error associated with the use of this standard for any fluid application. User-defined uncertainties for the fluid’s physical properties and auxiliary (Secondary) devices are required to solve the practical ‘working formula for the estimated uncertainty, 4.1.2.2. Part 2— Specification and Installation Requirements Specifications are presented for orifice meters, in particular, orifice plates, orifice plate holders, sensing taps, meter tubes, and flow conditioners. Installation requirements for orifice plates, meter tubes, thermometer wells, flow conditioners, and upstream/downstream meter tube lengths are presented, 4.1.2.3 Part 3- Natural Gas Applications ‘The application of this standard to natural gas is presented, along with practical ‘guidelines. Mass flow rate and base (or standard) volumetric flow rate methods are presented in conformance with North American industry practices.1.1.2.4 Part 4— Background, Development, and Implementation Procedure and Subroutine Documentation for Empirical Flange-Tapped Discharge Coefficient Equation The coefficient of discharge database for flange-tapped orifice meters and its background, development, and limitations are presented. Implementation procedures for flange-tapped orifice meters are presented, along with a set of example calculations. The examples are designed to aid in checkout procedures for any routines that are developed using the implementation procedures. 4.4.3 REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS Several documents served as references for the revision of this standard. In particular, previous editions of AGA Report No.3 (ANSI'/API 2530; Chapter 14.3) provided a wealth of information, The laboratory reports for the experimental databases also provided valuable information concerning the control of independent variables, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Other publications, symposium proceedings, trade journals, textbooks, and society papers were consulted for the revision of this standard. ‘A complete bibliography is available upon request from the American Petroleum Insti- tute, A reduced list, referencing the major experimental research, is contained in Appendix LA. 4.2 Fleld of Application 1.2.1 APPLICABLE FLUIDS ‘This standard applies to steady-state mass flow conditions for fluids that, for all practical purposes, are considered to be clean, single phase, homogeneous, and Newtonian and have pipe Reynolds numbers of 4000 or greater. All gases, most liquids, and most dense phase fluids associated with the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries are usually ‘considered Newtonian fluids. 1.22 TYPES OF METERS This standard provides design, construction, and installation specifications for flange- tapped, concentric, square-edged orifice meters of nominal 2-inch Schedule 160 and larger pipe diameters, ‘An orifice meter is a fluid flow-measuring device that produces a differential pressure to infer flow rate. The meter consists of the following elements (see Figure 1-1): a. A thin, concentric, square-edged orifice pate. . An orifice plate holder consisting of a set of orifice flanges (or an orifice fitting) equipped. with the appropriate differential pressure sensing taps. c. A meter tube consisting of the adjacent piping sections (with or without flow condition- ers). ‘The auxiliary (secondary) devices necessary for the precise determination of flow rate are not included in the scope of this standard. These devices are usually instruments that sense the differential and static pressure, fluid temperature, and fluid density and/or relative density (specific gravity), and either mechanical recording devices or electronic calculators. Publications of the AGA, API, GPA’, and others should be used to specify and install these auxiliary (secondary) devices. "pmercan National Standards Institute, 25 West 43" Stet, New York, New York 10036 American Gas Association, 400 N. Capitol Steet, NW, Washington, DC 20001 Gas Processors Assocation, 6526 East 60 Sires, Tulsa, Oklshoma 74145,Ww) eee | arene | LUpsream pling section Downstream ping section 0) etc pate noise Banges or fing) taining van assay (pon) [> wate et meme a () comrem oes (ou) men Figure 1-1 ~ Orifice Meter 1.23 UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENT Many factors influence the overall measurement uncertainty associated with a metering application. Major contributors include construction tolerances in the meter components, tolerances of empirical coefficient of discharge data bases or in-situ flow calibrations, pre- dictability of and variations in the fluid’s physical properties, and uncertainties associated with the auxiliary (secondary) devices. ‘Using the guidelines contained in this standard in combination with the associated uncertainty tolerances for the fluid’s physical properties, in-situ calibrations, or coefficient of discharge data bases, and the appropriate auxiliary (secondary) devices, the user can estimate the overall measurement uncertainty associated with a properly designed, installed, and ‘maintained thin plate, concentric, square-edged orifice metering application. 1.3. Method of Calculation This standard provides recommended standardized calculation implementation methods for the quantification of fluid flow under defined conditions, regardless of the point of origin or destination or the units of measure required by governmental customs or statute, The recommended implementation procedures provided in AGA Report No.3, Part 4, allow different entities using various computer languages on different computing hardware to arrive at nearly identical results using the same standardized input data. ‘The following two recommended implementation procedures have been prepared to il- Iustrate the standardized set of mathematical expressions and sequencing, including itera- tion/rounding techniques:a. Mass flow rate. b. Standard volumetric flow rate. ‘The procedures presented address only the solution of the fiow rate equation and require specific inputs (fixed and variable). Typical fixed inputs include meter tube internal diamn- eter, orifice plate bore diameter, and linear coefficient of expansion for steels (pipe and orifice plate). Typical variable inputs may include differential and static pressure, temper- ature, fluid density, isentropic exponent for compressible fluids, and fluid viscosity. ‘The fluid’s physical properties shall be determined by direct measurements, appropriate technical standards, or equations of state. If multiple parties are involved in the measure- ‘ment, the appropriate technical method selected for determining the fluid’s physical prop- erties shall be mutually agreed upon. 1.4 Symbols This standard reflects orifice meter application to fluid flow measurement with symbols. in general technical use. Symbol Represented Quantity Ce Orifice plate coefficient of discharge. CAFT) Coefficient of discharge ata specified pipe Reynolds number for flange-tapped orifice meter. C, Coefficient of discharge at infinite pipe Reynolds number. CACT) Coefficient of discharge at infinite pipe Reynolds number for comer-tapped orifice meter. CAET) Coefficient of discharge at infinite pipe Reynolds number for flange-tapped orifice meter. Specific heat at constant pressure. ‘Specific heat at constant volume. Orifice plate bore diameter calculated at flowing temperature, T; Orifice plate bore diameter measured at T,. Orifice plate bore diameter at reference temperature, 7, ‘Meter tube intemal diameter calcalated at flowing temperature, 7} Meter tube internal diameter measured at T,. Meter tube internal diameter at reference temperature, 7, Orifice differential pressure, ‘Temperature, in degrees Celsius. ‘Temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit. ‘Temperature, in kelvins. ‘Temperature, in degrees Rankine, ‘Velocity of approach factor. Dimensional conversion constant. Ideal gas relative density (specific gravity). Isentropic exponent. Ideal gas isentropic exponent. Perfect gas isentropic exponent. Real gas isentropic exponent. In-situ calibration meter factor. ‘Molar mass of air. Mrgz Molar mass of gas. N, Unit conversion factor (orifice flow). Nz Unit conversion factor (Reynolds number), Ny Unit conversion factor (expansion factor). 'N, — Unitconversion factor (discharge coefficient). P, Base (reference or standard) pressure. PAnadRSPvahaco Pe Be.DAE Ps Po Static pressure of fluid atthe pressure tap. ‘Absolute static pressure a the orifice upstream differential pressure tap. Absolute static pressure a the orifice downstream differential pressure tap. Mass flow rate, ‘Mass flow rate indicated by the orifice meter being calibrated. Mass fiow rate determined by the primary mass flow system (or master meter). Volume fiow rate at flowing (actual) conditions. ‘Volume fiow rate indicated by the orifice meter being calibrated. ‘Volume flow rate at base (standard) conditions. Universal gas constant. ‘Roughness average value from continuously averaging meter readings. Pipe Reynolds number. ‘Temperature, Base (reference or standard) temperature. ‘Temperature of fluid at flowing conditions. ‘Temperature of the orifice plate or meter tube at time of diameter measure- ments. Reference temperature of orifice plate bore diameter andlor meter tube inside diameter. Ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure. Ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure atthe upstream pres- sure tap. Sensitivity coefficient (influence coefficient). Expansion factor. Expansion factor based on upstream absolute static pressure. Expansion factor based on downstream absolute static pressure. Fluid compressibility at flowing conditions. ‘Compressibility ofthe fuid flowing at the upstream pressure tap location. Compressibility ofthe fluid flowing at the downstream pressure tap location. Linear coefficient of thermal expansion. Linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the orifice plate material Linear coefficient of thermal expansion of the meter tube material. Ratio of orifice diameter to meter tube diameter calculated at flowing condi- tions. Absolute viscosity of fluid lowing. Universal constant. Density of the fluid. Density of the fluid at base conditions (P,, 7). Density of the fui at flowing conditions (P, 7). 1.5 Definitions ‘This standard reflects orifice meter application to fluid flow measurement. The defini- tions are given to emphasize the particular meaning of the terms as used in this standard. 154 PRIMARY ELEMENT ‘The primary clement is defined asthe orifice plate, the orifice plate holder with its asso- ciated differential pressure sensing taps, and the meter tube. 1.5.1.1 Orifice Plate ‘The orifice plat is defined as a shin plate in which a circular concentric aperture (bore) has been machined. The orifice plate is described as a thin plae with sharp, square edge be-cause the thickness of the plate material is small, compared with the internal diameter of the ‘measuring aperture (bore), and because the upstream edge of the measuring aperture is sharp and square. 1.5.1.2 Orifice Plate Bore Diameter (0, dm d,) ‘The calculated orifice plate bore diameter (d) is the intemal diameter of the orifice plate ‘measuring aperture (bore) computed at flowing temperature (T), as specified in 1.6.2. The calculated orifice plate bore diameter (d) is used in the flow equation for the determination of flow rate. The measured orifice plate bore diameter (d,) is the measured internal diameter of the otifice plate measuring aperture at the temperature of the orifice plate (Tq) at the time of bore diameter measurements, determined as specified in AGA Report No.3, Part 2. ‘The reference orifice plate bore diameter (¢,) is the internal diameter of the orifice plate ‘measuring aperture at reference temperature (7,), calculated as specified in AGA Report No. 3, Part 2. The reference orifice plate bore diameter is the certified or stamped orifice plate bore diameter. 1.5.1.3 Orifice Plate Holder aset of piping The orifice plate holder is defined as a pressure-containing piping element, such orifice flanges or an orifice fitting, used to contain and position the orifice plate in system, 1.5.1.4 Meter Tube ‘The meter tube is defined as the straight sections of pipe, including all segments that are integral to the orifice plate holder, upstream and downstream of the orifice plate, as speci- fied in AGA Report No.3, Part 2, 1.5.1.5 Meter Tube Internal Diameter (D, Dn, D,) The calculated meter tube internal diame:er (D) is the inside diameter of the upstream section of the meter tube computed at flowing temperature (7), as specified in 1.6.3. The calculated meter tube internal diameter (D) is used in the diameter ratio and Reynolds num- ‘ber equations. ‘The measured meter tube internal diameter (D,) is the outside diameter of the upstream section of the meter tube at the temperature of the meter tube (7) at the time of internal di- ameter measurements, determined as specified in AGA Report No.3, Part 2. The reference meter tube intemal diameter (D,) is the inside diameter of the upstream section of the meter tube at the reference temperature (7,), calculated as specified in AGA report No.3, Part 2. The reference meter tube internal diameter is the certified or stamped meter tube intemal diameter. 1.5.1.6 Diameter Ration (8) ‘The diameter ration (B) is defined as the calculated orifice plate bore diameter (d) divided by the calculated meter tube internal diameter (D). 