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College of Resources and Environment, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
Institute of Agricultural Integrated Development, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forest Science, Beijing 100097, PR China
A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T
Article history:
Received 28 December 2013
Received in revised form 24 June 2014
Accepted 29 June 2014
The aim of the study is to analyze the effects of different fertilization of organic and inorganic fertilizers
on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and crop yields after a 22 years long-term eld experiment.
The crop yields and SOC were investigated from 1981 to 2003 in Dry-Land Farming Research Institute of
Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Hebei Province, China. The dominant cropping
systems are winter wheatsummer corn rotation. There were totally sixteen treatments applied to both
wheat and corn seasons: inorganic fertilizers as main plots and corn stalks as subplots and the main plots
and subplots all have four levels. The results revealed: after 22 years, mixed application of inorganic
fertilizers and crop residuals, the SOC and crop yields substantially increased. Higher fertilizer
application rates resulted in greater crop yields improvement. In 20022003, wheat and corn for the
highest fertilizer inputs had the highest yield level, 6400 kg ha1 and 8600 kg ha1, respectively.
However, the SOC decreased as the excessive inorganic fertilizer input and increased with the rising
application of corn stalks. The treatment of the second-highest inorganic fertilizer and the highest corn
stalks had the highest SOC concentration (8.64 g C kg1). Pearson correlation analysis shows that corn
and winter wheat yields and the mineralization amount of SOC have signicant correlation with SOC at
p < 0.05 level.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Wheat
Corn stalks
Long-term experiment
Soil organic carbon sequestration
Crop yields
1. Introduction
The food security in China is very important because the large
population and the better living standard need more food. The
North China Plain (NCP) is one of the most important agricultural
regions, where about 35 million ha of croplands are located and at
least 14 million ha of land area is dominated by the cropping
system of winter wheatsummer corn rotation (Liu et al., 2003).
Winter wheat and summer corn cultivated on the NCP account for
48% and 59% of the countrys total, respectively (Liu and Mu, 1993).
Therefore, the soil quality and crop yields of NCP have great
implications for Chinas food supply.
Manure application to soil had been a common practice
adopted at NCP for many centuries. It can enrich soil and hence
ensure crop yields. But recently organic manure application has
almost disappeared because the application of organic manure
in arable cropping system is both labor-demanding and
48
Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research 146 (2015) 4752
Soil samples were collected from the top soil layer (020 cm)
of each plot once a year after the corn crop harvest, and then were
air dried and subsequently ground to pass a 0.25 mm sieve. Soil
organic matter was determined by a standard potassium
dichromate digest method, and total N was measured with the
Kjeldahl method. To determine the available P, soil samples were
rst extracted with HClO4-H2SO4 solution and 0.5 mol L1
NaHCO3 (pH 8.5), respectively. Subsequently, the Olsen P method
was used. Available K was extracted with an ammonium acetate
solution (NH4OAc, 1 mol L1) and then determined with a ame
photometer.
Table 1
Characteristics of the 020 cm layers of the soil at the beginning of the experiment plot, Hengshui, China.
Soil layer
(cm)
Organic matter
(g kg1)
Available N
(g kg1)
Available P
(mg kg1)
Bulk density
(g cm3)
Field capacity
(%)
Wilting coefcient
(%)
pH
020
11.51
0.05
12
1.14
27.65
8.20
8.32
Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research 146 (2015) 4752
[(Fig._1)TD$IG]
49
7000
-1
6000
A1B1
A1B4
A2B1
A2B4
A3B1
A3B4
A4B1
A4B4
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
Year
-1
Corn yield (kg ha
)
10000
9000
A1B1
A1B4
A2B1
A2B4
8000
A3B1
A3B4
A4B1
A4B4
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
Year
Fig. 1. Winter wheat and corn yields during the 22 years eld experiment at Hengshui, China. A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N 90 kg ha1 and P2O5 60 kg ha1), A3 (N 180 kg ha1 and
P2O5 120 kg ha1), A4 (N 360 kg ha1 and P2O5 240 kg ha1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (no fertilizer), B2 (corn stalks 2250 kg ha 1), B3 (corn stalks 4500 kg ha 1), B4
(corn stalks 9000 kg ha 1).
50
[(Fig._2)TD$IG]
Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research 146 (2015) 4752
9
8.5
A1B1
A1B4
A2B1
A2B4
A3B1
A3B4
A4B1
A4B4
8
7.5
7
6.5
6
5.5
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
Year
Fig. 2. Change in soil organic carbon content (020 cm) at sampling time after corn harvest at Hengshui, China. A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N 90 kg ha1 and P2O5 60 kg ha1), A3 (N
180 kg ha1 and P2O5 120 kg ha1), A4 (N 360 kg ha1 and P2O5 240 kg ha1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (no fertilizer), B2 (corn stalks 2250 kg ha 1), B3 (corn stalks
4500 kg ha 1), B4 (corn stalks 9000 kg ha 1).
[(Fig._3)TD$IG]
(a)
5000
-1
Yields (kg ha )
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
A1B1
A1B4
A2B1
A2B4
A3B1
A3B4
A4B1
A4B4
A3B4
A4B1
A4B4
Treatment
(b)
10
9
-1
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
A1B1
A1B4
A2B1
A2B4
A3B1
Treatment
Fig. 3. Average of wheat and corn yields (a), SOC (b) in the different fertilizer
treatments in the eld experiment at Hengshui, China. A1 (no fertilizer), A2 (N
90 kg ha1 and P2O5 60 kg ha1), A3 (N 180 kg ha1 and P2O5 120 kg ha1), A4 (N
360 kg ha1 and P2O5 240 kg ha1). The four levels of subplots were B1 (no
fertilizer), B2 (corn stalks 2250 kg ha 1), B3 (corn stalks 4500 kg ha 1), B4 (corn
stalks 9000 kg ha 1). For Fig. 3(a), the white bars are the wheat yield and grey bars
are the corn yield. The error bar is the standard deviation.
Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research 146 (2015) 4752
[(Fig._4)TD$IG]
(a)
7.0
Total
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
R2 linear = 0.548
0.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
51
9.0
-1
4. Conclusion
(b)
Total
Fit line for total
95% Confidence
intervals
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
R2 linear = 0.569
0.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
[(Fig._5)TD$IG]
Soil organic carbon mineralization amount (g kg-1)
0.8
Total
Fit line for total
95% Confidence
intervals
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
R2 linear = 0.601
0.1
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
52
Z.C. Yang et al. / Soil & Tillage Research 146 (2015) 4752
[(Fig._6)TD$IG]
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
10.0
Total
Total
95% Confidence
intervals
6.0
4.0
2.0
R2 linear = 0.583
R2 linear = 0.419
0.0
0.0
0.1
95% Confidence
intervals
8.0
7.0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
Fig. 6. Correlation of mineralization amount and wheat and corn yields in the eld experiment at Hengshui, China. Total refers to the total experiment data.
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