INTERNATIONAL DEFENSE REVIEW A Tut ora) Sum cs rT Cover Feature A Sea of Troubles: Hard times in the CIS‘The Bradley Fighting Vehicle isa proven performer with a growing list of accomplishments. Other members of the Bradley family of vehicles are performing to the same high standard. The Fighting Vehicle Systems Carriers fielded as the chassis for the lethal Multiple Launch Rocket ‘The EFVS improves a commanders ability to find the opposition, and obtain and distribute strategic intelligence. This vehicle is a flex- ible host for a variety of Electronic ‘Warfare, and C'l roles. The Bradley Family is also being considered for near and far term roles including the future Command and Control System and for the Army Tactical : Vehicle, an improved FIST-V, and le System were invaluable during Opera affordable air defense systems. FMC is Desert Storm. The latest in the distinguished committed to meeting the requirements of line is the Electronic Fighting Vehicle System its domestic and international customers. Defense SystemsTONE DEFENSE REVIEW 663 EDITORIAL Ripping Russia off Rupert Pengelley 667 INTERNATIONAL DEFENSE DIGEST 673 PROGRAMS AND CONTRACTS 705 FEATURES Making sense out of military space Bill Sweetman ‘The US military space program runs on two tracks: one is ‘open to scrutiny, the other remains in the "black" worl. TIS _Nolses off: towed- array sonars find difficult targets David Foxwell and Mark Hewish Developers are learning to adapt existing systems to track diesel-electric submarines in shallow waters, 719 LAV designers confront dilemmas RM. Ogorkiewicz The range of applications and tactical considerations means there is litle prospect of standardization in design, 723 Gun and missile: shield for tomorrow's warship? ER Hooton Lightweight combined mountings mean operators no longer have to choose — they ‘can have both, 685 A SEA OF TROUBLES: Special report on nationalism, turmoil and change in the CIS. 686 Riding the tiger: Russi John Lough Collapse ofthe Soviet Union has saddled the Russian Federation with serious security problems, but many are ofits own making. 's new security imperatives 692 The Russian military: fractured but not shattered Hana Kass ‘The military is one of the few surviving institutions, but as Internal strife continues will it develop a strong taste for politics? 697 The technology bazaar: US reaps harvest of Soviet science Clifford Beal ‘The CIS has granted unprecedented access to the West and the US government is taking advantage ofthe fresale on technology. 701 Risk and reward: industrial co-operation with the cis Clifford Beal, Pamela Pohling Brown and Barbara Starr Industrial co-operation remains a challenge fraught with financial risks; however some Western companies are taking the plunge. ITALIAN CORRESPONDENT APPOINTED | IDRis pleased to welcome Paolo Valpolini to its editorial team. With responsibilty or covering aly, he rings over 10 years of experience asa defense correspondent to Our magazine, Over the years, he has written for several European | military periodicals and has contributed to numerous books | ‘onthe miliary and law enforcement. Though he studied aviation engineering atthe University of Milan, Valpolini has | reported on numerous topics ranging fom small arms to the onganizaton and equipment of European armed forces. He also runs his own photo library containing over 25,000 images. 725 Panther 2000 radio range extended into VHF Rupert Pengelley ‘The missing links in Racal’s Panther tactical radio family are revealed. 727 _ Electromagnetic Tauncher facility completed RM, Ogorkiewicz A unique facility capable of testing projectiles over battlefield ranges and against realistic targets is now ‘operational in Scotland, 729 US Marines go all the way with Belgian gun Andrew C. Tillman ‘Turning its back on the venerable M60, the USMC haas effectively turned the M240 into its standard ‘machinegun, 733 ARMED FORCES BRIEFING ‘Somali baptism for latest Malian army hardware Paolo Valpolini Some of Italy's prestige army programs come under the ‘operational microscope. 738 BUSINESS AlliedSignal thinks the unthinkable Mark Hewish Corporate strategy today is the responsibility of everybody in the company 742 CALENDAR 743 TECHNOLOGY ‘Space based radars enhance verification Bhupendra Jasani Arms-control agreements can be monitored by commercial satelite, = FN HERSTAL= The P90. Try it, you will adopt it.PROVEN COMBAT SOLUTIONS FOR INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS TO YOUR COMBAT NEEDS, SOUTH AFRICA’S ARMS INDUSTRY 1S RIGHT ON TARGET. When buying arms, the least obvious source may present the ‘most strategic opportunity. South Africa's weapons systems ‘arent for show. They're tested and developed for bate in some of the world's toughest ferain, Manufacturing spectications exceed the most exacting _ intemation slondards. Systems con be adapted to sut virtually ony Fequirement, Some of our products a * Arange of naval, air force and army weaponry * Conventional an protected vehicles ranging ftom troop carriers to gun tract * Armoured fighting vehicles * Advanced electronic, equipment including commu ‘ond surveillance systems and compone Like the Rooivalk. Developed and manufoctured by Atlas Aviation’in co-operation with ATE, Kentron and Avionics, ‘among others, the Roolvak combat suppor helicopter is a plime example of our orms industy’s quest for excellenc This. versatile, highly monoewverable, robust aircraft (wit inherent low detectability) also boasts « formidable weapons. ns offensive role and has the lowest vibration levels of ony tondem-seat helicopter. Designed fo ful nfegraion wih high mobility ground forces, the Roolvalk is the solid choice foday’s new generation of dedicated combal supports} Whether ifs the Rooivalk or any other arms systems in the South African arsenal, rest assured: he South African ‘armamenis industry offers you some of the finest Weapons systems in the world @S rauscona Jane's Information Group publication FatorinChiet Rupert Pengelley Ealitorial contacts Deputy EditorinChief Pamela Pohiing Brown ‘Astralia Willan Scholes PO Box 573, Prt Macquarie NSW 244 Te (6) 807352 Features Editor Clifiord Beal | Central America see Spain ae Pee News Editor Peter Saracino| France Vie mia (ed) Jean Geter, 2 roe de Sit etersbourg 708 Paris Editorial Assistant Louise Dod Ely Tela Tle (1) 522081 aly Paci Vaipli 11 Piazza Arduino, Man Mark Hewish ‘ephn Kensuke ain 2 Henan Big ee BE Giahs ae el ST Sahn Paolo Valpotint Mideast Soe main eto South Aaa ru Mama Neen Sn at ec Southeast Asa Robert Kamit eesti ch 13 haa ang ny An 1 Spain & South America René Luria pana ce ain UK eto fe & Sohn Boatman. Mark Hewish, tara trr_| SyaSama en ons PS Fares. Pace Canuncemen Seite Rta Gms of Mason Lae, Msn on Ko Aerospace technology I Sweetman land Far East Robet Karol, 1A Rowe Cu, 155 Soi Tenseng South Sathorn Amoured ting vehicles Richard Ogokiowice so ds fl pss ie San Shatarms Andrew Titan ties aa Ocal ee una oath 0) Pradacton incor David Moyes dean 130 ade ac Se 3 Asana YA 221 Prodacton Conor Sane Lawrence iS enter ear ewe ee ee ee SRN TST ates Ste ‘nator Tete Pye Production Asians Eabara Sankey, Vanesa Townsend Pabihing Dircor Simon Kay Crap Manage Decor Aled Ratinton : Editorial and Publishing Offices: International Defense Review, Jane's Information Group, Sentinel House, 163 Brighton Road, Coulsdon, Surrey CRS | explo mijn Sumaca NYT |" 2NHLUK. Tel +44 (81) 76 1000, Telex OIG, Telefax +44 (81) 7630644 Hest ot RY i Aa spe eS Maximum Firepower with Minimum Exposure ; a You're evacuating disabled vehicle, Two of your squadmates are laying down a withering cover fire with their (Calico Sm submachine guns. Their streamlined Caicos allow thom to sta tvs while engaging targets, continwousty with ther 30 oF 100 round magazine lads. Defense Experts Are Saying cary ow rote {Calico's) light weight, good balance, useful dispersion, large magazine etn LICO capacity, and downward ejection make the Calico compare favourably 01 S EG ‘any sub-machine gun or Personal Defense Weapon in the world. INTERNATIONAL DEFENSE REVIEW, 8/92 tr A REVOLUTION IN FIREPOWER IvTERATIONAL DEFENSE REVIEW 9/1988 659‘SUBSCRIPTIONS: For new subscriptions, changes of address and customer service queries, pease conor Europe/Rest of World Gireuation Controller (Europe/Rest of World) Alice De Doncker scription Departnent, lane normatton Group, Sete! 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Tels i) 6870 Fae 1) 6 0. ‘Advertsing Sales and Marketing Director: Kin Hanson ‘Advertisement Production Manager: (USA and Canada oly Maureen Nite North Eastern Region Mls fet USA" South Eastern Relon Kstin Schulze {Usa and Canada Western eglon Ate Nari Sto Boks Selma Gro 52 Ros Ro Burge, CA SATO “Te a1 29 92 Fax 4152509751 Oren - International Delense Review ie avaiable OnLine through Dsl ie 7 ‘Gina Daven Tet F481) e108 or Fa 044 (8) INTERNATIONAL | _ DEFENSE REVIEW HongKong ereny Mier, Malo Med Lid Room 18l14 Capt Cente, USAC Tet TH) 68570 or Fa: 78) $96 ol LSS DIALOG sea ie cere type Fem Ee eer retina Mad ie VPA PRS ee T ees eee el mee Nay List of Advertisers High-pertormance ‘speech encryption at low cost for se- ‘cure military com- munication with UHF/VHF combat radios having data capability. The ELSEC units feature: © Fiela-proven reliability © Tested compatbilty wih several types of military radios, @ Low purchase price. The Encryption Unit is supported by: (@ Fill Gun and Programmer © PC software for key generation and management © Optional PC-based development system for user algorithm modification For further information, contact: ELESCO Elesco Oy P.O. Box 128, FIN-02201 Espe0, Finland Phone +358 0420 8600, tax +359 0 420 8610, :A/Canada version “These advertisements do not appear in the Alcatel .689/691/698 | *GMC‘Trucks. Aki. 671 Higglunds Vehicles.00...721 Ammscor {658 _Hollandse Signaal 686 ‘Alas Aviation {664 Indl Technology. 7a Bazan. 678 Lockheed Aeronautical....670 Boeing.....Outside back cover Magnavox. 