4.5.2 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT 1.5.24 Tap Hole ‘A tap hole is a hole drilled radially in the wall of the meter tube or orifice plate holder, the inside edge of which is flush and without any burrs.1522 Flange Taps Flange taps are a pair of tap holes positioned as follows (see Figure 1-2): . The upstream tap center is located 1 inch (25.4 millimeters) upstream of the nearest plate face. ». The downstream tap center is located 1 inch (25.4 millimeters) downstream of the near- est plate face. 1.5.2.3 Differential Pressure (4P) ‘The differential pressure (AP) is the static pressure difference measured between the up- stream and downstream flange taps. 1.5.2.4 Static Pressure (P) ‘The static pressure (P,) is the absolute flowing fluid pressure measured at one of the flange tap holes. The absolute pressure may be measured directly or can be obtained by adding local barometric pressure to measured gange pressure: Absolute static pressure = Gauge static pressure + Local barometric pressure Upstream tap ft Downstream tap FLANGE-TAPPED ORIFICE METER. Figure 1-2—Orifice Tapping Location1.5.3 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT (T;) ‘The temperature is the flowing fluid temperature (7;) measured at the designated up- stream or downstream location, as specified in AGA Report No.3, Part 2. In flow measurement applications where the fluid velocity is well below sonic, itis com- ‘mon practice to insert a temperature-sensing device in the middle of the flowing stream to obtain the flowing temperature, For practical applications, the sensed temperature is as- summed to be the static temperature of the flowing fluid. The use of flowing temperature in this part of the standard requires the temperature to be measured in degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius. However, if the flowing temperature is used in an equation of state to determine the density of the flowing fluid, it may require that the Fahrenheit or Celsius values be converted to absolute temperature values of degrees Rankine or Kelvin through the following relationships: °R = °F + 459.67 K = C+273.15 1.5.4 FLOWRATE DETERMINATION 1.5.4.4 Orifice Flow Rate (dm qv, Q,) ‘The orifice flow rate is the mass or volume flow through an orifice meter per unit of time. 1.5.4.2 Orifice Plate Coefficient of Discharge (C,) The orifice plate coefficient of discharge (Ci) is the ratio of the true flow to the theoretical flow and is applied to the theoretical flow equation to obtain the actual (true) flow. 1.5.4.3 Velocity of Approach (E,) ‘The velocity of approach factor (E,) is a mathematical expression that relates the velocity of the flowing fluid in the orifice meter approach section (upstream meter tube) to the fluid velocity in the orifice plate bore. 1.5.4.4 Expansion Factor (Y) ‘The expansion factor (¥) is an empirical expression used to correct the flow rate for the reduction in fluid density that a compressible fluid experiences when it passes through the orifice plate bore, 4.5.4.5 Pipe Reynolds Number (Rep) ‘The pipe Reynolds number is a dimensionless ratio of forces used to correlate the vari- ations in the orifice plate coefficient of discharge (C,) with changes in the fluid’s properties, flow rate, and orifice meter geometry. 1.5.5 FLUID PHYSICAL PROPERTIES 1.5.5.1 Density (Pip ps) ‘The flowing fluid density (p,,) is the mass per unit volume of the fluid being measured at flowing conditions (7 P). The base fluid density (o,) is the mass per unit volume of the fluid being measured at base conditions (Ty, Py) 1.5.5.2 Absolute Viscosity (u) The absolute viscosity (x) is the measure of a fluid’s imtermolecular cohesive force’s re~ sistance to shear per unit of time.1.55.3 Compressibility (Z) ‘The compressibility (Z) is an adjustment factor used to account for the deviation from the ‘deal gas law. 1.5.5.4. Isentropic Exponent (k) ‘The isentropic exponent ({) is a thermodynamic state property that establishes the rela- tionship between an expanding fluid’s pressure and density as the fluid flows through the orifice plate bore. 1.5.6 BASE CONDITIONS (P,, 7,) Historically, the flow measurement of some fluids, such as custody transfer and process ‘control, have been stated in volume units at base (reference or standard) conditions of pres- sure and temperature. “The base conditions forthe flow measurement of fluids, such as crude petroleum and its liquid products, whose vapor pressure is equal to or less than atmospheric at base temper- ature are defined in the United States as a pressure of 14.696 pounds per square inch abso- lute (101.325 kilopascals) at a temperature of 60.0°F (15.56°C). According to the International Standards Organization, base conditions are defined as a pressure of 14.696 pounds per square inch absolute (101.325 kilopascals) at a temperature of 59.00°F (5.00°C) For fluids, such as liquid hydrocarbons, whose vapor pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure at base temperature, the base pressure is customarily designated as the equilibrium ‘vapor pressure at base temperature, ‘The base conditions for the flow measurement of natural gases are defined in the United States as a pressure of 14.73 pounds per square inch absolute (101.560 kilopascals) at a temperature of 60.0°F (15.56°C). According to the Intemational Standards Organization, base conditions are defined as a pressure of 14,696 pounds per square inch absolute (101.325 kilopascals) at a temperature of 59.00°F (15.00°C). For both liquid and gas applications, these base conditions can change from one country to the next, one state to the next, or one industry to the next. Therefore, itis necessary that the base conditions be identified for standard volumetric flow measurement. 1.5.7 SENSITIVITY COEFFICIENT (S) Inestimating the uncertainty associated with the metering facility, a number of variables ‘must be combined. The mathematical relationships among the variables establish the sen- sitivity of the metered quantities to each of these variables. As such, each variable that may influence the flow equation has a specific sensitivity coefficient. The derivation of this coef- ficient is based on a mathematical relationship or estimated from calculations, tables, or curves. 1.5.8 METER FACTOR (MF) ‘The meter factor (MF) is a number obtained by dividing the quantity of fluid measured by the primary mass flow system by the quantity indicated by the orifice meter during cal- ‘bration. 1.6 Orifice Flow Equation ‘The accepted one-dimensional equation for mass flow through a concentric, square edged orifice meter is stated in Equation 1-1 or 1-2. The derivation is based on conservation, ‘of mass and energy, one-dimensional fluid dynamics, and empirical functions such as equa- tions of state and thermodynamic process statements. Any derivation is accurate when all the assumptions used to develop it are valid. As a result, an empirical orifice plate coeffi-« cient of discharge is applied to the theoretical equation to adjust for multidimensional vis- cous fluid dynamic effects. In addition, an empirical expansion factor is applied to the the- oretical equation to adjust for the reduction in fluid density that a compressible fluid experiences when it passes through an orifice plate. The fundamental orifice meter mass flow equation is as follows: n= CaE,Y aI) a VIR, AP 4) Where: orifice plate coefficient of discharge, orifice plate bore diameter calculated at flowing temperature (T,). velocity of approach factor. dimensional conversion constant. universal constant = 3.14159, ‘mass flow rate, density of the uid at lowing conditions (P, 7;). ‘The practical orifice meter flow equation wsed in this standard is a simplified form that ‘combines the numerical constants and unit conversion constants in a unit conversion factor Wy: Gn = NiCAE,YE?YD, AP a2 Where: Cy = orifice plate coefficient of discharge. d = orifice plate bore diameter calculatec at flowing temperature (T)). AP = orifice differential pressure. E, = velocity of approach factor. unit conversion factor. = mass flow rate. density of the fluid at flowing conditions (P, T,). Y = expansion factor. ‘The expansion factor, ¥ is included in Equations 1-1 and 1-2 because it is applicable to all single-phase, homogeneous Newtonian fluids. For incompressible uid, such as water at 60°F (15.56°C) and atmospheric pressure, the empirical expansion factor is defined as 1.0000. ‘The orifice plate coefficient of discharge, C,, and the expansion factor, ¥, are empirical functions derived from experimental data. ‘The orifice meter is a mass meter from which a differential pressure signal is developed as a function of the velocity of the fluid as it rasses through the orifice plate bore. Manip- ulation of the density variable in the equation fermi calculation of flow rate in either mass or volume units. The volumetric flow rate at flowing (actual) conditions can be calculated using the following equation: = %lPop a3) ‘The volumetric flow rate at base (standard) conditions can be calculated using the follow- ing equation: a4 ‘The mass flow rate (q,) can be converted to a volumetric flow rate at base (standard) ‘conditions (Q,) if the fluid density atthe base conditions (p,) can be determined or is speci fied. ‘The unit conversion factor, N,, is defined ard presented in 1.11.“ 4.6.1 VELOCITY OF APPROACH FACTOR (E,) ‘The velocity of approach factor, E,, is calculated as follows: as) And, f-aD a-6 Where: d = orifice plate bore diameter calculated at flowing temperature (7). D= meter tube intemal diameter calculated at lowing temperature (7;). 1.6.2 ORIFICE PLATE BORE DIAMETER (4) The orifice plate bore diameter, d, is defined as the diameter at flowing conditions and can be calculated using the following equation: d= d{l + adT;~ 7) a-7) ‘Where: 4; = linear coefficient of thermal expansion for the orifice plate material (see Table 1-1). d = orifice plate bore diameter calculated at flowing temperature (77). d,, = reference orifice plate bore diameter at 7,. T= temperature of the fluid at flowing conditions. T, = reference temperature of the orifice plate bore diameter. Note: a, J; and 7;-must be in consistent units. For the purpose of this standard, 7, is assumed tobe 68°F (20°C). ‘The orifice plate bore diameter, d, calculated at 7, is the diameter determined in accor- dance with the requirements contained in AGA Report No.3, Part 1.6.3. METER TUBE INTERNAL DIAMETER (D) ‘The meter tube internal diameter, D, is defined as the diameter at flowing conditions and ccan be calculated using the following equation: D = Dell + ax(ty ~ TO a-8) Where: @; = linear coefficient of thermal expansion for the meter tube material (see Table 1-1). D_ = meter tube internal diameter calculated at flowing temperature (Z,)- efficient of Thermal Expansion Linear Coeicient of U.S. Units Mei Unis ——_— Material __Gnfn*)_ (amin 20) ‘Type 304 and 316 sainiess ste” 0.00000925 0.0000167 Monel 0,00000755 0.0000143 Carbon ste 0.00000620 0.0000112 "Note: For flowing temperature conditions ouside those stated above and for other material, refer tothe American society fr Meals Metals Handbook "For flowing conditions between ~100°F and +300°F, refer to ASME PTC 95. "Fr ovig on between 1 tr hap 12S2 reference meter tube internal diameter at 7. ‘temperature of the fluid at flowing conditions. reference temperature of the meter tube internal diameter. "Note: a, Tj and 7; must be inconsistent units. For the rurpose ofthis standard, Tis assumed to be 68°F (20°C). ‘The meter tube internal diameter, D,, calculated at T, is the diameter determined in ac- cordance with the requirements contained in AGA Report No.3, Part 2 1.7 Empirical Coefficient of Discharge Empirical coefficients of discharge for flange-tapped orifice meters have been determined from experimental data by comparing the measured and theoretical flow rates. A major factor in the definition of the experimental patterns for this orifice research was dynamic similarity. Using Reynolds’ Law of Similarity, experimental correlations can be applied 10 dynamically similar meters. To accurately predict the coefficient of discharge, C, (FT), for a flange-tapped orifice ‘meter manufactured to the specifications of this standard, certain parameters concerning the orifice moter and the fluid must be known, The relationships between these functions can be simplified for application to commercial use. In fact, the coefficient of discharge can be shown to depend on a number of parameters, the major ones being the Reynolds number (Rep), sensing tap location, meter tube diameter (D), and f ratio: Cy = flRep, Sensing tap location, D, f) In 1978, Jean Stolz presented an equation form that correlates the near vicinity taps for orifice meters based on the near field static wall pressure gradient, A complete discussion of the bases of the equation is beyond the scope of this standard. However, the bibliography contained in Appendix 1-A will allow the reader to further explore this technical discussion. 