1

iuri lotmani
moazrovne samyaroTa SigniT

semiosfero
semiotikuri sivrce
Cveni
msjeloba
aqamde
sul
sayovelTaod
miRebuli
sqemiT
warimarTeboda: veyrdnobodiT calkeul izolirebul komunikaciur aqts da
vikvlevdiT adresantsa da adresats Soris imxanad aRmocenebul urTierTobas.
amgvari midgomis dros igulisxmeba, rom izolirebuli faqtis Seswavla
semiozisis yvela im ZiriTad Tvisebas aRmoaCens, romelTa eqstrapolireba
SemdgomSi ufro rTul semiotikur procesebzec SeiZleba. aseTi midgoma
akmayofilebs dekartes Txzulebis _ ,,msjeloba meTodze _ cnobil mesame
wess: ,,...azrovnebis garkveuli wesrigis SenarCuneba, SedarebiT martivi da
advilad Sesacnobi sagnebiT dawyeba da nel-nela ufro rTulTa Secnobisaken
svla...1
garda amisa, es midgoma mecnierul Cvevasac pasuxobs, romelic
dasabams jer kidev ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan iRebs: unda aigos
,,robinzoniada _ gamocalkevdes izolirebuli obieqti, romelsac SemdgomSi
zogadi modelis mniSvneloba mieniWeba.
Tumca, imisaTvis, rom aseTi gamocalkeveba koreqtuli iyos, aucilebelia,
izolirebuli faqti movlenis yvela im Tvisebis modelirebis saSualebas iZleodes,
romlebzec Semdgom daskvnebi eqstrapolirdeba. Cvens SemTxvevaSi amis
Tqma ar SeiZleba. mowyobiloba, romelic adresantis, adresatisa da maTi
damakavSirebeli erTaderTi arxisagan Sedgeba, jer kidev ver imuSavebs.
amisaTvis igi semiotikur sivrceSi unda CaeSvas. komunikaciis yvela wevrs
ukve unda hqondes garkveuli gamocdileba, semiozisis unar-Cvevebi.
amgvarad, semiotikuri gamocdileba nebismier semiotikur aqts paradoqsulad
win unda uZRodes. Tu semiosferos biosferos analogiT (v.i. vernadski)
gamovyofT, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom es semiotikuri sivrce calkeul enaTa
jami ki ar aris, aramed _ am enebis arsebobisa da moqmedebis piroba;
garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT,
igi
win
uswrebs
maT
da
mudmivad
urTierTmoqmedebs. am TvalsazrisiT, ena funqciaa, erTgvari Sededebuli
semiotikuri sivrce, maT Soris arsebuli sazRvrebi ki, romlebic enis gramatikuli
TviTaRwerisas esoden zustia, semiotikur realobaSi sruliad waSlili da uamravi
gardamavali formiT aRsavsea. semiosferos miRma arc komunikacia arsebobs
da arc ena. cxadia, erTarxiani struqturac realobaa. TviTkmari erTxarxiani
sistema dasaSvebi meqanizmia ukiduresad martivi signalebis gadasacemad
da zogadad, pirveli funqciis realizaciisTvisac, magram informaciis
generirebisaTvis kategoriulad gamousadegaria. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
SesaZlebelia
amgvari
sistemis
xelovnurad
Seqmnil
konstruqciad
warmodgena, magram bunebriv pirobebSi ukve sul sxva tipis, sxvagvarad
1

. . e. (1650-1950) /
(. . .; . . . .. . ., 1950. . 272.

2
moqmedi sistemebi iCenen Tavs. is garemoeba, rom pirobiTi da
gamomsaxvelobiTi niSnebis dualizmi (ufro zustad, ama Tu im niSnebSi
sxvadasxva proporciiT arsebuli pirobiToba da gamomsaxvelobiToba)
adamianuri kulturis universaliaa, ukve imis TvalsaCino magaliTad SegviZlia
ganvixiloT, rom semiotikuri dualizmi semiotikuri sistemis moqmedi
organizaciis minimaluri formaa.
binaruloba da asimetria realuri semiotikuri sistemis konstruqciis
aucilebeli kanonebia. Tumca, binaruloba unda gavigoT, rogorc principi,
romelic simravled realizdeba, ramdenadac yoveli xelaxla Camoyalibebuli
ena, Tavis mxriv, binarulobis safuZvelze nawevrdeba. yovel cocxal kulturaSi
enaTa gamravlebis meqanizmia ,,CaSenebuli (mogvianebiT, vnaxavT, rom
paralelurad
enaTa
unificirebis
urTierTsawinaaRmdego
meqanizmi
moqmedebs). magaliTad, Cven mudmivad xelovnebis enaTa gamravlebis
mowmeni varT. es, gansakuTrebiT, me-20 saukunis kulturasa da masTan
tipologiurad Sepirispirebul warsulis kulturebSia TvalSisacemi. im pirobebSi,
roca ZiriTadi SemoqmedebiTi aqtivoba auditoriis banakSi inacvlebs, aqtualuri
xdeba lozungi: xelovnebaa yvelaferi is, rasac Cven xelovnebad aRviqvamT.
me-20 aswleulis damdegs kino sabazro gasarTobidan maRal xelovnebad
gadaiqca. igi ara eulad, aramed tradiciul da xelaxla gamogonil sanaxaobaTa
korteJTan erTad mogvevlina. jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi cirks, bazrobebze
gamarTul sanaxaobebs, xalxur saTamaSoebs, firniSebsa Tu quCis movaWreTa
wamoZaxilebs xelovnebis saxeobad seriozulad veravin miiCnevda.
xelovnebad qceuli kino umalve daiyo sakuTari poetikiT aRWurvil mxatvrul Tu
dokumentur, fotografiul Tu multiplikaciur kinod. dRes ki, yvelafer amas
amgvari opoziciac daemata: kino/televizia. Tumca, isic marTalia, rom
xelovnebis enaTa asortimentis gafarToebasTan erTad misi daviwroebac
xdeba: xelovnebis garkveuli saxeobani aqtiurad, praqtikulad, aRar
gamoiyeneba. ase rom, ar unda gagvikvirdes, Tu ama Tu im kulturaSi
semiotikur saSualebaTa mravalferovnebis ufro faqizi Seswavlis Semdeg,
aRmoCndeba, rom es mravalferovneba fardobiTad konstanturi sididea.
magram arsebiTi aq sxva ramaa: enaTa Semadgenloba, romelic aqtiur
kulturul sivrces ganekuTvneba, mudmivad icvleba. kidev ufro met cvlilebas
eqvemdebareba aqsiologiuri Sefaseba da masSi Semavali elementebis
ierarqiuli adgili.
erTdroulad, semiozisis mTel sivrceSi _ socialuri, asakobrivi da sxva
Jargonebidan modamde _ kodebi aseve mudmivad axldeba. amgvarad,
nebismieri calkeuli ena romeliRac semiotikur sivrceSi CaZiruli aRmoCndeba
da funqcionireba mxolod am sivrcesTan urTierTqmedebis wyalobiT SeuZlia.
danawevrebel moqmed meqanizmad _ semiozisis erTeulad _ ara calkeuli ena
unda miviCnioT, aramed mocemuli kulturisaTvis niSandoblivi mTeli
semiotikuri sivrce. swored am sivrces ganvsazRvravT semiosferod. amgvari
saxeldeba
biosferosaviT
gamarTlebulia,
vinaidan
_
am
cnebis
damamkvidreblis, akademikos v.i. vernadskis ganmartebiT, _ biosfero, erTi
mxriv, cocxali nivTierebis erToblioba da organuli mTlianobaa, meore mxriv ki,
sicocxlis arsebobisa da gangrZobiTobis piroba. asevea semiosferoc _ is
Sedegicaa da kulturis ganviTarebis pirobac.
v. i. vernadski werda, rom ,,sicocxlis yvela kvanZi mWidrodaa
urTierTdakavSirebuli. erTs meoris gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia. es kavSiri,
sxvadasxva cocxali apkiTa da maTi ucvleli xasiaTiT, dedamiwis qerqis

3
meqanizmis odindeli Tvisebaa, romelic mTeli geologiuri drois ganmavlobaSi
vlindeba.2
gansakuTrebulad mkafiod es azri am formulaSia gamoxatuli:
,,...biosferos sruliad gansazRvruli agebuleba aqvs, romelic uklebliv yvela
sakuTar xdomilebas gansazRvravs. adamiani, rogorc bunebaSi masze
dakvirvebidan irkveva, yvela cocxali organizmis, yvela cocxali nivTierebis
msgavsad, biosferos gansazRvruli funqciaa, romelic Tavis gansazRvrul
sivrceSi _ droSi _ moqmedebs.3
jer kidev 1892 wlis CanawerebSi, vernadskim miuTiTa adamianis
(kacobriobis) inteleqtualur moRvaweobaze, rogorc sicocxlesa da daxavsebul
materias Soris kosmiuri konfliqtis gagrZelebaze: ,,...xalxuri cxovrebis cnobieri
moqmedebis kanonSemoqmed bunebas bevri mkvlevari istoriaze pirovnebis
gavlenis uaryofamde mihyavda, Tumca, arsebiTad, istoriaSi mxolod cnobieri
(anu ,,ara bunebrivi) cxovrebis wesisa da bunebis mkvdari kanonebis
aracnobier wesrigis brZolas vxedavT. cnobierebis swored am daZabulobaSia
istoriuli movlenebis mTeli mSveniereba, sxva bunebriv procesebs Soris misi
originaluri mdgomareoba. istoriuli epoqa zustad am cnobierebis daZabulobiT
SeiZleba Sefasdes.4
semiosfero
araerTgvarovnebiT
gamoirCeva. semiotikuri
sivrcis
Semavsebeli enebi TavianTi bunebiT gansxvavdebian da xan urTierT
Targmnadni arian, xanac _ ara. araerTgvarovneba enebis heterogenurobiTa
da heterofunqciurobiT ganisazRvreba. amgvarad, maSinac ki, Tu
warmosaxviTi eqsperimentis saSualebiT, semiotikuri sivrcis models
warmovidgenT, romlis yvela ena erTsa da imave momentSi da erTnairi
impulsebis zemoqmedebiT warmoiqmna, erT makodirebel struqturas ki ar
miviRebT, aramed mraval erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul, magram gansxvavebul
sistema. magaliTad, warmovidginoT, rom evropuli romantizmis semiotikuri
struqturis models vagebT, romelsac pirobiTad, qronologiuri CarCoebiT
vsazRvravT. aseT savsebiT xelovnur sistemaSic ki erTgvarovnebas ver
miviRebT, ramdenadac ikonizmis gansxvavebuli gamovlineba uTuod
warmoSobs
pirobiTi Sesabamisobis situacias da ara _ urTierTcalsaxa
semantikuri ,,Targmanis SesaZleblobas. cxadia, 1812 wlis movlenaTa
monawile poet-partizans, denis davidovs SeeZlo partizanuli omisa da
romantikuli poeziis Sedareba, roca iTxovda, rom partizanuli razmis
xelmZRvanelad ar daeniSnaT ,, angariSiani gonebisa da damzrali sulis
meTodikosi [...] poeziiT aRsavse es sarbieli romantikul warmosaxvas,
TavgadasavlebiT gatacebas moiTxovs da mSrali, prozauli simamaciT ar
kmayofildeba. _ es baironis strofia!5
Tumca, sakmarisia, gegmebiTa da rukebiT usaSvelod mdidar mis
istoriul-taqtikur narkvevs _ ,,partizanuli moqmedebis Teoriuli gamocdileba _
gadavxedoT, rom davrwmundebiT: es lamazi metafora mxolod romantikosis
kontrastul cnobierSi SeuTavsebelTa daaxloebas gulisxmobs. is, rom
sxvadasxva enaTa erTianoba metaforebis wyalobiT myardeba, yvelaze metad
mianiSnebs am enaTa principul sxvaobaze.
Tumca, isic xom unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom sxvadasxva enas qcevis
gansxvavebuli periodebi aqvs: tansacmlis moda im siswrafiT icvleba,
2

.. . .: 5 . ., 1960. . 5. . 101.
.. /. . . , . . , . . a.
., 1977. . 2. . 32.
4
.. / . . .. . .,
1988. . 15. . 292.
5
. . 2- . ., 1822. . 83.
3

4
romelsac verafriT Seadareb literaturuli enis cvlilebaTa etapebs, xolo
romantizmi cekvaSi arqiteqturuli romantizmis sinqronuli ar aris. amgvarad,
roca semiosferos garkveul ubnebze romantizmis poetikiT arian gatacebulni,
sxvagan, SesaZloa, postromantizmSi winsvlisaTvisac ki mieRwioT.
Sesabamisad, mkacr sinqronul WrilSi TviT es xelovnuri modelic ki ver
mogvcems homologiur suraTs. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom rodesac romantizmis
sinTezuri suraTis daxatvas cdiloben, romelic xelovnebis yvela saxeobas
(zogjer ki kulturis sxva sferoebsac) axasiaTebs, iZulebulni xdebian,
Segnebulad gawiron qronologia. es exeba barokosac, klasicizmsac da,
zogadad, mraval sxva ,,izm-sac.
Tumca, Tu visaubrebT ara xelovnur modelebze, aramed realuri
literaturuli (an ufro farTod _ kulturuli) procesis modelirebaze, imis aRiareba
mogviwevs, rom _ ganvagrZoT Cveni magaliTisamebr _ romantizmi
semiosferos mxolod garkveul ubans moicavs, romelSic sxvadasxvagvari
tradiciuli struqturebi arsebobas ganagrZoben da zogjer Rrma arqaikamdec ki
aRweven. garda amisa, ganviTarebis arc erTi etapi ar aris im teqstebTan
Sejaxebisagan Tavisufali, romlebic garedan, kulturis mxridan iWrebian, adre
rom sulac mocemuli semiosferos horizonts miRma iyvnen. aseTi SemoWra _
xan calkeuli teqstebisa, zogjer ki mTeli kulturuli plastebisa _ mocemuli
kulturis
,,samyaros
suraTis
Sinagan
wyobaze
sxvadasxvagvar
aRmaSfoTebel gavlenas axdens. amgvarad, semiosferos nebismier sinqronul
WrilSi erTmaneTs ejaxeba sxvadasxva ena, maTi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva
etapebi, zogi teqsti maTTvis Seusabamo enaSi iZireba, maTi gamSifravi
kodebi ki, SesaZloa, saerTodac ar arsebobdnen. sinqronul WrilSi erTiani
samyaros saxiT samuzeumo darbazi warmovidginoT, sadac sxvadasxva
vitrinaSi sxvadasxva epoqis eqsponatebi, sxvadasxva enaze amotvifruli
warwerebi, deSifrirebis instruqciebi, meTodistebis mier Sedgenili gamofenis
ganmartebiTi teqstebi, marSrutebis sqemebi da damTvalierebelTa qcevis
wesebia gamofenili. axla am darbazSi eqskursiamZRoli da damTvaliereblebi
movaTavsoT da yvelaferi es erTian meqanizmad warmovidginoT (rac,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, asecaa). Cven semiosferos xats miviRebT.
amasTanave, uyuradRebod ar unda dagvrCes is garemoeba, rom semiosferos
yvela elementi ara statikurad, aramed dinamikurad urTierTmoqmedebs,
erTmaneTTan urTierTobis formulebs mudmivad icvlis. es gansakuTrebiT
kargad Cans tradiciul monetebze _ monetebze, romlebic warsulis kulturuli
mdgomareobidan gvergo. kulturuli evolucia biologiuri evoluciisagan Zireulad
gansxvavdeba, da aq sityva ,,evolucia xSirad urigo dezorientaciis
samsaxurs gviwevs.
biologiaSi evoluciuri ganviTareba bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad
gadaSenebul saxeobebs ukavSirdeba. cocxlobs mxolod is, rac mkvlevris
sinqronulia.
daaxloebiT msgavsi viTarebaa teqnikis istoriaSic, sadac xmarebidan
gamosuli, teqnikuri progresis mier gandevnili iaraRi TavSesafars mxolod
muzeumSi poulobs. is mkvdar eqsponatad iqceva. xelovnebis istoriaSi
nawarmoebi, romelic kulturis gardasul Soreul epoqebs miekuTvneba, mis
ganviTarebaSi kvlavac aqtiurad monawileobs, rogorc cocxali faqtori.
xelovnebis nawarmoebi SeiZleba ,,mokvdes da isev aRorZindes, daberdes
da kvlav Tanamedroved iqces an metic _ profetulad mianiSnos momavalze.
am SemTxvevaSi ara ukanaskneli droiTi Wrili, aramed kulturis teqstebis mTeli
siRrme ,,muSaobs. literaturis istoriis stereotipi, romelic evoluciur principzea
agebuli, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi arsebuli evoluciuri koncepciebis

5
gavleniT Seiqmna. amis Sedegad, ama Tu im wels literaturis sinqronul
mdgomareobad nawarmoebTa is nusxa miiCneva, romlebic im wels daiwera.
amasTan, imis sia rom Segveqmna, rasac ama Tu im wels kiTxulobdnen,
aSkarad sxvagvar suraTs miviRebdiT. rTuli iqneboda imis Tqmac, romeli sia
metad daaxasiaTebda kulturis sinqronul mdgomareobas. magaliTad,
1824_1825 wlebSi puSkinisaTvis yvelaze aqtualuri mwerali Seqspiri iyo,
bulgakovi gogolsa da servantess Tavis Tanamedroved miiCnevda, xolo
dostoevskis aqtualoba me-20 saukunis miwurulsac aranakleb igrZnoba, vidre
_ me-19 saukunis bolos. arsebiTad, yvelaferi is, rac kulturis aqtualur
mexsierebaSia Semonaxuli, pirdapir an gaSualebulad, mis sinqroniaSi
igulisxmeba.
semiosferos struqtura asimetriulia. es gamoixateba Sinagani Targmanis
dinebaTa sistemaSi, romlebiTac ganmsWvalulia mTeli semiosfero. Targmani
cnobierebis ZiriTadi meqanizmia. sxva enis saSualebiT arsis gamoxatva am
arsis bunebis gamovlenis safuZvelia. xolo, ramdenadac, umetes
SemTxvevaSi, semiosferos sxvadasxva ena semiotikurad asimetriulia, anu
maT ar gaaCniaT urTierTcalsaxa azrobrivi Sesabamisobani, mTeli semiosfero
SeiZleba informaciis generatorad ganvixiloT. asimetria am TanafardobaSi
iCens Tavs: semiosferos centri _ misi periferia. semiosferos centri SedarebiT
ganviTarebul da struqturulad mowesrigebul enebs ayalibebs. pirvel rigSi, es
mocemuli kulturis bunebrivi enaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tu arc erT enas (maT
Soris, bunebrivsac) semiosferoSi CaZirvis gareSe muSaoba ar SeuZlia, maSin
verc erTi semiosfero, rogorc jer kidev emil benvenisti aRniSnavda, ver
iarsebebs bunebrivi enis, rogorc maorganizebeli RerZis, gareSe. saqme is
gaxlavT, rom struqturulad organizebuli enebis gverdiT, semiosferoSi
erTmaneTs misjrian sxvadasxva kerZo enebi, romelTac mxolod kulturis
calkeuli funqciebis Sesruleba SeswevT, da enis msgavsi naxevrad
Camoyalibebuli warmonaqmnebic, romelTac semiotikur konteqstSi CarTvis
SemTxvevaSi semiozisis matarebloba ZaluZT. es, SesaZloa, SevadaroT qvas
an ucnaurad moxril varjs, rodesac isini xelovnebis nimuSad funqcionirebas
iwyeben. es maSin xdeba, roca maT xelovnebis nimuSebad ganvixilavT.
obieqti im funqcias iZens, romelsac mas miaweren.
imisaTvis, rom am konstruqciaTa mTeli masa semiotikur mniSvnelobaTa
mqoned ganvixiloT, ,,semiotikurobis prezumfcias unda vflobdeT: niSnadi
struqturebis SesaZlebloba, rogorc Cans,
cnobierebasa da koleqtivis
semiotikur intuiciaSi arsebobs. es Tvisebebi bunebrivi enis gamoyenebis
Sedegad gamomuSavdeba. magaliTad, zog SemTxvevaSi, ,,RmerTebis
ojaxisa da samyaros suraTis sxva ZiriTadi elementebis struqturis
damokidebuleba enis gramatikul wyobaze, aSkaraa.
semiotikuri sistemis struqturuli organizebis umaRlesi forma TviTaRweris
stadiaa. TviTaRweris procesi struqturuli organizebis bolomde miyvana
gaxlavT. gramatikaTa Seqmnis stadias, ise, rogorc adaTebisa Tu iuridiuli
normebis kodifikacias, aRsaweri obieqti organizebis axal safexurze ahyavs.
amitomac, sistemis TviTaRwera misi TviTorganizebis procesis ukanaskneli
etapia. amasTan, sistema struqturuli organizebis TvalsazrisiT mogebuli
rCeba, magram ganusazRvrelobis im Sinagan marags ki hkargavs,
romelTanac misi moqniloba, informaciuli moculobis zrdis unari da dinamikuri
ganviTarebis rezervia dakavSirebuli.
TviTaRweris etapis aucilebloba semiosferos SigniT arsebul zedmeti
mravalferovnebis safrTxes ukavSirdeba: sistemam, SesaZloa, erTianoba da
gansazRvruloba dakargos da igi ,,dairRves. ara aqvs mniSvneloba, rasTan

6
gvaqvs saqme _ lingvistur, politikur Tu kulturul aspeqtTan, _ yvela
SemTxvevaSi, msgavs meqanizmebs vawydebiT: semiosferos romeliRac
(rogorc wesi, mis birTvul struqturaSi Semavali) ubani TviTaRweris procesSi _
realursa Tu idealurSi (es damokidebulia aRweris Sinagan axlandel Tu
samomavlo orientaciaze) Tavis gramatikas qmnis. Semdeg ki normebis mTel
semiosferoze gavrcelebas cdilobs. erTi kulturuli dialeqtis nawilobrivi
gramatika kulturis, rogorc aseTis, aRweris metaena xdeba. magaliTad,
renesansis epoqaSi florenciuli dialeqti italiis literaturul enad iqceva, romis
iuridiuli normebi _ mTeli imperiis kanonebad, xolo lui XIV-is sasaxlis karis
etiketi _ mTeli evropis samefoTa etiketad. Cndeba normebisa da miTiTebebis
literatura, romelSic Semdgomi xanis istorikosi ama Tu im epoqis namdvili
cxovrebis realur suraTs, mis semiotikur praqtikas Wvrets. am iluziebs mxars
uWers TanamedroveTa ,,Cvenebebi, romlebic darwmunebulni arian, rom
swored ase iqcevian. Tanamedrove daaxloebiT ase msjelobs: ,,me kulturuli
adamiani var (anu elini, romaeli, qristiani, raindi, espit fort, ganmanaTleblobis
epoqis filosofosi an romantizmis epoqis geniosi). rogorc kulturuli adamiani,
ama Tu im normiT dawesebul qcevas vaxorcieleb. xolo saqcielad mxolod im
qcevis miCneva SeiZleba, romelic am normebs Seesabameba. Tu me sisustis,
avadmyofobis, araTanmimdevrulobisa Tu sxva mizezTa gamo mocemul
normebs gadavuxvie, maSin es yovelgvar mniSvnelobas dakargavs,
ararelevanturi Seiqneba, ubralod ar iarsebebs. imis nusxa, rac kulturis
mocemul sistemaSi ,,ar arsebobs, Tumca ki praqtikulad xdeba, semiotikis
aRiarebuli sistemis mudam mniSvnelovan tipologiur daxasiaTebad
gvevlineba. magaliTad, cnobili andrei kapelani (1175-1186), De arte amandi-s
_ fin amors-is normebis Sesaxeb Seqmnili traqtatis avtori, keTilSobiluri
siyvarulis zedmiwevniT kodificirebas axdens da satrfosagan moiTxovs qalis
erTgulebas, dumils, mkacr servir-s, ubiwoebas, kurtuaziulobas da a.S., Tumca,
amave dros, mSvidad egueba mdgmuri qalisadmi gamovlenil Zaladobas,
radganac samyaros am suraTSi qali ,,TiTqosda ar arsebobs, mis mimarT
Cadenili moqmedeba semiotikis miRmaa, anu ,,TiTqos arc aris.
amgvarad Seqmnili samyaros suraTi Tanamedroveebis mier realobad
aRiqmeba. metic _ es imdenadaa maTi realoba, ramdenadac isini mocemuli
semiotikis kanonebs aRiareben. Semdgomi Taobebi ki (maT Soris,
mkvlevrebic), romlebic cxovrebis suraTs teqstebis mixedviT aRadgenen,
gaiziareben mosazrebas, rom yofiTi realobac aseTi iyo. am dros, semiosferos
aseTi metaplastis kavSiri, erTi mxriv, semiotikuri rukis realur suraTTan, da,
meore mxriv, semiosferos miRma arsebuli cxovrebis yofiT realobasTan,
sakmaod rTuli iqneba.
jer erTi, Tuki im birTvul struqturaSi, sadac mocemuli TviTaRwera
iqmneboda, igi marTla romeliRac realuri enis idealizacia gaxldaT, maSin
semiosferos periferiaSi idealuri norma misgan ki ar gamomdinareobda,
aramed ewinaaRmdegeboda ,,mis qveS myof semiotikur realobas. Tu
semiosferos centrSi teqstebis aRwera normebs warmoSobda, periferiaSi
normebi aqtiurad ereodnen ,,araswor praqtikaSi da TavianT Sesabamis
,,swor teqstebs warmoqmnidnen. da meorec _ mocemuli metastruqturis
TvalsazrisiT, kulturis marginaluri movlenebis mTeli plastebi saerTod ar
Seesabameboda mis idealizebul portrets. isini ,,ararsebulad cxaddebodnen.
kulturul-istoriuli skolis naSromTa msgavsad, mravali mkvlevris sayvareli Janri
iyo amgvarad dasaTaurebuli statiebi: ,,XII saukunis ucnobi poeti an
ganmanaTleblobis epoqis kidev erTi miviwyebuli literatoris Taobaze da sxv.
saidan gaCnda ,,ucnobebisa da ,,miviwyebulebis es amouwuravi maragi?

7
eseni is adamianebi arian, romlebic TavianT epoqaSi ,,ararsebulTa siaSi
moxvdnen da mecnierebis mier manamde iyvnen ignorirebulni, sanam
mecnierebis Tvalsazrisi epoqis normatiul Tvalsazriss emTxveoda. magram
Sexedulebebi icvleba da uecrad ,,ucnobebic Cndebian. ixseneben, rom
volteris gardacvalebis wels ,,ucnobi filosofosi lui klod sen-marteni ukve 35
wlisa iyo; retif de la bretons 200 tomze meti hqonda dawerili, romelTac
literaturis istorikosebma vera da ver mouZebnes adgili da avtors xan ,,patara
rusos, xan ki ,,XVIII saukunis balzaks uwodebdnen; ruseTSi, romantizmis
epoqaSi, cxovrobda vasili nareJni, romelsac daaxloebiT, 25 romani daewera
da romlebic Tanamedroveebma ver SeniSnes, radganac maTSi ukve realizmis
niSnebi SeimCneoda.
amgvarad, semiosferos unificirebis suraTi metadoneze iqmneba, mis
mier aRwerili semiotikuri ,,realobis doneze ki tendenciebis mTeli
mravalferovneba Cqefs. Tu zeda fenis ruka erTferovania, qveda fenis ruka
feradia da mravali urTierTgadamkveTi sazRvriTaa aWrelebuli. roca VIII
saukunis miwuruls karlos didma saqsebs maxvili da jvari mouRera, xolo erTi
saukunis Semdeg, wminda vladimirma kievis ruseTi monaTla, dasavleTisa da
aRmosavleTis didi barbarosuli imperiebi qristianul saxelmwifoebad iqcnen.
Tumca, maTi qristianoba TviTdaxasiaTebas eTanadeboda da politikur da
religiur metadoneze moTavsebuliyo _ mis qveS warmarTuli tradiciebi da
sxvadasxva yofiTi kompromisebi fuTfuTebda. masobrivi, zogjer ki, Zaladobrivi
monaTvlis pirobebSi sxva suraTs verc miviRebdiT. karlosis mier verdenTan
warmarTi saqsebis xocva-Jleta naklebad Tu Seuwyobda xels barbarosebSi
mTis qadagebis principebis gavrcelebas.
da mainc, Zneli savaraudoa, rom TviTsaxelwodebis ubralo cvlilebas ar
emoqmeda ,,qveviT myof doneebze, xeli ar Seewyo qristianobis
evangelizaciad gardaqmnisaTvis da am saxelmwifoTa kulturuli sivrcis
unificireba ar moexdina ukve ,,realuri semiotikis doneze. amgvarad,
azrobrivi dinebebi semiosferos ara mxolod horizontalur plastebs mihyveba,
aramed vertikaluradac moqmedebs da mis sxvadasxva plasts Soris rTul
dialogebs warmoSobs.
Tumca, semiosferos semiotikuri sivrcis erTianoba ara mxolod
metastruqturuli ganlagebiT miiRweva, aramed _ da ufro metadac ki _
sazRvarTan mimarTebis erTianobiT; sazRvarTan, romelic semiosferos Sida
sivrces gare sivrcisagan hyofs, misi ,,Si scildeba misave ,,gan-s.

sazRvris cneba
semiosferos Sinagani sivrce, paradoqsuli saxiT, erTdroulic aris da
uTanabroc,
asimetriulica
da
erTianic,
erTgvarovanic.
konfliqturi
struqturebisagan Semdgars, individualurobac axasiaTebs. am sivrcis
TviTaRwera pirveli piris nacvalsaxels gulisxmobs. semiotikuri individualobis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi meqanizmi sazRvaria. es sazRvari SeiZleba im mijnad
ganimartos, romelzec perioduli forma mTavrdeba. es sivrce ganisazRvreba,
rogorc
,,Cveni,
,,sakuTari,
,,kulturuli,
,,usafrTxo,
,,harmoniulad
organizebuli da a.S. mas upirispirdeba ,,maTi sivrce, ,,ucxo, ,,mtruli,
,,saxifaTo, ,,qaosuri.

8
yvela kultura samyaros Sida (,,sakuTar) da gare (,,maT) sivrceebad
dayofiT iwyeba. is, Tu rogor interpretirdeba es binaruli dayofa, kulturis
tipologiazea damokidebuli. Tumca, Tavad aseTi dayofa universaliebs
ganekuTvneba. sazRvars SeuZlia, cocxali _ mkvdrisagan, mkvidri mosaxle _
momTabarisagan, qalaqi _ stepisagan gamohyos, hqondes saxelmwifoebrivi,
socialuri, nacionaluri, konfesiuri an romelime sxva xasiaTi. gasaocaria, Tu
rogor Zebnian erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli civilizaciebi sazRvris miRma
arsebuli samyaros daxasiaTebis Tanmxvedr gamoxatulebebs. magaliTad, XI
saukuneSi kieveli mematiane beri ase aRwers sxva, jer kidev warmarTi
aRmosavleli slavi tomebis cxovrebas: ,,...Zveli xalxi cxoveliviT, pirutyviviT
cxovrobs: erTmaneTs klaven, yvelanair arawmindas Wamen, maTTvis
qorwineba ar arsebobs, qalwulebs itaceben. radimiCebsac, viatiCebsac da
Crdiloelebsac erTi Cveuleba aqvT: mxecebiviT tyeSi cxovroben, yovelgvari
uwmindurobiT ikvebebian, sakuTari mamebisa da rZlebis winaSe
bilwsityvaoben, maT ar ician megobroba, Sua sofelSi gasarTobad, sacekvaod
da saeSmako hangTa samRerlad ikribebian..6.
VIII saukuneSi qristiani franki qronisti ase aRwers warmarTi saqsebis
zne-Cveulebas: ,,bunebiT mrisxaneni, eSmakis kultis mimdevrebi, Cveni
religiis mtrebi, pativs ar scemen arc adamianur da arc saRmrTo wesebs,
miuRebeli misaRebad miaCniaT7.
bolo sityvebSi kargadaa gamoxatuli ,,Cveni da ,,maTi samyaroebis
sarkisebri buneba: rac CvenTan ikrZaleba, maTTvis nebadarTulia.
nebismieri arseboba mxolod gansazRvruli sivrciTi da droiTi
konkretulobis formiTaa SesaZlebeli. kacobriobis istoria am kanonzomierebis
mxolod kerZo SemTxvevaa. adamiani realur, misTvis bunebis mier
miniWebul sivrceSia Cafluli. dedamiwis brunvis (mzis moZraoba ciskidurze),
ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis, weliwadis droebis bunebriv ciklTa konstantebi
uSualod zemoqmedeben imaze, Tu samyaros rogor models qmnis adamiani
Tavis cnobierebaSi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania adamianis sxeulis fizikuri
konstantebi, romlebic gare samyarosTan garkveulad urTierTqmedeben.
adamianis sxeulis zomebi gansazRvravs imas, rom meqanikis samyaro, misi
kanonebi adamianisaTvis ,,bunebrivia, xolo nawilakebis an kosmosuri
sivrceebis samyaro mas mxolod WvretiTa da sakuTar cnobierebaze garkveuli
ZaladobiT SeuZlia warmoisaxos. adamianis saSualo wonis, dedamiwis
mizidulobis Zalisa da sxeulis vertikaluri mdgomareobis Tanafardobam, Tavisi
mravalferovani
Sinaarsobrivi
interpretaciebiT
(religiuriT,
socialuriT,
moraluriTa da a.S.), kacobriobis yvela kulturisaTvis _ zemoT/qvemoT _
universaluri urTierTSepirispirebis SeqmnasTan migviyvana. saeWvoa, rom
nebismieri kulturuli arsebisaTvis gasagebi gamoTqma _ ,,man mwvervali
daipyro _ ar saWiroebdes ganmartebas moazrovne buzisa Tu uwonadobis
pirobebSi gazrdili adamianisaTvis.
sityvebi _ ,,zemoT, ,,mwvervali _ axsnas ar saWiroebs. gamoTqma _
Qui: ne vole au sommet tombe au plus bas degr (,,vinc mwvervals ver aRwevs, is
Zalian dabla vardeba (bualo, ,,satirebi) _ iseTive gasagebia, rogorc _ La
lutte elle-mme vers les sommets suffit remplir un coeur d'homme. Il faut imaginer Sisyphe

. : XI . XII / . . .
.. , .. . ., 1978. . 30.
7
. /
. . . .. . . . .. , .. . ., 1987. . 204.