634 Bofors 701 _ National Defense Calico 659 Research Celsiustech (6624663 Oerlikon Contraves. COPEX snndRside back cover Park Air Courtaulds Aerospace.....672 Pakistan Ordnance. ‘Cummins Miltary Pietra Bereta Systems, 695 Racal | Elesco OY {660 Royal Ordnance eM. 739 Saco. | Eurocopter 682683 Santa Barbara | wc “Inside ont cover SIG AG 696) | FN Herstal 657 *Stewart & Stevenson. Forecast nternational..707/709 Thomson-CSF. GEC Marconi Defence Systems 661 Siemens GEC Alsthom Paxman Supplement. between | Diesels 669 pages 744 & 741 inside back cover | cep. L 650 TERNATIONAL DEFENSE REVIEW 9/1993An advanced electronic warfare system that detects, analyses and identifies radars. Instead of an arrangement of the MENTOR system uses advanced technology and a high resolution screen, Radars are cted even before they see you, and their identity is clearly ented. Full parametric data is ith bearing and are dis data blips and as ation and he can manipulat ay to suit his ments. MENTOR is easy to o} has a built in training facility and is very user friendly. The system s compreh self sroughly reliable. ner and Ff, Pro- th to the ator and to the command. The ipment is modular and can in vessels from patrol boats to aircraft carriers. Like the telescope, MENTOR is sive. But knc and with MENTOR the The biggest breakthrough in passive information gathering since the telescope. Cee eee ne) The Grove, Warren Lane, Stanmore, Middlesex HAT 4LY, England. Pr Reese esa ee eter TnA new quality trademarkF in defence electronics NobelTech has changed its name and is now a part of one of Europe’s leading defence industry groups. On March 1, 1993, NobelTech became a member of the Celsius Group and changed its name to CelsiusTech. Celsius is, Sweden’s largest and one of Europe’s ten leading defence industry groups with a total of 16,000 employees. CelsiusTech joins a prestigious group of companies such as Bofors, Kockums, FFV Aerotech and Telub, all well-known for the leading roles they play in their individual fields of technical expertise. Our entry into the Celsius Group provides us with a strong platform for expansion and future intemational cooperation. Our business activities will continue in two operational companies, CelsiusTech Electronics and CelsiusTech Systems, with the same highly skilled people and the same product programme. Today, the companies have some 2,000 employees and annual sales of SEK 2 billion (USD 275 million), Some of our main projects. Success for our new generation of naval command and control systems. CelsiusTech has supplied around 300 naval command and weapon control systems. The third generation ofthese systems, 9LV MIS, is based on a new technology that fully integrates all subsystems. Some 40 MK3 systems have been ordered by the Swedish, Danish and Finnish navies for several very diferent types of ships. We have also been ‘commissioned to supply the 91.V Mk3 to one ofthe largest current ship-building projects, the ten ANZAC frigates for the Australian and New Zealand navies. ‘One of the largest Swedish electroni Projects ever. For the Swedish Air Force CelsiusTech is developing a new command, control and ‘communication system known as STRIC, with a nationwide network of control centres, several hundred operator positions ‘and around a thousand computers. STRIC’s main tasks are the overall ‘control of military flights, coordinating the response of air defence to any incursions, and control of fighter aircraft such as the TAS 39 Gripen. elsiuslech airborne countermeasures. CelsiusTech is one ofthe world’s leading ‘suppliers of passive airborne countermea- ‘sures, Among our customers are seven European air forces, with aireraft such as Viggen, JAS 39 Gripen, Tomado, Harrier, ‘Jaguar and Mirage, ‘There is also great interest in Celsius- ‘Tech’s countermeasure systems in the United States. BOL, a dispenser with unique performance, is planned for the U.S. Navy's F-14, The BOL may also be adapted for the F/A-18 and AV-8B. S-175 8 Jirfilla, Sweden. Tel: +46 8 580 840 00. Fax: +46 8 580 322 44.It takes expertise, complex tech nology, experience and resourceful ness At Atlas Aviation we have all of that - the essential stuff that helped us convert the Mirage Ill into the Cheetah family of sophisticated at Atlas Aviation we have total confidence in our capabilities and service From the design, manufacture and maintenance of a vast range of fixed and rotary wing aircraft, engines and aviation equipment IT TAKES MORE THAN A CAN OF PAINT TO PUT SPOTS ON A MIRAGE. fighter jets A multifaceted modification achieved by a skilful workforce dedicated to aerospace perfection Which is why today to repairs, modifications and up- grades All on one compact site It's the kind of aerospace service that will give you the advantagethe unlicensed iting” of technology from countries forming part of the Eastern or Western power blocs as as mutual as it was commonplace. The performance of the Soviet ribbon bridge in the 1973 Yom Kippur War was. ‘so impressive that the United States looked no further in deciding the configuration ofits next wet-gap combat bridging system. The MiG-15, the Soviet fighter whose capabilities provided such a rude shock to United Nations forces during the Korean War, was powered by an emulation of a Rolls Royce Nene gas turbine, several ‘specimens of which had altruistically been sent by Britain to its erstwhile ally in the late 1940s. More recently, it may be noted that a softlanding system offered by US industry to rapid-deployment forces for the delivery of heavy loads by parachute looks uncommonly like the retrorocket devices that had been a unique trademark of Soviet parachute forces throughout the 1970s and 1980s. ‘Overriding national security interests can no longer be cited as grounds for plagiarism/intellectual pilfering where the West and the nations of the former Soviet Union (FSU) are concerned. Now itis not only proper but prudent that either party should offer an equitable payment whenever it wishes to exploit the ideas and technologies of the other. That is easier said than done, however. Among hardened capitalists in the West, there are those who view the FSU as the last major potential export market for defense equipment. At first sight this seems risible, given the lack of hard currency and the sheer volume of surplus military hardware available within the FSU/CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), Nonetheless, this heeds ultimately to come about for, without the genuine ‘twoway trade that breeds interdependence and understanding, there is no economic or mental underpinning for the longterm East-West security relationship. However, in the absence of requisite financial certainties and infrastructure enhancements within the FSU, the defense technological relationship Is set to remain a ‘one-way street for years to come, which can only foster a continued sense of mistrust and injury. Russia, the largest state within the FSU, may in most cases, be taken as representative of the whole. its lack of Infrastructure needs first to be addressed before it can absorb an injection of Western high technology - it may be imagined the most modern plumbing is no advance on the old if there is no concomitant outflow system - and itis in infrastructure that the real sales hopes must lie atleast in, the nearterm, How to pay for i? The sale of oll or minerals is one. solution, though access to them is in itself a function of Infrastructure, and all such natural resources are finite. The intellectual property, production and sales rights to its ‘world-beating defense technologies consequently have considerable attraction as some of the FSU's few. immediately tradeable commodities. Equally clearly, itis, vital that any resulting licensing arrangements should be equitable and enduring, and the resulting revenues used for the best longterm security effect. I 1 Cold War days, Ripping Russia off A fair technology-transfer deal is needed Alack of confidence in the survivability of putative FSU trading. partners inevitably fosters a cynical and exploitative “get rich quick” attitude among elements of the Western business community. As one observer puts it, “there are an awful lot of sharks in the pond.” Arguably, all Russia needs to do is to hire some ‘g00d international lawyers, but not many of the individual manufacturing, development, or research agencies can afford them. One solution might be for Russia's GED ‘Oberonexport defense-hardware sales organization to act as. a fiscal and legal watchdog for the mounting outflow of technology from Russia to the West. Even so, observers, note, while itis true that individual Russian trading ‘concerns “may be in a weak position in that they lack the money to take the big boys to court” should the latter renege on them, they know they remain in a strong position in another sense. There may be a great danger of them being exploited by foreign trading or development agencies, even by those that have gone to the expense of establishing elaborate front ‘companies, itis true, but /DR has been told “they are not fools: their people are totally aware, even as they look for ‘opportunities in difficult circumstances.” Itis a constant source of surprise to Westerners just what the FSU is prepared to sell, many of the items being thought very secret from a Western standpoint (high-definition satelite photography for one). However, it must be recognized that itis one thing to acquire a sample of original Russian high technology, and quite another to catch up on 15 years of hard R&D without resort to a vast injection of funds. They are therefore probably “more fireproof than one would ‘otherwise suppose.” S= Ito note that in the past it has not been unknown for rival scientific communities to engage in a form of economic warfare by laying false trails for each other. Apocryphally perhaps, itis said in one instance that it took Western engineers most of a decade to turn a Soviet high-speed camera concept, glimpsed at a scientific presentation, into an effective and saleable warhead- research tool. At the product launch the leading Soviet, engineer congratulated his counterpart and went on to | confess they had introduced a cheaper, faster system even before it was decided to tantalize their Western ‘contemporaries by disseminating views of what for them hhad become a redundant and - they believed ~ unworkable concept. In essence itis in the interest of all that legitimate trading relationships with the FSU should grow. In the present circumstances, the bottom line is that almost any deal better than no deal. Were none at all to be had, removing even the hope of a brighter economic future, the attraction of dangerous “private initiatives” from