1.71 REGRESSION DATA BASE Working jointly, a group of technical experts from the United States, Europe, Canada, Norway, and Japan have developed an equation using the Stolz linkage form that fits the Regression Data Set more accurately than have previously published equations. The new ‘equation was developed from a significantly larger data base than was previously used for discharge coefficient equation development. The Regression Data Set consists of data taken on four fluids (oil, water, natural gas, and air) from different sources, 11 different laboratories, on 12 different meter tubes of differing origins and more than 100 orifice plates of differing origins. ‘The data provided a pipe Reynolds number range from accepted turbulent flow of 4000 to 36,000,000 on which to select the best model. The orifice configurations included flange, comer, and radius taps. Noinal pipe sizes investigated were 2, 3, 4, 6, and 10 inches, in compliance with AGA Report No.3 (ANSV/API 2530) specifications. Nominal f ratios used in the equation determination were 0.100, 0.200, 0.375, 0.500, 0.575, 0.660, and 0.750. The bivariate data (Cs, Rep) were measured in a manner appropriate for the test fluid and laboratory. The method of determining mass flow rate, expansion factor, fluid density, and fiuid viscosity varied with the laboratory apparatus and test fluid. Rather than including possibly erroneous data in the equation regression, the API/GPA/ AGA technical experts envisioned two classes of data sets for orifice research—regression and comparison. At a meeting of interested intemational otifice metering experts in November 1988, it was mutually agreed that the Regression Data Set be defined as follows: “The Regresion Data St shall consist of thse data points contained inthe APVGPA and EC dis- charge coeficient experiments which were performed on orifice pats whose ameter was greter ‘han 043 inch (114mm) and ithe pipe Reynolds number was equal oor greater than 4000 (ur bulet flow regime). ‘Dat, which doesnot sty these criteria, stall be included in the Comparison Data Set.Although it does not mean that other data are of inferior quality, it is known that insuffi- cient information exists to determine whether the independent variables were controlled and quantified. Some examples of comparison quality data are the Ohio State University Data Base (303 flange-tapped points), the 1983 NBS Boulder Experiments, the Foxboro-Colum- ‘bus-Daniel 1000-Point Data Base, and the Japanese Water Data Base. ‘The exclusion for orifice bore diameters ess than 0.45 inch (11.4 millimeters) was due to the increased uncertainty associated with the relative sharpness of the orifice plate upstream. edge. ‘The Regression Data Set, as defined above, consists of data generated on orifice meters ‘equipped with comer, radius, and flange tapings. The mumber of regression data points is summarized as follows: Topping No, of points Flange 5.734 Comer 2298 Radius 2,160 Total 10,192 ‘The empirical data associated with the API/GPA Data Base and the EC Data Base are the highest quality and largest quantity available today. ‘Detailed information on the experiments, regression data, statistical fit, and other pertinent. information may be found in AGA Report No.3, Part 4, or the references contained in Appendix 1-A. 4.7.2. EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE EQUATION FOR FLANGE-TAPPED ORIFICE METERS ‘The concentric, square-edged, flange-tapped orifice meter coefficient of discharge, CAFT), equation, developed by Reader-Harris/Gallagher (RG), is structured into distinct linkage terms and is considered to best represent the current regression data base. The equa- tion is applicable to nominal pipe sizes of 2 inches (50 millimeters) and larger; diameter ra- tios (B) of 0.1 - 0.75, provided the orifice plate bore diameter, d, is greater than 0.45 inch. (11.4 millimeters); and pipe Reynolds numbers (Rep) greater than or equal to 4000. For di- ameter ratios and pipe Reynolds numbers below the limit stated, refer to 1.12.4.1. The RG coefficient of discharge equation for an orifice meter equipped with flange taps is defined as follows: carn = carn ons 2 + (00210+ 0.00494) BC as) GAED) = GAC + Tap Term (10) GiCT = 03961 + 00291 6 - 02290 8° + 0.003(1-P)a4 ain Top Term = Upsirm + Das, ror Ups = [00433 + 071268 — ox t4se4%y(1 ~ 0234)8 1 Dosim ~ -00116(M = 052M] 6""(1 0.144) hit Also as) (16) ain 181% 19,0008 7" a = [Bane oa Toe ce ey 19) CAT) = coefficient of discharge ata specifisd pipe Reynolds mumber for flange-tapped orifice meter. C(FT) = coefficient of discharge at infinite pipe Reynolds number for flange-tapped ori- fice meter. C(CT) = coefficient of discharge at infinite pipe Reynolds number for comertapped ori fice meter. 4 = orifice plate bore diameter calculated at T;- D = meter tube internal diameter calculated at T, D, = meter tube internal diameter at reference temperature, 7 = Napierian constant = 2.71828. dimensionless correction for the tap location NJD, for flange taps. N, = 1.0 when D, isin inches 254 when D, is in millimeters, pipe Reynolds number. 1.7.3 REYNOLDS NUMBER (Fe,) ‘The RG equation uses pipe Reynolds number as the correlating parameter to represent the change in the orifice plate coefficient of discharge, C,, with reference to the fluid’s mass, flow rate (ts velocity through the orifice), the fuid density and the fuid viscosity. ‘The pipe Reynolds number can be calculated using the following equation: 4m Re, = “tn 1-20) to = ae ‘The pipe Reynolds number equation used in this standard is in a simplified form that combines the numerical constants and unit conversion constants: Re, = Mfa a2) For the Reynolds number equations presented above, the symbols are described as fol- lows: D = meter tube internal diameter calculated at flowing temperature (7;). absolute viscosity of fluid. unit conversion factor. universal constant 3.14159. mass flow rate. pipe Reynolds number. ‘The unit conversion factor, N:, for the Reynolds number equations is defined and pre~ sented in 1.1L8 4.7.4 FLOW CONDITIONS 1.7.41 General ‘The condition of the meter tube, the mating of the piping sections, the AP sensing tap holes; the straight lengths of pipe preceding and following the primary element, and so forth, ae factors that influence the flowing conditions. Although some factors may be con- sidered insignificant for commercial purposes, flowing conditions can influence field accu- racy. ‘To assure accuracy within the uncertainty stated, certain flow condition limitations must be followed: 1. The flow shall approach steady-state mass flow conditions on fluids that are considered clean, single phase, homogeneous, and Newtonian. ». The fluid shall not undergo any change of phase as it passes through the orifice. . The flow shall be subsonic through the orifice and the meter tube. 4. The Reynolds number shall be within the specified limitations of the empirical coeffi- cients. «. No bypass of flow around the orifice shall occur at any time. 4.7.4.2 Law of Similarity ‘The empirical coefficients calculated from the equations in this standard are valid if dy- namic similarity exists between the metering installation and the experimental data base. ‘Technically this approach is termed the Law of Similarity. ‘Dynamic similarity is the underlying principle for present-day theoretical and experimen- tal fluid mechanics. The principle states that two geometrically similar meters with identical initial flow directions shall display geometrically similar sweamlines. ‘The mechanical specifications for the meter tube, the orifice plate, the orifice flanges or fiting, the differential pressure sensing taps, the upstream and downstream piping require ‘ments, the flow straightener (if applicable), and the thermowell must be adhered to, as stated in the standard, to assure geometric similarity. Geometric similarity requires that the experimental flow system be a scale model of the ficld installations. The experimental pattern’s design identifies sensitive dimensional re- ‘gions to explore, measure, and empirically fit. A proper experimental patter for orifice me- ters allows the user to extrapolate to larger meter tube diameters without increasing the uncertainty. Dynamic similarity implies a correspondence of fluid forces between the two metering systems. The Reynolds number is a measure of the ratio of the inertial to viscous forces. For the orifice meter, the inertial o viscous forces are the forces considered significant within the application limitations of this standard. As a result the Reynolds number is the term that correlates dynamic similarity in all empirical coefficient of discharge equations. Infact, the Reynolds number correlation provides a rational basis for extrapolation of the empirical equation, provided the physics of the fluid does not change. For instance, the physics asso- ciated with subsonic flow is not similar to that associated with sonic flow. For the empirical data base, undisturbed flow conditions (flow pattern and fully devel- coped velocity profile) were achieved through the use of straight lengths of meter tube both upstream and downstream from the orifice and the use of flow straighteners. For both the API/GPA and EC experiments, an undisturbed flow condition was defined as the equivalent ofa symmetrical, approximately swirl-free velocity profile located approximately 45 pipe diameters downstream of a Sprenkle flow conditioner, in circular pipes with an average in- toma! surface wall roughness, R,, of approximately 150 microinches. 1.7.5 PULSATING FLOW Reliable measurements of flow cannot be obtained with an orifice meter when apprecia- ble pulsations are present at the point of measurement. Currently, no satisfactory theoretical16 or empirical adjustment for orifice measurement in pulsating flow applications exists that, ‘when applied to custody transfer measurement, will maintain the measurement accuracy predicted by this standard. 1754 Sources Pulsations in a pipeline, originating from a reciprocating device, a rotary device, valve actions, piping configuration, or another similar source, consist of sudden changes in the ve~ locity, pressure, and density of the fluid flowing. The most common sources of pulsation are the following: 1. Reciprocating compressors, engines, or impeller-type boosters. ’b. Pumping or improperly sized pressure regulators and loose or wor valves. . Inegular movement of quantities of water or oil condensates in the line. 4. Intermitters on wells, automatic drips, or separator dumps. €. Dead-ended piping te junctions and similar cavities. 1.7.5.2. Pulsation Reduction ‘To obtain reliable measurements, it is necessary to suppress pulsation. In general, the fol- lowing practices have been effective in diminishing pulsation and/or its effect on orifice flow measurement: a. Locating the meter tube in a more favorable location with regard tothe source of the pul- sation, such as the inlet side of regulators, or increasing the distance from the source of the pulsation, b, Inserting capacity tanks (volume), flow restrictions, or specially designed filters in the line between the source of pulsation and the meter tube to reduce the amplitude of the pulsation. ¢. Using short-coupled impulse tubing and/or manifolds of approximately the same size as the pressure taps to the differential pressure measurement instrument. 4. Operating at differentials as high as is practicable by replacing the orifice plate in use \with a smaller orifice bore plate or by concentrating flow in a multiple meter tube instal- lation through a limited number of tubes. . Using smaller sized meter tubes and keeping essentially the same orifice diameter while ‘maintaining the highest practical limit ofthe differential pressure. Considerable study and experimentation have been conducted to evaluate the quirements and methods necessary to achieve pulsation reduction. This material is outside the scope of this standard and may be found in many publications that are readily available. 1.753 Pulsation instruments Instruments, both mechanical and electronic, have been developed that indicate the pres- ence of pulsation. These devices are used to determine the effectiveness of pulsation sup- pression practices. 1.8 Empirical Expansion Factor (Y) for Flange—Tapped Orifice Meters Expansbility research on water, air, steam, and natural gas using orifice meters equipped. \with various sensing taps isthe basis forthe present expansion factor equation. The empir- ical research compared the flow for an incompressible fluid with that of several compress~ ible fluids. ‘The expansion factor, ¥, was defined as follows: yo (1-22) a eWhere: Cq, = coefficient of discharge from compressible fluids tests. C_, = coefficient of discharge from incompressible fluids tests. Buckingham derived the empirical expansion factor equations for orifice meters equipped with various sensing taps based on the following correlatio Y=fBkx) 23) x = ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure. Compressible fds expand as they flow through a square-edged orifice. For practical ap- plications, it is assumed that the expansion follows a polytropic, ideal, one-dimensional path. ‘This assumption defines the expansion as reversible and adiabatic (no heat gain or loss). Within practical operating ranges of differential pressure, flowing pressure, and tempera- ‘ure, the expansion factor equation is insensitive tothe value ofthe isentropic exponent. As a result, the assumption of a perfect or ideal isentropic exponent is reasonable for field ap- plications. This approach was adopted by Buckingham and Bean in their correlation. They ‘empirically developed the upstream expansion factor (Y,) using the downstream tempera- ‘ture and upstream pressure. Within the limits of this standard’s application, it is assumed that the temperatures of the fluid at the upstream and downstream differential sensing taps are identical for the expan- sion factor calculation. ‘The application of the expansion factor is valid as long as the following dimensionless pressure ratio criteria are followed: o< AP < 020 sk, zB 08 < 2 < 10 Be Where: AP = orifice differential pressure. Ny = unit conversion factor. absolute static pressure at the pressure tap. absolute static pressure at the upstream pressure tap. absolute static pressure at the downstream pressure tap. Although use of the upstream or downstream expansion factor equation is a matter of choice, the upstream expansion factor is recommended because of its simplicity. Ifthe up- stream expansion factor is chosen, then the determination ofthe flowing fluid compressibil- ity should be based on the upstream absolute static pressure, Pj, Likewise, if the downstream expansion factor is selected, then the determination ofthe flowing fuid com- pressibility should be based on the downstream absolute static pressure, P, ‘The expansion factor equation for flange taps is applicable over a # range of 0.10-0.75. 4.8.1. UPSTREAM EXPANSION FACTOR (¥,) ‘The upstream expansion factor requires determination of the upstream static pressure, the diameter ratio, and the isentropic exponent. 718 If the absolute static pressure is taken at the upstream differential pressure tap, then the value of the expansion factor, ¥,, shall be calculated as follows: x = O.41+ o3spe (1-24) ‘When the upstream static pressure is measured, ap. nate 1.25 MP, cD When the downstream static pressure is measured, ap ——— (1-26) Spear (1.26) Where AP = cifice differential pressure. absolute static pressure at the upstream pressure tap. absolute static pressure at the downszeam pressure tap. ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure atthe upstream tap. afk = upstream acoustic ratio. expansion factor based on the absolute static pressure measured at the upstream. ‘tap. 1.8.2 DOWNSTREAM EXPANSION FACTOR (¥;) ‘The downstream expansion factor requires determination of the downstream static pres- sure, the upstream static pressure, the downstream compressibility factor, the upstream. compressibility factor, the diameter ratio, and the isentropic exponent. The value of the downstream expansion factor, Y, shall be calculated using the following equation: % = hi G27 Pi. on «*,] [Za ={1- coar+ oasp 2] [Ze 1.28) 5 =[)-@a+ ey (28) ‘When the upstream static pressare is measure, AP * SP, (1-29) When the downstream static pressure is measured, nae (1-30) Nps oP Where: AP = orifice differential pressure. isentropic exponent. unit conversion factor. absolute static pressure at the upstream pressure tap. absolute static pressure at the downstream pressure tap.9 1x = ratio of differential pressure to absolute static pressure atthe upstream tap. 4x/k = upstream acoustic ratio. Y; = expansion factor based on the absolute static pressure measured at the upstream tap. YY, = expansion factor based on the absolute static pressure measured at the downstream ‘ap. Z, = fluid compressibility atthe upstream pressure tap. Z, = Suid compressibility tthe downstream pressure tap. 1.9 In-Situ Calibration 1.94 GENERAL ‘The statement of the uncertainty ofthe empirical coefficient of discharge for concentric, ‘square-edged orifice meters, C,, is predicated on compliance with the requirements ofthis standard. For accurate measurement applications, the flowmeter and adjacent piping should meet the requirements of the relevant, preferably the most stringent, specification of the standard. Deviations from the standard’s specifications (for example, eccentricity, steps between ad- jacent sections of pipe, prerun lengths with or without a flow conditioner, post-run lengths, ‘and pipe wall roughness) will invalidate the uncertainty statement. ‘To assure the accuracy of such flow measurements, the user may wish to calibrate the ‘meter in situ. This is particularly suggested for orifice meters under 2 inches (50 millime- ters) nominal pipe size. In situ is defined as being under normal operating conditions, with the actual approach piping configuration, using the actual fluid with the actual orifice plate and recording system in place. Calibration of an orifice meter in situ requires the use of a primary mass flow system. ‘This primary mass flow system may be portable or permanently installed. A master meter that has been calibrated with a primary mass flow standard can also be used for in-situ cal- ‘bration. ‘The in-situ calibration should be performed witha primary mass flow system (or master ‘meter) with an overall uncertainty less than the overall uncertainty of q, of the meter being calibrated. Refer to the working uncertainty equation given in 1.12. ‘To perform an in-situ calibration, the primary mass flow system (or master meter) should be installed either upstream or downstream of the pipe fitting nearest to the meter tube oF ‘meter tube manifold so that it provides a calibration of the meter in its normal flowing ‘configuration (that is, velocity profile). In-situ calibration should be performed at the nor- ‘mal flow rate, temperature, and pressure of the meter station. Additionally in-situ calibra- tion may be performed over the range of flow rates, temperatures, and pressures to assure a higher confidence level over the complete range of flowing conditions. 1.92 METER CORRECTION FACTOR ‘The in-situ calibration can provide a meter factor (MF) that may be used to correct the calculated mass flow rate as determined by Equation I-1, if agreed upon by the parties. The ‘MF is defined as follows: 31) Gm MPa Where: a, = mass flow rate determined by the primary mass flow system (or master mete). da, = mass flow rate indicated by the orifice meter being calibrated. g,, = volumetric flow rate indicated by the orifice meter being calibrated. i, = density (mass) of fluid at the meter at flowing conditions.Alternatively, the results may be used to identify installations that exceed the uncertainty ‘estimated using 1.12. Ifthe MF falls outside the 0.9 < MF < 1.1 limits, the system should ‘be investigated until the physical cause for the deviation has been identified and corrected. ‘When the meter factors are determined overa range of operating conditions, several val- ues of MF may result. A plot of MF versus pipe Reynolds number (Rep) should provide a single curve that may be used for determining MF corrections. Ifthe MF is applied to the metered quantities for custody transfer purposes, then in-situ calibration should be periodically repeated to ensure accurate measurement. Additional in- sina calibrations should be performed when physical changes to the metering system or significantly different operating conditions are encountered. 1.10 Fluid Physical Properties Certain fluid physical properties are required to solve the orifice flow equation. For the mass flow equation, the following fui properties are required: a. The viscosity at flowing conditions, 4. . The fluid density at flowing conditions, p,,. ¢, The isentropic exponent, k, for compressible fluids. For the standard volumetric flow equation, the density at base conditions, p,, is required for solution. 1.10.1 VISCOSITY (1) ‘The absolute (or dynamic) viscosity of the uid at flowing conditions is required to com- ‘pute the pipe Reynolds number. Fluid viseosites may be measured experimentally or com- puted from empirical equations. For high Reynolds number applications, viscosity variations are usually ignored, since a sensitivity analysis indicates negligible effect in the flow computation. For low Reynolds ‘number applications, accurate viscosity values and their variation with composition, tem- perature, and pressure may have a significant affect on the flow computation. 1.10.2 DENSITY (pips) Appropriate values for the density of the fluid, p,, and p,,can be obtained using one of two methods: ‘a. Empirical density correlation. The empirical density value may be calculated by an equa tion of state or another technically qualified expression. b. On-line density meters. An on-line density meter can measure the fluid density at oper- ating conditions (or base conditions). For on-line density meter applications where the density at flowing conditions (or base conditions) is greater than 0.30 gram per cubic centimeter, refer to Chapter 14.6 for the in- stallation, operation, and calibration of these devices. For on-line density meter applications where the density at flowing conditions (or base conditions) is less than 0.30 gram per cubic centimeter, refer to the manufacturers’ recom- ‘mendations for the instalation, operation, and calibration of these devices. The manufac- turer should be able to demonstrate that operation of the on-line density measurement device will not interfere with the basic operaticn of the orifice meter. ‘From a practical standpoint, the fuid temperazure differences between the upstream sens- ing tap, the downstream sensing tap, and the temperature sensing device are assumed to be insignificant when the temperature device is installed as required in Chapter 14.3, Part 2. For fluids whose density changes rapidly with changes in flowing temperature, for low fluid velocities, andlor to minimize ambient temperature and heat transfer effects, the user mayat ‘wish to thermally insulate the meter tube between the primary element and the temperature device. 1.10.3 ISENTROPIC EXPONENT (k) ‘The isentropic exponent, k, is required in the solution of the empirical expansion factor (equation. ‘Asacompressible fluid flows through the reduced area of an orifice plate bore, it under- ‘goes a contraction and then an expansion. The expansion, which results in a change in the static pressure, is assumed to follow a polytropic path expressed by the following relation- ship: Py (pel” Constant (1-32) Where: ; = absolute static pressure. density of the fluid at flowing conditions (Pp 7). However ifthe expansion is assumed to be relatively rapid (hati, shor in length) and the pressure change relatively small in magnitude, the polytropic relationship can be re- placed by an idealized (reversible and adiabatic) one-dimensional isentropic expansion re- lationship ofthe following form: Pr 7 = Constant (1-33) (ea) Where: P, = absolute static pressure. Puy = density of the fluid at flowing conditions (P, 7). 4k = isentropic exponent. ‘The real compressible fluid isentropic exponent, kis a function of the fluid and the pres- sure and temperarure. For an ideal gas, the isentropic exponent, k, is equal to the ratio of its specific heats (¢,/e,) and is independent of pressure. A perfect gas isan ideal gas that has ‘constant specific heats. The perfect gas isentropic exponent, f, is equal to, evaluated at ‘base conditions. It has been found that for many applications, the value of k, is nearly identical to the value of k,, which is nearly identical to &,. From a practical standpoint, the flow equation is not particularly sensitive to small variations in the isentropic exponent. ‘Therefore, the perfect gus isentropic exponent, f, is often used inthe flow equations. This ‘greatly simplifies the calculations. This approach was adopted by Buckingham in his cor- relation for the expansion factor. 1.11 Unit Conversion Factors 4.11.1 ORIFICE FLOW EQUATION ‘The values for the unit conversion factor, Nj, for the orifice flow rate equation are sum- ‘marized in Table 1-2, The table contains common engineering units, along with their cor- responding conversion factor value. 4.11.2. REYNOLDS NUMBER EQUATION ‘The values for the unit conversion factor, N;, for the Reynolds number equation are sum- ‘masized in Table 1-3. The table contains common engineering units, along with their cor- responding conversion factor value.1.11.3 EXPANSION FACTOR EQUATION ‘The values for the unit conversion factor, N for the expansion factor equation are sum- marized in Table 1-4. The table contains common engineering units, along with their cor- responding conversion factor value. 1.11.4 FLOW RATE PER UNIT OF TIME CONVERSION ‘To convert the mass or volume flow rate per init of time to another unit of time, the fol- lowing multiplication factors are applicable: Makiplying From b Factor Unis per second Units per minute EY Units per second Units perhour 3.600 Unis per second Units per day 86,400 " Table 1-2—Orifice Flow Rate Equation: Unit Conversion Factor (N)) Mass Rae We = NCEE AP ‘Voluretsic Rate at lowing (Acta) Conditions ta, NOEXE Yo AP 2. a Nolumee Rae Bue Cadtont op = te = MOBIC BAP "Pe Ps Whee EC Hes 31193 hematoma fin NA bewtbecs Bie 160s Runes fo Re Mees 2 bate m me pe Pe Jomv gin? 2 ee. ‘ fee oe an M6325 B00 L3toREo sans" ton US.Uais _US.Unis _US.Unis _Mewwie Unie Meme Unite #31459 3.4138 3.14159 34159316159 Universal constant a 321m | 20 32.1740 NA NA Tom-ty (bt-see") mONA NA NA 110000 1.0000 kg (sec) 2 Inches Tches aches Miimeters__Milimeters ar tint inHg in Hy Militar kPa Pe — Toa? Tea Toa gi? kg/m et? Tmt? Toavie gi kgm a. Tome Tome omic Kalsce egeee a fhe hee Whee bee hee 0. Si hee SPOhee Sisec — Nmisec | Newer N, S$25021E-01 9.97424E-02 9.97019 E-02 351261 E04 351241 £-05 ‘a52so21 00397424 0887019 Go0USSI261 0.0000351241Table 1-3—Reynolds Number Equation: Unit Conversion Factor (N,) Na. Rey or Re, = Nefe Where unis ‘SIUnie % Teavsee Kah ‘314159 314139 Waivers constant x Tose epmsee ST Unit equal to Passe DO Fee Mess M,— 127324E +00 1273248400 127324 vars US. Units US Unis Mewic Units Metre Units Tome Tomisee ghee sce fe BsiS9 314159 3.18159 3.14159 Universal constant — Contpoise Poise Censpoise Poise D inches Inches ilieters Millinesers Mz 2273S EH04 22.7375 E401 1273248406 L274 E40 229375 wss 1278200 wart 1.12 Practical Uncertainty Guidelines ‘The most important assumption underlying the calculation of the orifice discharge coef ficient equation is that laboratories’ systematic equipment biases are randomized within the data base. This means that there is no bias in the equation’s ability to represent reality due toequipment variety in the various laboratories. Such an assumption of randomization has precedent in ISO 5168, established in 1978, and a 1939 paper by Rossini and Deming. This allows the use of results from the world’s finest laboratories without requiring that experi- ‘mental equipment be identical. Table 1~4—Empirical Expansion Factor Equation: Unit Conversion Factor (N,) mony NP Unie ‘STU a Tae Pascale ° were Paseals ™ 1.00000 +00 1.00000 +00 1.00000 1.00000 US. Unis US. Units US. Units ap Tesi inHOm in HOw Pest Ibs? Ny 1.00000 +00 277I0ES1 2.77300 E401 00000 273070 21.7300 ‘Messi Units ‘Metric Units Merrie Unis BP Kiopascals ‘Milibar ‘Milibar 'P—-Megapascals Bar Megapaseals % 1.00000 B+08 1.000008+03—1.00000E-02 1000.00 1000.00 .o1c0000Every effort has been made to remove residual bias from the representation of the exper- imental data by the equation for mass flow. Consequently the subsequent precision state- ‘ments are valid for an individual orifice meter installation for which physical characteristics and measurements of these characteristics are maintained within the precision that is used to determine the contributions to imprecision in mass flow measurement caused by various factors. In accordance with prudent statistical and engineering practice, the estimated orifice flow tate uncertainty shall be calculated at the 95-percent confidence level. 1.12.1 GENERAL Many factors associated with an orifice installation influence the overall error in flow ‘measurement. These errors are due to uncertainties about the following: 2. Representation of realty by the mass flow equation. ’b, Uncertainty about actual pysical properties of the fluid being measured. c. Imprecision in the measurement of important installation parameters (such as orifice di- ameter and B ratio) Examples ofthe calculations of the overall uncertainty as it depends on these major cat- ‘egories are given below. For ease of understanding, graphical summaries are presented where feasible. 