9
heureux (,,mwvervalze erTi asvlac sakmarisia, rom adamianis guli erTianad
aivsos. bednieri sizifosi unda warmovidginoT (kamiu, ,,miTi sizifosze)8.
raoden didic unda iyos sivrciTi da droiTi manZili kamiusa da ian
viSatiCs, XI saukuneSi ruseTSi warmarTebis winaaRmdeg mowyobili
samxedro eqspediciis xelmZRvanels, Soris, ,,zemoT da ,,qvemoT _
semantika maT erTnairad esmodaT. sanam warmarT mogvebs (Samanebs)
dasjida, ianma ikiTxa, sad imyofeboda maTi RmerTi, da mematianis
Tanaxmad, aseTi pasuxi miiRo: ,,is ufskrulSi zis. ianma maT avtoritetulad
ganumarta: ,,raRa RmerTia, Tu ufskrulSi zis? eSmaki yofila, xolo RmerTi
zecaSia...
es formula mematianes moewona, da lamis igive sityvebi Cudel (esta)
warmarT qurums gaameorebina: ,,is [novgorodeli] ambobs: ,,sad cxovrobs
Tqveni RmerTi? is [grZneuli] ambobs: ,,ufskrulSi. igi hgavs mdabios, aqvs
frTebi, kudi; zecaSic adis, usmens Tqvens RmerTebs. Tqveni RmerTebi zecaSi
arian9.
adamianis sxeulis asimetria misi semiotizaciis anTropologiur safuZvlad
mogvevlina. marjvena/marcxenas semiotika kacobriobis yvela kulturisaTvis
iseTive universaluria, rogorc zemoT/qvemoT opozicia. aseTivea opoziciaTa _
mamri/mdedri, cocxali/mkvdari _ sawyisi asimetria, anu asimetria moZravis,
Tbilis, imisa, vinc sunTqavs da uZravis, civis, imisa, vinc aRar sunTqavs
(sicivisa da sikvdilis sinonimurad ganxilva sxvadasxva kulturebSi arsebuli
mravali teqstiT dasturdeba; aseve, Cveulebrivi ramaa sikvdilisa da
gaqvavebis, qvad qcevis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba; Sdr: ama Tu im mTisa da
kldis warmoqmnis Sesaxeb arsebuli mravali legenda).
v.i. vernadski ambobda, rom sicocxle dedamiwaze gansakuTrebul, mis
mierve Seqmnil sivrce-droiT kontinuumSi mimdinareobs: ,,...logikurad sworia,
gamoiTqvas axali samecniero hipoTeza, rom planeta dedamiwaze, cocxali
nivTierebis SemTxvevaSi, saubaria ara axal geometriaze, ara rimanis
geometriaTagan erT-erTze, aramed gansakuTrebul bunebriv movlenaze,
romelic
mxolod
cocxali
nivTierebisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli,
sivrcul
movlenaze, romelsac dro hqvia. is geometriulad ar emTxveva sivrces,
romelSic dro vlindeba ara meoTxe koordinatis, aramed - TaobaTa cvlis
saxiT10.
adamianis Segnebuli cxovreba, anu kulturuli cxovreba, aseve moiTxovs
im sivrcis gansakuTrebul struqturas, romelsac dro hqvia. kultura organizdeba
am gansakuTrebul ,,sivrcul-droiTi formiT da uamisod mas arseboba ar
ZaluZs. es organizacia semiosferod, da amave dros, semiosferos saSualebiT
realizdeba.
garesamyaro,
romelSic
adamiania
Cafluli,
kulturul
faqtorad
gadasaqcevad semiotizebas eqvemdebareba: iyofa im obieqtebis sferoebad,
romlebic raRacas aRniSnaven, raRacis simboloebi arian, raRacaze
miuTiTeben, anu aqvT mniSvneloba, da im obieqtebis sferoebadac, romlebic
mxolod sakuTar Tavs warmoadgenen. amave dros, semiosferos _ am asTvala
argusis _ Semadgeneli sxvadasxva ena gareT arsebul realobaSi
gansakuTrebul rameebs avlens. amgvari stereoskopuli suraTi mTeli kulturis
saxeliT laparakis uflebas miitacebs. imave dros, semiosferos substruqturebis
gansxvavebis miuxedavad, isini koordinatebis saerTo sistemaSi arian
ix.: . . . . / . ., . . . ., 1988. .
354.
9
. : XI . XII . C. 190, 192.
10
.. / . . .. . .,
1965. . 201.
8

10
organizebulni: droiT RerZze warsuli, awmyo da momavalia; sivrciTze ki _ Sida
sivrce, gare sivrce da maT Soris arsebuli sazRvari. am koordinatTa sistemaze
garesemiotikuri realobac _ misi sivrce da dro _ xelaxla kodirdeba, raTa
gaxdes ,,semiotizaciis unaris mqone, unarisa, romelic semiotikuri teqstis
qonas gulisxmobs. amaze qvemoT visaubrebT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, metastruqturuli TviTaRweris gavrceleba kulturis
centridan mTel mis semiotikur sivrceze, romelic istorikosisaTvis semiosferos
mTeli sinqronuli Wrilis unificirebas axdens, sinamdvileSi, unifikacias mxolod
garegnulad emsgavseba. Tu centrSi metastruqtura vlindeba, rogorc
,,sakuTari ena, periferiaSi is ,,sxvis enad iqceva, romelsac masSi
nagulisxmevi semiotikuri praqtikis adekvaturad asaxvis unari ar gaaCnia. es,
TiTqosda, ucxo enis gramatikaa. amis Sedegad, kulturuli sivrcis centrSi
TviTaRweris donemde amaRlebuli semiosferos ubnebi mkacrad organizebulni
xdebian da amave dros, TviTregulaciis unarsac aRweven. magram, amave
dros, dinamikurobas kargaven, ganusazRvrelobis rezervis amowurvis
Semdeg, mouqnelni xdebian da ganviTarebis unaric erTmevaT. periferiaSi _
rac ufro daSorebulia igi centridan, es miT ufro SesamCnevia _ semiotikuri
praqtikisa da misTvis Tavsmoxveuli normativis urTierTdamokidebuleba sul
ufro konfliqturi xdeba. teqstebi, romlebic am normebis Sesabamisad
iqmneba, haerSia gamokidebuli, maT akliaT realuri semiotikuri garemo, misiT
gansazRvruli
organuli
warmonaqmnebi
ki
xelovnur
normebs
ewinaaRmdegebian. es semiotikuri dinamikis ubania. swored aq Cndeba
daZabulobis is veli, romelSic momavali enebi gamomuSavdeba. magaliTad,
didi xania SemCneulia11, rom xelovnebaSi periferiuli Janrebi ufro revoluciuria,
vidre kulturis centrSi ganTavsebulni, ufro maRali prestiJiTac sargebloben da
Tanamedroveni maT _ xelovneba par excellence-ad aRiqvamen. XX saukunis
meore naxevarSi kulturis marginaluri formebis mZafri agresiis mowmeni
gavxdiT. amis erT-erT magaliTad kinematografis ,,kariera gamodgeba,
romelic Teoriuli SezRudvebisgan Tavisufali da mxolod sakuTari teqnikuri
SesaZleblobebiT regulirebuli sabazro sanaxaobidan erT-erT centralur
saxeobad iqca, da metic (gansakuTrebiT bolo aTwleulebSi) _ erT-erT yvelaze
kargad aRmwer xelovnebad mogvevlina. imaves Tqma SeiZleba erTiani
evropuli avangardis xelovnebazec. avangardma gaiara ,,meamboxe
periferiis periodi, gaxda centraluri movlena, romelic epoqas Tavis wesebs
karnaxobda da imisken iswrafoda rom Tavisi semiosfero Taviseburad Seefera;
magram avangardi, faqtobrivad, gaiyina da metakulturul doneze gaZlierebuli
Teorizaciis obieqtad iqca.
igive kanonzomierebebi erTi teqstis farglebSic SeiZleba gamovlindes.
magaliTad, cnobilia, rom adreuli renesansis ferweraSi centraluri figurebis
mkacrad kanonizebul fonze Janruli, sayofacxovrebo elementebi swored tilos
periferiasa da peizaJis Soreul planze iyris Tavs. es procesi mwvervals aRwevs
piero dela franCeskas idumal tiloze ,,qristes gaSoltva (urbino, hercogis
sasaxle); aq periferiis figurebi Tamamad gamosulan wina planze, xolo
gaSoltvis scena siRrmeSi gadautaniaT da koloristulad CauxSiaT, rac wina
planis sammag xatovan portrets, TiTqos, azrobriv fons uqmnis. analogiuri
procesebi SeiZleba ganviTardes ara sivrceSi, aramed droSi, Canaxatidan
saboloo teqstisaken moZraobis procesSic. bevri SemTxvevaa cnobili, roca
ix.:
.. :
. ., 1970. . 203206. uspenski, aseve, eyrdnoba am gamocemas: Schapiro M. Style. Anthropology
Today. An Encyclopedic Inventory Inventory. Chicago, 1953. P. 293.
11

11
rogorc ferweris, ise poeziis pirveladi variantebi ufro Tamamad ukavSirdeba
momavlis esTetikas, vidre ,,normirebuli da TviTcenzuragavlili saboloo
teqstebi. imaveze miuTiTebs montaJis procesSi reJisorebis mier amoRebuli
kadrebis mravali magaliTi.
analogiuria evropul Sua saukuneebSi semiotikuri procesebis im olqebSi
gaaqtiureba,
sadac
saxalxo
warmarTuli
kerpebi
,,barbarosebis
gaqristianebam ki ar Caanacvla, aramed, TiTqos, Tavisi oficialuri mantia
gadaafara, pirineebisa da alpebis Zneladmisadgomi mTiani raionebidan
saqsebiTa da tiuringebiT dasaxlebul tyeebamde da Waobebamde.
mogvianebiT, swored amis safuZvelze Caisaxa ,,saxalxo qristianoba, eresi
da, bolos, reformatoruli moZraobebi.
daucxromel semiotikur moRvaweobas, romelic msgavsi situaciiT
stimulirdeba, periferiuli centrebis aCqarebul ,,momwifebamde da Tavisi
metaaRwerebis gamomuSavebamdec ki mivyavarT, romlebsac, Tavis mxriv,
SeuZliaT,
mTel
semiosferoSi
metaaRweris
universaluri
struqturis
pretendentebad mogvevlinon. kulturis istoriaSi mravlad moiZebneba
msgavsi konkurenciis magaliTebi. praqtikulad, kulturis dakvirvebuli istorikosi
mis TiToeul sinqronul WrilSi ara dakanonebuli normebis erT sistemas, aramed
konkurentuli sistemebis paradigmas aRmoaCens. niSandobliv magaliTad
SeiZleba gamodges XVII saukunis germaniaSi ,,enobrivi sazogadoebebisa
(Sprachgesellschaften) da ,,nayofierebis momtani sazogadoebis (Fruchtbringende
Gessellschaft)
arseboba,
rac
puristuli
xasiaTis
amocanis
dasaxvas
emsaxureboda
_
germanuli
enis
gawmendas
barbarizmebisgan,
gansakuTrebiT, galizmebisa da laTinizmebisagan, da enis gramatikul
normalizacias (i. g. Sotelis gramatika); kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli
magaliTi ,,erTguli qalbatonebis keTilSobiluri akademiis (igive ,,oqros palmis
ordeni) arsebobaa, romelic sruliad sapirispiro mizans emsaxureboda;
kerZod, franguli enisa da qcevis preciozuli stilis propagandas. SeiZleba
mivuTiToT safrangeTis akademiasa da q-ni rambuies cisfer salons Soris
dapirispirebazec. es bolo magaliTi gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa: orive centri
aqtiurad da Segnebulad muSaobda Tav-TavianTi ,,kulturis enis Sesaqmnelad.
safrangeTis akademiis dafuZnebisas (mefem patents xeli 1635 wlis 2 ianvars
moawera) upirveles amocanad epurer et fixer la langue iyo miTiTebuli, enis
sakiTxi ,,galanturi kulturisTvisac pirvelxarisxovani aRmoCnda. pol talemani
werda: Si le mot de jargon ne signifiait qu'un mauvais langage corrompu d'un bon, comme
peut-estre celuy du bas peuple, on ne pourrait guaires bien dire jargon Prcieuses, parce que les
Prcieuses cherchent le plus joli, mais ce mot signifie aussi langage affect, et par consquent
jargon de Prcieuses est une bonne manire de parler, ce n'est pas la vraye langue que parlent les
personnes qu'on appelle Prcieuses, ce sont des Fhrases recherche, faites exprs (,,Tu sityva
,,Jargoni mxolod damaxinjebul metyvelebaze, _ magaliTad, mdabioebis
saubarze, _ miuTiTebda, maSin am sityviT preciozulad moubarTa Jargons ver
aRniSnavdiT, radgan isini eZebdnen yvelaze lamazs. es sityva, aseve,
aRniSnavs afeqtur saubars, Sesabamisad, preciozuli Jargoni aris saubris kargi
manera. es ar gaxlavT TviT is ena, romelzec preciozul moubrebad wodebulni
laparakoben. es sagangebod Seqmnili, gamorCeuli frazebia12).
es aRiareba gansakuTrebiT faseulia: igi pirdapir miuTiTebs Language des
Precieuses-is xelovnur da normatiul xasiaTze. Tu preciozulad moubar
banovanebze
Seqmnili
satira
maRali
normis
poziciidan
sityvaTa
damaxinjebulad xmarebis kritika iyo, galanturi kulturis momxreTa
12

Tallemant P. Rmargues et dcisions de lAcadmie franaise. 1968. P. 104105; cp.: Le Dictionnaire des
prcieuses par le Sieur de Somaize Nouvelle / Ed. par M. Ch.-Z. Divet. Paris, 1856.

12
TvalsazrisiT, sakiTxi exeboda gamoyenebul sityvaTa normad qcevas, anu
realuri moxmarebis abstraqtuli saxis Seqmnas13.
amavenairad sainteresoa sivrcesTan dakavSirebuli winaaRmdegobac:
akademiis ideis sulisCamdgmel riSelies ganwmendili da mowesrigebuli
franguli enis gavrceleba absolutisturad idealuri safrangeTis farglebSi, Tavis
saxelmwifoebriv ocnebaTa sazRvrebSi warmoedgina. rambuies salonma
Tavisi idealuri sivrce Seqmna: ,,preciozuli geografiis dokumentebis
raodenoba gasaocrad didia, q-ni skiuderis ,,sinazis qveynis rukiT dawyebuli,
molevries ,,preciozul banovanTa samefos rukiT (1659), g. geres ,,saarSiyo
rukiTa (1674) da p. telermanis ,,siyvarulis kunZulze gamgzavrebiT (1663)
damTavrebuli. iqmneba mravalxarisxovani sivrcis xat-saxe: realuri parizi
saxelebis pirobiTi gadarqmevis seriis gziT aTenad gardaiqmneba. magram
kidev ufro maRal safexurzea ,,sinazis qveynis idealuri sivrce, romelic
,,WeSmarit semiosferos uigivdeba. amas, SeiZleba, renesansisdroindeli
utopiuri geografia davupirispiroT, Tanac, ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi,
niSandoblivia erTi mxriv, ,,zerealuri idealuri qalaqis, kunZulis an
saxelmwifos Seqmnisaken ltolva, Tavisi geografiuli da kartografiuli aRweriT
(T. moris ,,utopia da frensis bekonis ,,axali atlantida); meore mxriv ki,
metastruqturis praqtikul doneze realizebas, idealuri qalaqebis proeqtebis
Seqmnasa da amgvar proeqtTa realizebas cdiloben. magaliTad, Sdr. luCiano
lauranas (urbino, hercogis sasaxle) idealuri qalaqebis genialuri tiloebi; iseTi
nawarmoebebi, rogorebicaa kaspar Stiblinis ,,makariis qveynis kunZulis,
evdemoniis saxelmwifos mokle aRwera (1553), kampanelas ,,mzis qalaqi,
idealuri qalaqebis aSenebis mravalricxovani proeqtis Seqmnas uyrida
safuZvels. renesansis epoqis utopiur qalaqmSeneblobas safuZvlad albertis
ideebi edo. diurerisa da leonardo da vinCis Sedgenili saqalaqo gegma,
filaretes mier Sedgenili sforcindas gegma, franCesko di jorjo martinis mier
Sedgenili idealuri qalaqis gegma realobaSi metastruqturis uSualo SeWra
gaxldaT, radgan es realizacias gulisxmobda: ...un succs dont il reste encore
aujourd'hui de multiples tmoins, depuis Lima (ainsi que Panama et Manille au XVIIe sicle)
jusqu' Zamosc en Pologne, depuis La Valette ( Malte) jusqu' Nancy, en passant par Livourne,
Gattinara (en Pimont), Vallauris, Brouage et Vitry-le-Franois (,,...am warmatebebis
mowmeebad dRemde rCebian lima (iseve, rogorc panama da manila XVII
saukuneSi), poloneTSi _ zamosci, la valeta (maltaze), nansi, livorno, gatinaru
(piemontSi), valeri, bruaJi da vitri-de-fransua)14.
Tumca, semioqmnadobis procesebis yvelaze ,,cxeli wertilebi mainc
semiosferos sazRvrebia. sazRvris cneba orazrovania. erTi mxriv, is yofs, xolo
meore mxriv _ aerTianebs. is yovelTvis raRacis sazRvaria, da, Sesabamisad,
erTdroulad ganekuTvneba orive sasazRvro kulturas, urTierTmomijnave
semiosferoebs. sazRvari bi- da polilingvisturia. sazRvari ucxo semiotikuri
teqstebis ,,Cvens enaze Targmnis meqanizmi, ,,gareganis ,,Sinaganad
transformaciis adgilia; sazRvari is gamfiltravi membranaa, romelic ucxo
teqstebis transformacias im doneze axdens, rom isini semiosferos Sinagan
semiotikaSic Caeweron da amave dros, ucxonic darCnen. kievis ruseTSi
arsebobda termini im momTabareTa aRsaniSnavad, romlebic ruseTis
sazRvrispira miwebze dasaxldnen, miwaTmoqmedni gaxdnen da momTabare
Tanatomelebis winaaRmdeg rus TavadaznaurobasTan erTad laSqrobdnen
ix.: Lathuillre R. La prciosit, tude historique et linguistique.
..
XVIII

. ., 1985. . 6066.
14
Delumeau J. La civilization de la Renaissance. Paris, 1984. P. 264265.
13

Genve,
.

1966.
XIX

Vol. 1;
:

13
xolme. maT ase uwodebdnen: ,,Cveni uwminduri (uwminduri _
erTdroulad, ,,warmarTicaa da ,,ucxoc, ,,arasworica da ,,araqristianic).
oqsiumoroni ,,Cveni uwminduri Zalian kargad gamoxatavs sazRvrispira
situacias.
baironis rusul kulturaSi SesaWrelad unda gaCndes kulturuli oreuli _
,,rusi baironi, romelic erTdroulad or kulturas warmoadgens: rogorc ,,rusi, is
organulia rusuli literaturis Sinagani procesebisaTvis da mis enaze (farTo
semiotikuri mniSvnelobiT) laparakobs. ufro metic, SeuZlebelia misi amoReba
rusuli literaturidan ise, Tu xaxadabCenili sicariele ar amoivso. magram,
amave dros, igi baironicaa _ inglisuri literaturis organuli nawili, da rusul
konteqstSi, is Tavis funqcias maSin Seasrulebs, Tuki swored baironiviT, anu
ingliseli poetiviT ganicdeba. mxolod am konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiTaa
gasagebi lermontovis SeZaxili:
ara, me ar var baironi, me sxva var... 15

imisaTvis, rom kulturaTSorisi kontaqtebi SesaZlebeli iyos, ara mxolod

calkeul teqstebs an avtorebs, aramed mTel kulturebs, ,,Cvens kulturaSi
Tavisi xatebi _ bilingvuri leqsikonebis
msgavsi ekvivalentebi 16 _ unda
hqondeT. am xatis ormagi roli imiT vlindeba, rom igi erTdroulad komunikaciis
saSualebacaa da winaRobac. ai, saamiso magaliTi: puSkinis adreulma
romantikulma poemebma, misi axalgazrdobis boboqarma biografiam,
gadasaxlebam
misi
mkiTxvelebis
cnobierebaSi
poeti-romantikosis
stereotipuri saxe Seqmna, romlis prizmiTac aRiqvamdnen yvela mis teqsts.
Tavad puSkini am wlebSi aqtiurad monawileobda ,,sakuTari pirovnuli
miTologiis SeqmnaSi, rac ,,romantikuli qcevis saerTo sistemas
eTanadeboda. Tumca, momavalSi, am xatma evolucionirebuli poetis
Semoqmedeba da misi mkiTxveli gamijna. mkacr, cxovrebiseul simarTleze
orientirebul, romantizmis uarmyofel Semoqmedebas mkiTxveli ,,dacemada
da ,,Ralatad aRiqvamda, vinaidan maT cnobierebaSi jer kidev cocxlobda
adreuli puSkinis xati.
semiosferos metaenobrivi struqturis cvlilebisas Cndeba naSromebi
kulturis ,,ucnob da ,,miviwyebul moRvaweebze, xatebisa da stereotipebis
cvlilebebis dros ki _ iseTi Txzulebebi, rogorebicaa ,,ucnobi dostoevski an
,,namdvili goeTe, romlebic mkiTxvels ajereben, rom aqamde igi ,,sxva
dostoevskis da goeTes icnobda da maTi WeSmariti gagebis dro mxolod axla
dgeba.
raRac amis msgavsi SeimCneva maSin, roca erTi Janris teqstebi meoris
sivrceSi iWreba. novatoroba swored isaa, rom erTi Janris principebi meoris
kanonebs eTanadeba, da Tanac ise, rom es ,,meore Janri Tan organulad
erwymis axal struqturas, Tan kodirebis sxva sistemas inarCunebs. magaliTad,
roca puSkini Tavisi moTxroba ,,dubrovskis qsovilSi XVIII saukunis sasamarTlo
saqmis namdvil teqsts rTavs, dostoevski ki,
,,Zmeb karamazovebSi
prokurorisa da advokatis namdvili saubris saguldagulod Sedgenil imitacias
axdens, es teqstebi romanuli Txrobis organul qsoviladac gvevlineba, da ucxo
dokumentebadac _ citatebad, romlebic ,,amovardnilia mxatvruli Txrobis
esTetikuri kvanZidan.
ix.: . . . . 2. . 33.
am Temaze arsebuli mravalricxovani naSromidan, sakiTxis meTodologiuri sicxadiT dasmis
TvalsazrisiT, gamovyofdi: Jakobson R . Russie, folie, posie. Textes prsentes par Tzvetan Todorov. Paris,
1986. P. 157168.
15
16

14
im sazRvris warmodgenas, romelic semiosferos Sida sivrces gare
sivrcisagan acalkevebs, mxolod pirveladi, uxeSi dayofa iZleva. faqtobrivad,
semiosferos mTeli sivrce daserilia sxvadasxva donis, calkeuli enebisa da TviT
teqstebis sazRvrebiT; Tanac, am qvesemiosferos TiToeul Sida sivrces
romeliRac sakuTari semiotikuri ,,me aqvs, da realizdeba romelime enis,
teqstebis jgufis, calkeuli teqstis (imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom enebi da teqstebi
ierarqiulad sxvadasxva doneebze Tavsdebian) urTierTobad romelime mis
aRmwer metastruqturul
sivrcesTan. semiosferos
kerZo
sazRvrebiT
ganmsWvalva mravaldonian sistemas qmnis. semiosferos garkveuli ubnebs
TviTaRweris sxvadasxva doneze semiotikuri erTobis, romeliRac uwyveti
semiotikuri sivrcis Seqmna ZaluZT, erTiani sazRvriT rom Semofarglula, an
Caketil sivrceTa jgufisa, romlis diskretuloba maT Soris arsebuli sazRvrebiT
aRiniSneba; da bolos _ romeliRac saerTo sivrcis nawilisa, romelic erTi mxridan
sazRvris fragmentiT Semoifargleba, meore mxridan ki Ria darCeba.
bunebrivia, amas miesadageba kodebis ierarqia da semiosferos erTian
realobaSi mniSvnelobaTa sxvadasxva done gaaqtiurdeba.
aq mTavari kriteriumi is kiTxvaa, Tu ra aRiqmeba mocemul sistemaSi
subieqtad: magaliTad, samarTlis subieqtad _ mocemuli kulturis iuridiul
teqstebSi an ,,pirovnebad _ sociokulturuli kodirebis ama Tu im sistemaSi.
,,pirovnebis cneba adamianis fizikuri individualobis sazRvrebs mxolod
garkveul kulturul da semiotikur pirobebSi uigivdeba. is SeiZleba iyos jgufuri,
moicavdes an ar moicavdes qonebas, ukavSirdebodes garkveul socialur,
religiur, zneobriv mdgomareobas. pirovnebis sazRvari semiotikuri sazRvaria.
magaliTad, patronis, patriarqis, qmris, siuzerenis pirovnebis erTian sistemaSi
SeiZleba gaerTiandnen coli, Svilebi, ymebi, vasalebi ise, rom, erT
SemTxvevaSi, maT ar eqnebaTa damoukidebeli ,,pirovnuloba, sxva
SemTxvevaSi ki, isini, SesaZloa, calkeul pirovnebebad ganixilebodnen.
kodirebis ori xerxis Sejaxebisas aRSfoTebisa da buntis situacia iqmneba: roca
socialur-semiotikuri struqtura mocemul individs nawilad aRwers, sakuTar Tavs
ki avtonomiur erTeulad, semiotikur subieqtad (da ara obieqtad) aRiqvams.
rodesac ivane mrisxane urC TavadebTan erTad, ara mxolod maT
ojaxebs, aramed yvela msaxurs sikvdiliT sjida, da ara marto uSualo
msaxurebs, aramed maTi soflebis glexebsac ki (zogjer glexebs asaxlebdnen,
soflebs saxelebs ucvlidnen da Senoba-nagebobebs miwasTan asworebdnen),
amas (paTologiur sisastikesTan erTad) sakuTar usafrTxoebaze zrunva ki ar
karnaxobda (TiTqos SeiZleboda provincieli yma mefisaTvis saSiSi yofiliyo!),
aramed is Segneba, rom yvela isini erTi piria, dasjili boiaris pirovnebis
nawilebi da, Sesabamisad, masTan erTad inawileben pasuxismgeblobas.
aseTi Sexeduleba, albaT, arc aRmosavleli tiranis fsiqologiis mqone
stalinisaTvis unda yofiliyo ucxo.
evropuli iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, romelic postrenesansul individualur
uflebaTa Segnebas emyareboda, auxsneli iyo, ratom unda ego pasuxi erTi
adamianis danaSaulisTvis meores. jer kidev 1732 wels, peterburgSi, inglisis
elCis coli, ledi rondo (romelic ruseTis samefo karisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili
sulac ar gaxldaT, piriqiT, misi idealizaciisaken iyo midrekili: Tavis werilebSi igi
provinciel
memamulesaviT
uxeSi
dedoflis,
ana
ioanes
asulis
,,mgrZnobiarobasa da ,,sikeTes da misi sastiki favoritis, bironis
,,keTilSobilebas ganadidebs) Tavis evropel korespondent qalbatons
dolgorukebis ojaxis gadasaxlebis ambavs auwyebda: ,,Tqven SeiZleba

15
gagikvirdeT qalebisa da bavSvebis gadasaxleba; magram aq, roca ojaxis
ufrosi Seirisxeba, mTeli ojaxi idevneba...17
aseTive koleqtiuri (mocemul SemTxvevaSi _ gvarovnuli), da ara
individualuri, pirovnebis gageba udevs safuZvlad, magaliTad, sisxlian
SurisZiebas, roca pasuxismgebel pirad mkvlelis mTeli sagvareulo aRiqmeba.
istorikosma s. m. soloviovma damajereblad daukavSira adgilufrosoba 18 _
progresis morwmune XVIII saukunis ganmanaTleblis TvalSi ,,ugunurebis
gamovlineba _ gvaris, rogorc erTi pirovnebis, gansakuTrebul koleqtiur
aRqmas. ,,gasagebia, rom gvarovnuli kavSiris aseTi simtkicisas, gvaris yvela
wevris erTmaneTisadmi amgvari pasuxismgeblobis pirobebSi calkeuli piris
mniSvneloba gvaris mniSvnelobis winaSe ucilod qreboda; vinme ivan petrovi
gaiazreboda ara rogorc erTi ivan petrovi, aramed _ ivan petrovi, Zmebsa da
ZmisSvilebTan erTad. aseTi Serwymisas, samsaxurSi erTi piris dawinaurebas
mTeli gvaris dawinaureba mohyveboda xolme, gvaris erTi wevris daqveiTebas
ki _ mTeli gvaris daqveiTeba.19
magaliTad, mefe aleqsi mixeilis Zis (XVII s.) zeobisas sufrajma, boiarma
matvei puSkinma, romelic ocdaTerTmet uwarCinebules gvarTagan erT-erTis
warmomadgeneli gaxldaT, iuara, meore pirad mieRo monawileoba cnobili
saxelmwifo moRvawisa da mefis favoritis, magram naklebwarCinebuli nardinnaSCokinis xelmZRvanelobiT dagegmili diplomatiuri davalebis SesrulebaSi.
arCia, cixeSi wasuliyo; Seuryevlad daiTmina mTeli qonebis konfiskaciasTan
dakavSirebuli muqara, mefis risxva da Rirseulad upasuxa: ,,...Tumca
xelmwifem Cemi sikvdiliT dasjis brZaneba gasca, naSCokini CemTan
SedarebiT mainc ymawvilia da ugvaro20.
sivrce, romelic kodirebis erT sistemaSi erTian pirovnebad gvevlineba,
meore sistemaSi, SesaZloa, ramdenime semiotikuri subieqtis Sejaxebis
adgilad iqces.
semiotikuri sivrcis mravalricxovani sazRvrebiT gadakveTa masSi
moZravi
TiToeuli
SetyobinebisaTvis
mravaljeradi
Targmanisa
da
transformaciebis situacias qmnis. mas Tan axlavs axali informaciis
generireba, romelic zvavs waagavs.
TiToeuli sazRvrisa da apkis funqcia (cocxali ujredis membraniT
dawyebuli, biosferos apkiTa da semiosferos sazRvriT damTavrebuli, romelic,
vernadskis mixedviT, Cvens planetas faravs) SeRwevadobis SezRudvamde,
filtraciasa da Sinaganis gareganad adaptaciur gadamuSavebamde
daiyvaneba. es invariantuli funqcia sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxvagvarad
realizdeba. semiosferos doneze es sakuTaris ucxosagan gancalkevebas,
gareganis filtracias niSnavs, romelsac ucxo enaze teqstis statusi miewereba,
da am teqstis sakuTar enaze Targmnis tolfasia. amgvarad xorcieldeba gare
sivrcis struqturizacia.
ana ioanes asulis mefobis dros ruseTis saimperatoro karis ingliseli rezidentis meuRlis, ledi
rondos werilebi / . . . [.. ]. ., . . .. . ., 1874. . 46.
( XVIII . . 1)
18
adgilufrosoba _ kanoni saxelmwifo moxeleTa boiarebiT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb. es
ukanasknelni adgilebs ikavebdnen cnobili gvarisa da mniSvnelovani Cinis mixedviT, rac
winaparTagan
gadmoecemodaT
(ix.:
:
4 .
/
. .. . ., 1938. . 2. . 191). uflebaTa gankargvas _ samefo nadimze adgiliT
dawyebuli, da laSqrobaSi, elCobasa da omSi adgiliT damTavrebuli _ sagangebo brZaneba
iuwyeboda. adgilufrosoba sxvadasxvagvar Cxubsa da kinklaobas iwvevda, radganac
sagvareulo RirsebasTan ukavSirdeboda..
19
: : 6 . ., 1839
1895. . 3 . 679.
20
iqve. . 682.
17

16
im SemTxvevebSi, roca semiosfero realur-teritoriul momentebs
moicavs, sazRvari, pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, sivrcobriv sazriss iZens. mravaljer
aRuniSnavT sxvadasxva saxis dasaxlebaTa izomorfizmi _ arqauli
dasaxlebebidan dawyebuli da renesansisa da ganmanaTleblobis epoqebis
idealur
qalaqTa
proeqtebiT,
kosmosis
struqturaze
warmodgenebiT
damTavrebuli. amas ukavSirdeba axalSenis centris yvelaze mniSvnelovani _
sakulto da administraciuli _ Senobebis _ axlos daweseba. periferiaSi ki
yvelaze naklebfaseuli socialuri jgufebi Tavsdebian. socialuri Rirebulebis
zRvars qvemoT myofni gareubnis sazRvarze ideben binas, TviT rusuli
sityvis, ,,-s etimologia ,,adgilis wina anu _ qalaqis win, mis
sasazRvro zolze ganlagebaze miuTiTebs. vertikaluri orientaciis TvalsazrisiT,
es iqneba sxvenebi da sardafebi, Tanamedrove qalaqSi ki _ metro. Tu
,,normaluri sacxovrisis centri binaa, maSin sasazRvro saxlisa da saxls-gare
sivrced kibe, sadarbazo gvevlineba. SemTxveviTi
ar aris, rom
sazogadoebis ,,sasazRvro (marginaluri) jgufebisaTvis _
usaxlkaroebis,
narkomanebis, axalgazrdobisaTvis _ swored es sivrceebi iqceva ,,Tavisad.
sasazRvro sivrces ganekuTvneba qalaqis sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis
adgilebi, stadionebi, sasaflaoebi. aseTi sivrcis sazRvridan misi centrisken
moZraobisas aranakleb TvalsaCinoa qcevis miRebuli normebis cvlileba.
Tumca, garkveuli elementebi, zogadad, gareT Tavsdeba. Tu Sida
samyaro kosmoss asaxavs, maSin misi sazRvris iqiT qaosi, antisamyaro,
arastruqturirebuli ikonuri sivrcea, urCxulebiT, infernaluri ZalebiTa an maTTan
dakavSirebuli adamianebiT. sasoflo dasaxlebis zRvars iqiT unda cxovrobdnen
jadoqari, mewisqvile da (zogjer) mWedeli, Sua saukuneebis qalaqSi ki _
jalaTi. ,,normalur sivrces ara mxolod geografiuli, aramed droiTi sazRvrebic
aqvs. am zRvars iqiT Ramis droa. Tu jadoqari sWirdebaT, masTan RamiT unda
mividnen. anti-sivrceSi cxovrobs yaCaRi: misi saxli tyea (antisaxli), misi mze
_ mTvare (rusebis TqmiT, ,,qurdis mze), is anti-enaze laparakobs, misi qceva
anti-qcevaa (xmamaRla ustvens, uxamsad ilanZReba), mas maSin sZinavs,
roca xalxi muSaobs, igi maSin qurdobs, roca xalxi Tvlems da a.S.
qalaqis ,,Ramis samyaroc kulturis sivrcis sazRvarze an mis miRma
mdebareobs. es travestirebuli samyaro antiqcevazea orientirebuli.
yuradReba adrec migviqcevia kulturis periferiis centrSi gadatanisa da
centris periferiisaken Cawevis procesebze. am urTierTsawinaaRmdego
nakadebis moZraoba ufro mZafrdeba centrsa da ,,periferiis periferias _
kulturis sasazRvro olqs Soris. magaliTad, 1917 wlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTSi
am procesma mravalferovani arametaforuli realizeba hpova: gareubneli
Raribebi masobrivad saxldebodnen ,,burJuaziul binebSi, romlebidanac an
Zvel mcxovreblebs asaxlebdnen, anda ,,aviwrovebdnen. ra Tqma unda,
simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda mxatvrulad didad faseuli Weduri galavnis _
revoluciamde petrogradis zamTris sasaxlis samefo baRs rom ertya _
gadatanas muSebiT dasaxlebul gareubanSi, romliTac gareubnis skveri
SemoRobes, samefo baRi ki saerTod ugalavnod, ,,Riad datoves. momavlis
socialisturi qalaqis utopiur proeqtebSi, romlebic mravlad iqmneboda 1920iani wlebis damdegs, xSirad meordeboda idea, rom aseTi qalaqis centrSi _
,,sasaxlisa da eklesiis adgilas _ giganturi fabrika idgeboda.
amave TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia petre I-is mier dedaqalaqis
peterburgSi _ sazRvarTan _ gadatana. politikur-administraciuli centris
gadatana geografiul sazRvarze, amave dros, sazRvris saxelmwifos ideurpolitikur centrSi gadaadgileba gaxldaT. xolo dedaqalaqis konstantinopolSi