within the FSU would continue to be uncomfortably high. That itis currently high there can be no doubt: how many laughed ~ and for long - when Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karadzic postulated the acquisition of nuclear weapons to deter NATO airstrikes and bolster his negotiating hand in recent peace talks? ‘Rupert PengelleyThe ultimate defence against antiship missiles Pony ea ee eee Uy ‘against future as well as present threats.sponding to Congessionaldrecton Ririnsisio rescore ett dfeae departs eee Secure iy Asiotance Agency (DSAA) has ii several aote to beep tmauctry by Informed about the sate of excess US Selene alpen abroad ‘On I duly the DSAA acvaed a new on te ane that rhe st tine wl sow pubic nce wi countfen ae eceling Sreess equipment and ts vaue: The al fas which at crdered by Congres 1 atempt to deal whe problem of wich US dene contactor hope wil be isomers fr new equipment Indus of contend ty may ose more han US bilo new tac a rel of sompetng miiat the DSA’ progam which allows Sabon oa al coe, Tndusty olfilals have organized two ior ups to aby he Pentagon to do tren ore and allow tiem ery wtiaton that ealpment ls declared excess by the illic Excess Defense Arles Wor ing Group, whicr includes members ofthe Arian League for Exports and Secury Aasannce, he Decors indus Aas ton, tte Aeroupace Industries Assocation ante Ratna Secu tates hac fon meting wit the DSAA topes ora US industry grapples with hardware sell-off level playing field” in competing against the DSAA. Separately, a group of conventional munitions manufacturers has organized the Ammunition Industrial Base Task Force to ‘deal with many ofthe same issues, Transfers of excess equipment are grow. | ing as a result of downsizing US military forces and reductions mandated by the Con- ventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty. “It is estimated that DoD has disposed of USS200 million or more of ammunition in this manner in the last 12 months to coun: tries which industry previously viewed as customers,” says Toby Warson, president ‘and CEO of Alliant Techsystems. With much of the ammunition and equip- ment located in Europe, it may be cheaper for the US to simply dispose of it on the world market, than bring it home for demil: larization or storage. Under the CFE treaty, the US is allowed to transfer equipment in excess of ts treaty limitations to NATO alles with less modern inventories, In Fiscal Year (FY) 1982, the DSAA trans- | ferred excess equipment totalling over | ussre USS13 billion nal acquisition value and USS225 million in current value. AS of March 1993, the DSAA transfers totalled 'US$830 million in acquisition value and ilion in eurrent value, Excess equipment can be transferred on a grant basis, or at minimal costs to allies along, NATO's southern flanks, and to Persian Gulf allies for modernization. Qualifying countries include Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Egypt Israel, Moroceo, Oman and Senegal. It is questionable whether these countries would hhave the funds to pay for new equipment. For example, in 1991 Morocco bought 20 excess F-I6A/B fighter aireraft. Similarly, sev eral hundred additional aging US MG0AI tanks have been transferred to Egypt at min ‘mal cost, supplementing Its existing fleet of MG0A3s and locally assembled M1A\Is. On the other hand, transfers which poss bly derailed new production sales include the leasing of six UH.1 helicopters to Bolivia and 10 to Columbia. A sale of 24 Apaches to Israel was also derailed by the transfer of US equipment Barbara Starr Barriers come down in French NATO military involvement NATO and WEU have amalgamated their UNamandated Adriatic maritime patrol opera tions, now called Sharp Guard, and given command to Saceur (Supreme Allied Com: ‘mand in Europe); control has been delegat ed to COMNAVSOUTH and the Task Force ‘commander at sea is an Halian rear admiral French ships and maritime;patrol airraft ate Included in the 1Sunit NATO/WEU common ‘Task Group. At the end of June, the lalian admiral embarked with his staf on board the French destroyer Georges Leygues. This Is believed to be the first me a NATO force commander has flown his flag aboard a French ship since France withdrew its forces from NATO's integrated military structure in 1965. However, It provoked rather less com. -nt than the previous circumstance, in which two different task groups from NATO. and the WEU were to be seen operating, Independently in the narrow space of the Adriatic, with some European navies having combatants in both forces. As the civil war has spread progressively further through the former Yugoslavia, the French navy, like that ofthe United Kingdom and many other countries, has become more and more involved in United Nations mil: tary operations. French naval vessels and ‘maritime patrol aircraft have in fact been ‘operating alongside allied naval and air units In the Adriatic Sea since the summer of 1991 In addition one French aireralt carver, ether the Clemenceau or the Foch, one assault ship with landing craft and army helicopters, theit escorts, and one or two replenishment ships are currently deployed in the Adriatic under national command, to support and protect from the sea the 4,000strong French contin gent forming part of the United Nations Pro- tection Force (UNPROFOR), Committees proceed without Pentagon on FY94 budget ‘The armed services committees of the US Senate and House of Representatives have ‘completed their markups of the Pentagon's Fiscal Year 1994 budget request, even though the defense department has not fn ished its landmark “Bottom-Up Review" of force structures and weapons programs. [As IDR went to press, Pentagon officials At the end of June, an Italian admiral embarked with his staff on board the French destroyer Georges Leygues. This is likely the frst time a NATO force commander has flown his flag, aboard a French ship since France withdrew its forces from NATO's inte- grated military structure in 1966. IReTERNA TONAL DEEN REVIEW) 1882 667Winners and losers: Both SASC and HASC terminat- ed funding for the air force's Multi Role Fighter pro- gram (shown right). Additionally, the navy lost funding for its A/F-X. How ‘ever, both commit- tees approved fund- ing that would allow the Pentagon to procure the final four B-2 bombers (below) in its 20-aire were predicting that the Bottom-up Review would be completed by midSeptember, just in time to influence the final outcome of the House-Senate conference committee that will reconcile the two versions of the detense-authorization budget in time for FY94 that begins on 1 October. There will also be a delense-appropriations budget that lists the amounts that can be spent next year. ‘The Senate Armed Services Committee (SASC) budget totals USS262 billion while the House Armed Services Committee (HASC) version is USS26344 billion. Earlier this year, the Pentagon promulgated its budget request also in the amount of US§263.4 billion, which Defense Secretary Les Aspin characterized at the time as “treading water.” Both SASC and HASC terminated funding for the navy’s A/EX and air force’s Multi Role Fighter (MRF) programs. There are early indications that the review has reached. ‘much the same conclusion ~ that the Pen: tagon cannot afford four new aircraft pro- grams as called for in existing tactical avia- | tion modernization plans. In related decisions, both committees approved full funding for the navy's F/A- | ISE/F Hornet and authorized modifications to the navy’s F-14D Tomcat that would. increase its strike approved the full USS2.25 billion requested by the air force for the F22 stealth fighter, Which is now in its engineering and manufac- turing development (EMD) phase. One major dif is that SASC tern FAs. production and instructed the air force to buy the F/:A-18E/F as its new multrole fight er, a move sure to be strongly opposed by C autho- rized the F-16 procurement request of 2 craft in FY94, Reminiscent of the earlier Naval Advanced Tactical Fighter program, SASC also instructed the navy to pursue an alirraltcarrierbased derivative of the F2. ‘The two committees differed somewhat on airforce officials. By contrast, HAS abilities. They also | the air force's plan to give the B-1B bomber | conventional precision weapons capabilities as well. HASC generally supported the plan boosting B-IB research and development funds to USS180.5 million and procurement funds to USS263.4 million. Nevertheless, it complained that the air force's commitment to making the B-1 the backbone of the bomber force was “unclear” and instructed it to accelerate the planned conversion of B-ls 0 they can launch conventional PGMs. SASC erticized the air force for not submit. ting the detailed reports requested a year earlier on the B-1B upgrade plans. It also expressed concerns about the aircraft's rela bility, performance, intended conventional missions and planned weapons upgrades, As a consequence, SASC cut B1 R&D by more tHhan hall to USS363 mallion and procurement to USS127 million, These monies will be with held until the required reports are delivered. Both committees approved funding that would allow the Pentagon to procure the final four B2 bombers in its 20aircraft fleet ~ a total of US89113 million in procurement and USS790.5 million for R&D ~ but placed continued restrictions on that funding. For ‘example, the air force must submit reports ‘on cost estimates and results of radar eross- section testing before the funds will be released, In the realm of theatre missile defenses, the SASC bill directs Aspin to study Patriot ERINT, THAAD and all other planned balls ticmistiledefense systems to ensure compl ance with the ABM treaty. Both committees consolidated funding for strat lance and warning platforms ~ including Bri liant Eyes, Followon Early Warning System (FEWS), Defense Support Program (DSP) satellites, and other classified programs into a single account. SASC put this under Aspin’s direct control and called for the study of cheaper alternatives while HASC Instructed the Pentagon to choose no more than two of these to avoid cast overruns anid duplication To the surprise of Pentagon officials, SASC created a new US82,7 billion National Defense Strategic Lit Fund, much of which ‘comprises the USS2 billion requested for the ‘troubled C-17 airliter, which must now com- pete for