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Inverters;Space
Vector
INTRODUCTION
Current Source Inverter (CSI) has been used in industry for
many years to drive large horsepower motors. Some of the
advantages of this converter are its sustained regenerative
capabilities [1-11], short circuit protection, and its buffering of
the drive output form supply voltage variations. Since its
inception CSI has gradually changed over the years.
In 1970s, the most popular form of CSI developed
was the auto sequentially commutated inverter (ASCI), which
used thyristors and produced quasi-square wave output line
currents. However, ASCI fed motor suffered from severe
torque pulsations at low speeds due to the harmonic content in
the line current. The need to correct this and other problems
spurred research into finding ways to improve the performance
of CSIs.
The most common method of reducing current
harmonics is to pulse width modulate (PWM) the CSI output
line currents. Therefore, with the advent of Power Bipolar
Junction Transistors (BJTs) and Gate Turn-off Thyristors
(GTOs), the ASCI have been gradually replaced by PWM CSI
[12, 33]. The use of gate turn-off thyristors and other power
semiconductor devices with an intrinsic turn-off capability is
making pulse width modulation (PWM) a reality for CSI.
Hombu et al. [14, 15] and Nonaka et al. [14, 15] have described
several schemes for implementing PWM strategies in current
source inverters. However, previous work on PWM CSIs has
been limited to constant modulation index operation and the
output current variation achieved by varying the input DC
current via rectifier control as seen in [12-15].
Like the voltage source inverter the current source PWM
inverter also suffers from the high harmonic distortion and high
switching loss. To reduce the switching loss one may need to
decrease the redundant switching operation. A well know
technique to do this is, The direct digital technique involves
utilization of space vector approach in which the duty cycles
for the switching inverter are calculated. The gating signals are
pre-sequenced and stored in a lookup table. In a converter the
active vectors divide the plane into different sectors depending
upon the number of active vectors and also the zero switching
vectors.
S ap .S bp 0 S bp .S cp 0 S ap .S cp 0
,
(1)
S an .S bn 0 S bn .S cn 0 S an .S cn 0
,
S ap S bp S cp 1 S an S bn S cn 1
(2)
Ldc
(6)
Idc
Sap
Vdc
Vr
Sbp
Scp
ia
ib
Sbn
vcn
Co
Scn
C o pvan ia ial
C o pvbn ib ibl
v an rL ial LL pial
vbn rL ibl LL pibl
ON Device
ON Device
S ap
S bn
Id
- Id
S ap
S cn
Id
- Id
ic
Id
II.
S bp
S an
- Id
S bp
S cn
Id
- Id
S cp
S an
- Id
Id
S cp
S bn
- Id
Id
S an
S bp
S bn
ta + tb + t7 + t8 + t9 = 1 and t7 + t8 + t9 = t0
Scp
Scn
t7 = (1- ta - tb )
S ap
(9)
ib
(8)
C o pvcn ic icl
ia
(7)
vbn
ic
San
RL
t8 = (1- ta - tb )
The converter itself also can be modeled using the basic KVL ,
KCL constrains and switching functions. When the DC link
current is Id then for the phase currents of the inverter we have:
ia ( S ap S an ) I d
(3)
ib ( S bp S bn ) I d
(4)
ic ( S cp S cn ) I d
(5)
(10)
(11)
(12)
t9 = (1- ta - tb )
+ + = 1, = = = 0
(13)
Where ta, tb, t7, t8, t9 represents the normalized times (with
respect to the device switching period) and , , are the
weighting factors. However, to avoid short-circuiting the input
or output capacitor(s)only one converter leg can be shorted at
any time hence , , can either take values of one or zero.
TABLE II.
[ S cp , S bn ]
I 2Sectors
Map
[ S cp , S an ]
I3
2 [S
1
ap ,
S an]
I7
I8
[ S bp , S cn ]
ta
I 1tc
I
[ S cp , S cn] 9
[ S bp , S an ]
( ap )
c
[ S bp , S bn]
3
I4
5
5
I65
6
tc
tc
tc
tb tc
tc
ta tb tc
tb t c
ta tc
t a t b t c t
tc
ta tb tc
tc
tc
Mbn
( bn )
( bp )
Mcp
( cp )
Mcn
( cn )
t c
t a t b t c
tc
t b t c
t a t c
tc
t a t b t c
tc
tc
t a t c
tc
tb tc
I q I db I d 5I qb
t c
tc
ta tb tc
I qa I db I da6I qb
t c
tb t c
ta tc
tb
I6
Mbp
t a tc
Sector
ta
[ S ap , S cn ]
( an )
tb t c
A. Calculation of Switching
Timing in each Sector
Since, the magnitude of the
current synthesized by null
state is zero hence from (10)
term Iqd7 t7 + Iqd8 t8 + Iqd9 t9 can
be neglected and by separating
(10) into real and imaginary
parts the expressions for ta and
tb given as:
[ S ap , S bn ]
Man
(14)
modulation
signal
waveforms are possible by
selecting different values
for , , . Possible
combinations of , , are
listed in This Table.