17
gadatanis Semdgomi panslavuri proeqtebis mixedviT, centri yvela realuri
sazRvris miRma eqceoda.
zustad amgvaradve SegviZlia Tvalis midevneba qcevis normebis, enis,
tansacmlis
stilisa
da
a.S.
kulturis
sasazRvro
sivrcidan
centrSi
gadaadgilebisaTvis. amis magaliTad jinsi gamogvadgeba: fizikurad
mSromelTaTvis gankuTvnili samuSao spectansacmeli axalgazrdaTa samosad
iqca, radganac axalgazrdebma, romlebmac uaryves XX saukunis birTvuli
kultura, TavianTi ideali periferiul kulturaSi dainaxes, xolo Semdeg, roca ukve
jinsi kulturis mTel sferoze gavrcelda, igi neitralur fenomenad gardaiqmna,
anu ,,saerTo tansacmlad mogvevlina. es birTvuli semiotikuri sistemebis
umniSvnelovanesi
niSania.
periferia
mkveTri
ferebiT
gamoirCeva,
markirebulia, rogorc _ ,,normaluri birTvi, anu mas ar gaaCnia feri, suni, is
,,ubralod arsebobs. amdenad, ama Tu im semiotikuri sistemis gamarjveba
misi centrSi gadatanacaa da gardauvali ,,gauferulebac. amas SeiZleba
mivamsgavsoT ,,Cveulebrivi asakobrivi cikli: siWarmagesTan erTad,
meamboxe axalgazrda adamianebi ,,normalur respeqtabelur jentlmenebad
iqcevian, romlebic, imave dros, ganicdian evolucias gamomwvevi
,,feradovnebidan _ ,,gauferulebisaken.
semiosferos sasazRvro zolSi semiotikuri procesebis intensivobis
gaZliereba imas ukavSirdeba, rom swored aq xdeba garedan mudmivi
SeWra. rogorc ukve vTqviT, sazRvari ormxrivia, da misi erTi mxare yovelTvis
gare sivrcisakenaa mimarTuli. ufro metic, sazRvari konstituirebuli
bilingvurobis sivrcea. rogor wesi, es pirdapir gamoixateba kulturuli arealiebis
sazRvarTan mosaxleTa enobriv praqtikaSi. vinaidan sazRvari semiosferos
aucilebeli nawilia da, Tuki ar arsebobs ,,isini, araviTari ,,Cven aRar
iarsebebs, kultura ara mxolod Tavis Sida organizaciis tips, aramed gare
,,dezorganizaciis tipsac qmnis. am TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
,,barbarosi civilizaciam Sva da mas iseve sWirdeba civilizacia, rogorc TviTon
_ civilizacias. gare, semiosferos zRvars miRma arsebuli sivrce uwyveti
dialogis adgilia. umniSvneloa, mocemuli kultura ,,barbarosSi mxsnels
xedavs Tu mters, jansaRi moraluri Tvisebebis mqonesa Tu garyvnil kanibals:
mas saqme mainc konstruqtTana aqvs _ konstruqtTan, romelic misive
amoyiravebuli gamosaxulebaa. magaliTad, XIX saukunis evropis sruliad
racionalur pozitivistur sazogadoebaSi aucileblad unda gaCeniliyo ,,pralogikuri
veluris an iracionaluri aracnobieris saxeebi _ is antisferoebi, romlebic
kulturis racionaluri sivrcis miRma mdebareobdnen.
raki realurad yvela semiosfero ara aris amorful ,,velur sivrceSi Cafluli,
aramed sakuTari organizaciis mqone sxva semiosferoebs exeba (pirveli
semiosferosTvis,
isini,
SeiZleba,
ara-organizaciebad
CaiTvalon),
mimdinareobs mudmivi gacvla, saerTo enis _ koines
gamomuSaveba,
kreolizebuli semiotikuri sistemebis warmoqmna. saerTo enis qona TviT
saomradac ki saWiroa. cnobilia, rom Tu, erTi mxriv, romis istoriis bolo
periodSi barbaros-jariskacebs romis imperatorebi ahyavdaT taxtze, meore
mxriv, ,,barbarosebis bevri samxedro meTauri Tavis droze ,,staJirebas
romaul legionebSi21 gadioda. CineTis, romis imperiis, bizantiis sazRvrebze
erTsa da imave suraTs vxedavT: mkvidri civilizaciis teqnikur miRwevebs
momTabareebi iTviseben da maTve upirispireben, romelTaganac isesxes.
magram am Sejaxebebs aucileblad mivyavarT kulturul gaTanabrebasa da
ix.: Latimore O. Studies in Frontier History. London, 1962; Piekarczyk S. Barbaryncy i Chrzecijastwo.
Warszawa, 1968; . . .: , 1987.
21

18
ufro maRalwesrigovani, romeliRac axali semiosferos SeqmnasTan, romelSic
ukve ori Tanabaruflebiani mxare erTveba.

dialogis meqanizmebi
Cven vambobdiT, rom azrovnebis elementaruli aqti Targmania. axla
SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Targmnis elementaruli meqanizms dialogi hqvia.
dialogi gulisxmobs asimetrias, asimetria ki, erTi mxriv, dialogis monawileTa
semiotikuri struqturis (enis) gansxvavebebSi, meore mxriv ki, Setyobinebis
urTierTmonacvle
mimarTulebaSi
gamoixateba.
bolo
debulebidan
gamomdinareobs,
rom
dialogis
monawileebi
rigrigobiT
gadadian
,,gadacemis poziciidan ,,miRebis poziciaze, da Sesabamisad, gadacema
diskretuli porciebiT, SesvenebebiT mimdinareobs.
Tumca, Tu semiotikuri gansxvavebebis gareSe dialogi uazroa,
gansakuTrebuli da absoluturi gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi is SeuZlebelia.
asimetria invariantulobis xarisxs gulisxmobs.
magram dialogi rom SesaZlebeli iyos, aucilebelia kidev erTi piroba:
Setyobinebis gadasacemad situaciis monawileTa urTierTdainteresebuloba da
gardauvali semiotikuri barierebis gadalaxvis unari. jon niusoni, romelic
meZuZur dedasa da Cvilze dakvirvebiT dialogis situacias ikvlevda (rac
amgvar teqstebSi ramdenadme moulodnelad JRers), dialogis aucilebel
pirobad siyvaruls, misi monawileebis urTierTmizidulobas miiCnevda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom mocemul SemTxvevaSi dialogis zogadi meqanizmis
gasagebad obieqti gansakuTrebiT kargadaa SerCeuli. organizmis SigniT
dialogi, rogorc niSnebis gacvlis forma, SeuZlebelia _ iq kontaqtebis
gansxvavebuli formebi batonobs. dialogi im erTeulebs Sorisac SeuZlebelia,
romelnic saerTo enas savsebiT moklebulni arian. am TvalsazrisiT, mimarTeba
meZuZuri deda_Cvili idealuri eqsperimentuli erTeulia: dialogis monawileT
ukve erT arsebad veRar miiCnev, magram isini TiTqos jerac ar
gancalkevebulan. Cven pirwmindad im viTarebas vawydebiT, roca dialogis
moTxovnileba, dialoguri situacia win uswrebs realur dialogs da misTvis
saWiro enis arsebobasac ki. kidev ufro saintereso es gaxlavT: saerTo enis
gamosamuSaveblad situaciis TiToeuli monawile ,,ucxo enaze gadasvlas
eswrafis: deda gamoscems bavSvis ,,RuRuns mimsgavsebul bgerebs.
magram ufro gasaocari isaa, rom Senelebuli kadrebis yurebisas firze
aRbeWdili Cvilis mimika dedisas waagavs, anu igi dedis enaze gadasvlas
cdilobs. aseve sainteresoa, rom amgvar dialogSi miReba-gadacemis cvlis
mkacri Tanmimdevroba am xerxiT uzrunveliyofa: roca erT-erTi mxare
,,atyobinebs, meore Cumadaa da piriqiT 22. magaliTad _ da es, albaT, bevrs
SeumCnevia _ deda-Svils axasiaTebs ,,sicilis urTierTgacvla, ,,Rimilis ena,
romelic rusosaTvis saubris is erTaderTi saxeoba iyo, romelsac sicruisagan
dacva SeeZlo.
Tumca, mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom gadacemidan miRebaze
gadasvlis procesSi, roca dialogis situacia gareSe piris mier fiqsirdeba,
diskretuloba, praqtikulad, Tavs iCens aRweris doneze. diskretuloba _
informaciis porciebiT gacemis unari _ yvela dialoguri sistemis kanonia.
ix.: Newson J. Dialogue and Development: Action, Gesture and Symbol. The Emergence of Language / Ed. A.
Lock. Lancaster, 1978. P. 3142.
22

19
Tumca, struqturis doneze diskretuloba SeiZleba iq gaCndes, sadac mis
materialur realizaciaSi intensivobis sxvadasxva donis uwyvetoba arsebobs.
magaliTad, Tu realuri procesi maqsimaluri aqtivobisa da misi maqsimalurad
Semcirebis periodebis cikluri cvlis formiT xorcieldeba, maSin Camweri
mowyobiloba _ Tu igi garkveul zRurblsqveviTa maCveneblebs ar afiqsirebs _
process, rogorc diskretuls, ise asaxavs. amgvaradve iqceva kulturis
TviTaRmweri aparatic. kulturis ganviTareba cikluria da, bunebaSi arsebuli
dinamikuri
procesebis
umravlesobasaviT,
isic
sinusoidur
rxevebs
eqvemdebareba. Tumca, kulturis TviTSegnebaSi yvelaze dabali aqtivobis
periodebi, rogorc wesi, Sesvenebebis saxiT fiqsirdeba.
zemoT moyvanili Sexedulebebi azrs iZenen kulturis istoriis zogierTi
aspeqtis ganxilvisas. msoflio kulturis istoriidan romelime izolirebuli rigis
gamoyofisas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ,,inglisuri literaturis istoria an ,,rusuli
romanis istoria, qronologiurad dagrZelebul uwyvet wrfes viRebT, romelSic
intensivobis periodebs SedarebiT mSvidi periodebi cvlis. Tumca, imanentur
ganviTarebaSi kargi iqneboda dialogis erTi partia SegvemCnia, raTa naTeli
gamxdariyo, rom e.w. dacemis periodebi xSirad dialoguri pauzis droa. igi
informaciis intensiuri miRebiTaa
aRsavse, romelsac translaciis
periodebi mosdevs. ase ewyoba urTierTobebi yvela donis erTeuls Soris _
Janrebidan nacionalur kulturebamde. SeiZleba am sqemis gamoyofa: ama Tu
im struqturis SedarebiTi inertuloba mSvidi mdgomareobidan teqstebis
nakadiT gamoidevneba, romlebic maTTan garkveulad dakavSirebul agznebul
struqturebs garedan SemoaqvT. Semdeg pasiuri gajerebulobis etapi dgeba.
Seiswavleba ena, adaptirdeba teqstebi. amasTan, rogorc wesi, teqstebis
generatori semiosferos birTvul struqturaSia, xolo mimRebi _ periferiaSi. roca
gajerebuloba garkveul zRurbls aRwevs, mimRebi struqturis teqstmqneli Sida
meqanizmebi moZraobas iwyeben. struqtura pasiuridan agznebulad
gardaiqmneba da TviTon iwyebs axali teqstebis gamoyofas, romlebiTac sxva
struqturebs utevs, maT Soris, Tavisave ,,amgznebs. es procesi, SeiZleba,
centrisa da periferiis cvlad miviCnioT. am dros, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania,
energetikuli zrdis mowmeni vxdebiT: gaaqtiurebuli sistema gacilebiT met
energias gamoyofs, vidre misi amgznebi, da gacilebiT farTo regionebzec
zemoqmedebs. aqedan momdinareobs kulturuli sistemebis progresirebadi
universalizmi.
zemo Tqmuls ramdnime magaliTiT ganvmartavT. V saukunidan
moyolebuli, germaneli tomebis _ alarihis, radagaisis, heizerihis, Semdeg
hunebis, odoakrs daqvemdebarebuli goTebis, Teodorihis ostgoTebis,
bizantielebis, langobardebis, frankebis, samxreTidan _ arabebisa da
normanebis,
CrdiloeTidan
madiarebis
SemosevebiT
Tavzardacemuli,
geografiul cnebad qceuli italia kulturul cxovrebas, TiTqos, gamoemSvidoba.
amasobaSi, xmelTaSua zRvispireTis aTaswlovan civilizaciaTa arealebis farTo
sazRvrebiT daseril kulturul sivrceSi, romelic germanuli, slavuri da arabuli
warmomavlobis xalxs ikrebda, civilizaciis axali ,,cxeli wertilebi Cndeboda. XIXII saukuneebis provansuli kulturac maT unda mivakuTvnoT.
garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi teqstebis ,,mimRebad italia
gvevlineba. poeziaSi es, uwinaresad, provanseli trubadurebis lirikaa.
kurtuaziuli qcevis moda da provansuli ena masTan erTad mkvidrdeba. italiaSi
provansul enaze iqmneba kanconebi da sonetebi da, rac gansakuTrebiT
niSandoblivia, provansuli enis gramatika: ,,daaxloebiT im dros, ori uZvelesi
provansuli gramatikidan erT-erTi _ Donatz Proensals _ italiaSia Sedgenili.....23.
23

. : . 2 . / . . . ., 18951897. . 1. . 67.

20
ramon menendes pidalis gamokvlevebis Semdeg, romlebmac
mniSvnelovnad gaamyares provansuli poeziis warmoSobis ,,andalusiuri
Teoria, aSkara xdeba, rom provansis roli, rogorc italiis renesansuli poeziis
katalizatorisa, akvitaneli trubadurebis lirikis ,,provokaciaSi andalusiis rolis
simetriulia. marTalia, pidali arabul-andalusiuri impulsis gazviadebuli
mniSvnelobis aRiarebas Tavs aridebs da adgilobrivi folkloruli da romaulantikuri tradiciebis, aseve, Sua saukuneebis laTinuri poeziis rolze miuTiTebs,
magram amgvarad daaskvnis: ,,...kurtuaziuli siyvarulis koncefciaSi arabulandalusiuri poezia provansisa da sxva romanuli qveynebis lirikis winamorbedi
da strofuli formis TvalsazriT, sanimuSo gaxldaT. amas ukavSirdeba arabulandalusiur da romanul poeziaSi strofis Svidive saxis unisonur reprizasTan
Tanxvedra. <...> jer kidev Tavisi istoriis saTaveebTan, espanur-akvitanuris
erTmaneTTan yvelaze metad daaxloebis periodSi, provansuli lirika andalusiur
gavlenas ganicdida. amas siyvarulis msaxurebis koncefcia mohyva, romelic
gansxvavdeboda rainduli maxurebisagan: es ukanaskneli seniorisgan vasalis
imavenair siyvaruls moiTxovda. siyvarulis msaxureba imas niSnavda, rom
satrfo udrtvinvelad emoneboda Tavis despot qalbatons da xotbas asxamda
mis sisastikes. andalusiuri gavlenis wyalobiT, trubadurebma axleburad
aRiqves siyvaruli _ viTarca dauokebeli survili, tkbili tanjva-wameba. amave
gavlenam miiyvana isini unisonur repriziani strofis gamoyenebasTan.
maSasadame, provansuli simRera mxolod samxreT safrangeTis samefo karze
SeiZleba gaCeniliyo; Tumca igi samyaros ver moevlineboda, arabulandalusiuri lirikis gavlena ase mniSvnelovani rom ar yofiliyo 24.
SemdgomSi, provansuli lirika sul ufro met nacionalur Tvisebasa da
damoukideblobas iZens. igi iseT dones aRwevs, roca TviTonve xdeba kulturuli
,,translatori. Tavs iCens sxva kulturuli dinebebic: safrangeTidan SemoWrili
epikuri poezia, siciliisa da, iribad, isev provansis gavliT _ espanur-arabuli
kultura, dabolos _ italiaSi mudam uwyveti, Tumca, dro da dro misustebuli,
antikuri ,,niadagis zemoqmedeba. ukvalod arc berZnul-bizantiuri tradiciis
kulturul zegavlenas Cauvlia. amgvarad, kulturuli produqciis mixedviT Tu
vimsjelebT, rogorc iqcevian kidec, es xana, SesaZloa, dacemis periodad
Sefasdes. magram, meore mxriv, es gansakuTrebulad mZlavri gajerebulobis
periodia. uZvelesi da uaxlesi mravalricxovani kulturebis gzajvaredinze italia
teqstebis mravalferovan nakadebs isrutavs, mis kulturul sivrceSi erTmaneTs
is teqstebi ejaxeba, romlebic winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse mTlianobas
warmoqmnian.
Semdeg etapze msoflio civilizaciis istoria savsebiT gaugonari aqtivobis
mowme xdeba. ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi italia namdvil vulkanad
iqceva, romelic dasavleTis kulturuli oikumenas Semavsebel mravalferovan
teqstebs afrqvevs25. renesansis periods da, nawilobriv, barokos, SeiZleba,
evropuli kulturis ,,italiuri periodi vuwodoT: italiuri ena samefo karisa da
kokobzikobis, modisa da diplomatiis ena xdeba. am enaze saubroben qalebis
saZineblebsa da kardinalebis kabinetebSi. italia evropas mxatvrebiTa da
msaxiobebiT, bankirebiT, iuvelirebiT, iuristebiT, kardinalebiTa da mefeTa
24

e . . .
/
. . .. . . .. , .. . ., 1961. . 502504.
25
renesansis socialur-istoriul mizezebs ar vexebiT. semiotikuri procesebi arasdros atareben
TviTdamTrgunav xasiaTs da yovelTvis eqstrasemiotikur realobasTan arian dakavSirebulni.
magram aq Cven renesansis mizezebi ki ar gvainteresebs, aramed kulturuli dinamikis
semiotikuri meqanizmi, romelsac sakuTari Sinagani logika aqvs, daaxloebiT imgvarad, rogorc
enas _ Sinaarsobrivad enismiRmur movlenebze damokidebuls _ aqvs Sinagani struqturis
imanenturi meqanizmebi.

21
favoritebiT amaragebs. es zegavlena, SesaZloa, antiitaliuri ganwyobis
ZalmosilebiT ganisazRvros, inglisSi, germaniasa da safrangeTSi rom
ifeTqebda xolme, da imis mixedviTac, Tu rogori energiiT iswrafoda
italianizebuli evropuli kultura, erTi ucxo saxis nacvlad ,,Tavisi mravali
nacionaluri saxe moepovebina.
Rvawli, romelic renesansma italiur kulturas dasdo, ganmanaTleblobam
franguli kulturisTvis gaiRo. safrangeTi mTeli evropis kulturul dinebebs
isrutavda _ holandiis, germaniisa da Sveicariis reformaciuli swavlebiT
dawyebuli, bekonisa da lokis empirizmiTa da niutonis ciuri meqanikiT
damTavrebuli, italieli humanistebis laTinizmisa da espanuri da italiuri barokos
manerizmis CaTvliT. ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi safrangeTma mTel
ganaTlebul evropas mis enaze laparaki aiZula. renesansis epoqaSi TiToeuli
kulturuli dineba mkacri arCevanis winaSe dgeboda _ humanizmis, antikurobis
kultis mteri yofiliyo, Tu moyvare, rac italiuri kulturis suls eTanadeboda. zustad
aseve, XVIII saukuneSi SesaZlebeli iyo religiuri morCilebis, bunebisa da
gonebis kultis, adamianis Tavisuflebis saxeliT, saukunovani crurwmenebis
ganadgurebis mxolod adepti an mowinaaRmdege yofiliyavi. parizi evropuli
azrovnebis dedaqalaqad iqca, xolo im teqstebis raodenobis gansazRvra,
romlebic
safrangeTidan
evropis
yvela
kuTxes
miwyda,
ubralod,
warmoudgenelia. sakmarisia, es momenti davupirispiroT pauzas, romelic q-ni
stalis wignis _ ,,germaniis Sesaxeb _ Semdeg dadga dro, roca
safrangeTma ,,mimRebis roli moirgo da aRmoaCina inglisuri kultura _
Seqspiri, baironi, germanuli kultura _ Sileri, goeTe da romanistebi _ ,,CrdiloeT
evropa, kantidan valter skotamde.
,,mimRebi mxaris TvalsazrisiT, aRqmis procesi am etapebad iyofa:
1. garedan Semosuli teqstebi ,,ucxos saxes inarCuneben. isini ucxo
enaze aRiqmebian (rogorc ,,bunebrivi enis, ise _ farTo semiotikuri
mniSvnelobiT). mimRebi kulturis ierarqiaSi isini umaRles adgils ikaveben:
maT miewerebaT WeSmariteba, silamaze, RvTiuri warmomavloba da a.S.
ucxo ena ,,kulturis, elitis, umaRlesi Rirsebis kuTvnilebis niSani xdeba.
Sesabamisad, adre ,,sakuTar enaze Seqmnili teqstebi, da enac, dabal
Sefasebas
imsaxurebs:
maT
miewereba
siyalbe,
,,uxeSoba,
,,arakulturuloba.
2. ori sawyisi _ ,,importirebuli teqstebi da ,,sakuTari kultura _
urTierTgardaiqmneba. mravldeba Targmanebi, gadakeTebuli teqstebi da
adaptaciebi. amave dros, teqstebTan erTad importirebuli kodebi metakulturul
sferoSi Tavsdebian.
Tu pirvel etapze warsulTan kavSiris gawyvetis fsiqologiuri tendencia
dominirebda, ,,axlis anu garedan miRebuli msoflmxedvelobis idealizacia,
tradiciisagan dacilebis miswrafeba, ,,axlis, rogorc gadamrCenis, aRqma, aw
Sewyvetili gzis aRdgenis survili ikveTeba _ ,,fesvebis Zieba iwyeba; ,,axali
Zvelidan organulad gamomdinared ganimarteba, romelic ase reabilitirdeba.
organuli ganviTarebis ideebs meti fasi edeba.
3. Tavs iCens miswrafeba, aTvisebuli msoflaRqmis romeliRac umaRlesi
Sinaarsi gamoiyos im konkretuli nacionaluri kulturidan, romlis teqstebSic igi
importirda. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ,,iq es ideebi ,,araWeSmariti _
mRvrie da Seryvnili _ saxiT realizdeboda da rom swored ,,aq, maTi mimRebi
kulturis wiaRSia maTi WeSmariti, ,,bunebrivi garemo. kultivirdeba im kulturis
siZulvili, romelmac mocemuli teqstebis Tavdapirveli translireba moaxdina, da
yuradReba eqceva am teqstebis WeSmaritad nacionalur bunebas.

22
4. provokatori-teqstebi srulad iTqvifebian mimRebi kulturis kulturul
fenaSi, TviT kultura ki igzneba da axali teqstebis intensiur Seqmnas iwyebs;
es teqstebi kulturul kodebs efuZnebian, romlebic Soreul warsulSi gare
SemoWriT stimulirdebodnen, magram asimetriuli transformaciebis gziT,
sruliad saxecvlil, axal, originalur struqturul modelSi.
5. kultura-mimRebi, romlis sivrceSi semiosferos saerTo centri gadaadgilda,
kultura-gadamcemis pozicias iWers da TviTon iqceva teqstebis nakadis
wyarod, romlebic semiosferos sxva, misi azriT, periferiuli raionebisaken
miemarTebian.
ra Tqma unda, kulturuli kontaqtebis realur procesSi es sqematurad
mofiqrebuli cikli srulad ver Sesruldeba. saerTodac, misi realizebisTvis
xelsayreli istoriuli, socialuri, fsiqologiuri pirobebis arseboba aucilebelia.
amgvarad, ,,dasnebovnebis procesi mravalma gare pirobam unda
moamzados, igi unda ganicdebodes, rogorc aucilebeli da sasurveli. yoveli
dialogis msgavsad, kontaqtisaken urTierTswrafva win unda uswrebdes Tavad
kontaqts.
rusul kulturaSi es pirobebi arsebobda, ramac ciklis ZiriTadi etapebisTvis
Tvalis midevnebis gansakuTrebiT kargi saSualeba mogvca.
rusulma kulturam ori periodi gamoiara, roca is ,,miRebaze iyo
orientirebuli da teqstebis nakads garedan isrutavda.
pirveli cikli ruseTis gaqristianebas (988 w) emTxveva. mas Tan axlda
teqstebis Zalze intensiuri dineba berZnul da kirilesa da meTodes mier
Seqmnil xelovnur zogadslavur mwignobrul, e.w. saeklesio-slavur enebze, im
qveynebidan, romelnic adreve gaqristianebuliyvnen (bulgareTi, serbeTi).
araugvianes
XI
saukunisa
ruseTSi
ukev
iwyeba
mTargmnelobiTi
moRvaweoba. teqstebis aTvisebis paralelurad viTardeba qristianuli rwmenis
berZnuli gavlenisagan gamoyofisaken swrafva. es zemoqmedebs kievis
matianis teqstze. masSi mravali legenda SeaqvT, romlebsac ruseTis
gaqristianebaSi berZnebis roli unda daekninebina. Turqebis mier
konstantinopolis
aRebis
Semdeg,
ruseTSi
sabolood
myardeba
sarwmunoebrivi siwmindisadmi berZnebis saeWvo damokidebuleba da
qristianoba erTxel da samudamod ixveWs ,,rusuli sarwmunoebis saxels.
amis kvaldakval, gansakuTrebuli siswrafiT viTardeba rusuli qristianuli kultura.
zog istoriul mizezTa gamo, am ciklma daskvniT stadiamde ver miaRwia.
gacilebiT srulad rusuli da dasavluri kulturebis giganturi dialogi XVIII-XIX
saukuneebSi realizdeba.
rusuli kulturis dasavlurTan urTierTobis axali furceli XVIII saukunis
dasawyiss daemTxva. im sakiTxis gamowvliviT ganuxilavad, im drois
adamianebis fsiqologiuri TviTSefaseba ramdenad emTxveoda istorikosebis
gviandel Sefasebebs, aRvniSnavT, rom sakuTari Tavi maT mtkiced da
mravalgzis miuCneviaT ,,axal adamianebad. am TviTSefasebas TiTqos ori
mxare hqonda: Tavdapirvelad, ,,axal adamianebs petremdeli ruseTis mkvidri
,,Zveli adamianebis antiTezad aRiqvamdnen. am konfliqts asakobrivad
iazrebdnen: axali adamianebi _ axalgazrda, rusi evropelebi arian,
ganmanaTleblobisa da axali wes-Cveulebebis momxreni, xolo ,,Zveli
adamianebi _ siZveleTa damcvelni, romelTac ,,adaT-wesebi Zval-rbilSi
gajdomiaT da tradiciebs eTayvanebian. miuxedavad amisa, mogvianebiT,
aqcenti gadanacvldeba, da ,,axal evropelebs ,,Zvel evropelebs
daupirispireben; axalgazrda rusuli civilizacia Zvel dasavleT-evropuls
daupirispirdeba, romelsac imis ganxorcieleba ZaluZs, rac Caifiqra, magram

23
ver ganaxorciela dasavleTma. niSandoblivia, rom sityva ,,axlis azrobrivi
orientaciis amgvarive cvla vlindeba XI saukunis rusul teqstebSic. kieveli
mematiane ruseTis gaqristianebis aRwerisas pavle mociqulis sityvebs
iSveliebs: ,, , .26,
,,pirvelSi is aSkarad warmarTul ruseTs gulisxmobs. magram roca XI
saukuneSi mitropoliti ilarioni (Tavadi iaroslavis mier berZeni mRvdelmsaxuris
nacvlad daniSnuli pirveli rusi mitropoliti) berZnebs Zvel aRTqmas adarebs,
xolo rus qristianebs _ axal aRTqmas, anu saxarebas, aSkaraa, rom siaxle
gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiT ivseba: mowafe maswavlebelze uaresi ki ara,
ukeTesia.
qristianobis
miRebas,
iseve,
rogorc
petres
reformebs,
Tan
tradiciebisagan mkveTri da demonstraciuli daSoreba sdevda. roca petre
moskovelebis religiur grZnobebs Seuracxhyofs da wiTel moedanze (wminda
adgilze) Teatris ,,codvili nagebobis aSenebis brZanebas gascems, iseve
iqceva, rogorc wminda vladimiri, romelmac perunis qandakebis cxenis
kudebze gamobma brZana.
warsulTan am kardinaluri daSorebis swrafvas, nawilobriv, unda
mivaweroT (Tu socialur motivacias gverdze gadavdebT), zogadad,
ganmanaTleblobis, kerZod ki, rusos Zlieri gavlena gansakuTrebulad rusul
kulturaze. rusos mier istoriis mkveTri uaryofa da bunebasa da mis ucvlel
principebze dafuZnebuli Teoriis istoriasTan Sepirispireba, mTeli adrindeli
kulturuli tradiciebis uaryofa da znedacemuli kulturuli elitis xalxis zneobriv
sijansaResTan Sepirispireba ruseTSi rusos popularobis safuZvelia. rusos kulti,
romelic ruseTSi XVIII saukunis bolos gaCnda, im drosac iyo, roca safrangeTSi
mas mxolod istorikosebi ixsenebdnen.
iman, rom rusuli sazogadoebis ganaTlebul wreebSi franguli ena
sayovelTaod gavrcelda27, frangi moazrovneebis nawarmoebTa wakiTxva
originalSi gaxada SesaZlebeli. Targmani rusul literaturul situaciaSi CarTulobis,
aRiarebis niSani iyo. Tumca, radgan petres Semdeg dasavluri gavlena
civilizaciasTan kavSirad aRiqmeboda, xolo civilizacia uaryofiTad Sefasda,
rusos gavlenis zrda paradoqsulad erwymoda antifrangul ganwyobas,
galomaniasTan
brZolasa
da
evropul
zegavlenas.
safrangeTisadmi
damokidebuleba Zalze garTulda, gansakuTrebiT, revoluciis, napoleonis
omebis periodSi, romelsac patriotuli aRmavlobac ukavSirdeboda. aq
erTmaneTs ejaxeboda revoluciuri ideebiT aRtaceba, ganmanaTleblebis
iakobinelebisagan
dacvis
liberaluri
miswrafeba
(vinski
werda:
,,...Zvelmoweseebs, axal moweseebs da yvela maT mimdevars ramdenic
unda eRriala, jvars acviT frangebio, volterebi ar iyvnen maratebi, J. J. rusoebi
_ ar iyvnen kutonebi, bufonebi _ ar iyvnen robespierebi. Tu odesme simarTlis
Jami dadga, maSin XVIII saukunis Wkviani adamianebi, adamianuri modgmis
WeSmariti keTilismyofelni miiReben im pativiscemasa da madlierebas,
romelsac
imsaxureben28)
da
konservatul-nacionalisturi
tendencia,
safrangeTis
revolucia
mTeli
franguli
kulturis
gardauval
Sedegad
gamocxadebuliyo (SiSkovi, rastopCini).
26

. : XI . XII . C. 134.
ekaterine II-is dros qarafSutuli saqcielisTvis samxreT uralze gagzavnili axalgazrda oficeri g.
vinski iZulebuli gaxda, lukma-puris mosapoveblad, frangulis swavlebisTvis mieyo xeli. misi
mowafe, Cinovnikis 15 wlis qaliSvili leqsikonis gareSe Targmnida helveciuss, mablis, mersies,
rusos (ix.: . .. / . . . .. . ., 1914. . 139). am
avtoris yvela wignis Sovna aziis sazRvarze iyo SesaZlebeli.
28
. .. . C. 17.
27

24
Tumca, am fonze kidev erTi tendenciis gaCena SeigrZnoboda.
rusoseulma modelma aseTi ganmarteba miiRo: franguli kultura (da
gansakuTrebiT, misi Crdili _ frangulad aRzrdili rusi Tavad-aznauroba,
romelmac daiviwya sakuTari ena, marTlmadidebloba, xalxuri tansacmeli da
rusuli kultura) _ es aris damRupveli civilizacia, romelsac umxedrdeba ruso.
mas upirispirdeba moralurad jansaRi da bunebiT saTno rusi glexis normaluri
cxovreba.
ganmanaTleblobis
mTavarma
struqturulma
opoziciam
_
,,buneba_crurwmena, ,,bunebrivi-ukuRmarTi _ specifikuri interpretacia
SeiZina. bunebrivi nacionalurs gauigivda. rus glexSi (,,muJikSi) dainaxes
,,bunebis adamiani, rusul enaSi ki _ Tavad bunebis mier Seqmnili, bunebrivi
ena. safrangeTi ki yovelgvari crurwmenis samSoblod, modisa da ,,moduri
ideebis samefod miiCnies.
galomaniiT daavadebuli ,,gadagvarebuli
slavebis rusuli sazogadoeba (rileevi) Sesabralisia. mas upirispirdeba xalxi,
romelSic homerosul-elinuri kulturis gmiruli da primitiuli yofis pirdapir
memkvidres xedaven. msgavs Sexedulebebs gaiziarebs rusosa da Sileris
Tayvanismcemeli, ,,iliadas mTargmneli gnediCi, aseve griboedovi da
axalgazrda literatorebis wre, romelsac tinianovi ,,axalgazrda arqaistebs
uwodebs, da bolos, es Sexedulebebi gogolzec iqoniebs zegavlenas.
ra Tqma unda, yvelaferi es dasavleTidan ruseTSi teqstebis saerTo
moZraobis mxolod erTi dinebaa. puSkinsa da Cexovs Soris drois intervalSi
rusuli kultura translirebadi xdeba (amis mwvervalia tolstoisa da dostoevskis
Semoqmedeba), da teqstebis nakadi mimarTulebas icvlis.
cxadia, Cvens mier daxatuli suraTi uaRresad sqematuria. sinamdvileSi,
teqstebis brunva sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ganuwyvetliv mimdinareobs, didi
da patara nakadebi, TavianT gavlenasTan erTad, erTmaneTs kveTen. teqstebi
erTdroulad translirdeba semiosferos ara erTi, aramed mravali centris mier,
TviT semiosferoc ki sakuTar sazRvrebSi moZraobs. sabolood, igive procesebi
sxva doneebzec mimdinareobs: poeziis prozaSi SeWris periodebi icvleba
prozis agresiulobiT poeziisadmi, dramisa da romanis, werilobiTi da zepiri
kulturis,
elitaruli
da
masebis
kulturis
urTierTdaZabuloba
mravalmimarTulebiani teqstebis dinebebs qmnis. gansxvavebul aspeqtebSi
semiosferos erTi da igive centrebi, erTdroulad, aqtiurad moqmednic SeiZleba
iyvnen da ,,mimRebnic, semiosferos erTi da igive sivrceebi, erT
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, centrad mogvevlinon, sxva SemTxvevaSi _
periferiad;
miziduloba
ganSorebisaken
ubiZgebs,
sesxeba
_
TviTmyofadobisken. kulturis sivrce _ semiosfero _ ar aris raRac, rac winaswar
gansazRvruli da elementarulad gaTvlili gziT moqmedebs. is duRs, rogorc
mze, masSi, mzesaviT, agznebis kerebi adgilebs icvlian, aqtivoba xan idumal
siRrmeebSi ifeTqebs, xanac _ zedapirze da energias SedarebiT mSvid
sferoebSi asxivebs. da am uwyveti duRilis Sedegi kolosaluri energiis
gamoyofaa. magram semiosferos mier gamoyofili energia _ informaciis
energia, azris energiaa.
***
sivrcis semiotikas ama Tu im kulturis samyaros suraTis SeqmnaSi To
dominirebuli ara, gansakuTrebulad didi mniSvneloba mainca aqvs. am
movlenis buneba TviT sivrcis specifikas ukavSirdeba. kulturis mier cxovrebis
aTvisebis gardauvali fundamenti samyaros suraTis, universumis sivrciTi
modelis Seqmnaa. am SemTxvevaSi, sivrciTi modelireba realuri samyaros
sivrcobrivive suraTis rekonstruqcias axdens. Tumca, sivrciTi xatebis sxvagvari
gamoyenebac SeiZleba. cnobili maTematikosi, a. d. aleqsandrovi wers:

25
,,topologiuri Tvisebebis gamokvlevisas Cvens winaSe kvlav dgeba
SesaZlebloba, gaviazroT ganyenebuli sagnebis erToblioba, romelTac, saerTod,
mxolod amgvari Tvisebebi gaaCniaT. aseT erTobliobas abstraqtul topologiur
sivrces uwodeben. Semdeg: ,,am Tvisebebis wminda saxiT gamoyofas
Sesabamisi abstraqtuli sivrcis warmodgenasTan mivyavarT 29.
Tu ama Tu im gansazRvruli Tvisebis gamoyofisas erTmaneTTan
uwyvetad mierTebuli elementebis simravle warmoiqmneba, maSin am niSanTvisebis mixedviT, abstraqtul sivrceze SegviZlia laparaki. amgvaradve
SegviZlia visaubroT eTikur, miTologiur da sxva sivrceebze. am TvalsazrisiT,
sivrculi modelireba enad gadaiqceva, romelzec uSualo warmodgenebis
gamoxatva SeiZleba.
gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo semiosferos sivrculi suraTis mxatvruli
teqstebis sarkeSi arekvlaa.

semiosfero da siuJetis problema

semiotikuri
sistemebi
mudmivad
moZraoben.
cvalebadoba
semiosferos arsebobis kanonia. is mTlianad icvleba da mudmivad icvlis
Sinagan struqturas. Tumca, cvlilebebis kidev erTi saxe arsebobs: semiosferos
TiToeuli substruqturis farglebSi SesaZlebelia, gamoiyos mis sivrceSi
stabilurad damagrebuli elementebic da isinic, romlebic gadaadgilebis
SedarebiT TavisuflebiT sargebloben. elementTa pirveli saxeoba Camagrebulia
socialur, kulturul, religiur da sxva struqturebSi, meore ki, sakuTari qcevis
arCevanis TvalsazrisiT, Tavis garemocvaze ufro meti TavisuflebiTaa
dajildoebuli. meore tipis gmirs saqcielis Cadena ZaluZs, anu sxvaTaTvis
miuRwevel akrZalvaTa sazRvrebis gadalaxva. orfeosiviT da narTebis eposis
gmir soslaniviT30, masac SeuZlia cocxlebisa da mkvdrebis gamyofi zRvris
gadalaxva, friuleli Benandanti-ebiviT
alqajebTan31 SebrZoleba an kidev
berserkiviT, yvela im brZolaSi CarTva, romlis wesebis dacvas arad
dagidevdaT: SiSvelic Cndeboda da daTvis tyavSi gaxveulic, mxeciviT
Rrialebda da Tavisianebsac xocavda da ucxoebsac. is SeiZleba yofiliyo
keTilSobili yaCaRi an pikaro, jadoqari, jaSuSi, gamomZiebeli, teroristi an
supermeni _ arsebiTi is aris, rom mas imis gakeTebis unari Seswevs, rac
sxvebs ekrZaleba, mas ZaluZs kulturuli sivrcis struqturuli sazRvrebis
gadakveTa. TiToeuli aseTi cda saqcielia, saqcielTa jaWvi ki qmnis siuJets.
siuJeti sintagmaturi cnebaa da Sesabamisad, drois gancdas
ukavSirdeba. amitomac, movlenaTa or tipologiur formas vawydebiT, romlebic
drois or tips Seesabamebian: ciklursa da wrfivs. arqaul kulturebSi cikluri dro
dominirebs. cikluri drois kanonebiT Seqmnili teqstebi, Cveni gagebiT,
siuJeturi ar aris, da saerTod, Cveuli kategoriebiT maTi aRwera Znelia.
dasawyisisa da dasasrulis kategoriebis ararseboba maTi pirveli niSandoblivi
Tvisebaa: teqsti gaiazreba romeliRac uwyvetad ganmeorebad mowyobilobad,
29

.. // , , : 3 . .,
1956. . 1. . 130131.
30
soslani (sosruko) ,,sakuTar cxenze amxedrebuli micvalebulTa samflobelodan brundeba,
sadac Tavis pirvel, gardacvlil colTan dakavSirebiT rCevaTa misaRebad iyo gamgzavrebuli
(ix.: . / . .; . . . . ., 1976. . 103).
31
ix.: Ginzburg C. Les batailles nocturnes. Sorcellerie et rituels agraires aux XVI et XVII sicles. Paris, 1984.