funding with all strategic airlift and sealift alternatives being examined by the Pentagon. HASC restricted C-17 funding until the Pentagon re-examines intertheatre airlift requirements and conducts a cost and oper- ational effectiveness analysis (COEA) that ‘compares a mix of C17, C5, C141, and com. mercial widebody aircraft. John Boatman Japan’s white paper balances regional and global concerns Concerns about regional threats and a desire to support international co-operation high: light Japan’s 1998 defense white paper Given the rapidly changing world situa tion, a large part of the white paper is devot. fed to explanations of international strategic situations. “The possibilty ofthe outbreak of a globalscale war is far off” the white paper says. However, it emphasizes thatthe United Nations “is more than before expected to demonstrate (a capability to) keeping world peace and security.” The geo'strategic situation within the Asia/Pacific region is complex, but is expected to be improved by building “polit: cal confidence {through] bilateral and mult lateral security talks. which might have a favourable elfect on the military situations,” the paper says. ‘The continuing Russian military presence is considered one area of potential trouble Although reduced in numerical strength, the Russian Far East Forces stil formidable: 33 divisions, about 70 major surface combat ants, about 75 submarines and about 1,430 combat aircraft. Worth noting however, is the fact that the white paper cites published ‘unofficial statistics rather than assessments by the Japanese intelligence community ‘The white paper pays special attention to North Korea's Nodong intermediate-range ballistic missile under development, one ver sion of which could have a range of 1,000km, North Korea's nuclear-weapons program and its continuing reluctance to adhere to the rules of the Non-Proliferation Treaty are 668,The best name to have on your side Whether in peace keeping or combat roles, naval and coastal defence forces worldwide rely nip con Paxman to provide high speed diesel ay {BEESY technology for propulsion and power as generation, The Paxman Volenta, Vega and % 3" VP185 engine ranges provide reliable, ‘compact power from 560 to 3655 kWb. These cre backed by unrivalled service from a network of strategically located Paxman Support Centres v GEC ALSTHOM PAXMAN DIESELS (GEC ALSTHOM Paxman Diesel Limited Colchester, Essex, CO1 2HW, England. Telephone UK +44 206 795151, Telex 98151 GEC PDC G. Fax UK +44 206 797869 ‘A Management Company of GEC ALSTHOM Diesels LimitedThe C130 Hercules ait omnuosly pt For 35 years we've improved on everything but our rugged good looks. 130 that ckheed!s p resemblance to thos ars a ge are far greater. It's easier to to fly Furthermore, the integratio tronic systems make it the most adv The C-130 may never win any beauty mains unchallenged —=ylockheed Aeronauticalfurther worries listed in the document. Japan's Mid-Term Delense Build-up pro- Ject, which started in 1991 and will end in Fis cal Year 1995, willbe left pretty much intact, even in light ofthe changes following the end ‘ofthe Cold War. Additionally, the 1993 white paper stresses the importance of maintaining the defenseindustrial base. A “considerably Jong period is necessary” from the Introdue ‘ion of new equipment until each units qual ified for battle with that equipment, the white paper argues One chapter of the white paper, entitled ‘International Contribution and Sell Defense Forces”. detailed reports of Japan's Cambo- dia and Mozambique peacekeeping oper tions. Also listed was aid to civilian author ties, including disaster relief. The paper noted that the Japanese Defense Agency hopes peacekeeping and other international contributions will help it with the recruit ‘ment of personnel Kensuke Ebata Gripen program questioned following second crash August's crash of a Swedish JAS39 Gripen — the frst production aircraft — has put the air craft's future into question. In 1989, the first {development aircraft crashed and an inves sation identified problems with the fly-by- ‘wie system While preliminary investigations have already begun into the second crash, Swe- den's defense minister, Anders Bjorck, wants 4 parliamentary commission to review the ‘whole project. But he has also declared that he personally wants the project to continue. However, the Social Democratic opposition party has not yet made up its mind and seems uncertain about whether Sweden should build its own fighter or buy an Amer: can aircraft such as the F-16 or F/A-18), ‘The Social Democrats’ defense spokes man, Sture Ericson, says that if a parliamen Arktisiks ‘The crash of Gripen 102 last month has thrown a cloud of doubt over the pro: gram, especially in view scheduled elect in Sweden, nol fas he moe poet shou be ‘einlnatd Me canna bd someting | thot wil ot work nthe ase we il have to ive ap, and hat could very Social Democrats oe wel place to win nest year's scheduled leelon opinion pots how tht hey mad win fan econ ra ia The pvenment has the rat cancels order for 140 Gripens. However, it would pay | otic pena tor slog ine he frp S287 lige (S28 blo he complete order Is worh SKre0 hiton ee aioe 2 pear eort bythe Swedish Go tht the scent as easel by te ge | Conv! sens hig anpieaon a sk | Soars esotiates wih ge ap | Sick ovens by te pbe Tae ew be | | | stability margin being exceeded and the air craft entering a stall” The report also found that a contributing factor was, “the late dis play of the... light attitude) warning, which sel bes SD) 3 oe IND ma VENNY BRIDGE, EXETER EX4 8JN FACSIMILE NO. 0392 461993 TELEPHONE 0392 465315, “Arti design, deveap and mandate al thr prosuts to extemal gh standards, The nove aplaton of experience and in-depth ld knovlede ensues the best possible ret fore miry mattis Akad seth ul ange of sper eqn. ave the plot too litle time to react In response, JAS has announced that cor rective action can be implemented relatively quickly. In a press statement the company says that while Gripen’s fght-control system has a recovery mode, “We have observed that this mode has operated in the intended manner. However, a certain minimum alt tude is, of course, required for the pilot to be able to recover.” What worries SAAB and the JAS Industry Group Is how the accidents have affected export possibilities, The 1989 crash hap: pened in front ofa film crew from Swedish Television, and the second one, on August 8, 1983, took place during the Stockholm Water Festival. According to the pilot ~ the same ‘one who had survived the crash in 1989 — the aircraft refused to respond to corrective stick inputs after it developed severe yaw The pilot ejected and the aircraft crashed 30m from Stockholm’s biggest bridge, which was crowded with people. Consequently, publicity surrounding the accidents has been at a maximum, According to Swedish aircraft Industry experts, more than the cur rent 140 aircraft orders would have to be filled for the project to be profitable. EE = the best military, police and special forces clothing and webbing equipment designer and manufacturer in the world y 671THE CAMAC CAV100 LIGHT IN THE CAMAC CAV100 COURTAULDS AEROSPACEPROGRAMS & CONTRACTS Australia paves the way with Orion upgrade he Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) plans an extensive refurbishment program for its P3C maritime-patrol aircralt that will greatly improve their avionics and extend the life ofthe force until at least 2015. Industry sources put the likely value of the project at US$400-500 million. ‘The RAAF has talked to its counterparts in Canada, France, the Netherlands, Norway, the UK and the US to assist in formulating its ideas. Although there are no plans at present to expand the Australian effort into an International collaborative program, the successful contenders should be well placed for similar work on up to 600 Orions worldwide. The Royal Netherlands Air Force Is in the early stages of planning a P-3C ‘modernization program, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force is considering further avionics and airframe upgrades for its PBs. Thailand is understood to be joining the ranks of Orion operators with the acquisition of secondhand PAs. Bids for the second phase of the RAAF's Projegt 5276, to convert 18 aircraft to AP3C sandard (A for Australian), are due in mid: September. The first phase, project efinition, was completed in mid-1982 by the RAAF itself, with Rockwell Systems Australia, actingas consultant. ‘Tenders forthe implementation phase are ‘expected from six companies or teams: ‘© Booing Defense & Space Group, allied with Britsh Aerospace Australia; © Esystems Greenville Division, in association with Aerospace Technology of ‘Australia (ASTA), AWA Defence Industries (AWADD and Honeywell of Austral © Lockfieed Aeronautical Systems Company, with Hawker de Havilland, CSA and Paramax Systems; (¢ Marin Marietta: Teledyne, in co-operation with Israel Areraft Industries; and © Rockwell Systems Australia, heading a group that also includes other Rockwell divisions. The Defence Source Definition Committee and the Force Structure Policy and Planning Committee are expected to give their approval by May 1994, allowing a contract to be awarded by November at the latest. The 18 aircraft will be converted in batches from 1997 to 2000-01 (the nineteenth is being transferred to research, development, test and evaluation duties). The project also Includes the purchase of deployable nission-support systems, a new operational mission simulator, and three exUS Navy P- 3Bs that will be converted to TAPS training aircraft The RAAF's Orions, at up to 61,400kg (235,0001b), are heavier than most and ‘operate in avery harsh environment: heat humidity and dust, particularly in the north of the country. Airiramerelated aspects of the upgrade project include a desire to reduce the zero-uel weight by some 1,600kg (35001b) in order to extend fatigue life, move the centre of gravity forwards from its present position near the aft limit, and reduce the cabin air temperature by af least ¥C. The bulk of the work, however, will be to modify and replace the avionics. Group Captain Robert Wilkie, the RAAF's Director 3 Projects, says that he expects most of the ‘weight reduction to be achieved simply by Installing more modern ~ and hence lighter ~ electronics, He adds that