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ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION
A normal ECG contains waves, intervals, segments, and
one complex. An interval in an electrocardiogram
includes one segment and one or more waves and a
segment is the region between two waves. RR interval
measure the interval between two consecutive R waves
and ST segment starts from the end of the QRS and
terminates at the onset of the T wave. They are important
in diagnosis.
The variability of the RR intervals, known as Heart
Rate Variability (HRV), is extracted from the
electrocardiogram and used to extract information on the
control of autonomic system on heart rate.
The traditional linear measures as time and frequency
cannot provide all significant information in the signal.
A number of new methods have been recently developed
to quantify complex heart rate dynamics [2, 3]. They
89
fa = f X a
La = 1 + f a' (t ) 2 dt
(3)
log(La )
a 0 log(a )
dim R () = 1 + lim
(4)
graph .
5. FRACTAL DIMENSION
7. MIT-BIH DATABASE
6. REGULARIZATION DIMENSION
There are many ways to describe a dimension which are
not necessary equivalents. The regularization dimension
is a new way of evaluating the regularity of a graph of a
function. Two main ways of measuring the regularity of
a non-differentiable function exist [1]:
The first one is based on the investigation of the
Hlder properties. These can be considered from a
global point of view.
The second way of evaluating the regularity f is to
measure the dimension of its graph:
Let be the graph of a bounded function f : R R
and x(t) a kernel function of Schwartz class S such that:
X =1
(2)
(1)
1 t
X be the dilated version of X at
a a
scale a. let f a be the convolution of f with Xa :
8.1.
Let X a ( t ) =
Detection
90
8.1.1
RR intervals
Signal
Age RD margins of RR intervals
RD_RR (N)
69
212
32
233
57
124
77
1.5
1.4
RD
100
1.3
232
76
214
53
RDLBBB= 1,1-1,35;
1,13
1.2
1.1
1
0
RDAPC= 1,05-
RD_RR (N-APC)
RD_RR (N-PVC)
10000
Peak R
15000
20000
RD_RR (RBBB)
RD_RR (JP)
RD_RR (PVC)
RD_RR (FVN)
1.4
1.45
1.35
1.3
1.4
1.25
RD
1.35
RD
5000
RD_RR (PVC)
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.15
1.25
1.1
1.05
1.2
1
85000
1.15
430000
450000
470000
490000
510000
Peak R
530000
550000
125000
135000
RD_RR (RBBB)
1.9
1.9
1.8
1.8
RD_RR (APC)
RD_RR (RBBB)
1.7
RD
1.7
RD
105000
115000
Peak R
570000
95000
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
9000
19000
29000
Peak R
39000
49000
5000
10000
15000
Peak R
20000
25000
30000
91
RD_RR (PVC)
RD_RR (LBBB)
1.35
RD_ST(N)
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.25
RD_ST(RBBB)
1.6
RD
RD
1.4
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.2
0.5
1.1
1.05
1
0
10000
20000
Peak R
30000
1.3
1
0
40000
212
32
231
72
119
51
221
57
RD_ST(RBBB)
1.35
50000
60000
RD_ST(N)
1.3
RD
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
1.05
1
0
10000
20000
30000
ST_on
40000
50000
60000
8.1.2
ST segments
In electrocardiogram, the ST segment detection is
important, for some pathology this segment is modified.
After detection of ST segments [15], we calculate RD
dimensions of each one (RD_ST) and listed in Table 2.
In all calculations, the ST segment includes the T wave.
So RD_ST means the dimension of interval starting at
the end of complex QRS and terminating at the end of T
wave.
RD margins of ST segments
30000
40000
ST_on
Age
20000
Signal
10000
RD_ST(N)
RD_ST(PVC)
RD
1.21
1.19
1.17
1.15
1.13
1.11
1.09
1.07
1.05
0
10000
20000
ST_on
30000
40000
92
RD_ST(N)
RD_ST(PVC)
RD_RR (N)
1.6
1.55
1.5
1.45
1.4
1.35
1.3
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
RD_RR (N-PVC)
1.35
1.3
RD
RD
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
10000
20000
ST_on
30000
20000
Peak R
40000
60000
8.2.