1.12.2. UNCERTAINTY OVER A FLOW RANGE From a practical standpoint, the accuracy envelope for an orifice meter is usually esti- ‘mated using the uncertainty assigned to the differential pressure sensing device. This tech- nique realistically estimates the uncertainty associated with the designer’s flow range. “An accuracy envelope incorporates the influeace quantities associated with the AP sens- ing device. The significant quantities include ambient temperature effects, static pressure ef- fects, long-term drift, hysteresis, linearity, repeatability, and the calibration standard’s uncertainty. For some applications, parallel orifice meters are required to meet the user’s desired un- ‘certainty and rangeability. In addition, the designer may choose to install stacked AP devices calibrated for different ranges to minimize uncertainty while maximizing rangeabil- ity fora given orifice plat, as shown in Figure 1-3. 1.42.3 UNCERTAINTY OF FLOW RATE ‘The overall uncertainty is the quadrature sum (square root of the sum of the squares) of the uncertainties associated with the pertinent variables: 4m = F\Ca¥, AP. dD, Ps) For practical considerations, the pertinent variables are assumed to be independent to provide a simpler uncertainty calculation. In fact, no significant change in the uncertainty estimate will occur ifthe user applies the simplified uncertainty equations presented below. ‘The total uncertainty of the flow rate through an orifice meter may be calculated by one of two methods: 2. Empirical coefficient of discharge using flange-tapped orifice meters. b In-situ calibration using orifice meters. 4123.1. Uncertainty Using Empirical Coefficient of Discharge for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meter ‘The basic flow equation used is as follows: Gn = CEY(R/4)d?(289,,8P070 Percent enor 0.10 0.00 0 2% 4 «61012040180 180200 Differential pressure reading (Inches H,O,) Differential Pressure 1 @ Diferential Pressure2 ferential Pressure 9 [Note:The precision ofthe differeaal pressure device used inthis example is £0.25 percent of fl sale Figure 1-8—Contribution to Flow Error due to Differential Pressure Instrumentation velocity of approach factor 1 i-F (B= diameter ratio (d/D), Using differentiation, one can show that (aq/%q) = Se,(BCpIC) + Sq (SE,IE,) + SABYIY) + S (5d a) + 8,5 ig! Pig) + Saf(SAPIAP) 034) Where: S = sensitivity coefficient ofthe particular variable. Therefore, Sz,,Sep and Sy = 1.0 And, By continuing this process to put dE, in terms of di/d and ADD, it can be shown that6,16) = Pe 6a1a - 6DID) (135) Assuming that independent estimates are available for &C/C., AY/Y, Ald, and AD/D and substituting for d/E, gives us the following working equation for the uncertainty of the mass flow rate: 2 1- B an! Gn) = {eae + OYlyy +f Jaro * 5 DID) + KE P.g! Pag) + xeariary| 36) 1.12.32 Uncertainty Using an In-Situ Calibration ‘When the orifice meter has been calibrated in situ, the practical working formula forthe uncertainty of the mass flow rate can be expressed as follows: (64, /4q) = [(OMF/MFY: + KAP/AP? + K6p,,/0,,%]° 0-37) ‘The meter factor (MF) term is estimated from the combination ofthe primary mass flow uncertainty, the master meter uncertainty, and the precision of the orifice meter calibration. Note that the meter factor (MF) determined forthe orifice plate and tube is a combination of several possible errors. No additional uncertainty is necessary for installation conditions ‘or expansion factor. 4.12.4 TYPICAL UNCERTAINTIES For precise metering applications, such as custody transfer, the flowmeter and adjacent piping should meet the requirements of the relevant, preferably the most stringent, specifi- cation of the standard. Inthe following sections, the typical uncertainties expressed can be obtained only through compliance with the specifications of the standard. 1.12.41 Empirical Coefficient of Discharge ‘The estimated uncertainty ofthe empirical coefficient of discharge for concentric, square- edged, flange-tapped orifice meters that are in compliance with this standard is a function of the Reynolds number and the diameter ratio (9). At very high Reynolds numbers the un- certainty is only a function of the diameter ratio (A). This uncertainty estimate is shown graphically in Figure 1-4. As the Reynolds numiver decreases, the uncertainty ofthe orifice plate coefficient of discharge increases. The ratio of the uncertainty at a given Reynolds number to the uncertainty at infinite Reynolds number is shown graphically in Figure 1-5. ‘The overall uncertainty of the empirical coefficient of discharge is the product of the Value read from Figure 1-4 and the value read from Figure 1-5. The values for Figure 1-4 may be approximated by the following: For A > 0.175, 100 [5 CKFT)/C,(FT)] = 0.5600 - 0.25508 + 1.93166" (1-38) For 8 < 0.175, 100[5 C(FT)/C,(FT)] = 0.7000 - 1.05508 (1-39) ‘The values for Figure 1-5 may be approximated by the following: SC(ET)ISG(FT) = 1+ rep $22) (1-40)06s 08 oss os, Percent uncertainty (Uy) 045, ° o1 02 3 Ok SOKO 8 Figure 1-4—Empirical Coefficient of Discharg Uncertainty at Infinite Reynolds Number Ww L | i 16 + - Bay80, z 13 { oe] ; wo [ eek i too 19900 t00000 000000 1ec00.000 Reynolds number Figure 1-5—Relative Change in Uncertainty: Dependence on Reynolds Number28 ‘These estimates for the uncertainty were developed using the regression data base dis- cussed in 1.7.1. Orifice plates with bore diameters less than 0.45 inch (11.4 millimeters), in- stalled according to AGA. Report No.3, Part 2, may have coefficient of discharge [C, (FT)] uncertainties as great as 3.0 percent, This large uncertainty is due to problems with edge sharpness, These types of problems are discussed further in AGA Report No.3, Part2. Deviations from the installation specifications in AGA Report No33, Part 2, will invalidate this uncertainty statement. 1.12.42 Empirical Expansion Factor for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters The values of ¥ computed by the empirical equations are subject to a tolerance varying from 0, when x = 0, to 40.5 percent, when x = 0.2. For larger values of x, a somewhat larger uncertainty may be expected. ‘An alternative approach for determining the uncertainty for the expansion factor, which hhas been proposed in the international community, stipulates that when f, AP, P and k are assumed to be known without error, the percenage uncertainty of the value of Y is esti-mated by (| when < 0.750 MP, ‘The expansion factor uncertainty is presented in Table 1-5. For fluid that are not com= pressibl, the expansion factor equals 1.000 by definition, and the estimated uncertainty is zero ‘Table 1-5—Uncertainty Statement for Empirical Expansion Factor Common US. Units Expansion Factor Uncertainty (6) When Ps (psi) Equals wr (aches FiOw) psig 50100250 S00 50_—t000 12801500 10 036-003 «001 010.00 000000000 50 180 014 + 0.07003 001 Oto) 0.00 100 361 029 «140.0603. 002 Yt 150 S41 043 «022009008003, 0202 200 722 0S8 0290200603022 250 902 07 036 «0.400708, aH = 03 300 1083087 04307009005 0308 Common U.S. Units Expansion Factor Uncen (96) When Pe (MPa) Equals w (inches Hol) kPa 03 OTS 69. 86 103 10 249 003-00) 000 0.000.000.0000 50 4 0.4 00700301000 100 2488 0290440060032) 130 3733043022009 00403-00202 200 4977 0580280200832 250 21 07 ~=—«036-—=S oT 0s, 03 0.02 300 7465 «087043700006 0.08 003003 Notes 1. Orifice plates having bore diameters less than 0.45 iach (11.4 railimetes) installed according to AGA Report No.3, Part 2, may have coefficient of discharge (C,) uncersntes as great as 3.0 percent. This lage uncertainty is ‘ducto problems with edge sharpness. 2, The relative uncertainty level depicted in Figure 16 astumes a swil-fres inlet velocity profile.1.2.4.3 Installation Conditions To assure accurate flow measurement, the fluid should enter the orifice plate with a fully developed flow profile, free from swirl or vortices. Such a condition is best achieved through the use of flow conditioners and adequate lengths of straight pipe preceding and following the orifice plate For various technical reasons, the uncertainty associated with installation conditions is difficult to quantify, Therefore, Figure 1-6 has been provided as a general guide. This figure represents a combined practical uncertainty level attributed to the following parameters: a. Empirical coefficient of discharge. ’ Installation conditions, such as velocity profile and swirl. . Mechanical specifications, such as pipe wall roughness, plate eccentricity, and orifice plate bore edge sharpness. Figure 1-6 depicts the prospective combined uncertainty level as function of diameter ratio (B). It is apparent from the figure that the lowest relative combined uncertainty levels occur over a diameter ratio range of 0.10-0.60. ‘The approach length (upstream meter tube), piping configuration, and flow conditioning recommendations presented in AGA Report No, 3, Part 2, are essentially unchanged from the second (1985) edition of the standard. Substantial rescarch programs in these areas are currently underway by the API, the EC,’ and the GRI.* A restatement of the orifice meter ‘Covrmission ofthe European Communities, re de a Loi 200, B-1049, Broses, Belgium. Gas Rescarch Institute, 8600 Bryn Mawr Avenue, Chicago, Hinois 60631 3.00 Fegion more senstive to velocty prof, roughness, eoserticty f 2.00 300 000 010 020 030 G40 080 080 070 080 0.80 6 Figure 1-6 — Practical Uncertainty Levels Notes: 1. Orifice plates whose bore diameters are less than 0.48 inch (114 millimeters), installed according to AGA Report 1 3, Par2, may have coefficient of discharge uncertainties as great a8 3.0 percent. This large unceninty is de to ‘problems with edge sharpness. 2. The relative uncertainty level shown inthe figure umes a swirl-fre inet velocity profile, 2930 ‘uncertainty will naturally follow the conclusion of the current research and may offer a basis for future changes in this standard. 1.12.44 Orifice Plate Bore Diameter The plate diameter uncertainty may be determined from dimensional measurements oF, altematively, from the roundness specifications presented in AGA Report No. 3, Part 2. If the dimensional measurements are available, the plate diameter uncertainty is equated to the root mean square (rms) of the differences between each reading and the main value, For example, if the four measurements for d, are 20.005, 20,002, 19.995, and 19.998, then the mean value is 20.000 The deviations from the mean are +0005, +.002, ~ 0.00, and ~ 0,002, so Een)! Ody = nat 4] (00s)? + (0.00) + (0.008)? + ae 3 = 20.0044 Sly, 0.0044 d, 20.00 = £0.00022 x 100 = £0,022 peroent at) 4.12.45 Meter Tube Internal Diameter ‘The meter tube diameter uncertainty may be determined from dimensional measurements of, alternatively, from the roundness specifications presented in AGA Report No. 3, Patt 2. If the dimensional measurements are available, the meter tube diameter uncertainty is ‘equated to the root mean square (rms) of the cifferences between each reading and the mean value, For example, if the four measurements for Dy are 20.050, 20,020, 19.950, and 19.980, then the mean value is 20,000, ‘The deviations from the mean are 0.05, #202, —0.05, and ~ 0.02, so E(60, ‘0 Elen) al = £0.0022%100 = £0.22 percent (142) 1.12.46 _ Differential Pressure Device Performance specifications for the differential pressure device must be provided by the manufacturer. The user selects a device based on its performance specifications and the de~ sired uncertainty associated with the applicationat ‘When considering the uncertainty, care should be taken to take into account the effects of ambient temperature, humidity, static pressure, driving mechanism, and response time on the user-selected device. 1124.7 Fluid Density ‘When an empirical correlation is used to predict aliquid density, the uncertainty should be estimated based on the stated uncertainty ofthe correlation and the estimated uncertainty of the variables required to calculate the density. The following example for proplyene, cal- culated using the method of Chapter 11.3.3.2, demonstrates this procedure. roplyene is being metered at 60°F and 800 pounds per square inch absolute. The stated. uncertainty of the Chapter 1.3.3.2 method for calculating the density of proplyene is £0.24 percent. The stated uncertainty of the temperature measurement is $0.5°F. The stated un- certainty of the pressure measurement is +14 pounds per square inch absolute. The uncer tainty in the density is calculated according to the following formula: Pe) > [2007 2 af 2c) cor yp, 4] 2Pee Pip! Pag) {nein [eh | Peo) [Be] ene, | (1-43) Using this method, the following calculated values can be used to estimate (9p, /@T), and (Ap, _/ AP); 1 % Densiy ca si) ‘t) « ‘00 B33 © 70 33313 @ & aot 58 & sas a 00 name [22 Lam 20, Peo) (33.3611 ~ 33.3215)/40 = [), (33.3611 ~ 33.3215)/40 | = (33.2376 ~ 33.4445)/4 = -0.052 o 0.00099 Then, ; 2 “i Siig Puy % eo 0024)? + (-0. osay( 255) + 0.00089) 4=) T efo.oms? + o.cone? + accor 40.0025 or 0.25 percent ‘Therefore, the estimated overall uncertainty in the proplyene density is £0.25 percent. When on-line density meters are used, the uncertainty should be estimated based on the calibration technique, density differences between the orifice and density meter locations, and the density meter manufacturer’s recommendations. 4.125 EXAMPLE UNCERTAINTY CALCULATIONS Example uncertainty calculations for liquid and gas flows are presented in 1.12.5.1 and 1.12.5.2. 