the RAAF has no Inherent objection to the use of commercial offthe-shelf (COTS) equipment, which he sees as having three major advantages: “itis cheap, inexpensive, and doesn’t cost very much.” The RAAF would prefer the various subsystems involved in the upgrade to be already in service elsewhere; if they are stil under development, it will expect to see a ‘demonstration before buying them, ‘The RAAF realized several years ago that it could no longer justify anti-submarine warfare as the Orion’s primary role. Sea surveillance Is now more important, particularly In the north and northwest approaches, where targets Include Indonesian wooden fishing vessels that are small and difficult to detect ‘The existing AN/APS-15 radar is largely Ineffective in rough seas and along broken coastlines, and has no classification capability. As a consequence, the PICS have to descend from search altitude to a height. from which the crew can visually identify targets. This reduces the rate of coverage, and eats airframe fatigue life. Project 5276 therefore Includes a new radar that must incorporate at least one classification aid, such as range profiling or SAR/ISAR (synthetic-aperture radar/inverse SAR) ‘operation, ‘The radar is one example where the RAAF Js giving industry room to manoeuvre when Putting together bids. The statement of requirement for the radar specifies that it should provide coverage over at least a forward are of 240°, and be sufliciently sensitive in the rear arc to continue to observe and track targets, but it does not tightly define every aspect of performance. Bidders can therefore propose a series of options, giving a range of capabilities ~ US Navy to improve ASuW capability ‘The US Navy plans to upgrade 68 ofits PIC Update Il to improve their capabilities against both “ships and landibased targets under the P&} ASuW (AntkSurface Warfare) Improvement Program AIP). The service is now expected to issue a request for proposals in ate September, with a S-day response time, leading to contractor selection in the fist quarter of 1904. Navy plans call forthe purchase of 13 upgrade kits n Fiscal Year 184, followed by 18, 20,20 and two respectively inthe four succeeding years. ‘The AIP involves an improved radar, new and enhanced electrooptical sensors. an upgraded ESM system, new communications facities and possibly additonal electronic warfare equipment. Al will be non-developmental items, leaving three areas in which bidders can compete or Selection: system architecture, Including controls and displays (although the USN has speeifed 18n highesoluton colour screens) installation, and implementation methods. Contenders for the AIP are thought to include Paramax Systems, teamed with Lockheed Aeronautical Systems Company and Texas Instruments; IBM, alled wih Chrysler Technologies Airborne Systems; EER in conjunction with AEL; and possibly groupings led by ESystems, Rockwell Raytheon and Grumman. Customerspeciied equipment forthe AIP - much of which has not been released for export — ‘consists of the Texas Instruments AN/APS.197 ISAR radar; the USNdeveloped Cluster Ranger ‘Sidewaysiooking longrange electrooptical sensor an enhanced variant ofthe Texas Instruments |AN/AAS6 infrared detection set the Complek EP.200 ESM Pulse Analyzer, for improved emiter location and classification; the OTCIXS (Oificer in Tactical Command Information Exchange Sytem) providing tcl information via dt; and Tacteal Receive Equipment (TRE), ‘supplying inputs from national “Additional ems may Include AN/AART passive missile warners and AN/ALE-7 ‘countermeasures dispensing systems. The PIC Update Il alrcraft are already planned to receive the Paramax Systems AN/ASQ212 mission processing equipment, based on the CP2OU computer, in place of the inservice AN/ASQ1I4. The ASQ-212 provides 30 times the throughput of its predecessor, yets substantially smaller, lighter and draws signiicanty les power. “The US Navy's intention i tha! the baseline improvement package, which is likely to cost about USS5,7 milion per aircraft, should be installed as soon as possible. follow-on preplanned product Improvement program, largely implemented in software, would involve addional processing, Integrate sensors more closely and Introduce daa fusion. 673,PRO & CONTRACT! provided that they are accompanied by the attendant costings The GECMarconi Avionics AQS-901 acoustic processing system will be replaced, as anti-submarine warfare remains an important role, and a modern data: ‘management system will succeed the CPN 901 central computer. There is also the option of Introducing a new sonobuoy receiver if it has cost and integration advantages. The aircraft will also carry the CAE Electronics AN/ASQ-504 digital MAD (iagnetic-anomaly detector) that equips Royal Australian Navy $-70B-2 anti submarine helicopters. RAAF Orions already carry the Harpoon anti-ship missile, for which the delivery system is to be enhanced. The AP-3Cs will be fitted with a GPS receiver ~ probably integrated with the inertial navigation system ~ and new HF and VHF/UHF radios, with provision for satelite communications to be added when the Australian Defence Force has agreed a common specification, Some instruments such as the horizontal situation Indicator will be replaced, but the RAAF will not move to a full lass cockpit. A new intercom will enhance crew ‘communications. The upgraded aircraft will retain the AN/ALR-2001 Odyssey electronic support measures (ESM) suite that the RAAF is already buying under Project 5140, The service declined to install an ESM system when it bought its second batch of PCs, because, as Group Captain Wilkie puts it, the candidates then available were “little better than unnecessary ballast”, He says that the ALR-2001, by contrast, exploits operating principles and algorithms that have formerly been employed only in ground-based systems, and is the best ESM suite aboard a longrange maritime;patrol aircraft anywhe Wilkie says he is not overly concerned at delays in the Odyssey program, which are to be expected with such a complex design The prototype ESM-equipped Orion should bbe completed in late 1983 oF early 199, he adds. AWA Defence Industries is prime contractor, with ELTA Electronics Industries acting as major subcontractor and Hawke de Havilland being responsible for aircraft ‘modifications. The introduction of Odyssey will add a fourth sensor operator (SENSO) station to the alrerat. Bidders for the upgrade program can further rearrange the aircraft interior if they believe that it will improve crew co- ordination at acceptable cost, ‘The RAAF plans to operate the three TAP. 3s as fighterew trainers, thereby conserving the fatigue lite of the APCs for operational [Nordic countries, which continue to experience ‘unwanted miltary incursions into their territorial ‘waters (see news item in DR 7/198, p50), are Introducing new sensors and weapons to bolster thelr coastal defenses. The cost of such an approach, where coastal defenses complement naval vessels and aircraft, compares well with other Solutions. For example, the Royal Norwegian ‘Navy Materiel Command and prime contactor NF are implementing Project Ida (lormerly Project 077) at 10 sites for NKr600 milion (approximately 'USS1O0 milion}: about the price of one modern patrol submarine. "The program Involves moderalzing four shore. based torpedo batteries and six controllable minefields for use agunst both surface ships and submarines, with the former providing area coverage ofthe approaches to ports and the later protecting narrower passages. Evaluation of the frst system Is due to begin early tis autumn, with two sites being operational by September 1994. The entre network is due for completion by December 197, ‘The RNON has upgraded its specifications following the 1990-1991 Gulf War, when Iraqi hardened facies were successfully attacked by Coalition penetrator weapons. The service had planned to house the shorebased elements of its coastal defenses in bunkers, originally uit by the Germans during the Second World War, protected bby 34m of concrete Under the revised plan, both the torpedo magazines and the associated command-and- control centres ~ the latter based on NFT's KMC- 9000 consoles accommodated in containers suspended trom heavy cables to attenuate shocks — willbe buried beneath a least 15m of solid rock. ‘The RNON expects this level of protection to be effective against attack by any conventional ‘weapon. The associated sensors ~ Terma radars and a Simrad electro-optical package (dermal ‘camera and laser rangefinder) ~ also retract into the rock when notin use. Project Ida will now use Botors Underwater ‘Systems T)613 heavyweight torpedoes, as caried by the RNON’s Kobbenclass submarines, rather Norway and Sweden enhance coastal defenses ‘The Swedish navy uses SA Marine's ‘ny9 (GM 600) controllable mine ‘to augment its anti- ship missiles. This isan autonomous two-module version. The Royal Norwegian Navy ‘will install controllable minefields and torpedo batteries at 10 sites to bolster its coastal defenses. 67a \NTERNATIONAL DEFENSE REV 9/1908PROGRAMS & CONTRACTS missions. The aircraft will undergo a full depot service in the United States, during which all the equipment aft of the cockpit, will be stripped out. The cabin floor will be strengthened, celling rails installed and, if it proves sensible, a doublewidth door fited at the rear, This will allow the TAP-3s to doubleup as support aircraft, transporting personnel and spare parts to APC remote ‘operating locations without having to call up acim. Sweden favours Leopard 2 tank The Krauss Maffet Leopard 2 has achieved the best results so far in Swedish army tials w tank program, ‘which will initially involve 200 vehicles to of candidates for its n ttan the German DM2A3 weapons that arm the Uiaciass boats. The torpedoes will be launched down ramps inclined at 20°, starting their ‘motors as they go, and emenge beneath the sea surface. They will be capable of patrolling ‘ofshore for extended periods before initiating ‘an atack, The RNON will also evaluate other torpedo types from this autumn as a potential complement to the Tp6135. ‘The minefields will use modernized Mk2 moored weapons and MKS1 ground mines, ‘connected to their control centres by cabling that emerges from the elif face at least 10-151 neath the water surface. The RNON has built ew Ms from casing sections that have been In storage for many years, and is adding a new sinker and deployment mechanism. This, enables the payload to be deployed to its ‘operating depth only hours belore an attack is sntipated (Hereby reducing the likelihood oft being detected) ‘The Swedish company SA Marine Is supplying @ new electronic safety, arming and fuzing unit (SAFU), which is now undergoing acceptance tals, f0 provide a further increase In capability for both the Mk2 and MKSI weapons. 