26
romelic bunebis ciklur procesebTan sinqronizdeba: weliwadis droebis, dReRamis drois cvlasTan, varskvlavuri kalendris movlenebTan. adamianuri
cxovreba ganixileboda ara _ dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceul wrfiv
nawilad, aramed uwyvetad ganmeorebad ciklad (,,mokvdebi _ isev Tavidan
daiwyeb32). am SemTxvevaSi, moTxroba SeiZleba nebismieri im wertilidan
daiwyos, romelic am TxrobisaTvis dasawyisis rols asrulebs, romelic ararsebuli
da usasrulo teqstis kerZo manifestaciaa. aseTi Txroba miznad imas sulac ar
isaxavs, rom msmenels misTvis sruliad ucnobi ram uambos; es is
meqanizmia, romelic TviT bunebaSi mimdinare cikluri procesebis uwyvetobas
uzrunvelhyofs. amitom dasawyisad da Sinaarsad teqstis ama Tu im siuJeturi
epizodis arCevani ar ekuTvnis mTxrobels _ igi nawilia qronologiurad
damagrebulisa da ritualis bunebriv ciklTa dinebiT ganpirobebulisa.
ciklurobasTan
dakavSirebuli
meore
Tavisebureba
sxvadasxva
personaJebis upirobo gaigivebis tendenciaa. miTologiuri teqstebis cikluri
samyaro
warmoqmnis
mravalSrian
mowyobilobas,
topologiuri
organizaciisaTvis damxasiaTebeli mkveTrad gamoxatuli niSan-TvisebebiT. es
niSnavs, rom iseTi ciklebi, rogorebicaa dRe-Rame, weliwadi, adamianis an
RmerTis dabadeba/sikvdilis cikluri jaWvi, urTierThomeomorfulad ganixileba.
amitom, Tumca, Rame, zamTari, sikvdili, garkveuli mimarTebiT, erTmaneTs ar
hgvanan, maTi daaxloeba ar aris metafora, rogorc amas Tanamedrove
cnobiereba warmoidgens. isini erTi da igivea (ufro sworad _ erTisa da imaves
transformaciaa). cikluri miTologiuri mowyobilobis sxvadasxva doneze
xsenebuli personaJebi da sagnebi erTis gansxvavebuli sakuTari saxelebia.
topologiur transformaciebze daqvemdebarebis gansakuTrebuli unaris gamo,
miTologiuri teqsti saocrad gabedulad erT da imaved acxadebs iseT arsebebs,
romelTa daaxloeba Cvenc ki gagviWirdeboda.
miTis topologiuri samyaro diskretuli ar aris. SevecdebiT, vaCvenoT, rom
diskretuloba aramiTologiuri tipis diskretul meta-enebze araadekvaturi
Targmanis xarjze Cndeba.
teqstis warmomqmneli es centraluri mowyobiloba umniSvnelovanes
funqcias asrulebs _ is agebs samyaros suraTs, mis calkeul sferoebs
aerTianebs, arsebiTad, mecnierebamdel kulturul warmonaqmnebSi bevr
mecnierul funqcias asrulebs. izo- da homeomorfizmebis dadgenisa da
samyaros mravalsaxa siWrelis invariantul saxeebad dayvanis tendenciam
aseTi saxis teqstebs saSualeba misca, ara mxolod funqciurad ekisra
mecnierebis adgilis dakaveba, aramed wminda mecnieruli tipis mravali
kulturuli miRwevis stimulireba moexdina, magaliTad, kalendarul-astronomiul
sferoSi. am sistemebis funqciuri msgavseba TvalsaCinod vlindeba
istorikosebis mier berZnul-antikuri mecnierebis Seswavlisas.
centraluri teqstwarmomqmneli mowyobilobis mier Sobili teqstebi
klasificirebis, stratificirebisa da mowesrigebis funqcias asrulebdnen.
adamians garsSemortymuli anomaliebisa da eqscesebis samyaro am
teqstebs normamde da simwyobremde dahyavdaT. Cvens enaze naambobi
es teqstebi siuJetur saxesac rom iRebdnen, TavisTavad aseTebi mainc ar
arian. isini erTjerad da arakanonzomier movlenebs ki ar ganmartavdnen,
aramed _ zedroul, usasrulod reproducirebad da, am TvalsazrisiT, umoZrao
movlenebs. ambavi uflis sikvdilsa da jvarcmas, Semdgom ki mis aRdgomasac
rom asaxavdes, Cveni TvalsazrisiT, siuJetur Txrobas ver davinaxavT, vinaidan
es movlenebi ciklis romeliRac poziciisTvisaa niSandoblivi da odiTganve
ganmeorebadi.
32

ix.: . . . .: 8 . .; ., 1961. . 3. . 37.

27
gameorebis regularoba maT eqscesad, SemTxvevad ki ar aqcevs, aramed _
samyarosaTvis
Tandayolil
imanentur
kanonad.
centraluri
teqstwarmomqmneli mowyobiloba tipologiurad, SeuZlebelia, erTaderTi
yofiliyo. mas meqanizmad _ kontragentad sWirdeboda teqstwarmomqmneli
mowyobiloba, romelic drois wrfivi moZraobis Sesabamisad iqneboda
organizebuli da daafiqsirebda ara kanonzomierebebs, aramed _ anomaliebs.
aseTi iyo zepiri moTxrobebi ,,SemTxvevebze, ,,axal ambebze, sxvadasxva
bednier da ubedur eqscesebze. Tu erTgan principi fiqsirdeboda, meoregan
saqme SemTxvevasTan gvqonda. Tu pirveli meqanizmidan rogorc sakralur,
ise samecniero fenomenebad istoriulad kanonmdebeli da normatiuli teqstebi
Camoyalibda, meorem istoriul teqstebs, qronikasa da matianes daudo
safuZveli.
erTjeradi da SemTxveviTi movlenebis, danaSaulis, ubedurebis
_
yovelive imis fiqsacia, romelic erTgvari Zveli wesrigis darRvevad
moiazreboda, siuJeturi Txrobis istoriuli marcvali gaxldaT. mxatvruli TxrobiTi
Janris elementarul safuZvels SemTxveviT rodi hqvia ,,novela, anu
,,novacia, romelTac, rogorc araerTxel aRuniSnavT, anegdoturi safuZveli
aqvT.
amis kvaldakval, unda mivuTiToT am odiTganve urTierTsapirispiro
teqstebis principulad gansxvavebul pragmatul bunebaze. miTologiuri
teqstebis samyaroSi, misi wyobis sivrcul-topologiuri kanonebis gamo,
uwinaresad, homeomorfizmis struqturuli kanonebi gamoiyofa: ciuri
sxeulebisa da adamianis sxeulis nawilebis ganlagebaTa Soris, wliur
struqturasa da asakobriv struqturas Soris, da a.S., ekvivalenturi urTierTobebi
myardeba. amas elementaruli semiotikuri situaciis warmoqmnamde
mivyavarT: nebismieri gzavnili unda interpretirdes, iTargmnos sxva donis
niSnebad misi transformaciisas. vinaidan adamianis Sinagani samyaros
mikrokosmosi da garSemortymuli samyaros makrokosmosi erTmaneTs
uigivdeba, SesaZloa, gare movlenebze arsebuli nebismieri moTxroba
auditoriis nebismieri wevrisadmi intimur-pirovnuli damokidebulebis qonad
aRviqvaT. miTi yovelTvis Cemze hyveba. ,,axali ambavi, anekdoti sxvaze
gviambobs. pirveli maTgani msmenelis samyaros ayalibebs, meore ki
msmenelis codnas am samyaroze saintereso detalebs umatebs.
***
Tanamedrove siuJeturi teqsti, tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, teqstTa am ori
uZvelesi tipis urTierTqmedebisa da interferenciis nayofia. Tumca, imis gamo,
rom am urTierTqmedebis procesi realur istoriul sivrceSi uzarmazar droiT
intervalze ganifina, SeuZlebelia, igi martivi da erTmniSvnelovani yofiliyo.
teqstebis ciklur-droiTi meqanizmis rRvevam (an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
misi funqciuri sferos mkveTrma daviwroebam) gamoiwvia miTologiuri
teqstebis masobrivi Targmna diskretul-wrfivi sistemebis enaze (aseT
Targmanebs
ganekuTvneba
miTi-ritualisa
da
miTi-misteriis
zepiri
gadmocemebic) da im novelisturi fsevdomiTebis Seqmna, romlebic miTologiis
xsenebisas myisierad gvagondeba.
aseTi Targmanis upirvelesi da met-naklebad sagrZnobi Sedegi teqstis
doneebs Soris izomorfizmis dakargva iyo, ris gamoc sxvadasxva fenis
personaJebi erTi piris sxvadasxva saxelad aRar aRiqmebodnen da mraval
figurad daiyvnen. gaCnda mravalgmiriani teqstebi, rac, principSi,
SeuZlebelia, WeSmaritad miTologiur teqstSi momxdariyo. raki cikluridan wrfiv
wyobaze gadasvla teqstis esoden Rrma gardaqmnas daukavSirda, _ romelTan

28
SedarebiTac yvela sxva saxis variacia, siuJeturi literaturis istoriuli evoluciisas
rom momxdara, _ principulad da imdenad mniSvnelovnad aRar gveCveneba,
ras gamoviyenebT teqtis miTologiuri safuZvlis rekonstruqciisTvis _ miTebis
antikur variantebsa Tu XIX saukunis romanebs. am saxis rekonstruqciisTvis
xandaxan gviandeli teqstebi ufro mosaxerxebelic kia.
cikluri teqstis wrfivi ganviTarebis yvelaze aSkara Sedegi personaJioreulebis gaCenaa. menandredan, aleqsandriuli dramidan, plavtusidan _
servantesamde, Seqspiramde da _ dostoevskis gavliT, _ XX saukunis
romanebamde (ix.: ,,klim samginSi tyupi-personaJebis sistema) gmiris
oreuli-TanamgzavriT aRWurvis, xandaxan ki TanamgzavrTa mTeli wyebis _
paradigmiT uzrunvelyofis tendencia sWvivis. Seqspiris erT-erT komediaSi
kvadrats vxvdebiT: tyupebs, romelTa msaxurebic, aseve, tyupebi arian
(,,Secdomebis komedia).
antifoli
efeseli

antifoli
[dasaxazia kvadrati) sirakuzeli

dromio
efeseli

dromio
sirakuzeli

aSkaraa, rom aq saqme gvaqvs im SemTxvevasTan, roca wrfivi teqstis

oTxi personaJi ukuTargmanisas cikluri sistemis erT pirad unda
,,gardaiqmnas: erTi mxriv, tyupebisa, da meore mxriv, komikuri da
,,keTilSobili oreulebis wyvilTa erTmaneTTan gaigiveba bunebrivad aqamde
migviyvans. personaJi-oreulebis gamoCena _ urTierTekvivalentur saxelTa
wyebis danawevrebis Sedegi _ SemdgomSi siuJetur enad iqceoda, romlis
interpretireba
mravalferovan
ideur-mxatvrul
modelebSi
sruliad
gansxvavebulad iyo SesaZlebeli _ intrigis 33 Sesaqmneli masaliT dawyebuli da
xasiaTTa kontrastuli kombinaciebisa an dostoevskis nawarmoebebSi
pirovnebis Sinagani sirTulis modelirebiT damTavrebuli.
am
procesis
intrigawarmomqmneli
zemoqmedebis
magaliTad
moviyvanT Seqspiris komedias ,,rogorc geneboT.
komediis personaJebi mkafiod ekvivalentur wyvilebad iyofian, romlebic
(pirobiTi) ukuTargmanisas ciklur droSi erTmaneTs erwymian da sabolood erT
pirs warmoqmnian. siis saTaveSi ori personaJia: Zmebi-hercogebi, romelTagan
erTi ,,tyeSi cxovrobs, meore ki Zmis samflobelos ipyrobs da ganagebs.
,,sasaxlis karsa da ,,tyeSi myofi personaJebis urTierTmimarTeba damatebiTi
distribuciis principiTaa aRWurvili: erTi maTganis ,,tyidan ,,sasaxleSi
gadaadgileba meoris myisier sapirispiro gadaadgilebas iwvevs. erTsa da
imave garemocvaSi erTdrouli Sexvedra maT, rogorc Cans, ar SeuZliaT.
radgan ,,tyeSi wasvla da dabruneba sikvdilisa da aRdgomis Cveulebrivi
miTologiuri (SemdgomSi ki _ zRapruli) formulaa, aSkaraa, rom miTologiur
sivrceSi es oreulebi erT saxes Seqmnian.
magram ori Zma-hercogis urTierTdapirispireba sxva doneze antiTeziTaa
dublirebuli: oliveriTa da orlandoTi (roland de buas ufrosi da umcrosi
vaJiSvilebiT). zemoT naxsenebi mmarTveli hercogiviT, oliveric Zmis
memkvidreobis uzurpatoria, Zmas ,,tyeSi agdebs (komediis teqstSi hercog
frederiksa da olivers Soris paraleli Zalze naTelia). ,,sasaxlis karisa da ,,tyis
ix.:
. . .
[. . . ]
. . . -. 1973. . 308 ( . [T.] 6).
33

//

29
mijna zRvaria, romlis miRma miTologiuri gardasaxva iwyeba. es iqidan
gamomdinareobs, rom am zRvris gadalaxvisTanave orive borotmoqmedi
umalve keTilSobil gmirebad gardaiqmnebian:
hercog frederiks, roca uTxres, rom uRran tyeSi
gadmoixvewnen raindni da keTilSobilni,
rom xvedri mware misi Zmisa gaiziaron,
ganrisxda Turme, mouyara Tavi mxedrobas
da gamouZRva aqeT tyisken, maxviliT xelSi,
rom Seemusra RviZli Zma da misi amala.
magram rodesac is tyispira tafobs moadga,
gzaze Semoxvda Turme mwiri, TviTgandgomili
da mas mere, rac esaubra karga xans mwirsa,
zraxva Secvala, am qveynidan Tavadac gandga
da Zmas Tavisas dautova taxti da kari.34

aseve icvleba oliveric:

diax, me gaxldiT amnairi, axla sul sxva var.
ara mrcxvenia, mogagonoT, Tu ra viyavi,
radgan, bolo dros, ise Zlier gamovicvale,
rom miT vamayob, rac var axla, radac viqeci35

amgvarad, viRebT kvadrats, romlis erT horizontalze ganlagebuli

personaJebi erTi da igive gmiria Tavisi siuJeturi moZraobis sxvadasxva
momentSi (siuJetis wrfiv skalaze ganviTarebisas), erT vertikalze ki _ erTi
personaJis sxvadasxva proeqciebi.
sasaxle

tye
[dasaxazia kvadrati]
hercogi frederiki
gagdebuli moxuci hercogi
oliver de bua

orlando de bua

saxeebis paralelizmi amiT ar mTavrdeba: qali personaJebi aSkarad

mTavar gmirTa ipostasebi arian: ori hercogis qaliSvilebi _ rozalinda da selia,
romlebic siuJetis cikluri ukutransformaciisas, aSkarad, erT centralur
xat-saxeSi moiyrian Tavs mis saxel-ipostasebad. am doneze ZiriTadi siuJeturi
dayofa Zireulad transformirdeba _ orive gogona ,,tyeSi midis (erTs agdeben,
meore ki _ Tavisi surviliT), magram, amave dros, isini gardaisaxebian kidec:
tansacmelsac icvlian (biWurad gadacmuli rozalinda sqessac icvlis) da
saxelebsac _ es miTologiuri gardasaxvis tipuri detalia.
rozalinda
[dasaxazia kvadrati] selia
ganimedi

aliena

Seqspiri uiliam. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad. niko yiasaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT,
winasityvaobiTa da SeniSvnebiT. ,,xelovneba, Tbilisi, 1987. tomi 3. gv. 266.
35
iqve. gv. 258
34

30
ekvivalenturobis axali sistema sasiyvarulo intrigis xlarTviT iwyeba:
Cvens winaSea paralelizmebis mkafio sistema, amasTan, ganimedis _ Wabukqalwul ganimedis ormagi buneba (romelsac misi orazrovani saxelic
mianiSnebs) axali miTologiuri igiveobebis safuZvels qmnis, rac Seqspiriseuli
teqstis doneze komikur Tavsatexad aRiqmeba.
orlando [dasazaxia kvadratebi!!!] rozalinda
oliveri
ganimedi

selia
feba

silvio

feba

viri

odri

uiliami

odri

yvela es personaJuli wyvili sxvadasxva doneze garkveviT imeorebs

erTsa da imave situacias, urTierTobebis erTsa da imave tips da erTmaneTis
dublirebas axdens. jambazsac ki hyavs Tavisi oreuli ufro mdabali personaJis,
soflis sulelis saxiT. ,,oliveri _ selia _ es aris ,,orlando _ rozalindas
damdablebuli dublikati (invariantul sqemaSi pirvelebi daiyvanebian
frederikamde, xolo meoreni _ mis gaZevebul Zmamde), kvadrati
,,ganimedi_feba_feba_silvio yvela maTi Semcirebuli variantia, xolo
kvadrati ,,viri_odri_odri_uiliami igivea meoris mimarT. sabolood, ciklur
sivrceSi komediis yvela ase Tu ise mniSvnelovani personaJi erT saxemde
daiyvaneba.
unda vaxsenoT yvela moqmed pirTan dapirispirebuli kidev erTi
personaJic _ Jaki-melanqoliki. is erTaderTia, vinc intrigaSi ar monawileobs da
moxuc hercogTan erTad ar brundeba ,,tyidan, aramed ukve nebayoflobiT
gandegilad qceuli frederikis sivrceSive rCeba. masve aqvs yvelaze mkveTrad
gamoxatuli xasiaTi: mudmivad akritikebs adamianebis im samyaros, romelic
tyis sazRvrebs miRmaa. vinaidan ,,sasaxlis kari da ,,tye qmnian iseT
asimetriul sivrces, rogoricaa ,,wuTisofeli_saiqio (miTebSi), ,,realuri
samyaro_idealur-zRapruli samyaro (SeqspirTan), Jakis tipis personaJi
aucilebelia, raTa mxatvrul sivrces orientirebuloba mieniWos. igi ar erwymis
personaJs,
romelic
siuJeturi
sivrcis
mimarT
moZravia,
aramed
personificirebuli
sivrciTi
kategoria,
erTi
samyaros
xorcSesxmuli
damokidebulebaa meorisadmi. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom is erTaderTi
moqmedi piria, romelic ar kveTs ,,sasaxlis karisa da ,,tyis samyaroebs Soris
gavlebul mijnas.
***
SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom personaJi-oreulebi cikluri teqstis gmiris wrfivi
perifrazirebis yvelaze elementaruli da TvalSisacemi produqtia. arsebiTad,
sxvadasxva personaJis gamoCena imave procesis Sedegia. rogorc ukve
aRvniSneT, personaJebi iyofian moZrav, siuJeturi sivrcis mimarT Tavisufal
personaJebad, romelTac mxatvruli samyaros struqturaSi adgilis Secvla da am
sivrcis ZiriTadi topologiuri niSnis _ sazRvris gadakveTa SeuZliaT, da, agreTve,

31
uZrav
personaJebad,
romlebic,
arsebiTad,
am
sivrcis
funqcias
36
warmoadgenen .
tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT, sawyisi situacia _ garkveuli siuJeturi sivrce erTi
sazRvriT Sida da gare sferoebad iyofa, erT personaJsF misi gadakveTis
siuJeturi SesaZleblobas eZleva _ garTulebuli situaciiT icvleba. moZravi
personaJi iyofa aseTive tipis sxvadasxva personaJis wyeba-paradigmad, xolo
winaaRmdegoba
(sazRvari),
raodenobrivad
aseve
gamravlebuli,
personificirebuli
winaaRmdegobebis
qvejgufs
gamohyofs,
romelic
mimagrebulia uZravi personaJebis _ mtrebis (v. i. propis terminologiiT,
,,mavneblebis) siuJeturi sivrcis garkveul wertilebze. amis Sedegad, siuJeturi
sivrce mravali da sxvadasxvagvarad dakavSirebuli urTierTdapirispirebuli
gmirebiT ,,saxldeba. aqedan konkretuli daskvna gamomdinareobs:
personaJebis samyaro rac ufro TvalnaTliv daiyvaneba erTaderTamde (erTi
gmiri, erTi winaaRmdegoba), miT ufro axlosaa igi teqstis struqturuli
organizaciis uZveles miTologiur tipTan. SeuZlebelia imis SeumCnevloba, rom
am TvalsazrisiT, lirika, misi siuJetis ,,me _ igi an ,,me _ Sen sqemamde
dayvaniT, Tanamedrove sityvierebis xelovnebis Janrebs Soris, rogorc Cans,
yvelaze ,,miTologiuria. es varaudi sxva niSnebiTac dasturdeba, magaliTad,
zemoT aRniSnuli miTologiuri teqstebis pragmatuli TvisebebiT. bunebrivia,
mkiTxveli lirikas, rogorc misi pirovnebis models, empiriul Janrebze ufro
Rrmad da bunebrivad aRiqvams.
amave procesis meore fundamenturi Sedegi teqstis dasawyisisa da
dasasrulis kategoriebis gamorCeuloba da markirebuli modelirebis funqcia
gaxlavT.
teqsti, Tavisi wrfivi ganlagebiT, romelic rituals gamohyofia da
damoukidebeli
sityvieri
arseboba
SeuZenia,
avtomaturadve
iZens
dasawyisisa da dasasrulis niSans. am azriT, esqatologiuri teqstebi unda
miviCnioT miTis daSlisa da TxrobiTi siuJetis gamomuSavebis pirvel nimuSad.
movlenebis elementaruli mimdevroba miTSi, SeiZleba, jaWvad
warmovidginoT: daxurul sivrceSi Sesvla _ iqidan gamosvla (es jaWvi
ormxrivad dauxSavia da SeiZleba, usasrulod gamravldes). vinaidan daxSuli
sivrce SeiZleba interpretirdes ,,gamoqvabulad, ,,saflavad, ,,saxlad,
,,qalad (da Sesabamisad, mieniWos bnelis, Tbilis, nestianis Tvisebebi 37),
masSi
Sesvla
sxvadasxva
doneze
interpretirdeba
,,sikvdilad,
,,Casaxvad, ,,Sin dabrunebad da a.S.; Tanac, yvela es aqti moiazreba,
rogorc urTierTigiveobrivi. sikvdilis/Casaxvis momdevno aRdgoma/dabadeba
imas ukavSirdeba, rom dabadeba gaiazreba ara axlis, adre ararsebuli
pirovnebis gaCenad, aramed ukve arsebulis ganaxlebad. amgvaradve, rogorc
Casaxva uigivdeba mamis sikvdils, dabadeba _ mamis dabrunebasTan
asocirdeba; kerZod, amas ukavSirdeba is sicxade, rom ara marto sinqronuli
personaJi-oreulebi, aramed diaqronulic, ,,mama-Ze tipisa, erTiani an cikluri
teqsti-nimuSis dayofaa38. Zmebi karamazovebis erTmaneTs Soris arsebuli
gaorebuloba da erTiani damokidebuleba fiodor karamazovisadmi, sqemiT
ix.: . . //
. ,
1966; . . . ., 1970. . 280289.
37
ix.: . ., ..
: . ., 1965.
38
tristanis dabadeba mamamisis sikvdilis Semdeg _ droSi iseTive gaorebaa, rogoric
oqrosTmiani izolda da qeraTmiani ozolda sinqronul sivrceSi.
36

32
,,degradacia-aRorZineba, sruli gaigiveba an kontrastuli urTierTdapirispireba,
am miTologiuri modelis simyaris sarwmuno sabuTia.
siuJeturi oreulobis miTologiuri warmomavloba, rogorc Cans, teqstebis
segmentaciis sazRvrebis, centraluri moqmedi piris gaigivebisa da
gansxvavebis niSnebis gadanawilebas ukavSirdeba.
am safuZvelze aRmocenebul ciklur miTebSi SeZleba ganvsazRvroT
movlenaTa wesrigi, magram Txrobis droiTi sazRvrebis dadgena SeuZlebelia:
yovel sikvdils mosdevs aRorZineba da siymawvile, am ukanasknels ki _
sibere da sikvdili. esqatologiur Txrobaze gadasvla siuJetis wrfiv ganviTarebas
iZleoda, romelsac teqsti maSinve CvenTvis Cveuli TxrobiTi Janris kategoriaSi
gadahyavda. wrfiv droiT moZraobaSi CarTuli moqmedeba igeboda, rogorc
moTxroba samyaros TandaTanobiT dauZlurebaze (RmerTis daberebaze),
amas mosdevda misi sikvdili (danawevreba, wameba, SeWma, damarxva _
bolo ori daxurul sivrceSi CarTvis sinonimuri cnebebia), aRdgoma, rac
borotebis dasasrulsa da mis saboloo aRmofxvras moaswavebda. amgvarad,
borotebis zrda dakavSirebuli iyo drois moZraobasTan, misi gaqroba ki _ am
moZraobis ganadgurebasTan, yovlismomcvel da maradiul SeCerebasTan. am
SemTxvevaSi, uZvelesi miTologiuri struqturis ganadgurebis niSnebad
izomorfizmis damokidebulebis daSlac unda vigulisxmoT. magaliTad,
evqaristia damarxvasTan gaigivebuli qmedebidan (aseve tanjvasTan,
danawevrebasTan gaigivebuli aqtebidan, romlebic, erTi mxriv, dakavSirebuli
iyo sakvebis ReWvasa da daglejasTan, meore mxriv ki, magaliTad, iniciaciuri
wes-Cveulebisas _ wamebasTan, romelic aseve axleburi sikvdili iyo) niSnad
gardaisaxa.
esqatologiur legendaSi miTis rudimentad SeiZleba miviCnioT is, rom
teqstis mkveTrad markirebuli dasasruli gmiris sicocxlis biologiur dasasrulTan
_ sikvdilTan jer kidev SeuTavsebelia. sikvdili (an misi ekvivelentebi: gacla da
gauCinareba, romelsac unda mosdevdes gmiris xelmeore ,,gamoCena,
idumal adgilas _ kldeze, gamoqvabulSi _ saocari sizmari, romelic sruldeba
gaRviZebiTa da dabrunebiT da sxv.) moTxrobis SuaSi Tavsdeba da ara _
boloSi. amas ukavSirdeba erTi gzadagza gamoTqmuli SeniSvnac: Tu
daveTanxmebiT azrs, rom esqatologiuri legenda _ tipologiurad miTTan
yvelaze axlo mdgomi _ misi wrfivi perifrazirebis produqtia (da, SesaZloa,
istoriulad yvelaze adreulic), maSin unda, davaskvnaT, rom ucilo bednieri
dasasruli, jadosnur zRaprebSi rom vxvdebiT, Txrobis ara mxolod sawyisi
formaa, dasasrulis kategoriiT gamoxatuli, aramed garkveuli etapisaTvis _
erTaderTic, romelsac tragikuli dasasruliT gamovlenili struqturuli alternativa ar
gaaCnia. esqatologiuri dasasruli, arsebiTad, SeiZleba mxolod keTili sawyisis
saboloo zeimi da boroti sawyisis gakicxva da dasja iyos. CvenTvis Cveuli
,,kargi da ,,cudi dasasruli, masTan SedarebiT, iseve meoradia, rogorc am
uZvelesi sqemis realizeba an ararealizeba.
esqatologiuri legendebis teqstebSi dasawyisis kategoria am doneze
markirebuli ar gaxldaT, Tumca ki stabiluri Canasaxisa da mdgradi situaciebis
formebiT gamoixateboda. es ukavSirdeboda warmodgenas romeliRac idealuri
sawyis mdgomareobaze, Semdgom rom Seiryvna, sabolood ki aRdga.
matianuri Tvisebis mqone kulturul-periferiul teqstebSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad aRniSnuli ,,dasawyisi iyo. eqscesis aRwerisas imaze
miTiTeba, Tu ,,vin daiwyo pirvelma an ,,riT daiwyo yvelaferi, Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, kauzaluri kavSiris damyarebad aRiqvas. is didi roli,
romelic modelirebaSi ,,dasawyisis kategorias akisria, TvalnaTliv vlindeba
,,pirvelsawyis matianeSi ( ). es ukanaskneli, arsebiTad,

33
moTxrobebis krebulia sawyisebze _ rusuli miwis dasawyisze, Tavadebis
mmarTvelobis dasawyisze, ruseTSi qristianuli sarwmunoebis dasawyisze da
a.S. mematianes danaSaulis gamokvlevac ainteresebs. movlenis arsi imis
miTiTebiT ganimarteba, Tu pirvelma vin Caidina msgavsi ram (magaliTad,
ZmaTakvlis gakicxva _ miTiTeba kaenze). nawarmoebSi ,,Tqmuleba igoris
laSqrobisa igoris TviTneburi laSqrobisadmi damokidebuleba formulirdeba
Sidaomebis iniciator oleg gorislavis Zeze miTiTebiT (viTarebas is amZimebs,
rom olegi igoris modgmis sisxlismieri ,,moTavecaa).
miTologiuri teqstis Targmnam wrfiv TxrobaSi ori polaruli saxis teqstis
urTierTgavlenis
SesaZlebloba
ganapiroba.
es
teqstebi
movlenebis
kanonzomier mimdinareobasa da am mimdinareobidan SemTxveviT
gadaxvevas aRweren. am urTierTqmedebam didwilad gansazRvra TxrobiTi
Janrebis momavali bedi.
droebiTi sikvdili, rogorc erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi _ umaRlesSi _
gadasvlis forma, uaRresad farTo wris teqstebsa da adaT-wesebSi gvxvdeba.
am ukanasknels unda mivakuTvnoT iniciaciuri adaT-wesebis mTeli kompleqsi,
iseTi religiuri procedurebi, rogorebic berad aRkveca an sqemis miReba, da
Samanad kurTxevaa. rogorc wesi, am dros, sikvdili ukavSirdeba sxeulis
daglejas, daCexvas, nawilebis damarxvas an SeWmas, da Semdgom _
aRdgomas. v. i. propi miuTiTebda wyaroebis farTo wreze, kerZod direnkovas
Sromaze ,,Samanuri niWis miReba Turquli tomebis SexedulebaTa
Tanaxmad39 da aRniSnavda: ,,....daCexvis, daWris, Signeulis amoRebis
SegrZneba Samanobis aucilebeli pirobaa da win uswrebs Samanad gaxdomis
moments40.
iqve
moyvanilia
mTeli
rigi
cnobebi
imis
Sesaxeb,
rom
winaswarmetyvelebis niWis gamovlenas win uswrebs enis, yurebis gaxvreta,
sxeulSi gvelis Seyvana da a.S.
im pirobebSi, roca zemoT motanili ritualebi ukve farTo miTologiur
konteqstSia ganxiluli (propi, eliade da sxv.), Zneli aRar aris maTi
Sinaarsobrivi Sesabamisobis dadgena erTian miTologiur invariantTan _
,,sicocxle_sikvdili_aRdgoma (ganaxleba) an, ufro abstraqtul doneze _
,,daxurul sivrceSi Sesvla-gamosvla. rTuli sxva ramaa, kerZod, am sqemis
mdgradobis axsna im SemTxvevebSic ki, roca uSualo kavSiri miTis
samyarosTan imTaviTve gawyvetilia. roca puSkinma ,,winaswarmetyvelSi
Samanuri niWis mopovebis (anu winaswarmetyvelobis) Zalian zusti, detaluri
da axla ukve mravalricxovani teqstebiT dadasturebuli suraTi warmogvidgina,
iseTi detalebis aRniSvniT, rogoricaa ,,magiis unaris ganmasaxierebeli patara
gvelis41 pirSi Seyvana, igi ar icnobda Tanamedrove eTnografisaTvis
xelmisawvdom wyaroebs; amavenairad, aucilebeli sulac ar aris, misi leqsis
gasagebad gvaxsovdes paralelebi esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan da
yuranidan, romlebmac ,,winaswarmetyvelSi, savaraudod, iniciaciuri
saxeebis wyaros roli Seasrules42.
puSkinis teqstis aRsaqmelad misi saxeebis kavSiris codna iniciaciur (an
Samanad kurTxevis) wes-CveulebebTan imgvaradve ar aris aucilebeli, rogorc
_ enis gamoyenebisas misi gramatikuli kategoriebis warmoSobis
39

..
. . . ., 1930. . 9.
40
. . . 2- . ., 1986. . 95.
41
iqve. C. 94.
42
ix.: 6; . . //
. ., 1930. . 5;
. . . ., 1898.

