Chapter 3

Eukaryotic Cell

 Eukaryotic Cell
Groups:

Algae

Protozoa

Fungi

Viruses

Typically larger and structurally complex

(internal membrane for several purposes)

contains organelles, intracellular

structures enclosed by membrane
that segregate their contents from
cytoplasm.
Lack of cell wall
Algae and fungi cell wall do not
contain of peptidogycan.

Overview of cell structure

Component
Membrane regulation, metabolic activity and transport
Placement of different biochemical and physiological function in
separate compartment
Large membrane area for greater respiratory and photosynthesis
activity
As a transport system to move material between diff. cell locations
Organelles

Intracellular structures that perform specific functions in cells

analogous to the functions of organs in the body

Eukaryote
Externel structure
Cell wall/cell membrane
Cytoplasmic inclusion/internal structure

nuclear enevelope
nucleolus

NUCLEUS

DNA + nucleoplasm

microfilaments

vesicle

microtubules

lysosome

components of
cytoskeleton

rough ER
ribosomes
(attached to
rough ER
and free in
cytoplasm)
smooth ER

plasma
membrane

vesicle
Golgi body

mitochondrion

pair of
centrioles

Fig. 4.8b, p. 57

Morphology animal Cell

Morphology Plant Cell

Golgi body
vesicle

central vacuole
rough endoplasm
reticulum (rough ER)

microfilaments
(components of
cytoskeleton)

ribosomes (attached to
rough ER)

ribosomes (free in
cytoplasm)
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
(smooth ER)
mitochondrion
chloroplast

microtubules
(components of
cytoplasm)

DNA + nucleoplasm
nucleolus
nuclear envelope

NUCLEUS

plasma membrane
cell wall

Fig. 4.8a, p. 57

Internal Structure
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles & centrosomes
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes

Ribosome
Chloroplast
Chloroplast

Mitochondria
Nucleus
Vacuoles and Peroxisomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Cell wall
many eukaryotes lack or have a chemically distinct
cell wall
cell walls of photosynthetic algae have cellulose,
pectin, and silica
cell walls of fungi consist of cellulose, chitin, or glucan

Protozoa do not have cell wall but have flexible

outher protein or pellicle.

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Plasma Membrane
Eukaryotic Cell
plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer
major
membrane
lipids
include
phosphoglycerides, sphingolipids (complex
lipids), and cholesterol (sterol), all of which
contribute to strength of membrane
Microdomains participate in variety
of cellular processes

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The Cytoplasm of Eukaryotes

consists of liquid, the cytosol, and many organelles
Place for biochemical processes
cytoskeleton
vast network of interconnected filaments within the
cytoplasmic matrix
Filaments form the cytoskeleton: microfilaments
(actin), microtubules, intermediate filaments, and
motor proteins
plays role in both cell shape and cell movement
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Microfilaments
minute protein filaments, 4 to 7 nm in diameter
scattered within cytoplasmic matrix or organized into networks
and parallel arrays
composed of actin protein
involved in cell movement (amoeboid movement, endocytosis,
cytokinesis and movement some structures within the cell) and
shape changes

18

Intermediate Filaments
heterogeneous elements of the cytoskeleton, ~10 nm in diameter
Protein: keratin and vimentin classes
role in cell is unclear
play structural role
some shown to form nuclear lamina
others help link cells together to form tissues

19

Microtubules
shaped like thin cylinders ~25 nm in diameter of and -tubulin (spirical protein)
help maintain cell shape
involved with microfilaments in cell movements
participate in intracellular transport processes

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Secretory Endocytic Pathway

intricate complex of membranous organelles and
vesicles that move materials into the cell from
outside, from inside to outside, and within the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

irregular network of branching and fusing
membranous tubules and flattened sacs (cisternae
s., cisterna)
rough ER
ribosomes attached
synthesis of secreted proteins by ER-associated
ribosomes
smooth ER
lack of ribosomes
synthesis of lipids by ER-associated enzymes
23

Functions of ER
transports proteins, lipids, and other materials
within cell
major site of cell membrane synthesis

24

The Golgi Apparatus

membranous organelle made of
cisternae stacked on each other
Edges of cisternae have complex
network of tubules and vesicles.
Two faces stack of cisternae: cis
and trans faces
dictyosomes
stacks of cisternae

involved in modification,
packaging, and secretion of
materials
Not available in fungi and ciliate
protist
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movement of materials