Prediction:
RD_RR (N)
1.6
RD_RR (N)
1.32
1.3
1.28
1.26
1.24
1.22
1.2
1.18
1.16
1.14
1.5
RD
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0
5000
Peak R
10000
15000
RD_RR (N-PVC)
RD_RR (N)
RD_RR (N-PVC)
1.4
1.35
1.3
RD
RD
RD_RR (N-PVC)
1.25
1.2
1.15
1.1
10000
20000
30000
Peak R
40000
50000
100000
200000
Peak R
300000
400000
93
RD_RR(N)
1.7
RD_RR(N-PVC)
[3]
P. Smrka, R. Bittner, P. Vysok, K. Hna, Fractal
and Multifractal Properties of Heartbeat Interval Series in
Extremal States of the Human Organism, Measurement
Science Review, Vol. 3, pp. 13-15, 2003.
RD_RR(PVC-PVC)
1.6
1.5
[4]
Diosdado. A. Muoz, Coyt. G. Glvez, Uribe. B. M
Prez Oscillations in the evaluation of fractal dimension of
RR intervals time series, Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Society, 2010 Annual International Conference of the
IEEE, pp. 4570 4573, 2010.
RD
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
[5]
HV. Huikuri, TH. Mkikallio, CK. Peng, AL.
Goldberger, U. Hintze, M. Mller, Fractal correlation
properties of R-R interval dynamics and mortality in patients
with depressed left ventricular function after an acute
myocardial infarction, Circulation, pp. 47-53, 2000.
1
0.9
7000
14000
21000
Peak R
28000
35000
[6]
G. Krstacic, D. Gamberger, A. Krstacic, T. muc, D.
Milicic, The Chaos Theory and Non-linear Dynamics in Heart
Rate Variability in Patients with Heart Failure Computers in
Cardiology, pp. 957 959, 2008.
[7]
C. D. Wagner, P. B. Persson, Chaos in the
cardiovascular system : an update, Cardiovascular Research,
Vol. 40, pp. 257-264, 1998.
[8]
R. Lopes, P. Dubois, I. Bhouri, H. Akkari-Bettaieb,
S. Maouche, N. Betrouni, La gomtrie fractale pour lanalyse
de signaux mdicaux: tat de lart, IRBM31, pp189---208,
2010.
9. CONCLUSION
[9]
Nahina Islam, Nafiz Imtiaz Bin Hamid, Adnan
Mahmud, Sk. M. Rahman, Arafat H. Khan, Detection of
Some Major Heart Diseases Using Fractal Analysis,
International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics (IJBB),
Vol. 4, pp. 63-70, 2010.
[10]
Joon Suh Lee and Kun Soo Chang, Applications of
chaos and fractals in process systems engineering, Journal of
Process Control, Vol. 6, pp. 7187, 1996.
[11]
P. Gonalvs, P. Abry, G. Rilling, and P. Flandrin,
Fractal dimension estimation: empirical mode decomposition
versus wavelets, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics
Speech and Signal Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 1153-1156, 2007.
[12]
Michael J. Vrhel, Chuihee Lee, and Michael Unser,
Fractal dimension estimation using the fast continuous
wavelet
transform,
Biomedical
Engineering
and
Instrumentation Program, Vol. 2569, 1995.
[13]
C. S. Poon and C. K. Merrill, Decrease of cardiac
chaos in congestive heart failure, Nature, Vol. 389, pp. 492495, 1997.
10. REFERENCES
[14]
[1]
F. Roueff, J. L. Vhel, A Regularization Approach
to Fractional Dimension Estimation, Proceeding of Fractals,
1998.
[2]
P. van Leeuwen and H. Bettermann, The status of
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