1.12.5.1 Example Uncertainty Estimate for Liquid Flow Calculation ‘An example of the effect of uncertainties is provided in Table 1-6, using the following, flow equation:32 Table 1-6—Example Uncertainty Estimate for Liquid Flow Calculation nesting, Sensiviy Un) Costiciem, $US) Cz Basi discharge coefficient 04s 10 ‘ons Orifice diameter (Table 2-1) 005 2a pr, cone D Pipe diameter 25.13) 025 26% = 6) ooo AP Difereatal pressure 050 os 0.0825 p Density 045 05 0.0506 ‘Sum of squares 03281 ‘Square rot of sum of squares 03728 ‘Note: As the abe shows, the overall liquid fow measurement uncenainty ata 95-percent confidence level is 2057 peront. Gn = CaEY HIM) a 25,9, BP ‘The following assumptions and conditions were selected for the calculation: a. The fluid flowing is proplyene. The liquid density will be calculated using the Chapter 11,3.3.2 method. The viscosity will be estimated using Procedure 115.1 from the API Technical Data Book—Petroleum Refining. The expansion factor will be assumed to be 10. b. A4-inch meter with a B ratio of 0.5, a static pressure of 800 pounds per square inch ab- solute, a lowing temperature of 60°F, and a differential pressure of 50 inches of water (60°F) is selected for the calculation. c. For each variable, the uncertainty listed represents random error only. As a result of the first two assumptions, the estimated values of the required physical properties are as follows: Puy = 33.3413 Ibm/fe. SP.lp.g = 0.25 percent (as shown in liquid density sensitivity section). H = 0.0956 centipoise = 0.000643 lbmift-sec. ‘As a result ofthe calculations forthe flow rate, CAPT) = 0.603659, n= 10.148 Ibm/sec. Rep = 603,400. SC(FTYCAFT = £0.44 percent (from Figure 1-4). SCAFTISC FT) This gives ECAFTICKFT) = 1.02 x 20.48 1.02 (from Figure 1-5). AS percent. 1.12.5.2 Example Uncertainty Estimate for Natural Gas Flow Calculation For natural gas flow, fluid density is defined as follows: GMigP, GM 1-44) Po” Ter (1-44) Where: G, = ideal gas relative density (specific gravity) of the gas (Mrza/Mry,)- ‘Mrae = molar mass of air. ‘Mrag, = molar mass of the gas. P, = static pressure of fuid,temperature of the fluid at flowing conditions. ity at flowing conditions. ‘The fluid density uncertainty term, M( Go, /p,.)*in 1.12.3.1 is replaced by the following terms for natural gas application: [KeGla} + [xeRiR Ip + M6 zz. + 48T/TP ‘An example of the effect of uncertainties is provided in Table 1-7, using the following ‘gas flow equation: GMr,,P, = CE,¥(@/4)d? 2g. ——— Lap (1- Qn = CEMA 1 aE 145) ‘The following assumptions and conditions were selected forthe calculation: a. For each variable, the uncertainty listed represents random error only. b. A 4inch meter with a f ratio of 0.5 and static and differential pressures equal to 250 pounds per square inch absolute and 50 inches of water, respectively, was selected for the calculation. ‘Note:The precision ofthe AP devie used in this example was 0.25 percent of fll seal. ‘Table 1-7—Example Uncertainty Estimate for Natural Gas Flow Calculation Uncenaing, ——_ Sensiviy Un) Coffin, S (Uy G__ Basic Gscharge coefficient Figure 1) ome 1 01936 ¥ Expansion factor CTabe 1-5) 0.03 1 0.0008 4 Once diameter (Table 2-1) 095 2a 2 otis D Pipe diamecer 25.13) 025 2640 = 2) coon AP Differential pressure 050 0s, 0.0525 P Satie presse 030 05, 0.0625 Z —Compressbiity factor (A.G.A. 8) 01 05 c.on2s T Flowing emperarare 02s =05 0.0156 G Relative density 060 05, 0.0800 ‘Sum of squares owsor ‘Square root of sum of squares 0.5634 ‘Note Asthe able shows, the overall gt flow measurement uncertainty at 95-percent confidence level is £20.67 peront.APPENDIX 1-A—REFERENCES ‘Note: This appendix isnot a part ofthis standard bat is ncladed for infor ‘mational purpeses only ‘The following references are pertinent to the discussions contained in Part 1. 14-A.1_ Discharge Coefficient Studies 1-A1.1 APIGPA EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Britton, C.L., Caldwell, S., and Seidl, W., “Measurements of Coefficients of Discharge for Concentric, Flange-Tapped, Square-Edged Orifice Meters in White Mineral Oil Over a Low Reynolds Number Range,” American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1988. “Coefficients of Discharge for Concentric, Square-Edged, Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Equation Data Set—Sup- porting Documentation for Floppy Diskettes,” American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1988. ‘Whetstone, J.R., Cleveland, W. G., Baumgarten, G. P, and ‘Woo, S., “Measurements of Coefficients of Discharge for Concentric, Flange-Tapped, Square-Edged Orifice Meters in Water Over a Reynolds Number Range of 600 to 2,700,000” (Technical Note 1264), National Institute of ‘Standards and Technology, Washington, D.C., 1989. 4-A.1.2 EC EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Hobbs, J. M., “Experimental Data for the Determination of ‘Basic 100mm Orifice Meter Discharge Coefficients” (Re- port EUR 10027), Commission of the European Commu- nities, Brussels, 1985. Hobbs, J. M., “The EEC Orifice Plate Project: Part I. Trace- abilities of Facilities Used and Calculation Methods Em- ployed” (Report PR5:EUEC/17), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1987. Hobbs, J. M., “The EEC Orifice Plate Project: Part IL. Criti- cal Evaluation of Data Obtained During EEC Orifice Plate ‘Tesis” (Report EUEC/17), Commission of the European ‘Communities, Brussels, 1987. Hobbs, J. M., “The EEC Orifice Plate Project: Tables of ‘Valid Data for EEC Orifice Analysis” (Report EUEC/17), Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1987. Hobbs, J. M., Sattary, J. A.,and Maxwell, A. D., “Experi ‘mental Data forthe Determination of Basic 250mm Ori- fice Meter Discharge Coefficients” (Report EUR 10979), ‘Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, 1987. 1-A.1.3 OSU EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM Beitler, S. R., “The Flow of Water Through Orifices” (Bul- letin 89), Engineering Experiment Station, Ohio State University, Columbus, 1935. Fling, W. A,, “API Orifice Meter Program” (Paper 83-123), ‘Operating Section Proceedings, American Gas Associa~ tion, Arlington, Virginia, 1983, pp. 308-311. 1-A.1.4_ EMPIRICAL COEFFICIENT EQUATIONS Beaty, R. E., Fiing, W. A., Gallagher, J. E., Hoglund, P. A., “Tessandier, R. G., and West, K. L, “The API/GPA Exper- imental Data Base,” Paper presented at the American Gas ‘Association Distribution/Transmission Conference, New Orleans, May 22-24, 1988. Gallagher, J. E., “The A.G.A. Report No. 3 Orifice Plate Dis- ‘charge Coefficient Equation,” Paper presented at the Sec- fond International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement, Calgary, June 6-8, 1990. ‘Stolz, J, “A Universal Equation for the Calculation of Dis~ charge Coefficient of Orifice Plates,” Flow Measurement of Fluids, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1978. 4-A2 Expansion Factor Studies Bean, H. S., “Values of Discharge Coefficients of Square- Edged Orifices: Comparison of Results Obtained by Tests Using Gases with Those Obtained by Tests Using Water," ‘American Gas Association Monthly, July 1935, Volume 17, p.259. Buckingham, E., “Note on Contraction Coefficients for Jets of Gas,” National Bureau of Standards Journal of Re- search, May 1931, Volume 6, RP 303, p. 765. Buckingham, E., “Notes on the Orifice Meter: The Expan- sion Factor for Gases,” National Bureau of Standards ‘Tournal of Research, Suly 1932, Volume 9, RP 459, p.61- Murdock, J. W., and Folts, C. 5., “Experimental Evaluation ‘of Expansion Factors for Steam,” Transactions of the ASME, July 1953, Volume 75, No. 5, p. 953. Smith, J, Edward S., “Quantity-Rate Fluid Meters” (Paper 719), Paper presented at the World Engineering Congress, Tokyo, 1929. 1-A.3 Conversion Constants ‘Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards, Chapter 15, “Guidelines for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) in the Petroleum and Allied Industries” (2né ed.), American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. December 1980. 1-A4 Uncertainty Estimation ASME MFC-2M, Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits, American Society of Mechanical En- ‘gineers, New York, 1988.36 ISO 5168, Measurement Uncertainty for Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits, International Standards Organization, Geneva, 1978. Rossini, F.D., and Deming, W. E., Journal of the Washing- ton Academy of Sciences, 1939, Volume 29, p. 416. 1-A.5 Material Properties ASME B46.1, Surface Texture (Surface Roughness, Wavi- ness and Lay, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ‘New York, 1985. ASME PTC 19.5, Application, Part II of Fluid Meters: In- ‘erim Supplement on Instruments and Apparatus, Ameri- ‘can Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York, 1972. Metals Handbook (Desk Edition), American Society for ‘Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1985. 1-A.6 Boundary-Layer Theory Schlichting, H., Boundary-Layer Theory (th ed), MeGravi- Hill, New York, 1979,APPENDIX 1-B—DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR FLANGE-TAPPED ORIFICE METERS: ‘Note: This appends nota part of his standard but is included for informational purposes only. 7‘Table 1-B-1—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 2-Inch (50-Millimeter) Meter [D = 1.939 Inches (49.25 Millimeters)} Pipe Reynolds Number (Rea) B 4000 10,000 50.000 100,000 500000 1x10 SxI0 10x10 SOx10 10010 002 060014 059940 059883 059873 05982 0.59860 _OS9ESE 0.09857 0.59857 059857 O04 0.60102 059981 055890 059873 O58BS4 © O.S8RSI —O.S9R7 © OS9EET —O.S9EAS © OS98AS 006 060178 | 060016059895 059872 © OSSEA © OSRAA —059E39 0.59838 0.59837 059837 008 0.60248 060050059901 059873 059843 050838 059832 O.59ES1 0.59830 059829 010 060315 060083059908 059875 059840 ©0598 OS8E27 | 0.59826 © 059824 059824 012 060381 O6OLIG 059916 059879 059839 O59RI2 _OsBBN4 0.99823 OSHA 059401 O14 060448 060150 059927 OSORRS —OSSRAI 059832 «O.5NRTS©059RT1 © 05982058819 Dis 0.60515 060187 0.59940 05984 OSNBL —O.S9ES SNES 0.99823 0598058820 01s 0.60586 0.60226 0.59055 0.59505 5885 OS9R40 © OSNRIS 0.5985 059824 059823 020 0.60660 0.60269 059574 © 05901959859 © O.SDEAS—«OSUESS © 0.50832 0.59829 059829 022 0.0738 060315 059596 059036 © OST OSES OSNR4 0.59841 0.5988 058837 024 0.60823 0.60367 0.60022 059057 059885 OS9K72 OSES ©—0.59RSI 0.5989 0588 026 © 0.60914 0.60523 0.60052 059982 0.58004 0.59889 O.59RTI 0.59867 05986358862 028 0.61014 0.60887 0.60087 40011059826 059509 0.59889 0.5988 0.59880 059878 030 061123 060557 060127 O8D04S 050952 059533 OS8BI1 0.59906 0.59900 059898 052 061243 040635 0.60173 gone 050082 059562 05955 05993059923 S882 034 6137S 060722 © 060224 060128 OGDOIT 055054 058065 0.55959 0.59950 059048 036 061522 060818 060282 O6DITE 0.60055 0.60030 0598 0.59990 0.5990 059978 038 061683060026 O07 0.60234 060100 06007! gone © 0.60026 © 0.60014 060011 04d 061862 061044 © 0.60419 0.60296 06014 6017 OGNOTS 0.6006 O.600SI 060047 042 0.62059 061175 0.60499 0.60365 0.60202 0.60167 O6OII9 0.60108. O.6u0I 60087 Oat 06276 © 061319 O6NS8S O60 .60261 0.60221 060167 O.5UIS 0.60134. 060129 O46 062515 061476 0.60682 0.60522 0.60524 0.60279 OanzIs 0.60203. 0.60180 60174 O48 062777 | O616K7 | OADTE © O6D6I0 ENGI 60341 OTT © O.60254 60228 © 060221 050 065063 0.61833 0.60895 0.60703 0.6162 0.6006 0.60327 0.60307 0.60278 0.60270 052 063374 062034 061012060803 060536 0.60473 te O.6C36I 6027 O6NRIE Osé 0.63712 067249 61136 0.60806 0.60612 SUSHI O.6DHEI © O.60HIS — 0.60B76 0.60366 056 O4077 062479 0.61265 O.6I014 —OL6DKSS—O.6NE09 O.6OHTT © 0.60467 0.60423 O.60KIT O58 64470 062722 0.61399 61123. 0607S OLGNETSOGDSHS 0.50516 O.60465O.60451 06) 0.64890 042979 ©6153 0.61233 0.60836 0.60738 0.60596 0.60558 O.60SOL 0.60485 062 065337063246 OSI6TL O14 0.80803 O.6OTA 0.6066 0.60593 060529 0.60511 Ost 6581063524 © 0.61808 061445 0.60963 .60842 .gDEGS 0.60617 6054S 0.60525 066 086309043809 © O61937 061542 © OG1012O60BTE ROSSI 0.50628 0.60546 0.60523 OSS 0.56529 064098 0.62061 61629 61047 0.60899 .en6B) 0.60621 0.60529 0.60504 07 067369 064389062174 061703 0.61055 0.60002 OsnES0 0.50593 O.6NH91 0.60463 072 067925 06467 | O6IZ746ITE 6106.60 OBES 0.50542 0.60528 0.60396 O74 068494 OG#BGt | O6TISE 061802 061040 0.60842 O6DSHS © O.SDKSA © 0.60338 060303 075 068781 0465103 0.67394 © OISIS 061019 0.60812 80501 60815 60282 OsnRASTable 1-B-2—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 3-Inch (75-Milimeter) Meter [D = 2.900 Inches (73.66 Millimeters)] Pipe Reyaolds Number (Rez) B 4000 10,000 50,000 100.000 $00.00 1x10" 5x1 10X10 50x10 10x10 (002 OS9763 059688 0.59632 0.59622 OSGI 039609059606 0.59605 059605 059605 008 059859 039737 0.58648 | 059629 59511 «039607059608 059603 059602 059602 005 059942 059780 0.59659 0.59636 0.59612 059607 059603 059602 59601 0.59601 008 040019059821 05967 0.59645 0.59615 039609 059603 039602 058601 059601 0.10 060004 059861 0.59687 0.59655 0.5960 039613 059605 059605 059603 059603, 012 0460167 059902 0.59703 0.59665 0.59525 © 059619059611 059609 059608 0.59608, O18 040241 039044 0.59721 059680 «OS9GIS 059621 OS86I8 059616059618 O5D614 016 060316 059989 0.59742 059687 05967 059638 059627 059625 059613 059603, O18 060394 060036 0.59765 059716 0.59661 059650059659 059657 05856 05964 020 060475 0.60085 0.59792 059737 09677059666 059653059651 059648 059647 022 0.60561 060140 0.59822 0.59763 059657 059684 059670 059667 059668 059663, 024 0460652060199 0.59855 059791 0597 059706 © 058690 «059657058683 059682 026 © O607SI 060263 0.59893 059824 OSTA 059730 058713 059709 059708 059703, 028 © 04608s7 0.60333 0.59535 059860 © OS9TS 059758 058738 OS8734 © 080728059728 030 060973 040410 0.59883 059901059808 059790 059767 085762 © OS5T56. 0.59755 032 061099 0.60495 o.6o0as 059947 0598 058825 58800 O89 © OSsTET —OsaTES 034 061238 0.60589 0.60083 059998 O59EKT 059854 055835 059829 © 059820 59818, 036 061391 0.60691 O.60158 060054 0599058007 058874 039867 035857 OSDRSE 038 06135 60801 0.60229 GEDLIG 0599 058054 059017059908 0.55896 0.59893 040 061742 0.60029 060806 E0184 © 080057 O.60005 055963 058953 059039 0.59935 042 061945061064 0.60391 060257060085 0.60059 0.60012 0.60001 OSB 0.59580, 044 062167061213 O60HES 0.60337 O60 SUITS 0.60054 600s 0.60032 0.60027 046 0.62410 061374 060581 0.60422 06022 0.60179 O.601T8 060103. O.60N8I 0.60075 048 0.62675 61548 060687060512 06028 0.60244 O6OITS. OGOIST 0.60131 0.50125 050 082965 0.61737 0.60799 0.50608 0.60365 OOSI0 0.50232 «KCI «OSDIR O17 052 0.63280 0.61939 060817060707 06044) © 0.60377 0.689 gaRSs © 0.60RI2—0.50m23 054 0.63620 062155 061010 060810 040515 Ose OBE OMUSIS 0.607 0.60269 056 0.63987 0.62383 O6I166 60914 0.60535 0.60809 0.60397 040367 © 0.60323. 0.60311 058 0.64380 0.62625 061285 61019 0606S O.60STO —O.6OHLA—OKOSIO. 