Figure 4.8 (b)

cis face associated with ER

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Lysosomes

membrane-bound vesicles found in most eukaryotes

Spherical and enclosed in a single membrane
involved in intracellular digestion of macromolecules
contain hydrolases, enzymes which hydrolyze
molecules and function best under slightly acidic
conditions
maintain an acidic environment by pumping protons
into their interior

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Organelles Involved in Genetic

Control of the Cell
Nucleus
Ribosomes

28

The Nucleus
membrane-bound spherical structure that houses
genetic material of eukaryotic cell
contains dense fibrous material called chromatin
complex of DNA(165pair base), histones, and other
proteins
five types of histones form nucleosomes
H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4
chromatin condenses into chromosomes during
division
Histones amino acid lysine, arginine or both
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The Nucleus
nuclear envelope
double membrane structure that
delimits nucleus
continuous with ER
penetrated by nuclear pores
associated proteins make up
the nuclear pore complex
pores allow materials to be
transported into or out of
nucleus

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The Nucleolus
1 nucleolus
organelle but not membrane enclosed
important in ribosome synthesis
directs synthesis and processing of rRNA
directs assembly of rRNA and ribosomal proteins to
form partially completed ribosomal subunits
ribosomes mature in cytoplasm

33

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Eukaryotic Ribosomes
larger than the 70S bacterial and archaeal ribosomes
80S in size
60S + 40S subunits
may be attached to ER or free in cytoplasmic matrix
60S is bound subunit to ER

35

36

Eukaryotic Ribosomes
proteins made on ribosomes of RER are often secreted
or inserted into ER membrane as integral membrane
proteins
free ribosomes synthesize nonsecretory and
nonmembrane proteins
some proteins are inserted into organelles

37

Organelles Involved in Energy

Conservation
Mitochondria
Hydrogenosomes
Chloroplasts

38

Mitochondria
the power houses of the cell are found
in most eukaryotic cells
site of tricarboxylic acid cycle activity
site where ATP is generated by electron
transport and oxidative phosphorylation
about the same size as bacterial cells
reproduce by binary fission as do
bacterial cells

39

Mitochondrial Structure
inner membrane
highly folded to form cristae (s., crista)
location of enzymes and electron carriers for
electron
transport
and
oxidative
phosphorylation

outer membrane
contains porins similar to the outer
membrane
of
gram-negative
bacteria
Semifluid substance

40

Mitochondrial Structure
matrix enclosed by inner membrane
contains 70Sribosomes (same size as bacterial),
mitochondrial DNA (may be closed circular like
bacterial DNA), and large calcium phosphate
granules
contains enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle
and enzymes involved in catabolism of fatty
acids

41

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Chloroplasts
type of plastid
pigment-containing organelles observed in plants and
algae
site of photosynthetic reactions
surrounded by double membrane

43

Chloroplast Structure
the stroma (a matrix) is within inner membrane
contains DNA, ribosomes, lipid droplets, starch
granules, and thylakoids
thylakoids
flattened,
membrane-delimited
sacs
grana (s., granum) stacks of
thylakoids
site of light reactions (trapping of
light energy to generate ATP,
NADPH, and oxygen)

44

Chloroplast Structure
stroma is site of dark reactions of photosynthesis
(formation of carbohydrates from water and carbon
dioxide)
algal chloroplasts many contain a pyrenoid (centers of
carbon dioxide fixation within the chloroplasts )
participates in polysaccharide synthesis

45

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External Cell Covering

Cilia
Flagella

47

Cilia and Flagella

cilia (s., cilium)
5-20 m long
beat with two phases, working like oars

flagella (s., flagellum)

100-200 m long
move in undulating fashion/
wavelike manner
tinsel tip pulls cell along
whiplash naked flagellum

48

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Ultrastructure of Flagella and Cilia

membrane-bound cylinders ~2 m in diameter
axoneme
set of microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement
basal body
at base of flagellum or cilium
directs synthesis of flagella and cilia

51

Comparison of Bacterial, Archaeal,

and Eukaryotic Cells
differences in eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic nucleus
larger, more complex
meiosis, mitosis
complex processes
molecular unity basic to all three cells
biochemical processes, metabolic pathways
genetic code

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-The end -