5A Marine will soon begin development of a new moored mine to replace the MK. This weapon, which wil be easier and cheaper to maintain than its predecessor, can accept the same SAFU as that used in the ‘upgrade program, "The upgraded minefields and torpedo batteries are complemented by specialized artillery. The RNON is still examining the possiblity of doping a coastaldelense variant tits Penguin antship missile or its successor, NSM which i primary intended to arm a new class of escorts. The later weapon's long range ‘woul allow it to be fred from well inland, then. fy down fords to reach the sea. Swedish programs ‘The Swedish navy Is deploying a new ‘ontolable sea mine to complement Its Bofors equip the service's armoured brigades. “Th German tank has proved to be the best in the most important parts ofthe tess,” says a high-ranking officer in the Supreme Command, “although that does not mean that it will definitely be the one we choose There are other important aspects that have to be considered as well.” These include Swedish industrial participation in production of the MBTs. The other Western competitors, the General Dynamics Land Systems MIA2 Abrams and the GIAT Industries Leclerc hhave not been able to match the Leopard 2's results. The MIAZ has come elose, but not close enough, according to IDR sources. Leclerc had the worst results of the three Its hydraulic system did not function effectively in the low temperatures encountered during winter in Northern Sweden, On the other hand, GIAT Industries RBSI7 (modified Hellre) coastaldelense missiles, and is about to begin a year's evaluation of a hharboursurveillance sonar system developed by the Canadian company CTech. 'SA Marine has been in production for about a year with the m/9 mine (export designation GM 600), which may be lai from fast raiding craft traveling at upto 40kt The modular weapon carries ‘multiple arget sensors and can contain two, thee or four charge modules, each with more than 100g of ‘explosive. Four cassettes are each wound with Sot of thin (65mmeliameter) Kevlarreinforced cable that connect the mine to ts shorebased controller ‘Alternatively, the addition ofa battery pack permits Autonomous operation. $A Marine is developing ‘new algorithms that will optimize the mine for the autonomous role in export markets. ‘CTech expected to deliver the first CSAS-80 harboursurvelance sonar system to the Swedish navy in Angust for a year of tials at various sites. A further 35 sets are oa option. CSAS80 Is a bottom ‘mounted active sonar that Is designed to detect divers and minisubmarines. The 400k sensor unit hg slight postive buoyancy, allowing ito be towed ‘out ois operating location following launch from a land vehicle, and then sunk tthe desired position. ‘Additional potential customers forthe CSAS80 Include the US Navy and other US government ‘organizations, a an alternative tothe piermounted ‘seciorscanning sonar under development at the University of Texas. CTech has designed a walle. ‘mounted unit, using shelterbased electronics, for ‘such applications. The company has also teamed ‘with Computing Devices Canada to promote CIDS (Coastal Intrusion Detection System), which ‘combines the CSAS80 with radar, electro-optical ‘sensors and the ISIS workstation ‘The Swedish navy may buy a new underwater ‘weapon to complement its planned network of ‘CSAS and magnetic loops. One candidate is SA Marine's proposed P85 homing mine, which is based on a test vehicle originally developed by General Dynamics. The Swedish company has ‘designed a new sonar homing head that has better performance in shallow water than the sensor previously installed inthe GD vehicle is offering Swedish industry an extensive role in the production of some 1,500 Lecleres, including those forthe United Arab Emirates, The Swedish army will conduct trials of the T-80 this autumn, The Russian tank Is a candidate to re-equip the service's mechanized brigades, although the army Commander-in-Chiet, Lieutenant General Ake Sagrén, would prefer to buy second hand Leopards for this role. Another stumbling block isthe fact thatthe Suprem Commander, General Bengt Gustafsson, has doubts about the wisdom of buying tanks from Russia. Tri-national active-array frigate radar ‘The Canadian, Dutch, German and possibly Spanish navies will equip thelr airdefense frigates with a new generation of active- antenna phased-array radars if a recently launched development effort is successful ‘The Royal Netherlands Navy has awarded Hollandse Signaalapparaten an initial ‘contract worth DF3S million (USSI8 million) for work on the APAR (Active Phased Array Radar), following the signing of a trinational ‘memorandum of understanding by Canada, Germany and Holland. Spain may join the program later. APAR forms part of the common sensor suite planned for the German navy's new Each of the four antenna faces in APAR will accommodate 804 active transmit/receive quadpacks. 675,F124 frigates and their Dutch equivalent, the LCF class. The Spanish navy is expected to adopt the same sensor fit, including APAR, for its projected F100 airdefense frigates. The new radar is also due to be retroited to the RNIN's Jacob van Heemskerck-class Lerigates and possibly its Karel Doorman-class M- frigates, and to Canadian Patrol Frigates, Signaal leads a consortium that includes Deutsche Aerospace (DASA) in Germany Northern Telecom Ltd (NTL) in Canada and FEL-TNO, the Dutch physics and electronics laboratories. Subcontractors with specialized expertise will be added as the project proceeds. Signaal is responsible for the vera system design, with inputs from FEL ‘TNO, and for program management. DASA. will design and build the frontend processing chain, and NTL will manufacture the transmit/receive modules for the active arrays. The inital APAR contract, which lasts for two years, covers two aspects: system design; and design, manufacture and testing of several transmit/receive (T/R) modules. ‘The latter - quadpacks with four active elements each ~ are based on those built for the MAREX (Marine Array E program conducted by Deutsche Aerospace and BWB, the German defense ministry's procurement authority (see IDR 3/1993, pp.198-199). The MAREX units will be slightly redesigned, both for technical reasons and to make them easier to fabricate, and will be provided by a different foundry. APAR, which operates in I/J-band (lormerly Xband), uses four active antenna arrays to provide coverage of 360° in azimuth by 70° in elevation. The radar is Intended to perform multiple functions simultaneously, ineluding detection, tracking and missile guidance (both mid-course uplink and terminal illumination). It has instrumented ranges of 75km for horizon search, 150km when tracking air targets, '32km in surface-search mode and 150km in backup volume search. APAR can track more than 200 targets, and provide guidance support to RIM-7P Sparrow, Evolved Seasparrow Missile (ESSM) and Standard Missile 2. Italian UAVs marketed abroad ‘The Italian company Meteor, part of the Alenia group, is exploring new markets for the Mirach 26 unmanned ar vehicle that itis developing for the country’s army. The Netherlands army, which expects to invite tenders next year to supply four UAV systems, has requested information on the Mirach 26 and will send representatives to The US Air Force’s Wright Laboratory is exploring the potential combat advantages of piteh/yaw vectoring under its USS30 million MATV (Multi-Axes, Thrust- Vectoring) program. If successful, it would allow modified F-16s to operate at angles of attack (AOAs) exceeding 80°, with no manoeuvre restrictions. The project could also pave the way for fighters with smaller tails than at present, or completely tailless designs. The NF-16D VISTA (Variable Stability In-flight Simulation Test Aircraft) seen here was delivered to Edwards AFB in July for six ‘months of testing . The F110 turbofan is fitted with a General Electric AVEN (Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle) that can direct engine thrust up, down, and to cither side. The aircraft had achieved stabilized AOAs of 72° by early August, compared with the normal flight-control system limit of 25°. Flight trials to investigate other aspects, including yaw and roll rates, are continuing through September. USAF pilots will then evaluate the overall utility of thrust vectoring. MATY will feed information into the service's PACIR (Propulsion, Aerodynamics, Controls Integration Research and development) program. attend the latest series of fight trials in Sardinia next month (October). Other potential customers include Australia, Austria and Finland, Meteor says that It could deliver systems in 15 months against an order placed in January 1994. The company regards Israel! Aircraft Industries, with its Impact and Searcher vehicles, as being probably its strongest competitor. Others include the ‘GNGF MoU signed: The national armaments Sectors of France, ay and the UK have sgied ‘he memorandum of understanding bat ofa ‘inaugurates the Common New Generation Frgte {CNGA Prot Horizon progam. A Joint Project Office hasbeen estabished to manage the efor. [RBE2 radar fies on Rafale: The Thomson- (CSF/Dassaut Elecvonique RBE2 eectroically “zara frcanbel rear made fst it ard 1 iia operational later, the Fafle mutecle ‘combat arerat, on 7 su. The hie retype radar flew aboard Rafale 8 01 for nearly an hour, ‘emonsating ts permance durng highspeed ‘ght at low attde,highsubsonic cruise Mach (09) at 12,000m, and accelratons of upto 75. Naval ETC gun trials: Te US Naval Sutace Warfare Centr (NSWC) at Dahlgren is ve to conduct fring tls of @ 6mm electrothermal ‘chemical (ETC) gun against aibome targets in late 1993, FMC's Naval Systems Division ‘elvered the weapon in June, folowing 2 rapid: fire demonstration during which i repetitively launched 2.75kg slugs. The gun and its ‘associated autoloader are incorporated inthe trunnion assembly from a Phalanx close-in ‘weapon sjtem. NSWC's fing tls wil imohe ‘Gomm propelling charges developed under ‘sparta contacts by FMC and General Dyramics Land Systems, the Martin Marietta Astro Space ‘Small Caliber Smart Manton (SCSM), anda re: cont system. French newgeneration SSBN: The fist of four SNLENG new-generation ballsticmissile Submannes forthe French nay was ralled cut at Cherourg in ly and wil be lunched by shit ‘in October. Lo Tromphant i due to begn Sea tals at the end of 1993 and o enter service ‘March 1996. The 14120t vessel wil cary M45 SSLBMs, SN.39 Exocet anti-ship missles and torpedoes. The second SNLENG, Le Temsrar, ‘under costucton and the the, Le ign, was ‘authorized in May. The complete progam wil, ‘cost approximately FF75billon{USS15 bali). SPATS draft request: The US Air Force ‘Aeronautical Systems Certerisued a new drat ‘request for proposals (RFP) on 28 July for ‘equislon of the Jit Primary Aircraft Trainee ‘System UPATS) and associated logistic support. This replaces the version released in February, ‘efiecting the USAF's current dese to make 3 ‘single prime contractor responsible for both the crt andthe associated Ground Based Trang ‘Systm (GETS), once the later ras been seated ‘The fal RFP for JPATS is anne fr clease in February 1994, with source selection being completed by November and a contract being ‘awarded the folowing month. The US Air Force ‘plans to by 418 aera, wth the Ney taking 348. 