0.60360 0.50346 060 0.64800 0.62877 O6LA2S O6II21 080723 0.60625 0.50K83 OKDHS © 0.60388 0.60373 062 065245 | 0.68138 O61S52 06121906078 OETI © 0.60512 OKT 0.6005 0.0387 066 —OASTIS 0630S 06167 0.61310 0.608% 607 © A027 OKLTD«—«OBDHOT 0.80386, 066 066209 063679 0.61788 0.61389 0.60855 060722 .60S24 © OKOHT] O.60389 0.60366, 068 066723063953 0.61889 051453 0.60868 G01 60899 K0HI9 0.60348 0.60522, 070 067253 061223 061574 0.61498 OSES 0.60601 06047 ©6081 0.80279 0.60250, 072 067797 O6H4S5 —O6NISEOSISID SORTS 0.60653 0.60363 060289 © 0.60176 © O.6014A 074 06848 064736 O.6207S 061510 060TH) © O.60S41 0.60243 O6OIGI 0.60035 0.59999) 075 06862 © O.G48SS 0.62083 61494 04058 0.60480 0.60167 600 0.59948 —O.59BILa Table 1-8-3—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 4-Inch (100-Millimeter) Meter [D = 3.826 Inches (97.18 Milimeters)] ipo Reynolds Number (Rez) B $000 700,000 $00,000 «1x10 SxIM 10x10" SOx 1010010" om 059764 (059625059612 059610 059607 058607059607 0.89607 00s 058861 ‘055631 059613059610 059606 059605 059605 059605 005 059945 Os5610 059616 059611 059608 059605 0.59605 05960 008 oars ‘059650 039600059615 059609 059608 0.59600 0.59406 010 060100 059661 0.59626 059620059613 059612 059610 0.59610 12 sors 5967S 0.59635 059627 © 059619 S618 059616 059616. O14 0.60250 059600 0.59645 059637 059528 059626 © 059624 © 059624 016 0.60325 (059708 059658 059649 0.59639 059637 059635059634 018 060405 059729 05967 059664 059652059650 059647039647 020 060488 ‘059752 059602 059681 059668 059666 0.59663 059662 022 060S7S | 060155 059838 05979 STIS. 058701 059686 OSE 0159680 0.59680 Oot 0.60667 © O602I3 059873 059809 © 059737 059723 059708 597% —Ose7D1 0.39700 026 06076? | 0.60080 «089912 059842 058765 059749 © 059732 O57 «05972305972 028 060574 0.60352 059955 058880 059795059779 SITS —OSBISS 05949 059748 030 060501 G.s0H30 0.0008 © 059922059830 058811059789 059784 © O59TTS_— (059776 032 O61 0.60516 0.60057 0.50069 O.S9R68" 059847 0.59822 OS9EIE 059809 0.59807 03 061258 060610 060116 OGM © 059010059887 59K OSDRSZ 059843. O598AL O36 Oslald —O60713 60181 —O6DUTE 0.59956 059920 0.59898 059891 059880 0.59878 038 061578 0.0827 060252 O6D14D 0.60006 050978 © sNaE1 © 05983205992) 039917 ad O6L7G3 060951 060330 0.60207 © O.60060 0.60028 0.59867 059977059963 (038959 042 061965 0.61086 060414 0.60280 EDIE 0.60082 © .gDMS 60% 60007 0.60003 Oat 062187 0.61233. 060508 E035 CADIS 60140 GOMES OGDOTS GNSS 0.60088 046 062429 061393 060501 060442 60245 060200 060139 O60IZ_A.GDIDL_ 0.60085 Que Cazes 061367 060705 060530 0.60312 60262 060192 OSITS ©6149 0.60142 050 062963061753 O.608L4 | 0.60623 0.60381 0.60325 0.60745 60226 ORDIST 0.60189. 052 063296 01952 0.60928 | O60TI9 0604S! 0.60388 060800 occ2T? © etaas 0.60234 Ost 063634 6216! 061047 60817 O.60521 0.60850 0.60350 060524 .2RS 0.60275. 056 063959062389 “OSIIGE | OADPIS O60SEE_O.40SOD HDI 060367 060323 0.60310 Oss 0889 062625 061290 061013. 6051 0.60563 0.60436 060403 0.60352 0.60338 06) 0.68806 0462871 6141161105 0.60707 0.60609 0.60KG7 0.60629 .60372 0.60356 062 065247 06314061528 © OTIS 0.60753 L603 O.6OHBA EOD 60377 0.60359 Qe O6STI3 063384 © OGI63E 6172 —O.6OTES— O.60GEH | O.DHBS © OKOEIE OHNE 0.60345. Oee 066201 © C6364 | OGITST 61335 0.60800 0.60665 0.6067 © OKDHS 6032 0.60309 Ges 066708 063905 | 061820 O13 0.60792 06063 ODED OKO3E2 © O.HORTI 80S 070 067230 O6s160 OGTR 61803 0.60756 0.60591 0.60387 0.60280 0.001780 072 0676 064403061921 0.61386 0.60686 0.600 ODT OKO16D 00H O.60014 O74 0.68303 064629061926 061384 060577 0.60377 OSD 059995 059869 0.59834 075 068573 064733 OGINIS OISTE 0.60505 0.60295 0.58981 059895 05976205972542 Table 1-B-4—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 6-Inch (150-Millimeter) Meter [D = 5.761 Inches (146.33 Milimeters)} Pipe Reyaolds Number (Reo) B 4000 10,000 50,000 100000 500000 «1x1 «5x10 10x10 SOI 10x10" (002 059765 059691 058635 OS8624 0596 039611 0.59609 059608 O5N608 059608 00s 0.59864 059742 © O5R651 059634 0.59616 059613 0.59609 059608035608 059607 006 059950059788 058657 059684 S96 059615 0.59611 059610 059609 0.30609 0.08 0.60030 059832 059683 0.59656 © 0.59625 059621 5961S 059614 OS9613. 059612 010 00107 039876 058701 059669 OS9EIS © 059628 059621 059620 «OSN6I8 ——OSBGI8 012 060184 059920059721 058685 0596 059657 059529 © O56 059625 059625, 014 0.60260 050965 059743 0.59702 059657 059649 0.59640 059638 0.59635 059636, O16 0.60338 060013059767 0.59722 059672 059663059653 (059651 059619 059648 O18 060419 06006305579 O.S97E4 059650 059679 059653 059655 059663 0.50663. 020 060503060116 0.55824 © O5S97T0 059710059698 05968 059683 059580 059680, 022 060592060173 0.59857 0597980597 059720 059705059703 OSIM 059699 024 060686 060235 0.59094 059830 «OS97R OSHS 059M 059726 «OSH ~—OSNTAL 026 060786 060302 0.59534 059865 059TH © OS9772 «050755 —«OSTTSI —OSIMG 0.59745 028 0.60895 060374 0.59879 05994 0598 058803 OS9TES 059779059773. 59772 030 061013 060454 0.60029 050048059855 058537 © O598I4 —OSSBIO 059805 0.59802 032 061141 04054 0.60083 059985 OS9EMH —OSSRTA 059849 SSRIS ONES OSE 034 061281 060635 0.60143 600K © 039957 59014 059885 0.59879 ©—OSRETI 0.59868 036 061434 060739 0.60208 6010S 05998 0.58958 039825 O.SEBIB 58808 0.59905 038 0.61602 © 060852 0.60279 60167 06004 © 0.60005 039968 0.59960 OSM 0.59945 040 061786 060976 0.60355 0.50234 060087 0.60055 060014 0.50004 059900 0.59885 042 061988 | O6IIIL 0.60439 060306 60144 0.60108 0.60061 a.s0089 060033 0.60029 044 62210061257 0.60528 0.60382 © 060204 0.60164 © O.60110 0.60087 060078 O.0TS 045 0.52452 a6141S 0.60623 O.SE4 — 0.60285 © 080221 0.60160 0.60145 0.60123. 060117 048 0462715 061595 080723 0.60549 © 06085) 0.60280 0.60211 0.60193 060167 O.6DIGI 050 83002 © OI762 © DRO OANSIT © ANOS cO.NRS © L602 OID ©—OLSRAI——O.60203 052 463313 1965 060538080727 80S) 0.60396 0.60308 0.50285 .6N2S 602K? 054 0.63649 062172061050 0.60819 0.60573 060452 0.60352 0.80325 0.60287 O.60276. 056 0.64011 062391 0.61163 0.60910 0.6088 060502 0.60390 0.60360 060316 0.60303, 058 0.64388 062620 C6176 0.60957 060634 OSISHG © OK0KID.OSISES © OGNSIS © O.8NR21 060 0.64810 062858 0.61386 0.61079 06057 0.60579 O60HS7 © 0.60399 O02 0.60526, 082 0.65247 G63101 0.61489 OS11S3 06070 0.50600 0600 0.60398 © 060333 O.6R15 O6f 065707063349 0.61583 051214 0607 5002 © 060424 0.60576 060303 0.60283 056 0.65188 063596 © O6IG53 0.61258 OSTIE.§O.6NSE2 © USNR 0.6030 OU © 0.60226 068 © 066588 043839 0.61723 051279 6068S 0.60535 0801S 0.60254 060162 0.60137 070 067201 064073 061758061272 OKOSIE O.SOKSS © 060207 60140 6005E—O.6DOI0 072 067728 © O6trD OITE 061230 060512 0.60329 0.40057 059983 SSR 059837 0.74 068250 064487 0.61725 OSIIA 0.60358 O.601S6 0.59856 059773059647 0.59611 075 068512 O64S7S 0.61650 061083 0.6026) D600 0.58753 059686 © 058513 0.59476Table 1-B-5—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 8-Inch (200+ [D = 7.625 Inches (193.68 Millimeters)] Pige Reyoolds Number (Rea) B 4000 —*10000 50,000 «100.000 -St0000 «x10 SxI0 10x10 SOx 10010" O02 059766 05961 059635 059625 059618 059612 039610 059609 05960 © 0.58600 00s 059865 0.59744 059652 058636 ©—OSS6IT 059614 059610 059510 0.58609 0.59609 006 09952 059791 059669 059667 059623059618 058613059612 059612059611 00s 0.60033 0.59835 0596E7 © 059659 058630 059524 0.599618 59517 58616 0.59616 0.10 G.o1ll 059880059706 058674 © 088639 059632 0.59625 059624 059623 0.5962 012 0.60189 059925 OS9TZT 059690 058650 0.59643 0.59635 059633 0.59632 0.59631 O14 0.60266 050671 059789 039708 O58664 — 059655 0.59616 © OS96IS 058643 059642 O16 0.60345 O62) O59TTS 099729 058680 0.59670 0.59660 © O55 059556 0.59655. Os 0.60827 CSOT! © OS9RDS 059753038698 0.59688 0.59677 059674 039672059671 020 O60Si1 060125059833 «058779 AS7TI9059708 0.59595 059693 039690059689 022 0.60601 0.183 059867 058808 059743059731 OSTITOSeTIA —OSSTIO.—_—O5S8TIO De O.e8S 0.60246 059905 059841 055770059736 0590 STS 059733059733 026 0.60797 00813059047 © 0588877 © OS8800 038785 059767 0.59763 059759059758 028 0.60906 0.60387 «059992 «058917 058833059816 059795 059792 © $8787 © —OS9786 030 061024 0.60467 0.60042 059961 058859 059851 © 0.59878 059823 038817058816 032 061153 060854" 0.60087 060010058009 OS9RES 059863 059857 0.59850 S848 034 061293 060649 O.6DIST 0.60062 058052 050929 0.59801 O5D994 —OS9RES S88 036 061447 © O.607S3 0.60223 060120058899 0599735941 © 059933039923 0.58920 038 Osle1s 0.60866 0.60294 060182 060049 0.50020 0.50583 059975 059963059960 Dad 081799 0.60890 0.60371 | 060288 060102 0.60070 0.60028 060018 0.40004 0.60001 042 0.62001 061124 0.60453 060520060158 0.60122 607s Oem cOOKT 0.60043 04s 062222 061770 O60S41 ©6039 O6I2I7 SOIT? 060173 .60110 0.60091 0.60085 046 Os2464 0.61427 060635 8047S 06027B 060233 0.60172 O6DIST 6014 0.60128 Oss 0.62727 061557 06073 60559 O6NSD 0.60290 0.60220 0.60203 0.60177 0.60170 050 083013 0.61778 060837 | 0.60645 | O6DHNS 00346 © 0.60268 O.60248 60218 0.60210 052 063323 061972 060043 | 060732 Osbast 060401 0.60312 .6aRE © o.gcnss —o.gtRAS Ost 0636582177 O.610S2 060820060523 0.60452 0.50352 O.60326 0.60287 0.60277 056 OSHO18 0.62393 «0.61161 060905 OSNS7E O.6OHBS O.6DRES ©8056 © O.G0I2 0.60299 O58 0.68403 062618 0.61269 © 060989060625 0.60536 .G0HI0 0.60376 0.60325 0.60312 Oe) OSHS OARESI 061372061055 060652 0.60563 O.6DHT1 60383 0.60325 0.60310 062 065248 0462089061468 061131 0606806057 60S 080373 0.60309 060291 OGt 065706 063330 0.61554 O6I1E2 OND! 0.60569 0.60390 0.6042 080270 060249 086 086183 063570 C6162 | OIZIS —OSGT3—O60SB 060839 0.60785 0.60203 0.60180 068 0.86675 0.63804 OGI6T! 061224 O6N627 060475 0.60255 0.60195 0.60103 6078 070 067188 0.64027 061691 061201 ONS 060378 0601326065 0.58963 0.5904 072 0677S 061233061676 061140 O6DHIB —a.0r34 059962 O.S9BBS_ OSETIA STAD O74 086228 064413 O6I6ID 061052 O8t24) 60037 059736 O.58GS4 0.38527 0.59492 075 0.88484 0.64491 O.61STL 0.60057 060128 059016 059599 059513 058379 0.59342“a ‘Table 1-B-6—Discharge Coefficients for Fiange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 10-Inch (250-Milimeter) Meter [D = 9.562 Inches (242.87 Millimeters)] Pipe Reyoolds Namber (Res) B 4000 10000 50.000 100000 S00000 1x1 5x10" 10x10 50x10 100x10 0.02 059767 053692 059636 059625 0596 059612 039610 059610 059609 059609 010s 059865 © 059745 059653059637 S961 059615059611 OSGI 059610 0.38610 006 0.59853 059792 059671 059649 0.596% 059620 059615059614 059613 008 0.60035 0.59838 059689 059562 0.586 059627059621 059620 O01 0.59618 010 0.60114 059883059709 039677 OS962 —OS9G3S 059628 059627 © 059626 «(059625 012 0.60182 059928 059730 059602 0596S 058645 0.59638 059657 05965 059635 0444 0.60270 059976 059754 058713 0.59668 © 058660 059551059549 © 059647 059647 0.16 0.60880 06002505978 OSOTSL © OSSGRS © OS9GTS 059665 059563 OS9G61 059661 018 0.60432 060076059808 058758 0.5970 © 055604 059582 059580 5967S 039677 020 0.60517 060131 059840 059785 0S97A5 OSETIA OS9TO2 03969 058696 0.59606 022 060607 060190 059874 059816 OS9TH —OSITEE 0597 OSETZE~—OSITIS. 058717 024 0.60702 060253 059913059849 0597 OSNTES 039748 O5STAS«—OSTTAL 039740 026 0.60804 60321 059955059885 © 059BIR 059793 OSOTTS OSSTZ SITET 0.38766 028 0.60914 060395 060001059025 O59 —OSDEDS 5980S OS9ED! 059796059795 030 061032 060475 0.60052 050971 059879 0.59860 039838 059833 OS9RI7 0.39825 032 G6li6) 060563 a6m107 ©6019 059919059898 0598TS 059867 —059RED 0.59858 034 061302 60558 060167 060072 © 05092 05053905011 0.59004 059805 050893. 036 061456 060763 060033060130 06000 © 059983059951 O58RG 059933 0.59951 038 061624 060875 0.60304 © 040192 060059 0.60030 050984 OsaBES 059973 058970 0.40 061809 061000 0.60381 0.60259 060112 0.60080 0.60038 0.60028 0.60018 0.60011 0.42 062010061134 0.60463 0.60330 0601 0.132 O.C008S | 0.60N7S 00ST 0.60053. 0.44 062231061279 0.60551 0608S 0.60225 O.HDIRG © OGOIS? © OOTID.-—O.6DIDO.8T09S 045 062473 061836 0.60643 C6DHRA 08028 O.HIMT © OEDIED —OOIGSO.601KS 60137 048 0.62735 061605 060781 060566 0.60347 © 050297 0.60228 O60210 O.SDI8S—O60LTS 030 068021061785 0.6083 OK0SS1 OI? OSS? C.mORs © amDS «URI 052 063331 061977 0.60047 060737 0.60N6s © O.goHOS BIS} 6093 0.6259 0.60250 O54 0.65665 062151 0.61052 060822 0.60523 OHDISS CSS L602 0.60289 0.60278 056 0.64024 062385 61161 060905 O60STTO5IST © CHORES OLAS O.6UBID. 0.60298 058 0.64408 062618 061265 060985 6082 © O.6DSZCKOHOS OUST © O.6ORZL_—0.60307 060 0.64817 062848 061365 061057 O60KSS OSS CEOKI2 OATS OBIT 0.60301, 062 0.65250 063083061457 O6II18 OsO6T. SER KOR — eID 0.60095 0.60277 064 0.65705 063320 061536 061164 0.60672 0.50549 O60371 0.60823 0.60250 0.60229 0.65 0.66182 063555 061599 061190060647 0.60511 E0312 0.60258 0.60175. 0.60153 068 0.66675 065784 061639061190 060592 O.5044L —LEO2ID EDI 0.60057 © 0.40042 070 © Q6TISL 064000061650 061158 0.6049 0.60332 160085. CLHOUIDOSR9I5 —OS9REE 0.72 067695 © OG4I98 061624 061085 0.60361 0.0176 59% OSNID —aSTIS 059683, 074 068212 068359 061553 0.60963 6067 059964 © 059563 C5950 050453 OS9EIE 075 68468 064441 0.61497 0.60880 0.60047 058M 059517 5940 059297 0.59259‘Table 1-B-7—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 12-Inch (300-Millimeter) Meter [D = 11.374 Inches (288.90 Milimeters)] Pipe Reynolds Number (Rea) B 4000 10,600 50000 100,000 500.000 1x1 Sx10 10x10" 50x10" 10x10" ‘Oc 059167 059602 059636 059626 59615 059613 059610 059610059609 59600 Oot 058867 05974559654 0537 059619059616 059612059611 OSPSIL_ 5961 006 059054 059793 059672 059650 05925 058621 059616 058015 059514 0.59616 008 060037059839 059691 0.59663 O59EBE 058628 0.59622 059621 059620 0.39620 010 060116 059885 OS9711 © 059679 0596 058637 0.59630 059629 059628 059627 0.12 060194 059931059733 059696 OSES S964 SEA 059659 059638 059637 Olé 060273059978 | OSBIST —OSBTIG —OSETL 059653 - 080654 059652059650 059650 O16 0.60353 0.60028 S973 OS9TEB 05965 0.59679 0.59669 59667 © O.SNGES 0.59654 01s 0.60435 0.60080 059812 0.59762 5970 OSES 5968 0SN684 SNES 059681 029 © O.60s21 060135 059844 0.59790 059730059719 0.59706 © OS9TO4 S971 059700 022 0.60611 060194 0.59879 059820 OS9TSS 0.59743 O.SNTI8 Os9T26 S972 OssT22 Oat 0.60707 O.6n2SE —OS9R1 059854 SITES S976 058753 059750 059746 © OS846 026 0.60809 060326 05996) —OS9EDI —OSNEI4 59709 © O.58TSI 059777 OSS7I3. 