//

34
gacnobiereba. aseTi codna sasargebloa, magram teqstis gagebis minimaluri
piroba ar gaxlavT. SeniRbuli miTur-wes-CveulebiTi karkasi ,,Zveli adamianis
sikvdilsa da naTelmxilvelis aRdgomaze teqstis agebis gramatikul formalur
safuZvlad gardaiqmna.
es ormagi procesi _ erTi mxriv, iniciaciuri kompleqsis Sinaarsobrivi
mxaris daviwyeba, misi sruli formalizeba da, Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelis mier
(SesaZloa, avtoris mierac) am kompleqsis im raRacad gadaqceva, romelsac
mkiTxveli Segnebulad ver SeigrZnobs, meore mxriv ki, am aracnobierad
qceuli kompleqsis mainc sagrZnobi arseboba _ ufro TvalsaCinoa a.
moravias ,,daumorCileblobaSi. es Tanamedrove Wabukis kacad qcevis
ambavia. romanSi ganxilulia axalgazrduli amboxis Tanamedrove sakiTxebi,
samyaros miuRebloba da mojanye egocentrizmisa da TviTganadgurebis
kultidan mtanjveli gadasvla cxovrebis Ria aRqmaze. Tumca, siuJeturi
moZraoba aq Zveli sqemis mixedviT ewyoba: bavSvobis dasasruli (pirveli
sicocxlis dasasruli) aRniSnulia sikvdilisadmi sul ufro mzardi mizidulobiT,
samyarosTan SemaerTebel kavSirTa Segnebuli gawyvetiT (mSoblebis,
burJuaziuli samyaros winaaRmdeg amboxi sicocxlis, rogorc aseTis,
winaaRmdeg
amboxad
gardaiqmneba).
Semdeg
dgeba
xangrZlivi
avadmyofobis periodi, romelsac gmiri sikvdilis mijnamde mihyavs. es
sikvdilis araorazrovani substitutia (romanSi momakvdavi Wabukis bodva
miTologiur teqstebSi ,,saiqioSi Casvlis ekvivalenturia). qalTan pirveli kavSiri
(avadmyofis momvleli qali) sicocxlesTan dabrunebis dasawyiss, nihilizmisa da
amboxis nacvlad samyaros miRebas, axal dabadebas moaswavebs. es
gamokveTilad miTologiuri sqema, romelic inicicaciis klasikur konturebs
ganasaxierebs, gamomsaxvelobiTad sruldeba romanis daskvniTi xat-saxiT:
matarebeli, romliTac gamojanmrTelebuli axalgazrda mTian kurortze,
sanatoriumSi miemgzavreba, gvirabis bnel xvrelSi inTqmeba, romlidan
gamosvlis Semdeg ki gaSlil sivrces erTvis. gvirabis ori bolo zedmiwevniT
zustad Seesabameba uZveles miTologiur warmodgenas, romlis Tanaxmadac,
gvirabis erTi bolo sikvdilis simboloa, meore ki _ dabadebisa.
Cven ukve aRvniSneT, rom azrovnebis arqaulma struqturebma
Tanamedrove cnobierebaSi azri dakarges da am TvalsazrisiT, isini SeiZleba,
enis im gramatikul kategoriebs SevadaroT, romlebic teqstebis didi TxrobiTi
blokebis sintaqsis safuZvels qmnian. Tumca, rogorc cnobilia, mxatvrul teqstSi
mudmivad icvleba raRac: is, ramac enaSi damoukidebeli semantikuri
mniSvneloba ukve dakarga, xelmeore semantizacias ganicdis da _ piriqiT.
swored amas ukavSirdeba Txrobis miTologiuri xerxebis xelmeore gacocxleba,
romlebic ukve aRar arian teqstur TanmimdevrobaTa wminda formaluri
organizatorebi. isini axali mniSvnelobiT ivsebian da nebsiT Tu uneblieT xSirad
gvabruneben miTTan.43 amis TvalsaCino magaliTs vxvdebiT zemoT ganxilul
moravias romanSi miTze Segnebuli fokusirebis niSania sikvdilis is saxe, romelsac
TviTganadgurebis msurveli Wabuki irCevs: mas azradac ar mosdis TviTmkvleloba _ mis
cnobierebaSi Cndeba veluri cxovelebis mier misi sxeulis danawevrebisa da SeWmis xatebi.
romanSi es fsiqologiurad efuZneba bavSvobaSi gagonil ambebs moklul Wabukze, romelic,
biWunas azriT, samxecesTan axlo daumarxavT, qristian mowameebze wignebTan erTad, da
a.S.; Tumca, aq sirTulis gareSe SevigrZnobT miTologiaSi sikvdilis erT-erT universalur motivs
(danawevreba_SeWma). Sdr.: ,,...adamianis sxeulis dagleja Zalian did rols TamaSobs mraval
religiasa da miTSi, aseve, zRaprepSi ( . . . . 95).
eTnografia did masalas gvawvdis imaze, Tu rogor mosdevs danawevrebas miwaSi Camarxva
(erTdroulad damarxva da mindvris daTesva _ ix.: r. bernsis cnobili balada ,,joni _ qeris
marcvali, sadac tanjva, miwaSi Camarxva, qvabSi moxarSva _ win uZRvis aRdgomas, da
sadac iqmneba samplastiani siuJeturi struqtura: arqaul-miTologiuri plasti; zRapruli plasti
_ ,,sami mefis omi jonis winaaRmdeg, da mesame, romelic samiwaTmoqmedo Sromis
43

35
moravias romanSi. is, rom Tanamedrove teqnikiT nakarnaxevi saxe
(,,matarebeli da gvirabi) yvelaze arqauli miTologiuri kompleqsis (axal
mdgomareobaSi _ sikvdilSi gadasvla da xelaxali dabadeba; jaWvi:
,,sikvdili_seqsualuri kavSiri_aRorZineba; sibneleSi Sesvla da iqidan
gamosvla, rogorc saerTod yvela transformaciis invariantuli modeli) sugestiur
gamoxatulebad igeba, Tanamedrove xelovnebis struqturaSi miTologiuri
plastis aqtivaciis meqanizmisTvis didad niSandoblivi Taviseburebaa.
***
Tu kulturis centralur da periferiul sferoebs romeliRac organizebul
teqstebad ganvixilavT, maTi Sinagani agebulebis gansxvavebuli tipebis
aRniSvna SesaZlebeli gaxdeba.
kulturis centraluri miTwarmomqmneli meqanizmi topologiur sivrced
organizdeba. wrfivi drois RerZze da ritualuri qmedebis sferodan sityvieri
teqstis sferoSi proeqciisas, is mniSvnelovnad icvleba: xdeba wrfivi da
diskretuli da im sityvieri teqstis niSnebs iZens, romelic garkveuli frazis
principiTaa agebuli. am TvalsazrisiT, kulturis periferiaSi warmoqmnil wminda
sityvier teqstebTan misi Sepirispireba SesaZlebelia. Tumca, swored es
Sepirispireba iZleva sakmaod didi gansxvavebebis aRmoCenis saSualebas:
kulturis centraluri sfero igeba integrirebuli struqturuli mTelis _ frazis principiT,
periferiuli ki, struqturulad damoukidebeli erTeulebis ubralo mierTebiT,
kumulatiuri jaWvis saxiT organizdeba. aseTi organizacia yvelaze ukeT
Seesabameba pirvelis funqcias, rogorc samyaros struqturul models da
meorisas, rogorc eqscesTa erTgvar arqivs.
zemoT mocemuli TiToeuli jgufis teqstebs Seesatyviseba Tavisi
warmodgena universumze, rogorc mTelze.
genetikurad pirvelyofili miTologiuri birTvidan warmoqmnili kulturaTa
kanonSemoqmedi centri mTlianad mowesrigebul, erTiani siuJetisa da
umaRlesi mniSvnelobis mqone samyaros qmnis. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi
teqstad an teqstTa jgufad warmodgeba, kulturis saerTo sistemaSi
manormalizebeli mowyobilobis saxiT gvevlineba, romelic mocemuli kulturis
sxva teqstebis mimarT metadonezea ganlagebuli. am jgufis yvela teqsti
erTmaneTs organulad ukavSirdeba. es vlindeba im unariT, rom teqstebi
bunebrivad deddeba romeliRac erTian frazad. raki Sinaarsobrivad es fraza
esqatologiur Sexedulebebs ukavSirdeba, am fraziT warmoqmnil samyaros
suraTs enacvleba siuJetis tragikuli daZabuloba, Tavisi saboloo simSvidiT.
periferiuli teqstebis sistema samyaros iseT suraTs agebs, romelSic
SemTxveva, mouwesrigebloba batonobs. teqstebis am jgufsac SeuZlia
romeliRac metadoneze gadaadgileba, Tumca raime erTian da organizebul
teqstamde misi dayvana ver xerxdeba. radgan am jgufis teqstebis
Semadgeneli siuJeturi elementebi eqscesebi da anomaliebia, samyaros
poezias ganasaxierebs, _ mindvris daTesva an ganayofiereba). orive maTgani Casaxvis
izomorfulia, da maT mosdevs kanonzomierad amozrda an amonTxeva, romlebic axali da ufro
srulyofili dabadebaa. eliades mohyavs afrikuli miTi goliaT ngakolaze, romelic adamianebs
Wamda da Semdeg amoanTxevda. am miTs efuZneba Sesabamisi tomebis iniciaciuri adaTwesebi. uintereso ar unda iyos is, rom moraviasTan gmiris sicocxlidan, bavSvobis,
mSoblebis, sakuTrebis samyarodan gansvla fulis daxevisa da nakuwebis miwaSi Camarxvis
formas iRebs (am msxverplSewirvas win uswrebs imis aRmoCena, rom mSoblebis oTaxSi,
madonas suraTis ukan, romlis winaSe bavSvs mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi locvas
aiZulebdnen, fasiani qaRaldebiT gamotenili seifi moeTavsebinaT). amgvarad, sruliad arqauli
siuJeti: Zveli RmerTis dacema, danawevreba, misi sxeulis nawilebis miwaSi Camarxva, rogorc
RmerTis, ise adamianis ganaxleba, ,,axali sicocxlis dawyeba rom mosdevs _ im enad
iqceva, romliTac mwerali savsebiT Tanamedrove koliziebze gviambobs.

36
saerTo suraTi ukiduresad dezorganizebuli iqneba. misi uaryofiTi polusi
realizdeba sxvadasxva tragikul movlenebze TxrobiT, romlebic wesrigis
garkveul darRvevas warmoaCenen, anu am samyaroSi yvelaze daujerebeli
paradoqsulad yvelaze damajereblad mogvevlineba. dadebiTi polusi
warmoCndeba saswauliT _ tragikuli konfliqtebi yvelaze naklebmosalodneli da
daujerebeli saxiT gadaiWreba. Tumca, radgan teqstebis saerTo wesrigi ar
arsebobs, keTilismyofeli saswauli teqstebis am jgufSi saboloo wertili
arasodesaa. Sesabamisad, aq Seqmnili samyaros suraTi, rogorc wesi, qaosuri
da tragikulia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom TiToeul konkretul kulturaSi ama Tu im
teqstwarmomqmnel meqanizmsa da teqstTa jgufze misi met-naklebi
orientirebulobis SemCneva ZalgviZs, mocemul SemTxvevaSi mxolod
TviTorientirebaze Tu visaubrebT, radgan kulturis realur meqanizmSi orive
centris arseboba, urTierTdaZabuloba da urTierTqmedeba igulisxmeba.
mocemuli kulturis ierarqiaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareobis dasakaveblad
brZolisas TiToeuli jgufi Tavis kontragentze zemoqmedebs da miiswrafis,
ganisazRvros umaRlesi rangis teqstad, Tavis mowinaaRmdeges ki ufro dabal
teqstur doneze kerZo TviTmanifestaciis adgili mianiWos. Tu kulturis umaRles
struqturul doneze mowesrigebuli teqstebis ganlagebis magaliTebi trivialuria _
maTi ilustrireba filosofiaSi mTeli rigi sistemebiT _ platoniT dawyebuli da
hegeliT damTavrebuli _ mecnierebis Teoriis dargSi ki, magaliTad, f. de sosiuris
koncefciiT SeiZleba, sapirispiro agebuleba dakavSirebulia, magaliTad, n.
vineris samyaros suraTTan, misi universaluri da Semtevi enTropiiT, romlis
TvalsazrisiTac, informacia mxolod SemTxveviTi da lokaluri epizodia. roca
momakvdavi tiutCevi ,,Tavis garSemo cota met sinaTles iTxovda, im mtkice
Sexedulebas gamoxatavda, mTeli cxovreba rom swamda _ samyaro qaosurad
mouwesrigebelia. sinaTle, goneba da kanoni ,,uwesrigobaTa TamaSis
(paskalis niSandoblivi damowmebiT) mxolod lokaluri, SemTxveviTi da
arastabiluri formebia. tiutCevis mixedviT, ori mtruli samyaros sazRvarze
myofi adamiani Tavisi bunebrivi arsiT miekuTvneba qaoss, gonebiT ki _
bunebisTvis ucxo logoss:
vin daadgina, gaTiSviT rom suldgmuls ewama?
an ratomaa, gundSi, notebs rom arCevs cxadad,
suli sxvas galobs, sxva hangs mReris TavisTvis zRva da
beds emdureba, moazrovne drtvinavs lerwami? 44

mecnierebis
sferoSi,
XX
saukunis
Teoriul
fizikaSi
kauzalurdeterminirebuli da albaTobis midgomebis dava zemoT daxasiaTebuli konfliqtis
magaliTia.
***
ori sawyisi teqsturi dajgufebis dialoguri konfliqti sruliad axal azrs iZens
xelovnebis gaCenis momentidan (am sityvas aq
araviTari qronologiuri
mniSvneloba ar eniWeba, radganac teqstebis arsebobis mxatvrulamdeli
periodis mxatvruli periodisagan gamoyofa mxolod logikurad ZalgviZs, da ara
_ istoriulad).
mxatvrul teqstSi SesaZlebeli xdeba im urTierTkonfliqturi struqturebis
optimaluri Sesabamisobis realizeba, romlis drosac isini ierarqiulad ki ar
44

leqsis qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g, joxaZes. originali ix.: . . . . 1. . 199.

37
ewyobian, anu _ sxvadasxva doneze, aramed dialogurad _ erT doneze.
amitom, mxatvruli Txroba modelirebis yvelaze ufro moqnili da efeqturi
mowyobilobaa, romelsac sakmaod rTuli struqturebisa da situaciebis aRwera
SeuZlia.
konfliqturi sistemebi erTmaneTs ki ar auqmeben, aramed struqturul
damokidebulebaSi erTvebian da wesrigis axal tips warmoSoben. Tu rogor
realizdeba TxrobiTi struqturis msgavsi tipi, vecdebiT, dostoevskis romanebis
kerZo magaliTiT vaCvenoT. swored Tavisi dialoguri struqturiT mosaxerxebeli
es nawarmoebebi Zireulad gaanaliza m. m. baxtinma. Tumca, amave avtoris
dasturiT, dialoguri struqtura dostoevskis romanebis gansakuTrebuli
kuTvnileba ki ar aris, aramed saerTod axasiaTebs romanis formas, rogorc
aseTs, metsac vityodiT _ gansazRvruli tipis mxatvrul teqsts. Tumca, am
SemTxvevaSi, Cven ar gvainteresebs dialogurobis principi mTeli Tavisi
mravalaspeqtiani moculobiT. Cvens winaSe bevrad martivi amocanaa _
romanis
TxrobiT
formaSi
davakvirdeT
siuJetis
warmomqmnel
urTierTsawinaaRmdego principTa integracias.
mkvlevarTa ara erTi aRniSvnisamebr, dostoevskis romanebSi advilad
gamoiyofa ori urTierTsapirispiro sfero: yofiTi moqmedebis sfero da ideologiuri
konfliqtebis samyaro.
pirveli _ siuJeturi ganviTarebis sfero, Tavis mxriv, yoveldRiuri
movlenebisa da deteqtiur-kriminaluri siuJetis sferoebad iyofa.
karga xania, cnobilia, rom dostoevskisTan yoveldRiuri movlenebi
,,skandalebis logikisamebr viTardeba, romlis kanonzomieri Sedegicaa sityvis
_ ,,uceb45 _ saSualebiT epizodebis dakavSirebis formaluri gamoxatva. Tu am
azrs ganvaviTarebT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom dostoevskis TxrobaSi yofiTi rigis
movlenebi erTmaneTs mosdevs yvelaze naklebi albaTobis kanonisamebr.
sakuTar yofiT gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, mkiTxveli Tavis cnobierebaSi
garkveul mosalodnel SesaZleblobebs gamoimuSavebs, romelTagan zogierTi
fasdeba, rogorc savsebiT aSkara, zogierTi _ mxolod, rogorc SesaZlo, zogierTi
ki ramdenadme SesaZleblad an sruliad SeuZleblad miiCneva. roca mkiTxveli
romanis teqstSi ama Tu im movlenas exeba, bunebrivia, mis mimarT
molodinis sakuTar skalas iyenebs (amas, ra Tqma unda, Tan erTvis molodinis
is skala, romelsac apirobebs misi, rogorc mxatvruli teqstebis momxmareblis,
literaturuli gamocdileba: savsebiT SesaZlebelia aracnobieri molodinis
arsebobac, romelic cxovrebaSi da ama Tu im tipis mxatvrul teqstSi yvelaze
SesaZlebels anawevrebs). es mas saSualebas aZlevs, Seqmnas siuJeturi
ganviTarebis Semdegi, yvelaze SesaZlebeli rgoli. dostoevskis teqstSi
mkiTxvelisaTvis yvelaze naklebmosalodneli (anu yvelaze naklebSesaZlebeli,
rogorc cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, ise _ literaturuli struqturis TvalsazrisiT)
avtorisTvis erTaderTi SesaZlebeli variantia.
magaliTad, ganvixiloT ,,eSmakebis es Tavebi: ,,koWli da ,,brZenTabrZeni gveli. sawyisive situacia igeba, rogorc yvelaze SesaZleblis darRveva:
stepan trofimoviCs, romelic varvara petrovnasTan mniSvnelovan da
konfidencialur sakiTxze sasaubrodaa miwveuli, Sin aravin xvdeba. amave
dros, meore ucnauri movlenac xdeba: eklesiaSi myof varvara petrovnasTan
ucnobi da ucnaurad moqmedi qalbatoni (Semdgom is maria timofeevna
lebiadkinad warmogvidgeba) midis, xolo varvara petrovna, jansaRi azrisa da
Tavisi xasiaTis sawinaaRmdegod, mas Sin miipatiJebs46. saqmeSi erTveba
ix.: . // . 1922. N8.
zogadad, dostoevskis personaJebi sistematurad ise iqcevian, maTi saqcieli mocemuli
konstantebsa da xasiaTebidan ,,amoglejilia da maT ,,ucnauri, aramotivirebuli saxe aqvT.
45
46

38
sruliad auxsneli qceviT gamorCeuli liza, romelic, yvelafris miuxedavad,
varvara petrovnas aiZulebs, isic Tan waiyvanos.
avtori da stepan trofimoviCi mxolod varvara petrovnas elodebian,
Tumca, bevri adamianis fexis xma esmiT. es ukve ,,ramdenadme ucnauri
iyo. ismis nabijebis xma, zustad ise, TiTqos ,,viRac Zalze ucnaurad
[xazgasma Cemia _ i.l.] swrafad Semosuliyo. amas mosdevs sagangebo
gafrTxileba, rom ,,varvara petrovnas ase Semosvla ar SeeZlo.
swored amitom, Semosuli varvara petrovna aRmoCndeba (ymawvili
qalebi mas ,,odnav ukan CamorCenodnen da masze Cumad47 modiodnen).
Semdgom maria timofeevna ucnaurad da skandalurad iqceva. am
incidentis amowurvisTanave moulodnelad gamoCndeba praskovia ivanovna
(lizas deda), da masa da varvara petrovnas Soris erTdroulad skandaluri da
moulodneli scena TamaSdeba (uwyinari da beCavi praskovia ivanovna
agresiulad iqceva). scena sruldeba varvara petrovnas gulis wasvliTa da
SerigebiT. Semdeg axali saxe Cndeba _ daria pavlovna. saubari Seexeba ara
stepan trofimoviCisTvis mis garigebas, risTvisac stepan trofimoviCi
moewviaT (es, albaTobis miuxedavad, yvelas daaviwyda), aramed sruliad
sxva rames _ axali sirTule Cndeba: daria pavlovna acxadebs, rom nikolai
vsevolodoviCis TxovniT, fuli kapitan lebiadkins gadasca. amiT igi
aaSkaravebs im adamianTa idumal urTierTobebs, romelTa nacnobobac ki
warmoudgenlad gveCveneboda.
Semdeg Tavad kapitan lebiadkinis gamoCenas gvatyobineben, da iq
myofTa mtkicebis miuxedavad, rom ,,igi ar aris sazogadoebaSi gamosaCeni
adamiani da misi mipatiJeba gamoricxulia, iwveven da isic Semodis. amave
dros, varvara petrovna lizas oTaxidan istumrebs (,,lizas aq gansakuTrebulad
araferi esaqmeba48), ris Semdegac liza, bunebrivia, oTaxSi rCeba. Semdeg
Semodis kapitani lebiadkini, romlis gamoCena, erTi mxriv, uazrobaTa jaWvis
axali rgolia, meore mxriv ki _ misi arasakmarisi siuSnovis gamo _
moulodnelic: mas rigianad, koxtadac ki acvia da arc mTvralia (amasTan
dakavSirebiT, gvaxsendeba liputinis gamonaTqvami: ,,arian adamianebi,
romelTaTvis sufTa TeTreuli uxamsobac kia...49; lebiadkinis saqcieli misTvis
uwesobaa, anu arasakmarisad saZageli). Camokrul zars moyolili msaxuri ki,
lebiadkinis gastumrebis nacvlad, acxadebs, rom ,,nikolai vsevolodoviCma am
wuTas ineba mobrZaneba da aqeT moemarTeba50.
amis Semdeg ara nikolai vsevolodoviCi (stavrogini), aramed ucnobi
axalgazrda Semova, romelic stepan trofimoviCis vaJi aRmoCndeba. Semdeg
nikolai vsevolodoviCic gamoCndeba. igi jer kidev zRurblzea, roca varvara
petrovna mas yvelaze moulodnel SekiTxvas dausvams: ,,... marTalia, rom es
ubeduri, koWli qali, _ ai, es, ai, iq, SexedeT! _ Tqveni kanonieri colia? 51 nikolai vsevolodoviCi arafers pasuxobs, dedas mowiwebiT xelze eamboreba
da maria timofeevna alersianad gahyavs oTaxidan. mis aryofnaSi nikolai
stepanoviCi saukeTesod ,,ganmartavs nikolai vsevolodoviCis saqciels
(,,sakmaod ucnauri da uCveulo iyo am uecrad cidan Camovardnili batonis
akviatebuli survili, sxvisi anekdotebi moeyola52).
piotr stepanoviCis mier terorizirebul kapitan lebiadkins samarcxvinod
aZeveben da nikolai vsevolodoviCis namdvili apoTeozi iwyeba. magram, am
47

. . . . . . 10. . 121.
. . . . . . 10. . 134135.
49
iqve. C. 136.
50
iqve. C. 142.
51
iqve. C. 146.
52
iqve. C. 148.
48

39
dros, lizas moulodnelad isterika Seipyrobs. is-is iyo, daamSvides, rom
moulodnelad piotr stepanoviCi amxels mas, ris Sedegadac mamamiss
samarcxvinod gaaZeveben. mere, moulodnelad, mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi
xmisamouReblad kuTxeSi mjdomi Satovi nikolai vsevolodoviCs saxeSi
urtyams, xolo lizas guli misdis.
sakmarisia, am epizodebis nusxas gadavxedoT, rom davrwmundeT:
maT Tanmimdevrobas araviTari Sinagani kavSiri ar apirobebs. calkeuli
izolirebuli moqmedebebis sruliad SemTxveviTi, atomaruli Tanmimdevroba
imiT gamoirCeva, rom mTel rig SemTxvevebSi marTlac arsebobs epizodebis
winaswarzraxva, Tumca, Sebrunebuli saxiT: epizodebi erTmaneTs ara yvelaze
didi, aramed umciresi albaTobiT enacvlebian.
mocemul _ sayofacxovrebo da deteqtiur _ doneze epizodTa
moulodnelobas Soris
SesamCnevi gansxvavebaa. deteqtivSi arsebuli
gafantulobisa da SemTxveviTobis Tanmimdevroba mxolod moCvenebiTia. is
mxolod mkiTxvelisTvisaa mofiqrebuli, romlisTvisac suJetis saidumlo ucnobia
da romelic garkveul dromde umniSvnelos mniSvnelovnad iRebs da _ piriqiT.
radgan mkiTxveli rac SeiZleba, didxans unda amyofo am gaurkvevlobaSi,
mas Tavisi varaudis simcdares umalaven. mcdar ganviTarebas uaRresad
logikuri da garegnulad damajerebeli saxe eZleva. calkeul epizodTa
daukavSirebloba am SemTxvevaSi mxolod iSviaTad Cndeba zedapirze, raTa
mkiTxvelis mier miRebuli kavSirebis simcdareze mianiSnos.
kriminaluri qmedebis aseTi faruli logika gvxvdeba eSmakebSic,
kerZod ki _ zemoT citirebul epizodSi. movlenebis garkveuli nawili mxolodRa
gveCveneba uazro SemTxvevaTa erTobliobad, idumal danaSaulobaTa gaxsna
maT TanmimdevrobaSi logikasa da organizebulobas Seitans. Tumca, imaves
ver vityviT romanis am Tavis epizodTa mTel jaWvze: maTi umravlesobisaTvis
abdaubda da SemTxveviToba arsebuli saxiT darCeba. ufro metic: Tu
deteqtivSi mcdari kavSirebis uazroba (usworoba), maT mier romaa dadgenili,
romelTaTvisac
moqmedebis
faruli
zambarebi
ucnobia,
garkveul
momentamde ifareba, maSin CvenTvis saintereso nawyvetSi (iseve, rogorc
mis msgavs, sxva nawyvetebSi) dostoevski gulmodgined gvafrTxilebs, TiTqos
SiSobs, mkiTxvels teqstis agebis principi SeumCneveli ar darCeso
(moulodnelobaTa dRe, yvelaferi ise moewyo, veravin rom warmoidgenda
da sxv.).
gamoyofil doneTegan TiToeuls mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sinatagmaturi orientacia aqvs da swored es ganapirobebs maT urTierTobaTa
sirTules.
dostoevskis romanebis ideur mimarTebaze saubrisas ukve iTqva, rom
teqstis siuJeturi moZraobis organizebas uSualod isini axdenen (b. m.
engelgardti). ufro arsebiTia m. n. baxtinis mosazreba, rom monologuri wyoba
_ teqst-normalizatorSi miTis wrfivi gaSlis bunebrivi Sedegi _ dostoevskisTan
romanis birTvul struqturaSi dialogiT icvleba: ...moazrovne dostoevskis
ideebi mis polifoniur romanSi CarTvisas TviT yofierebis formas cvlian <...>
sakuTari monologuri daxSulobisa da sisrulisagan Tavisufldebian, savsebiT
dialogizdebian da romanis did dialogs uerTdebian...53
amgvarad, ideologiuri birTvi periferiuli teqstebis struqturul niSnebs
isrutavs. amave dros, sapirispiro procesic xorcieldeba, romlis xasiaTi mkafiod
SeimCneva dostoevskisaTvis tipuri yofiTi plastis, rogorc skandalTa da
umsgavsobaTa
jaWvis,
gamoxatvisas.
SeiZleboda
gvefiqra,
rom
SemTxveviTobiTa da yvela SesaZlo kanonzomieri molodinis gaqarwylebiT
53

.. . ., 1963. . 122.

40
ganmsWvaluli yofiTi epizodebis plasti dostoevskisTan materialuri samyaros
ugunurobisa da ,,codvilobis gansaxierebaa. es asecaa da arcaa ase,
vinaidan dostoevskisTvis moulodneloba da ugunurebac ki ara marto
skandalis, aramed saswaulis niSania. am orive poluss, romlebic saboloo
daRupvasa da saboloo xsnas moaswaveben,
aramotivirebulobisa da
arakanonzomierebulobis saerTo niSani aqvs. amgvarad, cxovrebis yvela
tragikuli winaaRmdgobis wamieri da saboloo gadawyvetis esqatologiuri
momenti am cxovrebaSi ideaTa sferodan ki ar aRwevs, aramed mis
siRrmeSive moipoveba.
skandalisa da ,,saswaulis aseTi Serwymis modelad, rac maT
naTesaur bunebaze metyvelebs, kartis an ruletis TamaSi gvevlineba.
erTi mxriv, es umsgavso cxovrebis umsgavso arss ganasaxierebs: ,,dRe
iyo sasacilo, umsgavso, uazro.
meore mxriv ki, igi yvela konfliqtis gadaWris esqatologiur saswauls
asaxierebs. moTamaSis centrSi saswaulis wyurvilia. mogeba _ saocari
movlenaa. marTalia, is ariTmetikiT savsebiT marTldeba, magram miuxedavad
amisa, CemTvis dResac saswaulebrivia54.
amasTan, araerTxelaa xazgasmuli, rom saqme ara fuli, aramed wamieri
da saboloo xsnis wyurvilia. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom mogebas ukavSirdeba
wminda miTologiuri Sexeduleba aRdgomaze, Zveli _ codvili _ cxovrebis
dasasrulsa da sruliad axali arsebobis dasabamze: ,,ra var axla me? zero. ra
SeiZleba viyo xval?55 xval SeiZleba, mkvdreTiT avRdge da Tavidan daviwyo
cxovreba!. da Semdeg: ,,xelaxla davibado, aRvdge.
am mxriv, sayuradReboa astleis mtkiceba, rom ruleti, upiratesad,
rusuli TamaSia; igi Tavdapirveli antiTezaa germanuli Tanmimdevrulobisa da
rusuli swrafvisa wamieri sikvdilisaken (,,maT [kapitals] raRac amaod da
ugvanad flangavs)
an wamieri xsnisaken, saswaulisaken (,,ucabedi
gamdidreba, or saaTSi, uSromlad56).
am TvalsazrisiT, moTamaSeSi ukve nagulisxmevia raskolnikovi Tavisi
swrafviT, wamierad daiRupos an myisierad ixsnas yvela. magram
raskolnikovisTvis soneCkac xom sulis wamierad gadarCenis saswaulia!
amgvarad, Tu dialogizmi Teoriis momwesrigebel sferoSi cxovrebis
mravalferovnebis SeWraa, maSin miTologizmi, imave dros, eqscesis sferoSi
iWreba.
dostoevskis romanebi imis mkafio ilustraciaa, rac SegviZlia, TxrobiTi
mxatvruli teqstebis saerTo Taviseburebad miviCnioT.
***
Cven davinaxeT, miTologiuri teqstis wrfivi gaSlis Sedegad, erTiani
personaJi rogor iyofa wyvilebad da jgufebad. Tumca, sapirispiro procesic
xdeba. saqme isaa, rom am cnebebis gaigiveba (ukve mas mere, rac wrfiv
sistemaSi gadayvanis Sedegad, dasawyisisa da dasasrulis kategoriebi
gamoiyo) adamianuri arsebobis biologiur mijnasTan SedarebiT gviandeli
movlenaa. esqatologiur legendasa da mis izomorful teqstebSi adamianuri
arsebobis uwyvet monakveTebad segmentacia, SesaZloa, amJamindeli
cnobierebisTvis Zalze moulodnelad moxdes. magaliTad, damarxvisa
54

. . . . . . 5. . 223, 291.
abati siiesis sityvebis aSkara perifrazi _ ra aris mamuli? arc araferi. xval ra SeiZleba iyos?
yvelaferi _ saswaulis wyurvils axal elfers, politikuri interpretirebis saSualebas aZlevs, rasac
raskolnikovi winaswarmetyvelebs.
56
iqve. C. 311, 317. 225.
55

41
(SeWmis) da Casaxvis, dabadebisa da aRdgomis izomorfizmma SeiZleba
iqamde migviyvanos, rom gmiris ambavi misi sikvdiliT daiwyos, xolo
dabadeba-aRdgoma SuaSi moxvdes. sruli esqatologiuri cikli _ gmiris
arseboba (rogorc wesi, misi dabadebiT ar iwyeba), misi dabereba, dacema
(araswori saqcielis gamo codviT dacema) an Tandayolili defeqti (magaliTad,
gmiri maxinji, ugunuri an avadmyofia), Semdeg sikvdili, aRdgoma da ukve
axali idealuri arseboba (rogorc wesi, ara _ sikvdiliT, aramed apoTeoziT
mTavrdeba) erTi da imave personaJis ambad aRiqmeba. sikvdilis SuaSi
moxvedra, saxelis gadarqmeva, xasiaTis sruli Secvla, qcevis diametruli
gadafaseba (ukiduresad codvili did wmindanad gadaiqceva) ori gmiris ambad
ar gvevlineba, rogorc es Tanamedrove mTxroblisaTvis iqneboda niSandoblivi.
amis magaliTad gamodgeba cnobili epizodi mociqulTa saqmeebidan.
savle-pavles ambavi gmiris dabadebiT ki ar iwyeba, aramed pirvelmowame
stefanis dasjaSi misi monawileobiT. Semdgom vigebT, rom savle ,,sikvdilis
muqariT sunTqavda uflis mowafeTa winaaRmdeg da daundoblad devnida
qristianebs. damaskosken mimavals ,,uecrad moefina naTeli zecidan.
zevidan xma Camoesma, mxedveloba dakarga da Semdeg, rodesac
saswaulis ZaliT TvalisCini daubrunda, RmerTis rCeul WurWlad (saqmeebi,
9:1,3,15) iqca da pavle ewoda.
sqemis idealuri realizaciis TvalsazrisiT, es ambavi
uaRresad
niSandoblivia: gmiris istoria dabadebiTa da sikvdiliT ki ifargleba, aramed es
ori momenti Txrobis SuaSia, vinaidan damaskos gzaze momxdari ambavi,
rasakvirvelia, sikvdilis tolfasia, xolo Semdgomi gardaqmna _ dabadebisa.
SemTxveviTi ar aris saxelis cvla. ambis zRvars ver vpoulobT verc dasawyisSi,
verc boloSi: igi ar iwyeba dabadebiT da ar mTavrdeba sikvdiliT. aranakleb
sainteresoa sxva garemoebac: iseTi kriteriumebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorebicaa
klasicizmis epoqis qmedebis erTianoba an realisturi teqstis xasiaTis
logika, araviTari safuZveli ar arsebobs savles da pavles erT personaJad
gaigivebisaTvis. amave dros, aRniSnul teqstSi es ara ori Tanmimdevrulad
arsebuli personaJia, aramed _ erTi piri.
xasiaTebis agebis amgvari sqema miTur-legendaruli tradiciis gavleniT
gviandel literaturul nawarmoebebSic aRwevs da iqceva mis enad, romelzec
realizdeba teqstebi gasxivosnebasa an gmiris arsis uecar cvlilebaze.
aseTia, magaliTad, jadosnuri zRaprebi, romlebSic suleli mefed gadaiqceva
(mogzauroba tyeSi, baba-iagasTan, gamoTqma _ ,,erT yurSi SeZvra,
meoridan gamoZvra da yoCaRTa Soris yoCaRi gaxda da sxv. _ cxadia,
sikvdilsa da aRdgomas emyareba). es sqema pirdapir gadadis im codvilebis
Sesaxeb arsebul TxzulebebSi, romlebic wmindanebad gardaiqmnen (andria
kreteli, papi grigoli57); amis naTeli magaliTia nekrasovis vlasi.
leqsis dasawyisSi gmiri codvilia:
amboben, didad codvili
gaxldaTo adre. kaci
pir-jvris ar iyo msaxavi,
coli moklao xundiT;
da yaCaRobis mzraxavi
miindo cxenis qurdi.
ix.: .. // . . 1914. . 19. . 4. . 247256; igive
avtori. - // . 1915. . 73. .
11, 18.
57

42
amas mosdevs avadmyofoba. jojoxeTis STambeWdavi suraTi imas
adasturebs, rom am SemTxvevaSi igi funqciurad sikvdilis tolfasia:
daZinebas ver bedavda,
itanjeboda bodviT:
meored mosvlas xedavda,
da jojoxeTSi codvilT:
Winkebs, Sekruli kopebiT,
alqajs, eklian eniT...
Sav-Savi eTiopebi
Tvals akvesebdnen wyeniT

sicocxlesTan dabrunebas gmiris xelaxali dabadeba mohyveba:

vlasma sxvas misca mamuli,
SiSvel-titveli darCa...
sevda ver aclis araqaTs,
Savgvremansa da maRals...
axlac soflad Tu qalaqad
bilikebs Telavs axals58.

kritikuli da sikvdilis tolfasi gardasaxvis momentis xasiaTi xSirad imiTaa

xazgasmuli, rom gmirs oreuli uCndeba (oreulis, rogorc gaorebuli erTiani
personaJis, arsi ukve aRvniSneT), romelic ki ar
aRdgeba (an
axalgazrdavdeba), aramed iRupeba. aseT epizodebs mTel rig teqstebSi
vawydebiT _ medeas miTiT dawyebuli (dakluli cxvris jadosnuri
gaaxalgazrdaveba da aseTive proceduris dros mefe peliosis daRupva) da
erSovis ,,kuziani cxenis bolo nawiliT damTavrebuli.
sxvebiviT cxenic datova saxtad,
adga ivane da qvabSi Caxta.
gaiZaxodnen: ,,bedi hqonia!
Woradac arsad gagvigonia,
vinmes ymawvilad SeeZlos qceva!
mefem samosis daiwyo xeva,
pirjvris sawerad SemarTa mklavi,
skupo, SesZaxa, aRmoCnda qvabSi
da daifufqa amgvarad Tavi.59

dacema-aRdgomis sqema axal literaturaSic farTodaa warmodgenili.

magaliTad, es sqema SeimCneva puSkinis iseT lirikul leqsSi, rogoricaa
,,aRorZineba; SegaxsenebT mixaleviCis cnobil leqss TavadTa budeebidan:
qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g. joxaZes. originali ix.: . . . . . . 1. . 152
154.
59
qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g. joxaZes. originali ix.: . . -. /
. ., . . . . ., 1961. . 134135. legendebi warumatebel
eqimbaSobaze ix. afanasievTan.
58

43
axlebur grZnobebs gavuxsen mkerdi
da suliT ymawvils vemsgavse, namdvils...
davwvi yoveli, Tayvans rom vcemdi,
Tayvani veci mas, rasac vwvavdi60.