I d I qa I q I da
I qa I db I da I qb
(15)
DCM 2
DCM 3
=1
in sectors 2 and 5
=1
in sectors 3 and 6
=1
in sectors 1 and 4
DCM 5
=1
in sectors 1 and 4
=1
in sectors 2 and 5
=1
in sectors 3 and 6
DCM 6
rs 3 and 6
rs 2 and 5
rs 1 and 4
=1
in sectors 2 and 5
=1
in sectors 1 and 4
=1
in sectors 3 and 6
=1
in sectors 1 and 4
=1
in sectors 3 and 6
=1
in sectors 2 and 5
Sector
Map
Man
Mbp
Mbn
Mcp
Mcn
ias
1+ibs
ics
II
-ias
-ibs
1-ics
III
1+ias
ibs
ics
IV
-ias
1-ibs
-ics
ias
ibs
1+ics
VI
1-ias
-ibs
-ics
6
4
Ampere
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0.2
Mbn
Secto
r
I
Map
Man
i bs
1i bs +i as1
II
i cs
i as
III
i cs
1+i bs i as0
i bs
IV
1+i bs i1as
i as
-ibs
i cs
i as
VI
i cs
1i bs +i cs1
0.22
Sec
0.23
0.24
0.25
Mbp
0.21
Mcp
i as
Mcn
0
i bs
The reference currents are shown in the Fig. 7 the three phase
balanced currents with the magnitude of the 5 amperes. To be
able to generate the space vector modulations this currents
need to be transferred to the stationary reference frame using
the matrix shown in equation 16.
[]
[ ]
1
1i as +i cs I q
2
0
Id = 0
3
Io
1
2
A. DCM 6
To confirm the analyses, the DCM 6 is simulated using
MATLAB Simulink Note that from the Fig. 3 and 4 this
method has minimum switching number which can result in
lower switching loss. The converter is modeled using the
equations 1-9 and the modulation signals are also generated
using TABLE V. The converter is feeding a RL load and the
converter parameters are listed in TABLE VI.
1
2
3
2
1
2
1
2 I
3 I a
b
2
1 Ic
2
[]
(16)
The q and d axis currents with the reference angle of them are
shown in the Fig. 8
Parameter
V dc
Ldc
Co
RL
L
Switching Frequency
Value
120 (V)
0.01 (H)
0.0001 (F)
5()
0.05(H)
5(KHz)
Figure-8. The Reference Currents in the Stationary Reference Frame With the
Reference Angle.
0.4
0.2
0
tb
to
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.2
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.25
0.2
0.15
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
200
0.4
100
Volt
-100
-200
0.105
0.11
0.115
0.12
15
10
6.1
Ampere
6.05
Ampere
0
-5
-10
-15
5.95
0.105
0.11
0.115
0.12
5.9
1.466 1.468
1.47
1.48
1.482 1.484
5
ia (Ampere) 0
-5
1.4
1.405
1.41
1.415
1.42
1.425
1.43
1.435
1.44
1.445
1.45
1.405
1.41
1.415
1.42
1.425
1.43
1.435
1.44
1.445
200
100
0
0.096
0.098
0.1
0.102
0.104
0.106
1.45
ic (Ampere) 0
-5
1.4
Volt
tc = 1- ta- tb
ib (Ampere) 0
-5
1.4
300
1.405
1.41
1.415
1.42
1.425
1.43
1.435
1.44
1.445
1.45
ta + tb + ( + + ) tc 1
(18)
ta tb 1,
tc = 0
(19)
where t*a, t*b are the new values of the time duration in order to
synthesis the commanded reference vector. The values of the
new t*a, t*b are given as:
t *a
ta
t
t *b b
t a tb
t a tb
(a)Sap
(b) Ias
(20)
(c)Idc
(f)
ia
REFERENCES
Figure-18. The Experimental Results For DCM 4 Over Modulation, (a) Phase
a Device Switching Function, (b) Phase a Line Current, (c) Input DC
Current, (d) Phase a Capacitor Voltage.
Figure-19. The Experimental Results For DCM 4 Over Modulation, (a) Inverter
DC Bus Voltage, (b) Phase a Load Line Current.
IV . CONCLUSION.
In this paper, a new generalized Discontinuous PWM strategy
for CSI has been developed. This scheme is a direct approach
for developing a modulation strategy for the CSI. Modulation
of the CSI space vector approach has been presented.
Expressions for modulating signals required to synthesize
balanced three-phase reference currents were derived For
discontinuous schemes. For different values of introduced
weighting factors , , different sets of modulating signals
are obtained. The performance of some the possible
modulators was studied, and a new algorithm was developed
in order to satisfy constrains laid out for a CSI. This algorithm
automatically removes the shorting of the devices and also
sorts the null states to attain minimum switching. Simulation
and experimental results are deployed to demonstrate the
simplicity of the novel modulation methodology in both linear
and over modulation region.
[1]