058772 028 060919 60801 0.60007 059532 0598 © 0.59831 59811 059807 05902 0.59800 030 061038, 0.6081 O6ONSE 059577 SEES 5886S OSHELA 058839 059853 0.59832 052 061167 060569 060113 0.60025 059825 050905 OSH 05874 0.59867 0598S. 03 061308 060555 060174 0.60079 05986 05884 05818 OSssIL 059902 0.39900 036 061462 060769 © 060240 60137 OIG 059990 058058 059951 059940 0.59035 038 0.61630 0.60883 0.60811 0.60199 0.60056 0.60037 0.60001 059992 0.59880 0.59877 04 O6IS1S 0.61006 0.60388 0.60265 60119 §— 0.60087 © 6004S 0.60035 0.6K! OLBNOIS 042 0.62017 0.61140 0.60470 0.50336 OGDITS 0.60139 0.6002 0.60080 0.50064 0.60059 Od 0.62237 6128S 0.60557 © O.6DMI1 0.60238 0.60193 0.60139 060126040107 0.60101 046062479 61442 0.60649 0.60490 0.60192 160247 ©5018 O07! O.GOI49 GDI O48 067741061610 60747 0.60572 60353602 0.60233 6016060190 O80 050 063027 061790 0.60847 0.6065 KOHI3 O.GT3ST © O.GOZTE 0.60258 0.60229 0.60221 052 063336 0.61982 O.608SI 0.60740 OGKTZ © 0.60408 O.guB20 0.80297 O66 O.6aRs4 O58 06367 O4z184 61056160825 60577 O.6NKSS © O.BNISE 160330 060291 0.60280 056 061028 062397 «61162 0.60807 60577 O.6DH9SOMTSES 0.60355 ONLI 0.60209 O58 O6t4I2 062519 61254 OEDRRS —OEID. 0.60530 .gDH03 040370 60319 0.60305 06) OGt21 062847 06132 S103 0.60650 O.4DSSI — O6DA0 060370 060313 0.60297 062 065253 0.63080 0.61451 Q.6IILI 060655 «0.60855 0.60385 60352 0.60288 0.60270 Oss 06570863315 O61S2T —O6IIS4 —O6OKGL 60538 060360 M012 060239 0.60219 066 0.66182 63548 0.61586 0.61175 060532 0.60195 60796 60243 OHDIGI 0.60138. 05S 066674 0.63773 O.61621OSIITI ©0572 © O.60421 0.60199 0.60139 060047 0.60021 070 067179 0.63085 0.61627 O.1133O6DH73 0.50308 0.60099 059992059890 0.59861 072 0676926417 0.61594 0.61053 060327 0.60142 5989 OSSTIS SSE 0.58649 O74 066206 06S O.6ISI4 0.60922 6012 O.SDHI 059619059535 ©——O.SBAI0 0.59374 075 0.68461 064412 0.61453 0.60834 059999 SITES OSHS OSES S847 0.5821046 Table 1-B-8 Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 16-Inch (400-Millimeter) Meter 1D = 14.688 Inches (373.08 Milimeters)] Pipe Reynolds Number (Res) B 4900 10.000 50.000 100000 50000) «1x1 5x10 OXI 50x10 100x10" (002 059767 0.50603 059637 0.59626 059615 059613 059611 059610 059610 038610 004 0.59868 059745 0.59655 039638 05962) 038617 059613059612 059612 059611 0.06 0.59555 05974 059673059551 0596ZT 058622059617 059617 059616» 059615 008 0.60038 059841 © 0.59682 059565 0.59635 0.55630 059624 059623059622 «059621 010 0.60118 039857 039713039681 059645 0.58640 0.59633 059631 059630 0.59620 0.12 0.60157 059934 059736059589 059559 0.S5652 059644 059642 S964 059640 01s 0.60776 059982 058760 OSBTID —OS6TS 0.58665 0.59687 059655. 059654 059653 0.16 0.60335 060032039757 OSBTA2 059652 058683 059673 05967! © 059669 059668 0.18 0.60839 060084 © 059817059767 050713. 085702 059601059689 059685 059686 020 0.60525 060140 039849 059795 059735 058724 OSOTIL © 059709 © 058705059705 022 0.60615 060200 059885 059825 OS9T6L 0579 SOTA 059752 059728039728 024 0.60712 0602s 059924 05086 © «OSOTE —OSNTTE © O5S9T6D 059757 S975 050752 025 0.60815 060333 039957 059895 059821 055806 OS9TES 058784 «059780 059779 028 0.60825 60408 060014059940 059855 SHRI. 5981. OSBBIS SSH 059808 030 0.61044 060489 0.60066 059985 OS9ES} 5987S 0.9852 O59EK7 © OSSRSI 059840 032 0617S 060577060122 0.60034 059054 0.59913 0.59888 059882 © 059875 059873 034 61315060673 60183 0.6008 05997 OSHS 0.59925 059920 OSSBI1 039009 036 0.61469 © 060777 0.60249 O.60146 0.60005 0.59809 059967 © 059960 5949 059047 038 0.61638 060891 0.60320 0.60208 060073 0.60087 © C.60010 060001 059589 0.39986 040 061823 061015 060307 040275 6012S © 0.50096 GOSS OKO © O.6ONSI © 080027 042 062025061149 0.60479 0604S O6OIE —O.6OIKBG.60IL 0.4008 0.60073 0.60069 as 0.62285 061298 0.60565 06082006022 © OKO2D1 © C.HDIE—OAOISA —O6OILS A600. 046 0.62487 061450 0.60658 060498 060301 © 0.60256 CIS OGOITD © O.60IST—O6OIST 048 062749 061618 O.60754 0.60579 0.60361 UBIO C0281 © 0.60223. 60198 060191 050 0.65055 061798 0.60854 0.60562 0601 0.50363 CONES GIES © O.SUTIS—.8027 052 0.63343 061988 0.60957 060746 © 604TH 0.0825 600 © 0.6069 0.60259 053 063677062190 0.61051 0.60829 060552 0.6061 0.60360 60534 0.60295 0.60285. 056 0.64035 062402 61154 0.60909 06058 61800 0.60857 0.60558 0.60513 0.60301 058 0.64418 062622 061265 0.60084 060619 0.60830. O.6DKO3 06037 USI. 060305. 060 0.64825 062848 0.61360 61051 060647 0.60548 CKKOS © O.6IS6T © 0.60310 —0.60294 062 0465258 06307906144 6110506065) 0.60599 C0889 O.GaSHS © 0.7] maR6E 06¢ 06571 06331261519 OKI14S 60S 0.50578 0.50350 081302 0.609 0.60208 085 0.66185 | 063541 061573 061162 060617 © O.6DHS] 0.60281 .60228- OIA 0.60123. 068 0.66675 063753 061603 61152 0.60551 0.60400 COLTS O.60118 0.60025 0.60000 070 067179 083971 061602 01107 0604S 0.60278 060081055964 OSE —O.59833. 072 0.67690 OHISE 061562 061019. 0.60291 0.6016 059853 OSETSS §—OsNEe 059612 074 68202064316 © 061473 0.60878 4007S 0.59874 © 059572 O.50H89 0.59362 059527 O75 068455 068382 061408 O.607S 059947 059733 OSBKIS 059528 OSVIDS 09157a ‘Table 1-B-9—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 20-Inch (500-Millimeter) Meter [D = 19.000 Inches (482.60 Millimeters)} Pipe Reynolds Number (Reo) 400010000 30.000 +—*100.000 50.000 «x10 SxI0® 10x10" SOxIG 10x10" 002 059768 059693 050637 059626 059615 058613 059611 _OS96i1 059610 039610 004 059868 059747 059556 0.59639 «OS9621 058617 0.59614 059613 058612059612 006 059857 059796 0.59674 0.59652 059628058623 059519 059618 058617 039616 0.08 060040 059842 059604 059667 058637 038631 0395626 059624 058RS 039623 0.10 060120 059859 | OS971S 0.59683 039648 059642 059635059623 (O5NKS2 09602 0.12 060199 059936 059738 0.59701 059662059654 059645 OS9EES OSHS 059643 0.14 060279 059984 0.59763 059722 039677 059669 059660 059658 058656 0.59556 O16 060360 060035 059790055745 039696 039686 05967505960 © 058672059672 O18 —Ce04es 0.60088 059821 OSS7TI | —OS87I6 059705 059595 059583 038690 0.59680 020 060529 060148 059854 059799 03940 059728 059716 058713. 058710059710 022 040620 0.60204 059880 0.58831 058766 0597530599 OSI © ass OsITIE 024 Oa07I? 060269 059950059865 OS9795OSOTE 059765 «038762 «058758 059157 026 060820 060538 059973058904 059827 «059812059754 039790059786 OSITES 028 060590 C6DK13 0.60020 0.59016 © OS5EE2©—«OS8EAS——OHRDS 059821 OSNBIG 038814 030 0.61050 0.60195 060072. 0.59082 059500 OSSERL © OSSRSS OSES OSORS§—O58BH6 032 61180" 060583 060129 0.60081 © 0S941 0.58020 05989 0.59890 0.9 0.58880 03¢ 061321 60680 0.60190 0.50085 038585 059962 O59 059927 0519039917 036 61876 O6O7RS 0.60256 O.60153 6008360007 5907S 058967 059957 059955 038 —O6164S © 0.6089 60528 0.60216 ONES 0.6K0S4 60018 0.60009 059957 © —O.sSBR4 040 061830 0.61022 060404 0.60283 O.60136 0.60104 060063 0.60053 0.60039 0.60035 042 060082 © OSIIS6 060486 0.60353 6012 .60156 60109 0.60087 0.60081 060077 04s 062253061301 060574 0.60828 0.60289 6020 OEOISE 0.60142 0.60123 —O50I18 04s 62454 GI4SE 50565 0.60505 060308 0.50263 O6U2T2 © ODIET © O0IES 9.0159 048 062756 O16 060762 0.60587 OATRES —OBNSIT 60248 0.60231 O.60NTS © 060198 050 0.63082 © OS18OH 060861 0.60669 © 0.47 06037 60292 © O.6OTTZ SONAR © OHA 052 063350 0.61995 080963 O.607S2 sts © 060420 EOS OOH OoRTS © aaR6s 054 063684 | O62195 061056 O.60RS4 O.6NSS7 © 0.60465 060365 0.60539 0.60300 060290 036 Gel® © —O62OT AGING © OGOBI3 O605E4 —O.GOSOEOL603P1 0.50361 OBIT 0.6005 O58 O6ui2s © 062626 © OS1265 0.60987 © O.80622 080533 60H © O.6UST2 0.67] 060308 02) GeHEs2 © O6RESI —OGIS5I OSIGS2 4064S O.6OSHE 50105 O60REE —OETBIO. 0.60295 062 065263 0.65081 OSIM 01105 C6NKs7 —casNs47 060387 Oma OORT 060262 Ost 065716 OSI © —OSISIS OSITSI 60647 060524 © O.60MS 0.60297 Og0z4 0.50204 Oss Osel8 0.63539 081567 © OSIISS —O6N6D 06047060273 O6NRI9—O60I37 O01 068 0.66679 0.63758 081593 OGITS1 60539 060388 60166 0.60105 OgmDI4 059988 070 OTIS] 0.63963 061588 061091 602 0.60251 0.60014 058947 058844059816 072 067601 64145 | O6I542 061887 060268 6008S OSFAND OSTTES 0586 059589 074 068201 0.61300 061646 © 0.6085 OENOHE © OSNEKE —ONSK 050459 038332 059296 075 068455 0.61363 | 061376 0.60752 OS8912 05968 0.59380 058293 «08159 0.591224% Table 1-B-10—Discharge Coefficients for Fiange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 24-Inch (600-Millimeter) Meter [D = 23.000 Inches (584.20 Millimeters)] Pipe Reynolds Number (Rep) B 4000-10000 $0100 100,000 S000 1x10" SxI0 10x10 S0xI 10x10 002 039768 059603 CS9GST 059627 OSHSIS 059613 059611 059611 _OS96I0 059610 00s 059869 059747 059656 059639 0.55521 (038618 05614 0.59613 059613 0.59613, 006 039957059795 059675 059653 59528 059624 059619059618 059617 059617 008 60041 059843 CS969S 059568 CSUSB 059632 ©0592 © 0.59625 562 059624 0.10 060121 059890 039716 059688 0.59549 059643 059635 0.59635 059633 0.59653, 0.12 0.60201 059937 059739059703 059553059656 OSES © 059686 OSGI 059644 0.14 060280 059985 C5976 059724 05957 ODT! 059662 0.59660 OS9658 0.59658, 0.16 060361 060037 059793058747 059598059689 039678 059676 S857 0.59674. 018 © 060445 060090 059823058773 059719 058709 059607 0.59695 0.59693 0.59602 020 060552 60147 039856 059802 059M 05973108719 OSITIG © OSSTIS.—(O9TI3, 0.22 060623 060207 059893059834 05976 O597ST 05742 059740 OS9T36. 059736, 0.26 0.60720 0.60272 05983359869 © OSMTB © OSSTRS 59769 059756 059762 —O5976L 0.25 060823 060342059977 0.59908 059530 059815059798 059794 59789 —OS978E 0.28 0.60934 C6017 © 060024 059950 05985059849 © 059829 059RS 05920 «OSIEIS 030 061054 0.60499 160076 0.59996 05990 OSSEES © OSSES —«O598SB —O598S2 —OS9ESI 032 061184 0.60587 060133 0.60046 059MS_ 058825, 059900 05964 059887 059885. 034 061325 0.60684 0.60195 0.60100 059990 059567 | 059538 039952 059823058821 036 046180 060789 0.60261 ODISE 060037 OKDI2 05880 059972 059962059059 038 061649 0.60003 060333 0.60221 6008S 60059 060023 0.0014 ON 039999 040 061834 061027060410 0.60288 60141 © 0.60109 0.60068 060088 OOOH 060040 042 042036 © OII6L_ 060492 0.60358 060197 ODISI —OOIIA 60102-60000 044 042257 061305 060579 0.60433 06025 O.GOZIS OOISI 06018 0.60129 060123, 045 0462498 © 061463 C6067! © O.60S1 06014 © 0.60269 ©6028 OHI O60IT EOI 048 042761 061630060757 0.60592 060573 0.60323 0253 06005 0.60210 0.60203, 050 043046 ©6180 | O60 O.50GTA © USOHD © O.SUSTS 0.50297 OSOIE 0.60287 08029. 052 0463355 061999 60958 0.60757 06088-60425 O.sNS36 © 080313 0.60279 aEOZTO 054 043688 0.62200 061070 0.60838 0605s O.60E7—O.51369 06043 0.60304 60204 056 0.6404 ©6211 OGIIT2 0.60917 060587 0.60507 © O.60384 0.60365 0.60320 0.60308 058 064429 062629 61271 060989 0.60524 © O6NSIS O60 © O.6US7S O82 OBI 060 064836 062853 061363 0.61054 0.60549 0.60550 060407 0.60369 © O60312 0.61296 062 0465267 0.63083 61446 0.61105. 060558 O.60SAT OUST 060345 0.678 ea 0.66 0465720063313 O6ISIS. 0.61140 60546 © 0.60523. ORISA 6026 0.60223. 60202 0.65 0.66192 0.63539 61365 0.61153 0.60507 0.60470 0.60270 0.60216 060135 OIL? 068 0.66682 0.63757 0.61589 0.61137 060534 0.60383 0.50160 0.60100 060008 0.59583 070 O6TISs 063960061581 0.61084 0.60121 0.60253 0.60006 059039 © 058837 09808, 072 067653 O6tI42 061533 0.60987 0.60057 040072 ©0879 aSOTEA 058610059578, 074 068203 068293 061433 0.60836 0.034 0.S9829 0.58526 OKIE —O9SI7 038281 07S 068456 068355 061361 0.60736 059895 59S 059363 059276 Osea © Os910549 Table 1-B-11—Discharge Coefficients for Flange-Tapped Orifice Meters: Nominal 30-Inch (750-Milimeter) Meter [D = 29.000 Inches (736.60 Milimeters)] Pipe Reynolds Number (Rep) B 4000 «10000-50000 100000 500.000 «1x10 Sx10 10x10" SOxiO 1001" 002 050768 059693 05037 059627 OSR6I6 _O5S9614 OSR6I1 059611 058611059610 Oo 055869 059748 059657 039640 0.59622 058618 0.59615 059614 059613 059613. 0.06 059958 059797 058675 059653 059629 059625 0.59610 039619059618 059618 008 60041 0.59844 059696 059668 059638 058633 0.99527 059626 059625 059625 0.10 060122 059891 058717 039685 059651 059644 0.59637 059636059638 059654 (012 041202 0.59939 OS9THL 059708 05965 059657 0.599 059618 059616 059646 Os 0460282 0.59988 059767 059725 0596E_ 059673 0.59568 059662059660 059650 O16 060363 0160039 059795 059749 0.59700 058691 0.59681 059679 059676 059676 O18 046087 160093 059825059776 05972105871 0.59700 059698059695 039695 020 060534 060150059859 059605059745 0597 OS9TZ1_ «059719. «OST OS9T1S 022 260625 060210059695 059837 «OS9TIZ OST 059746 © 0.59743 0.59739 059739 O24 0.60723 O.60zTS © 059935 05072 059802 OS9TE 039772 OSHT69 038765 OSTEO 026 0.60826 © O.604S | 05998) © OSB9II 05983 59S 059801059798 03973 OS0TI2 028 0.60837 O.eD4ai 60028 059954 ©0597 059853 059833059829 059824 059822 (030 061037 0.60503 .60081 060000 059808 0.58800 0.59867 059863 —O5985G ©5855. 032 061188 0.60592 0.60138 060050 059950 0.59929 0.59904 059899 as9891 0.598859 034 061329 0.60689 0.60199 U6DIDs 039995 05872 0593059937 059928 0.59926 036 061884 670K © 0.60265 OGOIES 60H © O6DDIT-—«0.599ES 05977 058967 0.39865. 038 061653 0.60908 0.60338 0.60225 60083 | 0.60065 0.0028 0.60020 0.60008 0.60005 040 061838 0.61032 0604S 060293 O6DIET © O6DIIS 0.60073 0.60063 0049 0.60046 a2 042081 060197 0.60364 0.60203. 0.60167 0.60120 o.60108 060092 0.60087 om 0.67262 0.60584 060439 060260 0.60200 0.0166 060153060134 060129 045 062503, 0.60675 060517 0460319 O.orT4 0.60213 0.60198 060176 0.60170 O48 062756 © OG1G3S 060772 060597 OKDATD —O.6NIS 0.60259 0.0241 0.60216 0.6009 050 0463051 61814060871 | 0.60679 O.60K37 0.60380 0.60302 0.60282 0.60252 0.60248 052 0.63360 0.62005 0.60973 060762 60493-6030 060341 OKOSIS asa O.602S 054 063693 0.62205 O6107S 0604360545 OMOEA 060374 60348 080309 0.60298 056 0640S! 0.62415 O1I77 0.60021 60581 O.60SI2 060299 060369 0.60325 0.60312 058 06H 625 OKIZIS 060093 60K O5NSII.OHOKIZ—0603TE 06028 O.60314 060 O6IB4I 0.62858 0.61366 061057 060552060553 OOKI0 06037260315 0.60299 062 065272 0.63086 0614S 061107 6066 .6NS49 060289 OOS §— ONDE? .606K OGt 065724 © O4SSISOISI6 061141 60645 © L6DS23 O.6OMA 060296 0.603. .60208 066 066197 6354061564 061152 60605 GDH 0.60269 060215 060133 AGNI O88 006668063757 061587 61134 DSS 060380 060158 0.60097 0.60006 0.39980 070 06718 0.63959 061577 061080 OKDLIG §—O.6NDAS 0.60001 059934 05983] «0.59803, 072 067697 064139061526 agomeD D9 © LACKS 059790 O59TIE 059601059570 O74 0168206 0.68289 © O6124 060825 O.022-—OS9BIS 0595S 059432 059305 059270 075 068459 068349 061350 0607s 05982 059658 0.599 059262059128 0.59091