Cvens winaSea xasiaTi, romelic urTierTsapirispiro nawilebisagan

Sedgeba. aq erTi nawilidan meoreSi gadasvla ganaxlebad gaiazreba.
bavSvoba dasawyiss ki ar emTxveva, aramed xat-saxis droebiTi ganviTarebis
Sua nawils (,,da suliT ymawvils vemsgavse, namdvils). amave sqemiT
agebulia tolstois aRdgomac. yvela konkretul-istoriul ideas Soris arsebuli
sxvaobis miuxedavad, romlebic mocemuli siuJeturi meqanizmis daxmarebiT
translirdeba,
iseTi
saTaurebis
ganmeoreba,
rogorebic
gaxlavT
,,aRorZineba, ,,aRdgoma, SeuZlebelia SemTxveviTi iyos.
iman, rom esqatologiuri legendis sqemas Tan erTvis literaturuli
personaJisa
da
adamianis
yofiTi
gaigiveba,
saSualeba
mogvca,
makrokosmosis modelis msgavsad adamianis Sinagani samyaros modelireba
mogvexdina, xolo erTi adamiani konfliqturad organizebul koleqtivad
gangvexila.
***
siuJeti cxovrebis gaazrebis mZlavri saSualebaa. mxolod xelovnebis
TxrobiTi formebis warmomqnis Sedegia is, rom adamianma realobis siuJeturi
aspeqtis garCeva iswavla; anu iswavla movlenaTa aradiskretuli nakadis
danawevreba
garkveul
diskretul
erTeulebad,
maTi
garkveuli
mniSvnelobebisaTvis mierTeba (anu semantikuri ganmarteba) da maTi
mowesrigebul jaWvebad organizeba (sintagmaturi ganmarteba). movlenaTa _
siuJetis diskretul erTeulTa _ gamoyofa, da maTTvis, erTi mxriv, garkveuli
azris, meore mxriv ki, garkveuli droiTi, mizez-Sedegobrivi an raime sxva
saxis mowesrigebulobis miniWeba, siuJetis sazrisia.
adamianis qceva rac ufro metad iZens Tavisuflebis niSnebs genetikuri
programebis avtomatizmis mimarT, miT ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba misTvis
movlenebisa da qcevis siuJetebis ageba. magram aseTi sqemebisa da
modelebis asagebad aucilebelia garkveuli enis floba. aseT rols ki mxatvruli
siuJetis pirvelyofili ena asrulebs, romelic SemdgomSi sul ufro rTuldeba da
Zalian Sordeba im elementarul sqemebs, romlebzec am TavSi gavamaxvileT
yuradReba. rogorc nebismieri ena, siuJetis enac saimisod, rom gadasces
garkveuli Sinaarsi da misi modelireba moaxdinos, am Sinaarss unda
daSordes. arqaul epoqaSi aRmocenebuli modelebi konkretuli gzavnilebisgan
daSorebulni arian, magram maTi teqsturi agebis masalad mainc
gamodgebian. amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, rom xelovnebaSi ena da teqsti
adgilebsa da funqciebs erTmaneTs gamudmebiT ucvlian.
adamianma siuJeturi teqstebis SeqmniT cxovrebiseuli siuJetebis
garCeva da am gziT, sakuTari cxovrebis axsna iswavla.

qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g. joxaZes. originali ix.: . . . . . : 30 .

2- . ., 1980. . 4. . 75.
60

44

simboluri sivrceebi
1. geografiuli sivrcis cneba rusul Suasaukunovan teqstebSi
geografiuli sivrcis cneba adamianis cnobierebaSi samyaros sivrcobrivi
konstruirebis erT-erT formas ganekuTvneba. samyaros zogadi modelebis
xasiaTis Sesabamisad, garkveul istoriul pirobebSi aRmocenebuli sivrce
sxvadasxva konturebs iZens, romelTa nawilic TviTonaa. am mokle eqskursis
mizani geografiuli sivrcis Suasaukuneobrivi gancdis sruli daxasiaTeba ar
gaxlavT. mxolod ramdenime niSanze miTiTebas vecdebiT, romlebic mas
Tanamedrove sivrcisagan ganasxvaveben. azrovnebis Suasaukunoebriv
sistemaSi Tavad miwieri cxovrebis kategoria SefasebiTia _ is zeciur cxovrebas
upirispirdeba. amitom, miwa, rogorc geografiuli cneba, imave dros, miwieri
cxovrebis adgilad aRiqmeba (Sedis opoziciaSi ca/dedamiwa) da
Sesabamisad, religiur-moralur mniSvnelobas iZens, rac Tanamedrove
geografiuli cnebebisaTvis niSandoblivi ar gaxlavT. aseTive Sexedulebebi,
zogadad, geografiul cnebebs miemarTeba: esa Tu is miwa wmindaa an codvis
budea. moZraoba geografiul sivrceSi religiur-zneobrivi faseulobebis vertikalur
skalaze gadaadgilebiT yalibdeba, romlis zeda safexuri zecaSia, qveda ki _
jojoxeTSi.
amave dros, unda gavixsenoT, rom TviT opozicia miwa/ca,
wuTisofeli/saiqio rusul Suasaukuneobriv cnobierebaSi meore wevrisaTvis
sivrcobrivi niSniT dapirispirebis ararsebobas ar gulisxmobda. is mosazreba,
rom miwieri cxovreba upirispirdeba zeciurs, rogorc sivrce _ arasivrces,
mxolod Sua saukuneebis mistikur mimdinareobebs axasiaTebs, xolo ufro
realisturad moazrovne orTodoqsulma marTlmadideblobam igi uaryo.
novgorodis arqiepiskoposi basili gmobda tvereli mRvdelmTavris, meufe
Teodores mtkicebas imis Taobaze rom saiqio sivrcis miRma, wminda ideur
doneze arsebobda: ,,Zmao, Sen axlac am warmosaxviT samoTxeze fiqrob,
magram yovelive warmosaxviTi moCvenebiTicaa. qristes mier saxarebaSi
moxseniebuli meored mosvlac warmosaxviTi ggonia? 61 ufro metic, vinaidan
miwieri samyaro xrwnadi da warmavalia, saiqio ki _ uxrwnadi
da
maradiuli, maSin misi materialuroba ufro realuria: wminda nivTebi,
romlebiTac misi sivrcea Sevsebuli, gafuWebas, lpobasa da ganadgurebas ar
eqvemdebarebian _ isini aranivTierni ki ar arian, aramed _ marad
nivTierni: ,,yoveli RvTiuri saqme uxrwnadia, TviTmxilveli xar amisa, Zmao.
roca qriste Tavisi nebiT evno, mdinareTa WiSkrebi Tavisi xeliT Caketa, - da
aqamomde ar gaRebulan <....> qristem rom asi finiki dargo, dRemde ar
Serxeulan, ar daRupulan, ar gaxrwnilan.62
amgvarad, miwieri cxovreba zeciurs upirispirdeba, rogorc droebiTi _
mudmivs, da ara - sivrcobrivi ganfenilobis TvalsazrisiT. ufro metic, zneobrivi
faseulobebisa da lokaluri mdebareobis cnebebi urTierTgadajaWvulia:
zneobrivi cnebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia lokaluri niSan-Tviseba, xolo
lokalurTaTvis _ zneobrivi. geografia eTikuri codnis saxesxvaobaa.
geografiul sivrceSi nebismier gadaadgilebas religiur-zneobrivi niSani
azis. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom adamianis SeRweva jojoxeTSi an samoTxeSi
Suasaukunovan literaturaSi yovelTvis mogzaurobad, geografiul sivrceSi
61

: XIV XV . ., 1981. . 44.

ix. gamomsaxveli interpretireba apokriful sami wmindanis saubarSi: ra aris zeciuri
simaRle, dedamiwis sidide, zRvis siRrme? ioane ambobs: mama-RmerTi, Ze-RmerTi da suli
wminda ( : XII . ., 1980. . 136.
62

45
gadaadgilebad
gaiazreba.
es
ganapirobebs
RvTaebrivi
komediis
kompoziciasac da RvTismSoblis wamebanis agebulebasac, sadac
mTavarangelozi miqaeli RvTismSobels ekiTxeba: ,,saiT gsurs wasvla,
RvTivmadliano, sadac SuadRea Tu sadac SuaRamea? Semdeg: ...saiT gsurs
wasvla, RvTivmadliano, aRsavlisken Tu dasavlisaken, Tu samoTxeSi, marjvniv
Tu marcxniv, codvilni rom itanjebian?63 ufro mkafiod es warmodgenebi
gamovlinda cnobil novgorodis arqiepiskopos basilis werilSi tvereli meufe
Teodoresadmi. aq vpoulobT mtkicebulebas, rom samoTxe aRmosavleTiT,
edemSia. samoTxidan oTxi mdinare moedineba _ tigrosi, nilosi, evfrati da
fisoni. jojoxeTi Tavsdeba dasavleTiT, daorTqlil zRvaze (Crdilo yinulovani
okeane), mravalma novgorodelma ixila igi64. geografiuli gadaadgilebis
Sedegad samoTxis monaxulebac ZalgviZs _ es araerTxel SemTxveviaT
novgorodel mezRvaurebs: da am wmida samoTxis adgils miagnes
novgorodelma moislavma da misma Zem, iakobma; sul sami tivi hyavdaT,
erTi maTgani didi xnis tivtivis Semdeg daiRupa, or maTgans qari didxans
daaTrevda zRvaze da maRal mTebTan gariya <...> im mTebidan didi
mxiarulebisa da simReris xma ismoda xolme65.
am warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, Sua saukuneebis adamiani geografiul
mogzaurobasac religiur-moraluri sistemebis ,,rukaze gadaadgilebad
miiCnevda: esa Tu is qveyana eretikul, bilw an wminda adgilad gaiazreboda.
sazogadoebrivi idealebi, iseve, rogorc yvela is sazogadoebrivi sistema,
romlebsac imdroindeli cnobiereba warmoidgenda, ama Tu im geografiulad
Sesabamis punqtSi realizebulad miiCneoda. geografia da geografiuli
literatura, arsebiTad, utopiuri gaxldaT da yvelanairi mogzauroba piligrimobis
xasiaTs iZenda.
aseTi
specifikuri
midgoma
geografiisadmi,
romelic
jer
sabunebismetyvelo disciplinad ki ar aRiqmeboda, aramed ufro religiurutopiuri klasifikaciis saxesxvaobas mogagonebdaT, Sua saukuneebisaTvis
Zalze niSandoblivi iyo. mas ukavSirdeba mogzaursa da mogzaurobasTan
dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba: xangrZlivi mogzauroba zrdis
adamianis siwmindes. amave dros, adamianis swrafva siwmindisadmi
gulisxmobs aucileblobas, uari Tqvas mkvidr cxovrebaze da gzas gaudges.
codvasTan daSoreba gamgzavrebad, sivrceSi gadaadgilebad gaiazreboda.
magaliTad, monasterSi wasvla codvis budidan wminda adgilze gadaadgilebas
niSnavda da am TvalsazrisiT, piligrimobasa da sikvdils emsgavseboda,
romelic aseve sivrcobriv-geografiul gadaadgilebad miiCneoda.
niSandoblivia,
rom
mistikosebisaTvis,
romlebic
samoTxis
warmosaxviTobas amtkicebdnen, magaliTad, imiervolgispireli berebisaTvis,
mogzaurobis, geografiul sivrceSi gadaadgilebis aucilebloba ar arsebobs.
TviTCaRrmavebuli locva, Taboris Suqis eqstaturi molodini sivrceSi
gadaadgilebas ukve aRar ukavSirdeba. XVIII saukunis masonur literaturaSi
mniSvnelobaTa geografiuli veli savsebiT Seicvala zneobrivi semantikiT,
geografiul sivrceSi gadaadgilebis amsaxveli siuJetebi zneobrivi aRorZinebis
alegoriad aRiqmeboda. XVIII saukunis literaturaSi mogzaurobis motivebisa da
pirovnebis eTikuri formirebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi am eqskursis farglebs

iqve. . 170, 175176. ix. sityva sam qalaqze, romelSic imyofeboda wminda makariusi,
sadac saubaria samoTxeze, rogorc gansakuTrebul qveyanaze: unda gaiaro qalaqebi, erTi
rkinisa, meore spilenZisa da am qalaqebs Semdeg [aris] RvTiuri samoTxe (iqve. C. 139).
64
iqve. C. 44.
65
: XIV XV . ., 1981. . 46.
63

46
scdeba.
am
kavSiris
ngrevis
meore
gza
geografiisadmi
axali,
sabunebismetyvelo midgoma iyo.
am mxriv, sainteresoa ori teqstis _ Tqmuleba indur samefoze da
aTanase nikitinis nawarmoebis _ mogzauroba sami zRvis iqiT _
erTmaneTisaTvis Sedareba. am teqstebSi indoeTi sruliad sxvadasxvagvarad
warmogvidgeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, es qveyana-utopiaa, romelic socialur,
moralur da religiur kavSirTa erTian sistemaSi antiTeturad ukavSirdeba rusul
miwa-wyals. amave dros, utopiuri mSvenieri indoeTi ar gaxlavT qveyana,
romelSic mxolod sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebia ruseTze ufro gansakuTrebulad,
ufro bednierad mowyobili. rusuli Sua saukuneobrivi utopia gansakuTrebuli
geografiis, klimatis, gansxvavebuli mcenareuli da cxoveluri samyaros
arsebobas gulisxmobs. geografiul sivrceSi gadaadgilebas mogzauri madlis
sxva safexurze ahyavs. madlis uCveulo xarisxi ki uCveulo geografiasac
gulisxmobs. ioane, indoeTis samefos ,,mefe-xucesi Tavis qveyanas ase
agviwers: ,,myavs naxevar-frinveli adamianebi da zogic - ZaRlisTava; Cems
samefoSi binadroben cxovelebi: spiloebi, niangebi da aqlemebi. niangi
veragia, razec gabrazdeba da xes an sxva rames miaSardavs, is umalve
daiwveba <...>. maqvs miwa da masze _ balaxi, sadac yovelgvari nadiri
binadrobs da Cems miwaze ar aris arc qurdi, arc yaCaRi, arc Suriani, vinaidan
Cemi miwa yovelgvari simdidriT aRsavsea. ar aris Cems miwaze arc ankara,
arc gveli, arc gombeSo da Tundac Semovides, iqve mokvdeba 66.
Suasaukunovan literaturaSi amas ukavSirdeba im myari warmodgenis
gaCena, rom madlis yovel xarisxs Tavisi klimati Seesabameba: samoTxeSi
saukeTeso, adamianis cxovrebisTvis Sesaferisi klimatia, xolo jojoxeTi, am
TvalsazrisiT, misi sapirispiroa. samoTxeSi noyieri niadagia, yovelive
TavisTavad da uxvad izrdeba, jojoxeTSi ki cxovrebisaTvis gausaZlisi klimatia
_ yinvaa da sicxe.
iosif flaviusis iudevelTa omebis Suasaukunovan rusul TargmanSi netar
sulTa samyofeli saiqioSi okeanis iqiTaa ganlagebuli, sadac arc wvimaa, arc
Tovli da arc mze, okeanidan wynari sio uberavs da samxreTidan nelsurneleba
ifrqveva.
sul sxvagvari klimatia jojoxeTSi: yovelgvar siaves im bnel da civ
adgilas mouyria Tavi..67
aTanase nikitinis indoeTi sul sxva ramaa, vidre mefe-xuces ioanes
indoeTi. es Taviseburi havisa da adaT-wesebis qveyanaa, magram siwmindisa
da codvebis kibeze mas Tavisi gamorCeuli adgili ar gaaCnia. am TvalsazrisiT,
ver vityviT, rom geografiul sivrceSi is siwmindis gansakuTrebuli safexuris
gansaxierebaa, rusuli miwa-wyali ki amave sistemaSi romeliRac sxva
safexurzea. aq es kavSirebi ubralod ar arsebobs. kidev ufro aRsaniSnavia,
rom erTdroulad sivrcis Suasaukuneobrivi gageba irRveva da _ axali drois
suliskveTebis kvaldakval _ mas geografiuli ganfenilobis Sesaxeb
warmodgenebi enacvleba. aTanase nikitinis mier gancdili geografiuli sivrce
aRorZinebis xanasTan ufro axlosaa, vidre _ Sua saukuneebTan.
geografiuli sivrcis Suasaukuneobriv cnebaze saubrisas aucilebelia,
rCeulobis ideazec SevCerdeT, romelic organulad gamomdinareobs miwaTa
wmindad da codvilad dayofidan. sakuTar TavSi Caketvisaken swrafvasTan
erTad aRmocenebulma am ideam, Sua saukuneobrivi sazogadoebis arsebobis
ramdenime etapisTvis rom iyo niSandoblivi, sivrcis Sesaxeb warmodgenasac
66

: XIII . ., 1981. . 466, 468.

. . . .; ., 1958. .
225256.
67

47
Tavisi kvali daaCnia. opozicia _ Tavisi/sxvisi _ opoziciis _ wmindani/codvili,
kargi/cudi _ variantad aRiqmeba. es sistema ukve aRar gvaZlevs imis
saSualebas, sakuTar miwas ucxo mxaris netari utopia davupirispiroT:
yvelaferi, rac Cveni ar aris, codvilad gaiazreba. es gancda naTlad
ganasaxiera a. n. ostrovskim ,,Weqa-quxilSi, fekluSas sityvebSi: amboben,
iseTi qveynebic arsebobs, sayvarelo gogona, sadac marTlmadidebel mefeTa
nacvlad qveyanas sulTanebi marTaven. erTgan taxtze sulTani maxnuT-Turqi
zis, meoregan ki _ sulTani maxnuT-sparsi; da mTel xalxs, sayvarelo gogona,
isini asamarTleben, da yvela maTi ganaCeni arasworia. Cemo kargo, arc erTi
saqmis sworad gansja ar SeuZliaT, aseTia maTi xvedri. Cven marTali kanoni
gvaqvs, imaT kidev, sayvarelo, _ usamarTlo <...>. da aris kidev erTi miwa,
sadac urjulobisaTvis <...> yvelas ZaRlis Tavi aqvs gamobmuli 68. sainteresoa,
rom TqmulebaSi indoeTis samefoze ,,naxevrad-ZaRlebi da naxevradadamianebi69 swored wminda (=sxvisi, ucxo) miwaze cxovroben.
Sua saukuneebis sivrcobriv-geografiuli warmodgenebisa da sakuTari
miwis gamorCeulobis ideis kombinacia Taviseburad aisaxa protopresviter
abakumis TxzulebebSi. ucxo miwebi misTvis codvilia. palestina, _
serbebic, albanelebic, vlaxebic, romaelebic, liaxebic _ yvela sami TiTiT iwers
pirjvars...70 magram ramdenadac marTlmadidebloba ruseTSic daeca _
satanam naTeli ruseTi RmerTs gamosTxova... _ amdenad, sakuTari miwa,
sivrcul-geografiuli azriT, sazRvargareTad iqceva: visac surs, gvirgvini
(wamebulis gvirgvini, i. l.) daidgas, sazRvris gadalaxva ar dasWirdeba,
vinaidan Sinac babilonia71. geografiuli terminis (babiloni) cnebis sinonimad
gamoyeneba, romelic Cveni warmodgeniT, geografiuli savsebiT ar aris,
lokalobis Suasaukuneobrivi gagebis mravalferovnebas ganmartavs.
moviyvanT tabulas, romelic mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom Zveli ruseTis
Suasaukuneobrivi cnobierebisaTvis zneobrivi statusis Secvla sivrcul
gadaadgilebas niSnavda erTi lokaluri situaciidan meoreSi gadasvlas.
geografiuli (lokaluri) da eTikuri elementebis Serwymas ramdenime saintereso
Sedegamde mivyavdiT. pirvel rigSi, mogzaurobis mizezi xSirad ara sakuTari
survili, aramed siqvelisaTvis jildo an mankierebisTvis sasjelia.

( )

68

. . . . .: 16 . ., 1950. . 2. . 227.
: XIII . . 466.
70
, , / ., . . . .
. . ., 1934. . 129.
71
iqve. C. 123, 138.
69

48
wm. aRapis cxovrebaSi weria: moesma xma: aRapi, wadi monastridan,
da miiRe is, rac RmerTma Tavis sayvarel Svilebs moumzada 72, xolo Zmis
mkvlel sviatopolks erT adgilas yofna aRar SeeZlo, RvTis risxviT devnilma
adamianTa miwa ganvlo da udabnos miaSura 73. mogzaurobis Sedegi
(Casvlis punqti) ganisazRvreba ara geografiuli (Cveni TvalsazrisiT)
garemoebebiT da mogzauris zraxvebiT, aramed _ misi zneobrivi RirsebiT. am
mogzaurobis Taviseburi xasiaTi xazgasmulia ara marto pirveli (beri) da bolo
(micvalebuli) stadiebis myari SepirispirebiT, aramed im warmodgeniTac, rom
savsebiT SesaZlebelia adamianis sicocxleSive, xorcielad samoTxis an
jojoxeTis monaxuleba (monaxuleba _ mogzauroba). ufro metic, im ideidan,
rom sivrceSi adamianis lokaluri arseboba mis zneobriv statuss unda
emTxveodes, garduvalad gamomdinareobda Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi
popularuli situacia: sicocxleSive samoTxis mkvidri wmindani an _ jojoxeTSi
cocxlad gastumrebuli codvili.
am TvalsazrisiT, metad niSandoblivia apokrifuli wminda aRapis
cxovreba. aq wmindani mogzaurobis mTel cikls gadis: datove saxli, romelsac
misjaWvixar, coli, wadi monasterSi da gaxdi beri. da Semdeg aRasrula
zeciuri xmis neba, monastridan wavida da gzas daadga. mogzauroba
wmindanTan SexvedriT mTavrdeba, romelic ,,samoTxeSi SeuZRva da yvela
iqauri sikeTe moaxilvina; da samoTxe, am SemTxvevaSi, xasiaTdeba ara
warmosaxviTobiT, aramed mudmivi materialurobiT. wminda iliam aRapis
misca is puris naWeri, romelsac TviTon miirTmevda. es puri miwier purs
hgavs, vinaidan masac sakvebad iyeneben, adamianebs SeuZliaT misi
Wama. miwierisgan is mxolod gansakuTrebuli gamZleobiT ganirCeva: misi
mcire naWeric ki sakmarisia bevri adamianis didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
gamosakvebad74.
tabulis gamoyeneba (ix. zemoT) ramdenime sxva sakiTxze yuradRebis
gamaxvilebis saSualebasac gvaZlevs: marcxena ujra (saidanac ,,gadian)
erTiania, marjvena ki imis mixedviT ormagdeba, vin mogzaurobs: wmindani
Tu codvili. magram marcxena ujris erTianoba
pirobiTia. magaliTad,
mSobliuri (sakuTari) saxli uxvi da grili cxovrebis adgilia, Tu mas
monasterSi gadasvla mosdevs.
masve SeiZleba hqondes sastiki morCilebis adgilis niSnebi, Tu Cvens
winaSe codvilis mogzaurobaa, romelic zneobrivi valdebulebebisgan
gaTavisuflebas eswrafis.
sivrceze Sua saukuneebis warmodgenebi orTodoqsuli qristianobisaTvis
niSandobliv zog Sexedulebas ewinaaRmdegeboda. magaliTad, miwieri da
saiqio cxovrebis antiTeza wmindans avaldebulebda, dedamiwaze eglova,
sikvdilis Semdeg ki aRtacebas miscemoda. magram warmodgena geografiul
sivrceSi CarTul samoTxesa da jojoxeTze am mkveTr dapirispirebas siwmindisa
da sixarulis TandaTanobiTi gradaciis erTdrouli zrdiT cvlida. lokaluri eTikis
SeWra zogierT Zireul qristianul warmodgenas amaxinjebda. rgolSi _ saxli _
monasteri _ geografiuli faqtori jer kidev mcired igrZnoba, da aq qristianuli
72

: , , , : [
. . . . ., 18601862. . . . 134.
73

. . /

. . . . . .,

1962. .

4 .]

1. .

145

( 18261928 .).
ix.: : , , , . B. III. C.
134.
74

49
eTikisTvis Cveuli RirebulebaTa Sefasebis skala moqmedebs: mwuxarebas
dadebiTi niSani azis, mxiarulebas _ uaryofiTi. amitomac, beruli qcevis norma
iwroebiT cxovrebaa da monastris asaSenebladac udabnos arCeven. noyieri
miwis, uxvi nayofis, kargi havis aRwera ar ganekuTvneba udabnoSi
cxovrebis Stamps. magram ukve meore rgolSi, sivrcul-geografiuli faqtoris
zrdis kvaldakval, viTareba icvleba. wminda miwa kargi haviT gamoirCeva,
Sesabamisad, mxiaruleba am adgilas cxovrebis normaa da ara _ misi
darRveva. codvili miwa ki, piriqiT, mwuxarea, iq cxovreba adamianis Rirsebas
arafers matebs. yvelaze moSorebuli punqti _ samoTxe _ Cveulebriv qveynebs
swored mxiarulebis, sixarulis, miwieri mniSvnelobiT keTilmowyobilobis niSniT
upirispirdeba.
geografiuli distanciis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswineba
saSualebas mogvcems, avxsnaT, Tu ratom ganixileboda siSore Sua
saukuneebis utopiis aucilebel lokalur niSan-Tvisebad. mSvenieri miwa is aris,
romliskenac grZeli gziT mivdivarT. gogols, romelic maxvili istoriuli intuiciiT
gamoirCeoda, esmoda geografiuli sivrcis Suasaukuneobrivi aRqma. xalxuri
fantastikiT gajerebul moTxrobaSi saSineli SurisZieba man es epizodi
Seitana: didad codvilma jadoqarma kievidan yirimis gavliT samxreTiT
gaqceva gadawyvita, raTa sasjelisaTvis Tavi daeRwia: cxens Seaxta, pirdapir
kanevisaken gaeSura, iqidan CerqezeTis gavliT pirdapir TaTrebTan, yirimSi
misvlas fiqrobda.... jadoqari cxens samxreTisaken miaWenebs, magram
sakuTar codvebs is dasavleTiT mihyavT: ukve erTi dRea, gzas adgas, meorec
gavida, kanevi ki arsad Cans. gza igivea; karga xnis win unda daenaxa,
magram kanevi arsad Cans; Sors eklesiaTa gumbaTebma gaibrwyines.
magram es kanevi ki ara, Sumskia. gaukvirda jadoqars, roca dainaxa, rom sul
sxva mxares aRmoCeniliyo. ukan, kievisken gaqusla da erTi dRis Semdeg
gamoCnda qalaqi; magram es kievi ki ara, galiCi iyo, kievidan Sumskze ufro
Sors da ungreTze ufro axlos mdebare qalaqi. ar icis, ra qnas, cxeni isev ukan
moabruna, magram grZnobs, rom sapirispiro mimarTulebiT midis da Tanac,
sul win75.
axali drois mecnierulma azrovnebam geografiuli sivrcis gancda
Secvala. Tumca, geografiuli sivrcis asimetriasa da msoflios saerTo suraTTan
mis mWidro kavSirs iqamde mivyavarT, rom es gancda Tanamedrove
azrovnebaSi mainc rCeba, rogorc semiotikuri modelirebis areali. sakmarisia
metaforizaciis simartiveze miTiTeba, romelic iseTi cnebebis warmoqmnas
iwvevs, rogorebicaa dasavleTi da aRmosavleTi, anda geografiul punqtTaTvis
saxelebis gadarqmevis semiotikur mniSvnelobaze yuradRebis gamaxvileba
da a.S. geografia gamorCeulad iolad gardaiqmneba simbolikad. es
gansakuTrebiT maSin SeimCneva, roca esa Tu is geografiuli punqti ulmobel
sabrZolo moqmedebaTa da nacionaluri Tu religiuri konfliqtebis adgilad
iqceva, an sxvadasxvagvarad fasdeba urTierTdapirispirebul erovnul
tradiciebSi.
geografiuli rukebis istoria istoriuli semiotikis ubis wignakia.

2. ulises mogzauroba dantes RvTaebriv komediaSi

75

. . . . .: 14 . ., 1937. . 1. . 277.

50
dante sakuTar Tavs geometrs adarebda76. amgvaradve SeiZleba misi
Sedareba kosmologsa da astronomTanac, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom jer kidev
,,axali cxovreba kosmiuri moZraobis kanonTa Zalian rTuli da specialuri
gamoTvlebiT daiwyo. Tumca, yvelaze zusti iqneboda, misTvis arqiteqtori
gvewodebina, vinaidan RvTaebrivi komedia uzarmazari arqiteqturuli
nageboba,
universumis
konstruqciaa.
amgvari
midgoma
kosmiur
universumze individualuri Semoqmedebis fsiqologiis gadatanas gulisxmobda:
samyaros, rogorc Semoqmedebis produqts, unda hqonoda mizani da
mniSvneloba, TiToeuli detalis naxvisas misTvis unda gekiTxaT: ras niSnavs
es?. arqiteqturuli cnobierebisTvis es bunebrivi kiTxva, romelsac bunebisa da
samyaros mimarT viyenebT, maT semiotikur teqstebad gardaqmnida. maTi
Sinarsi deSifrirebas eqvemdebareba. amasTan, arqiteqturis darad, wina
planze aqac sivrcobrivi semiotika gamodioda.
samyaro Semoqmedis veeberTela gzavnilad gvevlineboda, romelmac
sivrcobrivi struqturis enaze saidumlo Setyobineba daSifra. dante am
Setyobinebas imiT Sifravs, rom Tavis teqstSi am samyaros xelmeored
aSenebs, igi ara _ mimRebis, aramed Semtyobineblis poziciaSi dgeba. amas
ukavSirdeba komediis poetikis saerTo orientireba daSifvraze. magram
dantes, rogorc teqstis Semqmnelis, poziciis specifika isaa, rom Semoqmedis
Tvalsazrisamde amaRlebulic ki ar ukuagdebs adamianur Tvalsazriss. amis
sailustraciod erTi magaliTi movyvanoT. SemdgomSi imaze SevCerdebiT, Tu
ra mniSvneloba aqvs dantes nagebobisaTvis sivrcul RerZs zemoT-qvemoT.
Tumca, komediaSi, es aSkarad orazrovnad figurirebs: erTi relatiuria da
moqmedebs mxolod dedamiwis farglebSi. aq qvemoTdedamiwis simZimis
centrs uigivdeba, zemoT ki _ centridan radiusis nebismier mimarTulebas.