676AT LAST, A FR..QUENCY H..PPING HF RADIO TH..T STOPS TH..S HAPPENING TOY..UR M..SSAGES. The message is loud and clear. The Panther 2000-H tactical radio cuts down interference and increases the chance of your transmission getting through. It does this by utilising the latest intel- ligent frequency hopping technology. Instead of hopping across a wide range of frequencies, the Panther HF radio selects the clearest channels and randomly hops amongst them. Clarity of reception Is improved sevenfold, while avoiding the risk of jamming, interception, direction finding and other hostile measures. Panther is equipped to handle data, and just for good measure it’s extremely small and lightweight. It comes in vehicle and manpack versions, both of which can be used for net and point to point communication. If you want to eliminate lost mess..ges and repeat repeat transmissions, contact Racal now. panther 2000-H Racal Radio Ltd, PO Box 112, 472 Basingstoke Rd, Reading, Berkshire RG2 OOF, England. Tel: +44 734.875181. Fax: +44 734-866014.reel) seed er PEUTIC } pee Fax 34-1-441 50.90PROGRAMS & CONTRACTS Contraves Ranger and GEC-Marconi Avionics Phoenix. Meteor is due to complete technical and ‘operational testing of Mirach 26 in June 1994 ‘The UAV will be a constituent of SORAO, the surveillance, targetacquisition and fire control subsystem that forms part of the ltaian army's CATRIN battlefield C1 system. “Meteor will deliver eight air vehicles and one set of ground support equipment ~ comprising launch and recovery stations, a ground-control station anda mission planning and analysis station — under the CATRIN prototype contract. The follow-on production order is expected to be for four such systems, totalling 32 air vehicles, together with two systems for maintenance and refurbishment. The UAV Is intended to provide surveillance over distances out to 50km. The vehicle has an endurance of 6h with a 50kg payload, although this could be increased to Ih by extending the wings and adding two auxiliary fuel tanks, The allan army will ‘operate Mirach 26 with a stabilized platform carrying interchangeable sensors: a daylight high-resolution TV camera, a night TV camera or Officine Galileo thermal imager. The recent adoption of a compressor has sgven the imager an unlimited endurance in terms of cooling, and the 1.5kW alternator provides sufficient excess power to drive alternative payloads that might be required by an export customer. Meteor has also explored the possibilty of moving from J-band to L-band for the command, tracking and telemetry signals. This would overcome the problems of attenuation caused by rain and snow, and permit communication out to 100km using | 8meiameter ground antenna, The company’s turboetpowered Mirach, 150 UAV, which will also form part of CCATRIN, iS due to make its first flight in late 1988 or early 1994. The Italian army is now expected to order two complete systems, half the number previously planned. Mirach 130 can carry a 50kg payload - typically comprising an infrared linescanner, television camera and film cameras in various combinations - over a 500km range. Feasibility studies have shown that these figures could be increased to 150kg and 700km respectively, without increasing the wingspan, by adopting tip tanks. Indonesia enhances maritime Surveillers ‘The Indonesian air force took delivery of its first upgraded Boeing 737-200 Surveiller maritime:patrol aircraft on 13 August. The company’s Defense & Space Group is significantly improving the mission avionics continued on p.681 US Navy plans further trials of maritime UAVs ae ‘The first Bell Helicopter Textron Eagle Eye tilt-wing/rotor UAV took to the air on 10 July but crashed on its sixth flight. A revised schedule for evaluation at ‘Yuma Proving Ground was still being discussed as this issue went to press. Eagle Eye is designed for a maximum speed of some 220kt, compared with 70kt for the Canadair CL-227 Sea Sentinel. ‘The US Navy is continuing to evaluate candidate technologies fora future vertical take-off and landing unmanned aerial vehicle (VTOL UAV) that could be deployed aboard ship, alibough the Pentagon has reallocated the USSIS milion that wa included in the Fiscal Year 19% budge to support the VLAR (Vertical Launch And Recovery) program. Funding for VLAR may, however, be reinstated by Congress inthe FY94 budget In the mean time, the USN is proceeding with a technology demonstration that includes futher ‘Shipboard trials of the Canadair CL227 Sea Sentinel, land-based testing ofthe Bell Helicopter ‘Textvon Eagle Eye highspeed titwingtotor vehicle, systemsinteration efforts, and preliminary consideration of alternative UAV technoogges. “The US Navy will conduct follow-on testing next year ofthe CL227 aboard a Pernclass rigate in the Caribbean under the binational MAVUS Il (Martimized VTOL UAV System) program. The service is providing USS5 milion for MAVUS II, which is being matched by the Canadian Department of Industry, Science and Technology. Canadair is reintegrating the Sierra Nevada CARS (Common Automatic Recovery System) with the CL227, which successfully demonstrated land-based automatic recoveries at For Sill, Oklahoma, in July 1882. The vehice Is due to undergo tethered trials at the eompany’s Montreal facility In late November 195 and will then be taken to Canada’s Mighttest base at Lawton, Oklahoma, for farther tras in early 194, Shipboard deployment, planned to last rom February to Apel although it may be extended), s expected to Involve at least 20 fight hours. Tis wil culminate In automatic landing ofthe UAV aboard a moving frigate, under the contre of CARS, from a capture window 3m aster ofthe vessel ‘The atsea tral wil include evaluation of four interchangeable payloads: a daylight television camera, FLIR, communications relay and Litton Applied Technology jammer. The first two ofthese were carted by the CL227 during the earler MAVUS I series, although bad weather prevented the (ther two from being own. ‘Other companies involved inthe tials include Loral Defense Systems-Arizona, which will Increase the processing capabilly of ts Mission Planning and Control System (MPCS) by a factor of four; Loral Coni, supplying the datalink (a modiied variant ofthe AN/SROA used by the LAMPS “Mull Seahawk helicopter) and Indal Technologies, providing launch and recovery equipment. Control software wil be hosted on a TACS tactical computer. Imagery from the Senin! will aso be rebroadcast toa US Coast Guard vessel to demonstrate the LUAV’s potential counternarcotics role, and vessels from other NATO navies are expected to observe the trials. As tis issue went to press, the UK Royal Navy had committed to receiving video ‘ebroadcast andthe French and Canadian navies were considering possible involvement Meanwhile, Bell Helicopter Testron is in the final stages ofthe TRUS (TitRotor UAV System) Phase I program that tis conducting with USSB milion of US Navy funding This involves the Eagle Eye alr vehicle, which made Its maiden fight on 10 July (see photograph) but crashed sox days later. This setbacks expected to result na delay of about two months to the ofc 0h evaluation of two vehicles at Yuma Proving Ground, which was due tohave been conducted during August. © help define requirements for future VTOLUAVs. Tiswing/otor technology has the potential to provide the high speed and long range needed for ‘oversheshorizon targeting of shipboard missile systems and to carry out RSTA (reconnaissance, surveillance and target acquisition) for US Marine Corps iresupport elements. ‘Alternative technologies include intermeshing rotor, canard rotor/wing (CRW) designs, duced fan arrangements and taltsiters. MeDonnel! Douglas Helicopter Company (MDH) now plans to ly a companyfunded CRW prototype atthe end of 1995. MDH believes that by hat time, the US ‘Navy may well be ina positon to proceed with a development program. The UAV variant ofthe |NTERNATIONAL TENSE Revi 9/1999 679PROGRAMS & CONTRACTS Inexpensive ASW weapons expand available options Several navies have introduced or are studying antisubmarine weapons that are light and cheap enough to be earried in comparatively large numbers, thereby providing greater freedom to engage possible contacts ‘without fear of unduly depleting on-board stocks. Such weapons can complement traditional lightweight torpedoes aboard warships and military aircraft, and allow erat of opportunity to participate in ASW ‘operations. Some are designed to bring stationary or slow-moving dese electric submarines to the surface. Others carry warheads that are powerful enough to sink ever lange doubleshulled boss 'NATO has selected the German company Systemtechrik Nord (STN) and a Norwegin/ltaian team of NFT and Whitehead for parallel concept {definition studies ofa low-cost ant-submarine weapon (LCAW) priced at Jess than USS5,000 a round. The weapon would have a maximum airfight range of Skm when launched from a surface ship, followed by an underwater atlack phase against submarines at dlstances of up to Sm from the waterentr point The studes, which may be merged into a single fort are planned to begin by the end of 189. “The German and Norwegian navies in particular are terested in such a ‘weapon: Inthe later’s case, could equ the planned new cass of escort vessels, acting as a successor to the NFT Terne mortar that arms the RNON's gates. The NPT/Whitebead LCAW design mates the allan company's A200 ‘minktrpedo with a Norwelan solkipropellant rocket motor derive irom technology used inthe Penguin ant-ship missile. Whitehead says thatthe AZO has demonstrated its eflectiveness during atsea trials and has almost ‘completed development The standard weapon may be launched over the side of a ship from a compressedair tbe to engage closerange targets, ‘The Whitehead/NFT A200/N LCAW can be manually loaded into existing or special-purpose launchers. A parachute slows the munition before water entry, and a new polyurethane nosecone will protect the mini-torpedo’s acoustic array ‘during air fight. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company's proposed Ultra Light Weight Torpedo (ULWT) Is 1.32m Jong, has a diameter of 14cm and weighs 27.7kg. Following a boosted airflight trajectory, the weapon enters the water vertically and ignites its rocket motor for the attack phase. The ULWT has radially and axially mounted sonar transducers for search and tracking, ‘and the A200/A airlaunched version Is compatible with Asize sonobuoy launchers ‘The A200/N rocket powered variant is just over 2m long, 12cm in lameter and weighs 32 7g of which 113kg comprises the Semon A200 ‘initorpedo. The electrically powered munition caries a mid-course _gudance system, an inexpensive wideband active sonar or homing anda 25k PBX shaped-charge warhead. The trajectory is modified over the last 50m to ensure that the minktorpedo strikes Its target as near to perpendicular as possibe. Simulations have shown thatthe weapon has a 70-85 percent probability of hiting a submarine running at up to 8k, and a {depth between 15m and 3m, at engagement ranges out to 8000, ‘The United States, which participated in éarller phases of the NATO program, has since withdrawn. Lockheed Missiles & Space Company LMSC) continues to have contact with its former partners fr the LCAW proposal, however, and is promoting the design to the US Navy. LMSC's “Marine Systems Group teamed! with Dynamit Nobel, Atlas Elekronik, yo Industrier and Raufoss to propose the ULWT (Uira Light Weight Torpedo), ‘which the US company believes is potentially more effective and cheaper than the selected approaches, but which was regarded by NATO — Incorrectly, in Locke's option - as a higrisk concept. “The ULWT incorporates a rocket motor that propels It at 40kt during the Underwater attack phase, compared with typically 12 for an electrically powered minttorpedo, and thus has a high probability of successfully tercepting a submarine traveling a 8k (the speed specified for the [NATO competion). The weapon carries a Sky shapedcharge warhead ~ twice the sae ofthat i the A200, Locked says thatthe US Navy's PC community has shown substantial interest inthe ULW, but the company ‘accepts that new program starts are few and far [between in te current economic climate ‘Other solutions tothe lowcost ASW weapon requirement include naval mortars, grenades and rockets. The Swedish and Finnish navies already operate the Saab Missiles ASW.600 grenade system, which they have recently lupgraded by introducing the new m/90. ‘munition to succeed the my. The enhanced ‘grenade carries lager shaped-charge warhead, ‘than its predecessor and can be fired fom the sandard ninebarrel launcher at ranges out to 400m. Saab expects to receive Swedish navy funding this autumn to develop the ASW-601 variant, in which two standard launchers are ‘mounted on a turntable that ean be rotated and levated so that the ship no longer has to turn towards its target or alter speed. The ASW. Interfaces with a fire-control system for Improved accuracy and is efective over ranges of 150-650, Saab has conducted company studies of further version, the ASW'604, that ejects 1/90 ‘enades trom a multibareel downwardring launcher ~ having from one to 20 tubes ~ Installed aboard tactical helicopters. The crew ‘could thus engage targets immediately once they had been detected visually or by sonar ‘The company is additonally looking atthe possiblity of a homing grenade, which would be fitted with strapon sensor and steering modules in much the same way as a guided bomb. Saab has had discussions with the Swedish navy over the past two years about a similar proposal or guided depth charges, although no funding has yet been authorized ‘The UK Royal Navy Is understood to have ‘expressed possible Interest in this appreach, Which would be cheaper than a low-cost torpedo but also les elective. 680 TERNATIONAL OFFENSE REVIEW 9/1999re cS PROGRAMS & CONTRACTS, ln all three Surveillers under a four-year contract worth USS1I7 million, The remaining two aircraft are being modified at the Bandung facility of BPPT/IPTN, the Indonesian state-owned aerospace company. Work on the frst of these began this spring, Enhancements include a new mission avionics system based on Boeing's Digital Processing and Display System (DPDS). a realtime display for the SLAMMR (Side- Looking Airborne Modular Multimission Radar), a nose-mounted search radar, and IEF equipment. Navigation and communica: tions systems have also been upgraded to interlace with the DPDS. Boeing is addition: ally assisting the Indonesian air force in establishing a ground-based communica: tions, computer and mission planning centre. The DPDS combines high-speed data processing, high-tesolution colour displays and software-configurable controls with sensors specified by the customer. DPDS is lighter than previous equipment, allowing the aircraft to spend more time on station, and requires fewer crew members to operate it. Boeing subsidiary ARGOSystems 1s collaborating with IPTN on promoting DPDS and other Surveiller equipment as the heart of the mission avionics aboard the maritime-patrol version of the CASA/IPTN Nass, The Chilean air force is due to accept its first Phalcon airborne-warningand: control system by the end of 1993. Phalcon is based on a Boeing 707, converted by Israel Aireraft Industries, earring an ELTA Electronics Industries EL/2075 Lband phased-array radar. ELTA says that its approach allows a target to be acquired, detected and confirmed in 2-4s, whereas competing systems using a rotating antenna provide an update only every 12s or so and cause more drag than the EL/2075’s flush-mounted conformal arrays. The Chilean aircraft carries three antennas: one, 3m in diameter, is housed in the bulbous nose radome; the other two, accommodated in cheek fairings on each side of the forward fuselage, are ‘mounted on floating beds to prevent airframe flexing from degrading the radar's accuracy. This arrangement provides coverage over 280°. ELTA says that the remaining 80° arc can be filled by adding rearward-Jooking antennas. Each side- ‘mounted array has several hundred elements driven by individual liquid-cooled transmit/receive (1/R) modules, The latter are mounted on racks in spaces behind the cockpit. Phalcon also carries ELTA’s EL/L-8312 ESM/ELINT system, covering. frequencies from 70MHz to 40GHz, which uses differential time-of arrival techniques to provide high bearing accuracy on signals detected by wingtip antennas mounted 30m apart. The aircraft is additionally fitted with an ELTA, EK/K-7031 COMINT system covering the 20-500MHz band. HMAS Collins, the first of six Kockums Type 171 submarines for the Royal Spanish army Australian Navy, was rolled out at the Adelaide yard of Australian Submarine Corp (ASC) on 24 July and was due to be launched by shiplift on 28 August. These dates meet the schedule laid down at the beginning of the program in June 1987, and the project is so far within the budget of AS4.9 billion (USS3.25 billion). Commissioning ‘scheduled for January 1995. The five remaining boats are due to follow at 14- month intervals. ASC is also marketing the design to overseas potential customers that include Canada and Malaysia. The Type 471s, with a surface displacement of some 3,000t (3,350t submerged) and a length of 78m, are the largest diesel-electric submarines in the world and employ battery technology that is sald to give them the longest submerged endurance. HMAS Collins will undergo trials to establish its “hare” noise signature before being fitted with anechoic tiles. These tiles, developed by the . Australian Defence Science & Technology Organisation's Materials Research Laboratories, are expected to reduce noise levels to well below those specified in the contract and to cost significantly less than foreign alternatives. upgrades artillery ‘The Spanish army is improving its existing 105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers, and retiring older models, in order to meet the limit of 1,310 weapons in calibres greater than 100mm imposed under the Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty CMSA (Centro de Mantenimiento de Sistemas Autopropulsados) No2 at Segovia is converting 12 175mm M107s to 203mm MIIOA2s, and the Spanish army is acquiring a further 24 MII0A2s this year from surplus central European stocks. CMSA will additionally upgrade the service's 48 105mm MI08s and 18 early model 155mm M109s to MIO9AS standard, using kits supplied by BMY, under a program costing US$135 million (Ptasl.9 billion). The modernized howitzers will ‘complement the 84 in-service MIOQAI/ALBs. | APG-73 delivered: The frst production Hughes IAPS recon oar et BeaMore than any other manufacturer, Eurocopter offers wmf naval and air forces the Gazelle ¢ security missions. Heavy lift Cougar, and versatile Panther, Fennec, BO 105 and Gazelle are BO105 helicopter will offer clearcut margins of superiority over any Cougar international programs, including Nato’s NH90 troop and naval transport helicopter. OOM E90 nation’s aerospace industries, please contact our Government Marketing Department.aost complete range of advanced technology helicopters to carry out their defense and Tiger combat