Quando noi fummo l dove la coscia

si volge, a punto in sul grosso dellanche,
lo duca, con fatica e con angoscia,
volse la testa ovelli avea le zanche,
e aggrappossi al pel comuom che sale,
s chen inferno icre-dea tornar anche
<>
Ed elli a me: Tu imagini ancora
desser di l dal centro ovio mi presi
al pel del vermo reo chel mondo for a.
Di l fosti cotanto quantio scesi;
quandio mi volsi, tu passastil punto
al quas si traggon dogni i pesi77.
lotmani uTiTebs ,,RvTebrivi komediis rusul Targmans: . /
. . . . . . . . -. ., 1967. . XXXIII. C. 134135
77
lotmani uTiTebs ,,RvTaebrivi komediis rusul Targmans ( . /
. . . ) da Sesabamis adgils: jojoxeTi, XXXIV, 76-81, 106-111:
,, , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
, .
<>
,, , , ,
76

51
magram, amasTan erTad, dantes kosmiur Senobas aqvs absoluturi
,,zemoT da ,,qvemoT. Tu dedamiwis sxvadasxva polusebze ganlagebuli
adamianebi erTmaneTisadmi terfebiT arian mimarTulni (nadimi, III, V, 12) 78,
maSin absoluturad orientirebul vertikals qmnis RerZi, romlis Sesaxeb amave
traqtatSi naTqvamia: ,,qvas rom polaruli varskvlavidan Camovardna SeeZlos,
is okeanis wiaRSi Cavardeboda, da am qvaze rom adamiani yofiliyo, polaruli
varskvlavi mudam mis Tavze icialebda... (nadimi, III, V, 9). es RerZi
dedamiwas xvrets, radgan misi qveda nawili ierusalimiskenaa mimarTuli,
jojoxeTs, dedamiwis centrs, salxinebels gaivlis da empireis brwyinvale centrs
erTvis. es is RerZia, romlis gavliTac luciferi zecidan Camoagdes.
dantes sistemaSi relatiuri da absoluturi zemo-qvemo-s dapirispireba
gansjis sagani aqamdec gamxdara. filosofosi da maTematikosi p. florenski,
araevklidur geometriasa da relatiur fizikaze dayrdnobiT, am winaaRmdegobis
gadalaxvas
cdilobda.
igi
werda:
...normalis
amoyiraveba
imiT
ganisazRvreba, imave mxareze vrCebiT (anu calmxriv zedapirze) Tu sxva
mxares gadavdivarT, romlis erTi koordinati namdvilia, meore ki _
moCvenebiTi (ormxrivi zedapiri) <...> da, ai, swored am da swored erTi da
imave gardaqmnis TvalsazrisiT, calmxrivi da ormxrivi zedapirebi pirdapir

, ,
, ? , ;
,
...
es adgilebi sityva-sityviT SeiZleba ase iTargmnos: ,,roca iq gavdiodiT, / sadac TeZosken
daxrili gverdi damrec daxrilobas gvaZlevs, / beladma, mZimed rom sunTqavda, / Tavis
dadeba iq moaxerxa, sadac adre fexebi iyo, / balans moeWida da zemoT acoceba daiwyo, /
megona, imave gziT ukan vbrundebodiT. <...> gegona, Zveleburad, _ luRluRebda igi, _
centrSi viyaviT, / iq, sadac im Wiis bewvs CaveWide, samyaro rom ganumsWvalavs? Zirs
daSvebisas Sen marTlac im adgilas iyavi; / magram iq movtrialdi, sadac yovelgvari tvirTis
simZimes Tavi mouyria...
qarTul TargmanSi miTiTebuli epizodi konteqstualurad acdenilia da mxolod momdevno
strofebSi gamoTqmul azrs emTxveva:
,,xolo man marjved SeurCia dro da adgili,
da swored, roca luciferma gaSala frTeni,
burtylian ferdebs Zirs Camohyva calkerZad bewvebs.
xolo calkerZad xels avlebda gayinul qerqsa.
erTbaSad, roca mivaRwieT TeZos Tavamdis,
Semotrialda da kvlav iwyo ze acoceba.
ase megona, kvlav jojoxeTs vubrundebodi.
<...>
man mipasuxa: _ nu ggonia, centros gadmoRma
imyofebode, iq, sadac me satanis bewvebs
veWidebodi; igi miwis mTel simaRleze
gaxidulia, rogorc RerZi uSvelebeli.
Sen gaRma iyav, vidre qveviT Camovidodi,
ros gamovbrundi, Senc gamoscdi swored im mijnas,
romelsac eltvis miwieri simZime sruli.
(k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, t. X, RvTaebrivi komedia, jojoxeTi, qeba
ocdameToTxmete, 79_82; 109_115, gv. 296-297).
78
teqsti citirebulia . . -s TargmanSi; .: . /
. . .
. . . . -. .,
1968;
( ), ( ) ( ).

52
sapirispirod iqcevian. es gardaqmna erTi zedapiris normals atrialebs, meore
zedapirisas ki _ ara, da piriqiT.79
florenski am azris ilustrirebas ,,RvTaebrivi komediis magaliTiT
axdens. ,,jojoxeTis XXXIV qebis leqsTa citirebis (romlebic Cven zemoT ukve
movitaneT) Semdeg, florenski wers: ,,am mijnis Semdeg, poeti salxineblis
mTaze adis da zeciur sferoebs aRwevs. ismis kiTxva: romeli mimarTulebiT?
miwisqveSa gasasvleli, romliTac isini avidnen, zecidan TaviT damxobili
luciferis CamovardniT warmoiqmna. Sesabamisad, adgili, saidanac is
Camovarda, aris ara _ sadRac caze, miwas garsSemortymul sivrceSi, aramed
swored im hemisferos mxares, sadac poetebi moxvdnen. salxineblisa da
sionis erTmaneTisgan diametralurad sapirispiro mTebi luciferis Camovardnis
Sedegad warmoiqmna, rac niSnavs, rom gza zecisaken luciferis vardnis
mimarTulebiT gadis, oRond mas sapirispiro mniSvneloba aqvs. amgvarad,
dante sul pirdapir moZraobs, caSi ki ise dgas, fexebiT daRmarTiskenaa
mimarTuli; iqidan, empireadan roca uflis didebas dahyurebs, sabolood, ukan
daubruneblad, florenciaSi xvdeba <...> maSasadame: mudam pirdapir svliT
da gzaSi mxolod erTxel motrialebiT poeti uwindel adgils ubrundeba da, Tan
imave mdgomareobaSi, rogorSic winsvla daiwyo. Sesabamisad, rom ar
motrialebuliyo, Tavisi gamgzavrebis adgils ukve yiramala daubrundeboda.
amrigad, zedapiri, romelzec dante moZraobs, imgvaria, rom masze
daSvebuli wrfe, erTxel Secvlili mimarTulebiT, sawyis wertilTan gvabrunebs;
wrfivi moZraoba, motrialebis gareSe, sxeuls uwindel adgilas amoyiravebul
mdgomareobaSi abrunebs. cxadia, es zedapiri: 1, rogorc Caketil wrfeTa
Semcveli, rimanis sibrtyea, xolo 2, rogorc masze moZraobisas amotrialebuli
perpendikulari, calmxrivi zedapiri. es ori garemoeba sakmarisia imis
saTqmelad, rom danteseuli sivrce elipsuri geometriis tipisaa. <...> 1871 wels
f. kleinma miuTiTa, rom sferosebr sibrtyes ormxrivi zedapiris buneba aqvs,
xolo elipsurs _ calmxrivisa. danteseuli sivrce swored elipsur sivrces hgavs.
amiT, samyaros sasrulobaze Suasaukuneobriv warmodgenebs moulodnelad
naTeli efineba. magram, fardobiTobis principis meSveobiT es zogadgeometriuli mosazrebebi axlaxan moulodnelad konkretulad ganimarta... 80
p. florenski imis mtkicebisas, rom Sua saukuneebis cnobiereba ufro
axlos idga XX saukunis cnobierebasTan, vidre _ renesansis meqanicisturi
ideologia, garkveulad aWarbebs (magaliTad, dantes dedamiwaze dabruneba
(samoTxe I, 5_6) ,,komediaSi mxolod miniSnebulia, da aqedan am
moZraobis wrfiv bunebaze daskvnebis gamotana varaudiTRa Tu SeiZleba),
magram mis mier gamovlenili problema, romelic ,,komediis teqstSi realuryofiTi da kosmosur-transcendenturi sirceebis urTierTdapirispirebulobas
exeba, umniSvnelovanesia. Tumca ki, winaaRmdegobis gadaWris gza, albaT,
sxva sibrtyeze unda veZeboT.
da marTlac _ Tu ,,komediis kosmiur sqemas ganvixilavT, amis
aRniSvna mogviwevs: aristoteles warmodgenebis Tanaxmad, CrdiloeT
naxevarsfero, rogorc nakleb srulyofili, qveviT mdebareobs, samxreT
naxevarsfero ki _ dedamiwis zeviT. amitom, dante da vergiliusi, romlebic
miwieri urTierTSepirispirebis _ ,,zemoT-qvemoT _ relatiuri skaliT
eSvebodnen, anu dedamiwis zedapiridan misi centrisaken miiwevdnen,
imave dros, msoflio RerZis orientaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, zeviT miemarTebian.
es
paradoqsi
danteseuli
semiotikis
sferoSi
ganimarteba.
dantes
79

.. / . . . , . . , . . //
. . . -. 1967. . 198. . 4344 ( . [T.] 3).
80
.. . C. 4648.

53
warmodgenaTa sistemaSi sivrces aqvs mniSvneloba. yoveli sivrciTi kategoria
garkveuli azris mqonea.81 miuxedavad amisa, gamoxatvisa da Sinaarsis
urTierTdamokidebuleba aq im pirobiTobasaa moklebuli, romelic niSandoblivia
sazogadoebriv konvenciebze dafuZnebuli semiotikuri sistemebisaTvis.
ferdinand de sosiuris terminologiiT, es _ niSnebi ki ara, simboloebia. ase,
magaliTad, fsevdo-dionise areopagelis simbolos erT-erTi funqcia isaa, rom
,,zeyofieri samyaro realurad warmoaCinos yofierebis doneze <...> amasTan,
aRniSvnis funqcia izomorfizmis CarCoebiTaa Semofargluli, Tumca ki, igi
antikuri mimesisisgan principulad gansxvavdeba82. simbolos Sinaarsi, misi
mniSvneloba pirobiTad ki ar erwymis mis saxeobriv gamoxatulebas (rogorc
es alegoriis dros xdeba), aramed masSi aRwevs, atans. ierarqiulad mocemuli
teqsti rac ufro axlos dgas im zeciur naTelTan, romelic mTeli Suasaukuneobrivi
simbolikis WeSmariti Sinaarsia, miT ufro mkveTrad elavs masSi mniSvneloba
da miT ufro upirobo da uSualoa misi gamoxatulebac. universaluri ierarqiis
kibeze rac ufro Sorsaa teqsti WeSmaritebis wyarosagan, miT ufro mkrTalia
misi anarekli da pirobiTia Sinaarsisa da gamoxatvis urTierTdamokidebuleba.
amgvarad,
umaRles
safexurze
WeSmariteba
sulieri mzeris mier uSualod moixileba, umdablesze ki igi niSnebis xasiaTs
iZens, romelTac wminda konvenciuri buneba aqvT. swored imis gamo, rom
sxvadasxva ierarqiul safexurze mdgomi codvili adamianebi da demonebi
wminda pirobiTi niSnebiT sargebloben, maT SeuZliaT, icruon, iveragon,
iorpiron _ Sinaarsi Tavis gamoxatulebas sxvadasxva saSualebiT daacilon.
erTmaneTTan urTierTobisas marTalnic pirobiTi niSnebiT sargebloben, magram
isini maT pirobiT bunebas borotad ar iyeneben, xolo WeSmaritebis umaRles
wyaroebTan kavSiri maT mniSvnelobaTa upirobo simbolur samyaroSi
SeRwevis saSualebas uqadis.
amgvarad, ierarqiis erTi safexuridan meoreze gadasvlisas Sinaarsisa da
gamoxatulebis urTierTkavSiri Seicvleba: aRmasvlis kvladakval, niSanTa
simbolizmi gaizrdeba, xolo konvenciuri niSneuloba Sesustdeba. Tumca,
semantikuri TvalsazrisiT, yoveli axali ierarqiuli safexuri yvela sxva
danarCenis mimarT izomorfuli iqneba da, Sesabamisad, erTi da imave
mniSvnelobaTa mqone, sxvadasxva donis elementebs Soris ekvivalenturi
urTierToba damyardeba.
zemoTqmuls pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs cnebebis ,,zemoT-qvemoT
ganmartebasTan ,,komediaSi.
RerZi
,,zemoT-qvemoT
teqstis
mTel
azrobriv
arqiteqtonikas
ayalibebs: ,,komediis yvela nawili da qeba met-naklebad am ZiriTad
koordinatze ganlagebiT xasiaTdeba. Sesabamisad, teqstSi dantes moZraoba
mudam daRmarTi da aRmarTia. am cnebebs savsebiT simboluri xasiaTi aqvT:
realuri daRmarTisa Tu aRmarTis miRma sulieri amaRleba an dacema
ilandeba. dantes mier mkacr ierarqiul sistemaSi moqceuli yvela codva
sivrceSi ise Tavsdeba, rom codvis simZimes codvilis adilsamyofelis siRrme
Seesatyviseba.
dantesa da vergiliusis jojoxeTSi Casvlas daRmarTis mniSvneloba aqvs.
mdgomareobis paradoqsuloba, romlis drosac isini, daSvebisas zemoT adian,
dantes ,,komediis semiotikuri gajerebulobis Sesaxeb, ix.: DArco S. A. Modelli semiologici nella
Commedia di Dante. Milano, 1975, gansakuTrebiT, nawili Lultimo viaggio di Ulisse; kvleviTi literaturis
ufro detaluri monacemebi, romelic Temas ,,dante da semiotika ukavSirdeba, ix. s.
salvestronisTan TanaavtorobiT daweril Cvens statiaSi (mocemuli Tavis Sevsebuli varianti),
gamoqveynebuli wignSi: Lotman J. M. Testo e contesto: Semiotica dellarte e della cultura. Roma, 1980.
82
.. . . . 129.
81

54
xazgasmulia leqsiT mTvareze, romelic samxreT hemisferoSi gadadis da
mogzauri potebis ferxTiT livlivebs:
E gi l luna sotto i nostri piedi83

Sesabamisad, garkveuli uzenaesi mniSvnelobiT, es daSveba aRmasvlaa

(jojoxeTSi Casuli, codvis ufskrulis Semcnobi dante, absoluturi TvalsazrisiT,
zneobrivad maRldeba _ daRmarTi aRmarTis ekvivalenturia), Tumca, amave
dros, miwieri kriteriumebiT, es swored rom daSvebaa, romelic realuri
daRmasvlis yvela niSans atarebs, mgzavrTa fizikuri daRlilobis CaTvliT.
vinaidan am gzas daRmarTis mniSvneloba aqvs, mas poetebi ,,gankicxulTa
dasaxlebamde (qarTul TargmanSia: ,,Cems ukan sufevs tanjvisa da cremlis
qalaqi, Cems ukan sufevs unapiro, usazRvro sevda, Cems ukan Savi
samyaroa sulT warwymedilTa) mihyavs (Citt dolente; jojoxeTi III, 1) da maT
jojoxeTur gansacdelTa mWvretelebad aqcevs.
pirobiTisa da upirobos rTul dialeqtikas, romelsac danteseuli sivrcis
semiotikur RerZze fiqrisas momentalurad vawydebiT, ,,komediis zneobrivi
ierarqiis centrSi SevyavarT. ,,komediaSi sasjelis garsTa mixedviT codvaTa
aratrivialur ganawilebas yuradReba araerTxel mihqcevia: dantes pozicia
gansxvavdeba saeklesio normebisganac da yofiTi warmodgenebisganac. Tu
XIV saukunis mkiTxvels aocebda pirmoTneTa VIII garsis meeqvse xvrelSi
moTavseba, xolo eretikosebisa _ mxolod VI-Si, dantes Tanamedrove
Tayvanismcemeli imiTaa Secbunebuli, rom mkvleloba (VII garsis pirveli xvreli)
ufro msubuqad isjeba, vidre qurdoba (VIII garsis meSvide xvreli) an yalbi
monetebisa da yalbi Zvirfaseulobis damzadeba (VIII garsis meaTe xvreli).
Tumca, amgvar ganawilebas mkacri logika aqvs.
ukve aRvniSneT, rom RvTaebrivi WeSmaritebisa da siyvarulis
mwvervalidan daSvebis kvaldakval arapirobiTobis sazomi, gamoxatulebisa da
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT, sustdeba. miwieri adamianebi rwmenis sakiTxebSi
RvTaebrivi simboloebiT, urTierTobisas ki pirobiTi niSnebiT xelmZRvaneloben.
am niSnebis konvenciur bunebaSi maTi ormagi gamoyenebis saSualeba
imaleba: isini SeiZleba gamoviyenoT WeSmaritebis (konvenciebis dacviT) an
sicruis (konvenciebis darRveviT an damaxinjebiT) saSualebebad. eSmaki _
sicruis mama _ konvenciebisa da yovelgvari SeTanxmebis darRvevis
sulisCamdgmelia. gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis WeSmariti kavSiris rRveva
mkvlelobaze uaresia, radgan igi simarTles klavs da mTeli Tavisi infernaluri
arsiT, sicruis wyaroa. amitomacaa didad logikuri is, rom borot saqcielSi
nagulisxmev codvebs dante ufro msubuqad gansjis, vidre niSnebis cru
gamoyenebis yvela SemTxvevas: sityvebis (ciliswameba, mliqvneloba, cru
rCevebi da a.S.), fasiani nivTebis (yalbi fulis damamzadeblebi, alqimikosebi
da sxv.), dokumentebis (falsifikatorebi), ndobis (qurdebi), ideebisa da
Rirsebis niSnebis (mliqvnelebi, simonistebi) SemTxvevebs. magram yvelaze
uaresni _ xelSekrulebaTa da movaleobaTa damrRvevebi _ moRalateebi _
arian. araswori saqcieli erTjeradad vnebs, niSanTa dadgenili kavSirebis
rRveva ki TviT sazogadoebis safuZvels arRvevs da dedamiwas satanis
samefod _ jojoxeTad _ aqcevs.

... ( XXIX, 10). rusuli Targmanis miTiTebuli leqsi.

konteqstualurad aqac acdenilia qarTuli Targmanis Sesabamis adgils: ,,hxedav, Cvens ferxTiT
amosula eger mTovare (k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, t. X, qeba ocdamecxre, 9,
gv. 272).
83

55
bunebrivia, jojoxeTSi sicrue batonobs, aq niSnebisa da maTi Sinaarsis
kavSiri darRveulia, aq sicrue normidan gadaxra ki ara, kanonia. eSmakebi
cruoeben, roca XXI qebaSi vergiliuss atyobineben, rom ufskrulze gasavleli
mxolod meeqvse xidi Caingra, sinamdvileSi yvela xidi Caqceulia. ,,jojoxeTis
XXXIII simReraSi dante alberigs arwmunebs, rom codvils Tvalebidan yinuls
moacilebs, da maSinve arRvevs Tavis fics:
...e cortesia fu lui esser villano84.

umZimesi danaSauli _ veragoba _ mamacobad gardaiqmneba iq, sadac

uxeSoba Tavazianobaa.
sivrcobriv modelSi WeSmaritebisa da sicruis urTierTdapirispireba 85
zemoT mimarTuli wrfisa da horizontalur sibrtyeze wriuli moZraobis antiTezad
saxierdeba. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iyo warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom
wreze moZraobas _ magiuri, Suasakuneobriv-qristianuli TvalsazrisiT ki,
eSmauri buneba aqvs. amas SeiZleba davupirispiroT netari avgustines
msjeloba, romelic uaryofda drois wriuli moZraobisa da movlenebis cikluri
gameorebis ideas, da mas drois wrfivi moZraobis koncefcias upirispirebda,
radgan ,,qriste erTxel mokvda Cveni codvebis gamo86.
dantesTan sivrcis eTikuri modeli uSualod mis kosmiur models
eTanadeba. dantes kosmiuri modeli aristoteles, ptolemeosis, al ferganis da
albert didis ideebis gavlenis Sedegad iqmneboda. Tumca, masze udavod
imoqmeda piTagoras ideebmac. geometriul figurebsa da sxeulebs Soris wrisa
da sferos umaRles srulyofilebaze piTagoraseuli Sexedulebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
jojoxeTis garsTa wyoba amgvarad ixsneba: wre srulyofilebis xat-saxea,
magram Tu zeda wre srulyofil sikeTes aRniSnavs, qveda wre srulyofil
borotebas
ganasaxierebs.
danteze
gansakuTrebuli
gavlena
iqonia
piTagoraseulma binarul opoziciaTa sistemam, kerZod, wrfis, rogorc sikeTis
tolfasis, Sepirispirebam mrudTan, romelic borotebis grafikuli ekvivalentia.
jojoxeTSi codvilni daxSuli mrudebiT moZraoben, dante ki _ aRmavali spiraliT,
romelic wrfiuli moZraobiT frenaSi gadadis. Tumca, unda mivuTiToT, rom
dantes gansxvavebuloba swored piTagoraseuli ideis fonze ikveTeba: misi
sivrciTi da eTikur-religiuri orientaciis aTvlis wertili sferos centri ki ar aris,
aramed _ msoflio RerZis mwvervali. piTagorelebma gamoyves ZiriTad binarul
urTierTSepirispirebaTa rigi, rogoricaa ,,luwi/kenti, ,,marjvena/marcxena,
,,sasruli/usasrulo,
,,mamrobiTi/mdedrobiTi,
,,mxolobiTi/mravlobiTi,
,,sinaTle/sibnele, magram dantesaTvis ZiriTadi opozicia _ ,,zemoT/qvemoT _
maT sistemaSi gamoyofili ar aris87.
qarTul TargmanSi es adgili ocdamecamete qebis 114-115 leqsebs Tanxvdeba: ,,vinZlo ver
SevZlo mogipovo odnavi Sveba, dee me TavaT gaviriyo yinulT wiaRSi (k. gamsaxurdia,
TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, RvTaebrivi komedia, jojoxeTi, gv. 292).
85
ix.: Ma perch frode del luom proprio male,
pi spiace a Dio; e pere stan di sutto
li frodolenti e pidolor li assale.
qarTul TargmanSia: ,,tyuili _ es xom manki aris kacTa bunebis, / igi isjeba umkacresad. aq
matyuarni, / RvTisgan umetes Serisxulni, Zirs hyrian ufro (k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa
aTtomeuli, RvTaebrivi komedia, jojoxeTi XI, 25_27, gv. 196).
86
: [ 11. .] / . . 2- . , 1905
1915. . 4. . 258.
87
ix. Regny V. de. Dante e Pitagora. Milano, 1955. miuxedavad amisa, niSandoblivia, rom salxinebelSi
zemoT moZraoba mxolod mzis naTebisasaa nebadarTuli, wyvdiadSi ki mxolod qvemoT
Camosvla an mTis garSemo wriuli moZraobaa SesaZlebeli (salxinebeli VII, 52-59). wriuli
moZraobis _ wyvdiadTan, wrfivi da aRmavali moZraobis ki sinaTlesTan dakavSireba avlens
84

56
amgvarad, danteseuli samyaros sivrciTi modeli qmnis garkveul
kontinuums, romelSic individualur gzaTa da bed-iRbalTa zogierTi traeqtoria
igulisxmeba. sikvdilis Semdeg adamianis suli msoflio konstruqciis
kontinuumSi garkveul gzas gadis, romelsac is misi zneobrivi faseulobis
Sesabamis sivrcemde mihyavs. Tumca, netari sulebi mudmivad mSvid
mdgomareobaSi arian, maSin, roca codvilni mudmivad ciklurad moZraoben _
zogjer uSualod sivrcobriv gadaadgilebaTa formiT (wreze usasrulo frena an
siaruli), zogjer ganmeorebadi gardaqmnebis saxiT: daCexilebi maSinve
mTliandebian, raTa kvlav danawevrdnen; iwvian, magram ferflidan
aRdgebian, raTa kvlav daiwvan; ifarebian kaniT, romelsac maT gamudmebiT
aZroben da a.S.88
am fonze mkafiod Cans dantes figura, romelsac yovelgvari
gadadgilebis Tavisufleba aqvs, radgan misi zesvla yvela yalbi gzis
Secnobasac gulisxmobs. Tumca, ,,komediaSi mxolod dantes rodi aqvs
mkveTrad gamoxatuli moZraobis individuluri traeqtoria. am aspeqtSi unda
davasaxeloT nawarmoebis erTi personaJi _ ulise. am figuris unikalobas
mravaljer miupyria komentatorebisa da mkvlevrebis yuradReba 89. unda
vaRiaroT, rom ulises mogzauroba marTlac Zalze gamorCeuli epizodia.
,,komediaSi ulises saxe gaorebulia. ulise ,,avbediT xvrelebSi veraguli
rCevebis micemisTvis xvdeba. veragobasa da sicruesTan dantes zemoT
aRniSnuli damokidebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es arcaa gasakviri. aq sxva ram
ipyrobs yuradRebas _ ulises naambobi mis mogzaurobasa da sikvdilze. ulises,
dantes darad, individualuri gza eZleva. samyaroul kontinuumSi maT trasebs
Soris kidev erTi arsebiTi msgavsebaa: isini swori gzis gmirebi arian 90.
msgavseba imiTac vlindeba, rom maTi gzebi asaxiereben Ria moZraobas,
usasrulobisaken swrafvas; isini zustad aRniSnuli adgilebidan arCeuli
mimarTulebiT moZraoben, da winaswar moniSnuli saboloo punqtisaken ar
miiltvian. miuxedavad amisa, maTi moZraobis trasebs Soris Zireuli
gansxvavebaa: dantes gzis sazrisi gansaxierebulia zeswrafvaSi, am skalaze
misi TiToeuli nabijia aRniSnuli _ iqneba es daRmasvla, Tu aRmasvla. ulises
gza ,,komediaSi erTaderTi mniSvnelovani moZraobaa, romlisTvisac ,,zemoTqvemoT RerZi ararelevanturia: mTeli trasa horizontalur sibrtyezea gaSlili. Tu
erTis codvilobas da meoris siqveles. amave dros, salxinebelSi wriuli moZraoba xorcieldeba
marjvniv (salxinebeli XIII, 13-16), maSin, roca jojoxeTSi, ori gamonaklisis garda, es xdeba
marcxniv.
88
wriuli moZraobis codviloba mxolod jojoxeTze vrceldeba, radgan sivrcis daviwroebas, mis
zrdad siviwroes ukavSirdeba, romelsac ciuri sferoebis farTo sivrce da mokaSkaSe empireas
usasruloba upirispirdeba. jojoxeTis sivrce ara mxolod viwro, aramed uxeSad materialuricaa.
mas erTdroulad upirispirdeba erT wertilamde usasrulod Seviwroebuli (samoTxe XXVIII, 16,
22-25 da XXIX, 16-18) da usazRvrod gafarToebuli idealuroba. urTierTdapirispirebas emateba
antiTezebi: ,,sinaTle-sibnele, ,,nelsurneleba-simyrale, "siTbo-ukiduresi sicxe an ukiduresi
sicive, romelTa jami danteseuli samyaros semiotikur konstruqcias warmoqmnis.
89
ix.: Hartmann A. Untersuchungen ber die Sagen vom Tod des Odysseus. Mnchen, 1917; Standford W. Dantes
conception of Ulysses. The Cambridge Journal. 1953. # 4; Standford W. The Ulysses theme: A study in the
Adaptapility
of
a
Traditional
Hero.
Oxford,
1963;
. . ., 1966; DArco S. A. Modelli
semiologici nella Commedia di Dante. Milano, 1975. C. 3364; Forti E. Magnanimitage. Bologna, 1977 C. 162-206.
90
jojoxeTis garsebSi dantes moZraobis realuri gza spiralismagvaria, anu ori moZraobisagan
Sedgeba: igi moZraobs wriulad da siRrmiseulad, ciur sferoebze misi moZraoba rTulad
gamoisaxvis, Tumca danteseuli sivrcis kodur struqturaSi misi gadaadgilebis semantika
aRmasvlaa. ulises gza ramdenadme gamrudebulia dedamiwis sferosebri zedapirisa da
xomaldis marcxniv gadaxris gamo (,,Sempre acquistando da lato mancino. qarTul TargmanSia: ,,sul
marcxena gveWira mxare, jojoxeTi XXVI, 126). Tumca, kodur sferoSi mas, aseve, wrfe
Seesabameba.

57
dante
kosmiuri
brolis
globusis
SigniTaa
moTavsebuli,
romlis
samganzomilebian sivrcesac vertikaluri RerZi msWvalavs (is, rom dante
uTiTebs da zomavs kidec mis daxrilobas 91, ar cvlis mis, rogorc vertikalis,
metafizikur arss), ulise TiTqosda rukaze mogzaurobs. SemTxveviTi ar aris,
rom, roca dante marCbivis Tanavarskvlavedidan dedamiwas Seavlebs Tvals,
ise Wvrets ulises xomaldis moZraobas, TiTqos, rukas akvirdebao;
S chio vedea di l da Gade il varco
folle dUlisse92
ulise dantes erTgvari oreulia. es or mniSvnelovan aspeqtSi vlindeba.
pirveli: orive maTgani, sxva personaJebisagan gansxvavebiT,
romelTa
codvebma an siqveleebma isini calsaxad miamagres danteseuli samyaros
garkveul locus-ebs, _ ,,gzis gmiria, mudmivad moZraoben da, rac ufro
mniSvnelovania, mudmivad kveTen akrZaluli sivrceebis sazRvrebs. dantes
danarCeni personaJebi an erT adgilas imyofebian, an raime winaswar
gansazRvruli adgilisken miiCqarian, romlis sazRvrebi ganapirobeben maT
adgils samyaroSi, am personaJTagan TiToeuls Tavisi sivrce aqvs. mxolod
dante da ulise, Zlevamosili vnebiT, nebayoflobiTa Tu iZulebiT devnilebi,
kveTen samyaros erTi ubnis meorisagan gamyof sazRvars. meore: maT
aerTianebs marSruti: danteca da ulisec erTi mimarTulebiT iCqarian;
salxineblisaken isini gansxvavebuli gzebiT midian: dante jojoxeTidan
mRvimeebis gavliT, romelTa warmoqmna luciferis sxeulis vardnas mohyolia,
ulise _ zRviT, espaneTis, gibraltaris, marokos gaswvriv. marTalia, dante
infernalur samyaroSi mogzaurobs, ulise ki _ realur geografiul sivrceSi,
magram adgili, saiTac miiCqarian, erTia. es mtkicdeba imiT, rom salxinebelsa
da samoTxeSi mogzaurobisas daRupuli ulise estafetas TiTqos dantes
gadascems. poeti orjer ixsenebs damxrCval gmirs, da orive moxsenieba
mniSvnelovania.
salxinebelSi gatarebul meore RamiT mas sirinozi evlineba:
lo volsi Ulisse del suo cammin vago
al canto mio93
sirinozis saxe odisevsis sazRvao gmirobasa da simamaces gvagonebs,
magram misi sicrue, garegnuli mxarisa da arsis dacalkevebis, mSvenierebis
safars miRma sisaZaglis dafarvis unari (gardaqmnis unari dantesaTvis sicruis
niSania: swored ase isjebian matyuarebi jojoxeTSi) uneblieT miuTiTebs
avbediTi xvrelebis sicruis samyaroze, sadac dantem ulisesac miuCina adgili.
ulise meored marCbivis Tanavarskvlavedis zonaSi dantes Sesvlisas
moixsenieba. ulises daRupvis adgilis antipodur wertilSi moxvedrili dante
herkulesis svetebis meridianisken gadafrindeba da Semdeg, usasrulod maRla
miiwevs, igi ulises gzas imeorebs, sanam misi daRupvis adgils Tavze ar
moeqceva, sioni-salxineblis meridianze ar aRmoCndeba. aq, luciferis vardnis
RerZiT, romelic ulises xomaldis daRupvis adgilas gadis, igi empireasken
qarTul TargmanSia: ,,mze gascdenoda SeumCnevlad ergassa xarisxs; ,,Tu Sen gwadia, rom
gaigo, es rogor xdeba, maSin dafiqrdi da sioni warmoidgine; ,,mze damTxvevia meridians
(salxinebeli, qeba meoTxe, 15; 67-68; 138; gv. 311-315).
92
qarTul TargmanSia: ,,me vnaxe gzai odisevis, kadiqsis mxridan (samoTxe, qeba
ocdameSvide, 82, gv. 561).
93
qarTul TargmanSia: ,,me gavitace odisevi gadakarguli (salxinebeli, qeba mecxramete, 22,
gv. 3770.
91

58
aiWreba. amgvarad, dantes mogzauroba ulises sikvdilis momentidan misi
mogzaurobis gagrZelebaa. am momentamde isini TiTqos erTmaneTis
dublirebas axdenen.
Tumca, yoveli gaorebis azri isaa, rom msgavsebis safuZvelze
gansxvaveba gamovlindes. am SemTxvevasac amgvari mniSvneloba aqvs.
dantes msgavsad, ulisec adamianis Secnobis (delli vizi umani e del valore)
swrafvas idumalad mowyobili samyaros Semecnebis survils uTanadebs:
.
...Devostri sensi ch del rimanente,
non vogliate negar lesperienza,
di retro al sol, del mondo sanza gente94.
Semecnebis es keTilSobiluri wyurvili dantes aSkarad xiblavs. ,,komediaSi
mravalgzis gvxvdeba namdvili adamianebis dapirispireba adamianissaxa
pirutyvul arsebebTan (Sdr. ,,saxlineblis XIV qebaSi arnos napirebze porCanos
mkvidri Rorismagvari arsebebis, arenTinteli ZaRlebis, florencieli mglebis,
pizeli meliebis CamonaTvali). cxovelis msgavsebis metaforis realizaciazea
agebuli mravali jojoxeTuri tanjva. amitom, ulises sityvebs, romelTac is Tavis
Tanamgzavrebs axsenebs, rom isini adamianebi arian, da ara _ pirutyvebi, da
rom keTilSobiluri codnisaTvis gaCndnen da ara _ cxoveluri arsebobisTvis,
poeti did mniSvnelobas aniWebs:
Considerate la vostra semenza:
fatti non foste a viver come bruti,
ma per seguir virtute e cancoscenza.95
magram Semecnebis gzebi dantesa da ulisesaTvis gansxvavebulia:
dantes codna SeuRlebulia moraluri faseulobebis RerZiT mudmiv
aRmasvlasTan, es is codnaa, romelic Semmecneblis zneobrivi srulyofiT
moipoveba. codna gamaRlebs, xolo zneobriobis amaRleba gonebas ginaTebs.
ulises codnis wyurvili moraluris miRmaa _ is ar arc zneobriobas ukavSirdeba,
arc _ uzneobas, sxva sibrtyeSi Zevs da mas eTikur problemebTan araferi
akavSirebs. salxinebeli misTvis mxolod TeTri adgilia rukaze, misken swrafva ki
_ geografiuli aRmoCenebis wyurviliT nakarnaxevi mogzauroba. dante
momlocvelia, ulise ki mogzauri. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom infernaluri da
lotmans mohyavs fragmenti rusuli Targmanidan ( , /
, / , / , ,
!), romelic qarTulad sityva-sityviT ase iTargmneba: ,,is mcire vada, vidre miwier
grZnobebs Tvlema ar SehparviaT, / maTi mwiri naSTi siaxlis Secnobas moaxmareT, / rom
mzis kvaldakval ukacrieli samyaro ixiloT! k. gamsaxurdias TargmanSi igive pasaJi ase
gamoiyureba:
,,esoden mcire JamisaTvis ara Rirs dasTmoT
siamovneba im ukacur qveynis xilvisa,
manaTobeli mzis gadaRma rom mdebareobs.
(k. gamsaxurdia, TxzulebaTa aTtomeuli, t. X, RvTaebrivi komedia, jojoxeTi, qeba
ocdameeqvse, 115-117, gv. 262).
95 , : / , /
. qarTul TargmanSia:
,,STamomavloba moigoneT maRali Tqveni,
Tqven pirutyvuli cxovrebisTvis ar gaCenilxarT, _
codna gekuTvnisT moipovoT da saTnoeba.
(118-120, iqve).
94

95

59
kosmiuri momlocvelobis periodSi dantes yovelTvis megzuri miuZRvis win,
ulises ki oden sakuTari utifroba da gambedaoba marTavs. Tavgadasavlebis
maZieblis Wkuasa da xasiaTs igi farinatas daumorCileblobasac urwyams.
epikuri TaRliTi, zRapruli gmiri-crupentela, homerosis poeziaSi iTakis cbieri
mefe, dantes poemaSi aRorZinebis epoqis adamianis, pirvelaRmomCenisa da
mogzauris Tvisebebs iZens. dantesac swored es saxe xiblavs, Tavisi
mTlianobiTa da ZaliT, moraluri indiferentulobiT ki _ ganxiblavs. Tumca, roca
avanturistis, maZieblis, moraluris garda yvela sxva sferos Semcnobi gmiris
epoqis mier Seqmnil saxes daacqerda, dantem raRac ufro zogadi dainaxa,
vidre uaxloesi momavlis fsiqologia _ axali drois mecnieruli da, ufro farTo
gagebiT, kulturuli, cnobierebisaTvis niSandoblivi Tvisebebi: codnisa da
moralis, aRmoCenisa da misi Sedegis, mecnierebisa da mecnieris pirovnebis
dacalkeveba.
Secdoma iqneboda, dantesa da ulises Cveneul SepirispirebaSi mxolod
Sua sakuneobrivi moazrovnisa da renesanseli adamianis fsiqologiaTa
istoriulad karga xnis win Cavlili konfliqti dagvenaxa.
msoflio kulturis istorias araerTgzis daumtkicebia, rom ama Tu im
gadamwyveti epoqis zRurblze mdgomi moazrovneebi mis mniSvnelobasa da
Sedegs xSirad ufro naTlad xedaven, vidre _ mis movlenaTa mimoqcevaSi
Cabmuli Semdgomi Taobebi. axali drois zRurblze myofma dantem momavali
kulturis erT-erTi ZiriTadi safrTxe dainaxa. misi idealisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo
integrireba: misi codnis enciklopediuroba, romelic, praqtikulad, imdroindeli
mecnierebis mTel arsenals moicavda, mis cnobierebaSi gancalkevebuli
cnobebis jamad ki ar Camoyalibebuliyo, aramed erTiani integrirebuli codna
warmoeqmna, codna, romelic, Tavis mxriv, msoflio imperiis idealsa (jojoxeTi
I, 101-109) da kosmosis harmoniul konstruqcias erwymoda. am giganturi
struqturis centrSi imyofeboda adamiani, aRorZinebisdroindeli gigantebiviT
Zlieri, magram mis garemomcvel samyaroSi integrirebuli, samyaros yvela
koncentrul wresTan dakavSirebuli da, Sesabamisad, moraluri paTosiT
ganmsWvaluli. calkeuli pirovnebis gankerZoebis, misi specializaciis
tendencia, romelsac gonebisa da sindisis, mecnierebisa da zneobriobis
dacalkevebamde mivyavdiT, da romelsac dante damdeg epoqaSi
winaswarmetyvelebda, dantes sZagda.
ra Tqma unda, gulubryviloba iqneboda dantes, rogorc ,,komediis
personaJisa, da dantes, rogorc Tanaavtoris, gaigiveba. dante-personaJi ulises
antipodia, romelsac axsovs, rom jojoxeTis arc erTi tyve ar unda iwvevdes
TanagrZnobas. dantes _ ,,komediis avtors ar SeuZlia, ulises ar TanaugrZnos
da mas Tavisi emociuri pirovnebis nawili ar uwilados. dantes azrebi am
saxeebis rTuli dialoguri Sesabamisobis fonze Cndeba.

3. saxli romanSi ,,ostati da margarita

msoflio folkloris universalur Temebs Soris didi adgili uWiravs ,,saxlis
(,,Tavisi, usafrTxo, kulturuli, sivrcis mfarveli RmerTebis mier daculi)
dapirispirebas ,,antisaxlTan, ,,tyis saxlTan (ucxo, eSmakiseul sivrcesTan,
droebiTi sikvdilis adgilTan, romelSi moxvedrac saiqioSi mogzaurobis
tolfasia)96. am opoziciasTan dakavSirebuli cnobierebis arqauli modelebi
ix.:
. . . , . .,
1998; . . . . 4253, 97103; saxlis simbolikis Sesaxeb
ix.:
Bachelard
S.
La
potique
de
lespace.
Paris,
1957;
96

60
kulturis Semdgom istoriaSi did mdgradobasa da produqtiulobas avlenen.
puSkinis 1820-1830-iani wlebis meore naxevris poeziaSi saxlis Tema ideur
fokusad iqceva, romelic gulisxmobs kulturul tradiciebze, istoriaze,
humanurobasa da ,,adamianis TviTmyofobaze Sexedulebebs. gogolis
SemoqmedebaSi is srulad viTardeba, erTi mxriv, ,,saxlisa da eSmakiseuli
,,antisaxlis (saroskipo, ,,peterburguli moTxrobebis kancelaria), meore mxriv
ki usaxlkarobis, gzis, rogorc umaRlesi faseulobisa, da saxlebis Caketili
egoisturi cxovrebis dapirispirebis saxiT. dostoevskisTan miTologiuri arqetipi
gogoliseul tradiciebs erwymis: gmirma _ sardafis, oTaxi-kubos (romlebic
Tavad
sikvdilis
sivrceebia)
mcxovrebma,
,,sikvdiliTa
sikvdilis
damTrgunvelma, mkvdari saxli unda gaiaros, raTa aRdges da Tavidan iSvas.
es tradicia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania bulgakovisaTvis, romlis mTel
SemoqmedebaSi
,,saxli-antisaxlis
simbolika
erT-erT
maorganizebel
elementad iqceva. am narkvevis sagani romanSi ,,ostati da margarita am
motivis funqciaze dakvirveba iqneba.
pirveli, rasac vigebT, isaa, rom erTaderTi gmiri, romelic mTel romans
pirvelidan bolo gverdamde msWvalavs, da romelsac boloSi ,,Segirdi
daerqmeva, ,,bezdomnis fsevdonimiT moRvawe poeti ivane nikolozis Ze
ponirevia. teqstSi msgavsi saxiT Semodis ieSuac: ,,sad cxovrob
mudmivad?97
_ mudmivi sacxovrebeli ara maqvs, _ moridebiT pasuxobs patimari, _
qalaqidan qalaqSi vmogzaurob.
_ es SeiZleba erTi sityviT gamoixatos _ mawanwala, _ Tqva
prokuratorma. aRsaniSnavia, rom teqstSi amas maSinve ieSuas mimarT
wayenebuli braldeba mosdevs, rom igi ,,taZris Senobis dangrevas
apirebda98,
xolo
ivanes
misamarTi
xdeba
,,...poeti
bezdomni,
sagiJeTidan...99.
usaxlkarobis TemasTan erTad, dauyovnebliv Cndeba cru saxlis Temac. is
ramdenime variantad realizdeba, romelTagan yvelaze mniSvnelovani
komunaluri binaa. fokas sityvebs: ,,Sin SeiZleba vivaxSmoT, mosdevs
pasuxi: ,,warmomidgenia, Seni coli rogor cdilobs saxlis saerTo samzareuloSi,
qvabSi fargis naWrebis a natiurel mogrovebas!100. bulgakovisaTvis ,,saxlisa
da ,,saerTo samzareulos cnebebi principulad SeuTavsebelia, da maTi
damezobleba fantasmagoriuli samyaros xats qmnis.
bina anomaliuri samyaros centrad iqceva. swored mis sivrceSi kveTs
erTmaneTs infernaluri Zalebis oinebi, biurokratiuli fiqciebis mistika da yofiTi
kinklaoba. romanSi ,,eSmakis saxelis wyeviT moxseniebas ormagi
semantika aqvs, romelic gamoixateba rogorc emociuri SorisdebulebiT, ise
sagnobrivi aRniSvnebiT101. uSualod ,,binis saubrebic, rogorc wesi, ormag
semantikas atareben, da absurduli an infernaluri ,,sarCuli udevT,
rogoricaa: ,,gardacvlilis wilis dakaveba akrZalulia!102 _ komunaluri binebis
JargonTan erTad (akrZalulia im oTaxebSi yofna, romlebic adre gansvenebul
. ., . . :
. . 168175.
97
SekiTxva exmianeba romanis gmirebs Soris mudmivad ganxilul Caweris problemas.
98
ix.: . . . .: 5 . ., 1990. . 5. . 22, 24.
99
iqve. C. 70.
100
iqve. C. 58.
101
volandi eSmakiviT ,,kaprizulia ( . . . . . 5. . 96); ,,ho, [lixodeevi] ukve
wavida, wavida! _ daiyvira mTargmnelma <...> eSmakma uwyis, sad! (iqve);
<<,,gaiyvaneT gareT, eSmaksac wavuRivar! is ki, Tqven warmoidgineT, iRimis da
ambobs: ,,eSmaksac wauRixarT? ise, eg ki SesaZlebelia!>> (iqve. C. 185) da sxv.
102
iqve. C. 95.

61
berliozs ekava), korovievis koSmaruli saxe Cndeba, romelic gardacvlilis
oTaxSi zis (es saxe gamyarebulia berliozis Tavis gatacebisa da
bengalskisaTvis Tavis moglejis ambebiT)103.
is, rom bina sacxovrebeli adgilis simbolo ki ara, aramed raRac sruliad
sawinaaRmdegoa, binisa da sikvdilis Temebis myari kavSiriT vlindeba.
romanSi sityva ,,bina pirvelad sakmaod avbediT konteqstSi gvxvdeba:
berliozisaTvis
sikvdilis
winaswarmetyvelebis
Semdeg,
volandi
SekiTxvas, ,,....Tqven sad icxovrebT?, upasuxebs: ,,Tqvens binaSi. es Tema
korovievis nikanor ivanoviCisaTvis naTqvamiT viTardeba: ,,misTvis,
micvalebulisaTvis xom sulerTia <....> dameTanxmebiT, nikanor ivanoviC, es
bina mas axla aRaraferSi sWirdeba! ,,gardacvlili ZmisSvilis sam oTaxSi
Caweris mizniT moskovSi berliozis biZa Camodis. ZmisSvilis sikvdili sabinao
problemis mogvarebis epizodia: ,,depeSam SeZra maqsimilian andreeviCi. es
iyo momenti, romlis xelidan gaSveba sacodaoba iqneboda. saqmianma
xalxma uwyis, rom aseTi momentebi ar meordeba. naTesavis sikvdili
xelsayreli momentia, romelic xelidan ar unda gauSva.
,,bina #50 infernaluri movlenebis adgilia, magram es movlenebi am
binaSi bevrad ufro adre daiwyo, vidre iq volandi Tavisi amaliT dasaxldeboda:
iuveliris bina yovelTvis ,,urigo iyo. Tumca, iq momxdar ,,saswaulebriv
gaqrobaTa miuxedavad, bina romanSi unikaluri adgilis mflobeli rodia:
romanSi antisaxlebis mTavari Tviseba is aris, rom iq ar cxovroben _ iqidan
uCinardebian (mirbian, mifrinaven, midian, raTa ukvalod gaqrnen). romanSi
binis iracionaluroba imaze paraleluri TxrobiT aSkaravdeba, rom ,,maTTvis,
vinc kargad icnobs mexuTe ganzomilebas, rTuli ar aris binis sasurvel
sazRvrebamde gafarToeba, da imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor gadaaqcia ,,erTma
moqalaqem, _ ,,yovelgvari mexuTe ganzomilebisa da sxva raRacebis
gareSe, romelTagan Wkua gebneva, _ samoTaxiani bina oTxoTaxianad,
Semdeg ki is ,,moskovis sxvadasxva raionebSi or sakuTar binaze gadacvala _
erT samoTaxiansa da meore oroTaxianSi.
samoTaxiani man or or-oroTaxian binaze gacvala <...> Tqven ki mexuTe
ganzomilebaze laparakobT104
,,farTisTvis sayovelTao brZolasa (poplavskis cda, kievSi, institutis
quCaze mdebare ,,bina moskovSi ,,farTze gadacvalos, rogorc sabinaobiurokratiuli Jargonis pirobiTobas, ise Tavad qmedebis irealurobas
aaSkaravebs _ icxovro ,,farTSi igivea, rac ijde gansvenebulis naxevarze). am
cnebis sicocxlesTan SeuTavsebloba aSkaravdeba bengalskis wamoZaxiliT:
,,momeciT Cemi Tavi! Tavi momeciT! bina waiReT <...> oRond Tavi
damibruneT!
bulgakoviseul binas imTaviTve arasacxovrebeli saxe aqvs. volands
gamodevnebuli ivane saxl #13-Si (!) Serbis, ,,mocda didxans ar dasWirvebia:
ivanes kari xuTi wlis gogonam gauRo, momsvlels araferi hkiTxa da myisve
sadRac gauCinarda.
uzarmazar, ukiduresad mouvlel SesasvlelSi, romelsac WuWyisagan
gaSavebul maRal Werze mbJutavi naxSiris patara naTura anaTebda, kedelze
usalteo velosipedi ekida, idga rkiniT SemoWedili uzarmazari skivri, sakidis
zemoT, Taroze ki zamTris qudi ido, romelsac Tavisi grZeli yurebi Camohyroda.
erT-erT kars miRma radioaparatSi gabrazebuli mamakacis mWeqare xma
ix. korovievis monologi: <<mowme viyavi. daijereT _ erTxel mainc! Tavi _ gaswieT!
marjvena fexi _ WraWunebs, sanaxevrod! marcxena _ WraWunebs, sanaxevrod!>> (iqve. C.
193)
104
iqve. C. 45, 96, 191, 192, 243.
103

62
ismoda: igi raRacas gahyviroda leqsad. swored aq ejaxeba ivane ,,
mdedrobiTi sqesis SiSvel moqalaqes ,,RumelSi mbJutavi naxSiris ,,jojoxeTur
naTebaSi.
Tumca, saxlis antisaxlisagan ganmasxvavebeli Tvisebebi ar SeiZleba
komunaluri
binebis
mxolod
mouvlelobasa
da
xelmiSvebulobamde
daviyvanoT. ,,margarita ivanovnam ar icoda komunalur binaSi cxovrebis
saSinelebani, magram isic grZnobs, rom ,,calke saxlSi sicocxle SeuZlebelia
_ SeiZleba mxolod sikvdili. pilate pontoelsac ezizReba herodes sasaxle _ igi
cxovrobs, Wams, isvenebs aivnis svetebqveS, mas qariSxlis drosac ki ar
SeuZlia sasaxleSi Sesvla (,,iq Ramis gaTeva ar SemiZlia). romanSi pilate
mxolod erTxel Sedis sasaxleSi _ ,,muqi fardebiT Cabnelebul oTaxSi
prokuratori viRac kacs Sexvda, romlis saxe naxevrad kapiuSons daefara.
oTaxebi ara _ sacxovreblad, aramed saidumlo dacvis ufrosTan
SexvedrebisTvis gamoiyeneba. ,,afraniusi da niza qoxSi Seimalnen, raTa
iudas mkvlelobis safasurze SeTanxmebuliyvnen (,,vinmes qalis daxmarebiT
yeli rom gamoWra, Zalian bevri fulia saWiro). satanasTan mejlisze misul
mwamvlelTa, mkvlelTa, moRalateTa ambebSi ramdenjerme figurirebs oTaxis
kedlebi, romlebic yvelaze Savbnel rols TamaSoben. rodesac ,,berliozis sikvdili
mTelma saxlma Seityo, nikanor ivanoviCma ,,ocdaTormeti cali gancxadeba
miiRo,
,,romlebSic
gansvenebulis
sacxovrebel
farTze
pretenziebs
gamoTqvamdnen. ,,maTSi iyo Txovna, muqara, xrikebi, dabezReba... 105
bina raRac bnelis, da upirveles yovlisa, dabezRebis sinonimi xdeba. binis
dauflebis wyurvili iyo aloizi mogariCis mier ostatis dasmenis mizezi:
,,mogariCi? _ hkiTxa azazelom cidan Camovardnils.
_ aloizi mogariCi, _ upasuxa man kankaliT.
_ am kacis romanis Sesaxeb latunskis statiis wakiTxvis Semdeg
saCivari dawereT, romliTac ityobinebiT, rom is aralegalur literaturas inaxavs?
_ hkiTxa azazelom.
axladmovlenil moqalaqes saxeze lurjma ferma gadahkra da sinanulis
cremlebi wamoscvivda.
_ mis oTaxSi gadasvla gsurdaT? _ ramdenadac SeeZlo, gulwrfelad
CaidudRuna azazelom. ,,sabinao sakiTxi moculobiTi simbolos xasiaTs iRebs.
,,Cveulebrivi adamianebi <...> zogadad <...> Zvel adamianebs gvagoneben
<...> sabinao sakiTxma mxolod waaxdina isini, _ askvnis volandi.
Tumca, antisaxli romanSi mxolod biniT rodia warmodgenili. gmirebis
bedi mraval ,,saxls ukavSirdeba _ maT Soris mTavaria griboedovis saxli,
sagiJeTi, banaki: ,,morebisgan agebuli Senobis msgavsi raRac, calke mdgomi
samzareulo, abano, Tu eSmakma icis, kidev ra, ,,...jojoxeTuri adgili cocxali
adamianisaTvis,
sadac
aRmoCndeba
ostati
margaritas
sizmarSi.
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ,,griboedovi, sadac semantika, kulturis
istoriaSi tradiciulad ,,saxlis cnebas rom Seesabameba, srul travests
ganicdis. yvelaferi sicruea, am gancxadebiT dawyebuli: ,,mimarTeT m. v.
podloJnaias, da gaugebari warweriT _ ,,pereligino damTavrebuli.
niSandoblivia, rom romanSi gansjas swored simboloebis xarisxSi
ayvanili nagebobebi eqvemdebarebian: margarita sjis binebs (magram
gadaarCens latunskis volandis amalisgan), korovievi da behemoti
griboedovis saxls wvaven.
fsevdosaxlebis infernaluri buneba gadatanilia maT krebulze _ qalaqzec.
romanis dasawyissa da dasasrulSi vxedavT Sebindebuli qalaqis saxlebs.
105

. . . . . 5. . 191, 124, 5253, 210, 295, 3940, 303, 93.

63
volandma ,,mzera miapyro zeda sarTulebs, sadac minebi damabrmaveblad
ireklavda gardatexil da mixail aleqsandroviCisagan samudamod mimaval
mzes.
meore nawilis 29-e TavSi: ,,...uzarmazari Senobebis zeda sarTulebis
dasavleTisaken mimarTul fanjrebSi gardatexili damabrmavebeli mze
inTeboda. volandis Tvali zustad ise anaTebda, rogorc erT am fanjaraTagani,
Tumca volandi daisisaken zurgiT idga.
volandis TvalTan Sedareba aaSkaravebs am anTebuli fanjrebis
SemaZrwunebel mniSvnelobas, romelic maT cials romanSi mravalgzis
moxseniebul mbJutavi naxSiris anarekls uaxloebs. saerTod, romanSi
ganaTebuli fanjrebi antisamyaros damaxasiaTebeli niSania.
bulgakovTan
,,cocxlebis
saxlis
,,fsevdococxlebis
anitisaxlTan
Sepirispireba mdgradi niSan-Tvisebebis mTeli wyebis meSveobiT, kerZod,
ganaTebisa da bgeriTi daxasiaTebiT xorcieldeba. magaliTad, antisaxlidan
ismis patefonis xma (,,...Cems oTaxebSi patefoni ukravda, _ gviambobs
ostati imis Sesaxeb, Tu ianvris RamiT, RilebCamoglejil paltoSi gamowyobili
rogor miuaxlovda aloizi mogariCis mier dakavebul Tavis patara sardafs 106), an
yvela binidan _ radiogadacemis erTnairi bgerebi. saxlis niSan-Tvisebaa roialis
xma. kerZod, bina #50-is ormagi buneba rigrigobiT vlindeba _ xan roialis,
xan patefonis bgerebiT.
arasivrciTi cnebebis sivrcobrivi eniT gamoxatvis meSveobiT bulgakovi
saxls sulierebis Sesakreblad gardaqmnis, romelic Sinagani kulturis simdidriT,
SemoqmedebiTa da siyvaruliT gamoixateba. bulgakovTan suliereba rTul
ierarqias qmnis: qveda safexurze usicocxlo usulgulobaa, umaRles safexurze _
absoluturi suliereba. pirvels sWirdeba sacxovrebeli farTi, da ara saxli, meores
ar sWirdeba saxli: saxli ar sWirdeba ieSuas, romlis miwieri cxovreba
maradiuli gzaa. bednier sizmrebSi pilate pontoeli xedavs, Tu rogor mihyveba
igi usasrulo gzas mTvaris Suqze.
magram am polusebs Soris farTo da araerTmniSvnelovani cocxali
samyaroa. mis qveda sarTulebze gadaveyrebiT eSmakeul sulierebas, Tavisi
boroti TamaSebiT, romlebic arasulierebis almacer samyaros qaCaven,
amoZraveben, anjRreven, mas ironiiTa da dacinviT avseben. aseTi boroti
gasarTobi maT afxizlebs, romelTa gaRviZebac SeiZleba, da sabolood xels
uwyobs imaze ufro maRali sulierebis gamarjvebas, vidre TviTonaa. aseTia
goeTes epigrafis azri, romelSic maniqevelTa gavlenis ganWvretac SeiZleba:
... bolos da bolos, vina xar Sen? _ es me var _ im Zalis nawili, romelsac
mudam boroteba surs da sikeTes sCadis.
ufro maRla xelovnebaa. mas savsebiT adamianuri buneba aqvs da ver
aRwevs absolutamde (ostatma sinaTle ver daimsaxura). magram ierarqiulad
xelovneba volandis fizikurad ufro Zlier msaxurebze, anda afraniusis msgavs
SemoqmedebiTi sawyisis mqone moRvaweebze maRlaa. es didi suliereba
CvenTvis saintereso aspeqtSi sivrcobrivad vlindeba. moskovSi Casuli volandis
amala binaSi saxldeba, afraniusi da pilate erTmaneTs sasaxleSi xvdebian,
ostats ki saxli sWirdeba. saxlis Zieba erT-erTi Tvalsazrisia, romliTac ostatis
gzis aRwera SeiZleba.
ostatis gza mogzaurobaa.
106

. . . . . 5. . 280, 123, 212; 56, 11, 349, 145.

64
ostatis ambavi erTi sivrcidan meoreSi mkafio gadasvlas gulisxmobs. is
iwyeba asi aTasis mogebiTa da muzeumis TanamSromlisa da mTargmnelis
mwerlad da ostatad gardaqmniT. ,,asi aTasis mogebis Semdeg ivanes idumali
stumari ase moiqca: iyida wignebi107, miatova Tavisi oTaxi miasnickaiaze....
_ uh, wyeuli saRore! _ wamoiyvira man. ostatma ,,mSeneblisgan
iqirava <....> baRSi, patara saxlis sardafSi mdebare ori oTaxi.
_ ah, es oqros xana iyo! _ elvare TvalebiT CurCulebda mTxrobeli, _
calke bina, da kidev winkari, iq ki _ niJara wyliT, _ amas man ratomRac
gansakuTrebulad Tavmomwoned gausva xazi <...> RumelSic mudmivad
cecxli menTo!108 <...> pirvel, ToTxmetmetrian uzarmazar oTaxSi _ wignebi,
wignebi da Rumeli iyo.
ostatis axali sacxovrisi ,,patara binaa. mas saxlad aqcevs ara wylis
niJara SemosasvlelSi, aramed kulturuli sulierebis intimuroba. bulgakovisTvis,
rogorc 1830-ian wlebSi mcxovrebi puSkinisaTvis, kultura ganuyofelia
intimuri, idumali cxovrebisagan. romanze muSaoba sardafSi mowyobil patara
binas poetur saxlad gadaaqcevs _ mas upirispirdeba griboedovis saxli, sadac
kulturis samarcxvinod intimuri atmosferos miRma, ,,oranJereaSi darguli
ananasebiviT unda damwifebuliyvnen ,,don kixotis an ,,faustis momavali
avtorebi, da is, vinc ,,pirvel jerze mkiTxvel sazogadoebas _ ,,revizors, an
uares SemTxvevaSi _ ,,evgeni onegins warudgenda. sakmarisi iyo, ostats
uari
eTqva
Semoqmedebaze,
saxli
maSinve
ubadruk
sardafad
gadaqceuliyo: ,,...gamtexes, momwyinda, sardafSi minda, _ da volandi
daaskvnis: ,,amgvarad, adamiani, romelmac pilate pontoelis ambavi dawera,
sardafSi midis, raTa lampas miujdes da mSieri mokvdes? magram ostati
mainc moipovebs saxls. ,,mousmine siCumes, _ eubneboda margarita ostats,
da mis SiSvel fexebqveS qviSa xraSunobda, _ usmine da isiamovne imiT, risi
mocemac cxovrebaSi SenTvis daenanaT _ siCumiT. Sexede, Sens winaSe Seni
saukuno saxlia, romliTac dagasaCuqres. me ukve vxedav veneciur fanjaras
da xviara vazs, romelic TviT saxuravamde aRwevs. ai, Seni saxli. ai, Seni
samudamo saxli. fsevdosaxlebis, ,,cocxali adamianisTvis jojoxeTuri adgilis,
mwuxris saxlis sacTurTa daZleviT, freniT anu ganwmendiT (frena binebis
samyarodan wasvlis ucvleli Tanamgzavria) ostati saxlis sasiamovno
simyudrovis samyaros moipovebs, romelic gaJRenTilia kulturiT _ wina
Taobebis sulieri SromiT, siyvarulis atmosferoTi; samyaros, romlidanac
gandevnilia sisastike. ,,vici, rom saRamoTi SenTan movlen isini, romlebic
giyvars, gainteresebs, da isini, romlebic ar gaforiaqeben. isini SenTvis
daukraven, imRereben, dainaxav, rogori sinaTlea oTaxSi, roca sanTlebi anTia.
Rimilmoreuls CageZineba109.
wignebi saxlis aucilebeli niSania, isini ara mxolod sulierebas, aramed inteleqtualuri
simyudrovis gansakuTrebul atmosferosac gulisxmoben. turbinebis saxlSi iyo ,,brinjaos
abaJuriani naTura, wignebiT savse msoflioSi saukeTeso karadebi, romlebsac idumali Zveli
Sokoladis,
nataSa
rostovas,
kapitnis
qaliSvilis
surneli
asdioda.
maTTan
dakavSirebulia ,,cxovreba, romelzec weren Sokoladis wignebSi. saxlis daRupva imiT
gamoixateba, rom ,,kapitnis qaliSvils Rumels SeukeTeben ( . . . . . 1. . 181).
108
(dedis _ i.l.) sikvdilamde mravali wliT adre, aleqseevskis daRmarTis #13 saxlSi sasadilo
oTaxSi Sorenkecis Rumeli aTbobda da zrdida patara elenkas, ufros aleqseis da sul pawawina
nikolkas. sicxisgan aqoSinebuli Sorenkecis garSemo xSirad kiTxulobdnen ,,saardamel
durgals, saaTi ukravda gavots, da dekembris bolos yovelTvis wiwvebis suni idga
( . . . . . 1. . 181). Rumeli keris simbolur niSnad iqceva. Rumeli saxlSi _ es aris
penatebi, keriis RmerTebi. mas upirispirdeba naxSiris jojoxeTuri anarekli binaSi, iseve rogorc
saxlis fanjrebSi sanTlis Suqs _ antisaxlis eleqtroganaTeba.
109
. . . . . 5. . 135136, 284, 372.
107

65
Tumca, Cven mier ganxiluli ,,ostati da margaritas agebulebis kerZo
aspeqti imiT aris saintereso, rom saSualebas gvaZlevs, romani bulgakovis
Semoqmedebis saerTo perspeqtiviT ganvWvritoT. ,,TeTri gvardia SeiZleba
warmovidginoT romanad Sinauruli samyaros ngrevaze. is tyuilubralod rodi
iwyeba dedis sikvdiliT, ,,mSobliuri budis poeturi aRweriTa da amave dros,
saSineli winaswarmetyvelebiT: ,,Camoingreva kedlebi, TeTr xelTaTmanze
mjdomi mSfoTvare Sevardeni gafrindeba, brinjaos lampaSi cecxli Caqreba
<...> dedam bavSvebs uTxra:
_ icocxleT.
maT ki tanjva da sikvdili mouwevT110.
bulgakovis Semoqmedebis mopirdapire mxareze vxedavT ,,Teatralur
romans, romelSic usaxlkaro mwerali (is Raribul oTaxSi cxovrobs, romelic
sulac ar aris oTaxi im wuTebSi, roca is romans wers, aramed mfrinavi
xomaldis kaiutaa) turbinebis saxls aRadgens: ,,aq me saRamoobiT
meCveneboda, rom TeTri furclidan raRac feradi amodioda. kargad rom
davakvirdi, davrwmundi, es suraTi iyo. metic, es suraTi brtyeli ki ara,
samganzomilebiani gaxldaT. TiTqosda yuTi iyo, da masSi striqonebs miRma
Canda anTebuli sinaTle da am SuqSi swored im figurebis moZraoba, romlebic
romanSi aRiwerebian. <...> droTa ganmavlobaSi wignSi kameris xma
gaisma. me garkveviT mesmoda roialis bgerebi. <...> roialze ukraven
CemTan magidaze...111 mere ki yuTi saswavlo scenis zomamde gaizarda,
xolo gmirebma Tavisi dakarguli saxli moipoves112.
am SemoqmedebiTi mrudis qveda wertilSi ,,zoikas binaa. ,,binas
swored aq eniWeba is simboluri azri, romelic CvenTvis ,,ostati da
margaritaTia cnobili. xolo TviT romani erTdrouladaa CarTuli Rrma literaturulmiTologiur tradiciebSic, da, aseve, misi avtoris evoluciis organuli Sedegicaa.
bulgakovTan saxli _ Sinagani, Caketili sivrcea, usafrTxoebis, kulturisa da
SemoqmedebiTi harmoniis mniSvnelobis mqone sivrce. mis kedlebs miRma
ngreva, qaosi, sikvdilia. bina qaosia, romelmac saxlis saxe miiRo da is
cxovrebidan gamodevna. imas, rom saxli da bina (ra Tqma unda,
gansakuTrebiT _ komunaluri) antipodebad gvevlineba, iqamde mivyavarT,
rom saxlis ZiriTadi sayofacxovrebo niSan-Tviseba _ iyos sacxovrisi,
sacxovrebeli nageboba _ umniSvnelo xdeba: rCeba mxolod semiotikuri niSanTvisebebi. saxli gardaiqmneba kulturuli sivrcis niSnobriv elementad.
aq adamianis kulturuli azrovnebis mniSvnelovani principi vlindeba:
realuri sivrce semiosferos ikonur saxed iqceva _ enad, romliTac
sxvadasxvagvari
sivrcismiRmuri
mniSvnelobebi
gamoixateba,
xolo
semiosfero, Tavis mxriv, adamianis garemomcvel realur sivrcobriv samyaros
Tavis xatad da msgavsad gardaqmnis.

4. peterburgis simbolika

iqve. T. 1. C. 181.
iqve. . 4. . 434.
112
Teatris amaRorZinebeli Zala volandis damangreveli jadosnuri globusis sarkisebrsimetriulia: ,,saxli, romelic marcvlis zomisa iyo, gaizarda da asanTis kolofisxela gaxda.
moulodnelad da uxmod, am saxlis saxuravi zemoT afrinda... (iqve. T. 5. C. 251). erTgan
realuri saxli kolofis zomamde pataravdeba da realobas kargavs, meoregan kolofi Cveulebrivi
saxlis zomamde izrdeba da realuri xdeba.
110
111

66
kulturis istoriis mier SemuSavebul simboloTa sistemaSi qalaqs
gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs. amasTan erTad, unda gamovyoT qalaquri
semiotikis ori ZiriTadi sfero: qalaqi, rogorc sivrce, da qalaqi, rogorc saxeli.
meore aspeqti ganxiluli iyo statiaSi ,,koncefciis _ ,,moskovi _ mesame romi _
gamoZaxili petre pirvelis ideologiaSi113 da am naSromSi aRar SevexebiT.
qalaqi, rogorc Caketili sivrce, SeiZleba, orgvar damokidebulebaSi iyos
mis garemomcvel samyarosTan: is, SesaZloa, ara mxolod izomorfulobas
amJRavnebdes saxelmwifos mimarT, aramed mis ganmasaxierebladac ki
mogvevlinos. romeliRac idealuri mniSvnelobiT, iyos is (magaliTad, romiqalaqi, da, amave dros, romi-samyaro), magram iyos misi antiTezac. Urbis da
orbis tenarum SeiZleba or mtrul arsad aRviqvaT. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi
gvaxsendeba ,,dabadeba, sadac qalaqis pirvel mSeneblad kaenia
dasaxelebuli: ,,da aaSena man qalaqi; da qalaqs daarqva Tavisi Zis
saxeli...114. amgvarad, kaeni ara mxolod pirveli qalaqis Semqmnelia, aramed
isic, vinc mas pirveli saxeli misca.
im SemTxvevaSi, roca qalaqi garemomcvel samyaros ise miemarTeba,
rogorc qalaqis centrSi mdebare taZari _ qalaqs, anu, roca qalaqi samyaros
idealizebuli modelia, igi, rogorc wesi, dedamiwis centrSi mdebareobs. ufro
sworad, sadac unda iyos, mas centraluri adgili miewereba, is centrad iTvleba.
sxvadasxva teqstebSi ierusalimi, romi, moskovi romeliRac samyaroTa
centrebad gvevlinebian. Tavisi miwis idealuri gansaxiereba _ qalaqi _
SeiZleba, erTdroulad zeciuri qalaqis pirvelsaxedac mogvevlinos da
garemomcveli miwebisaTvis _ wminda adgiladac.
magram qalaqi SeiZleba eqscentruladac iyos ganlagebuli Tavisi miwawylisadmi _ mis farglebs gareT mdebareobdes. magaliTad, sviatoslavma
Tavisi dedaqalaqi dunaize, pereiaslavecSi gadaitana, karlos didma _
ingelheimidan _ axenSi115. Tumca, maT SesamCnevi semiotikuri aspeqtic
aqvT. upirveles yovlisa, mZafrdeba egzistenciuri kodi: arsebuli cxaddeba
ararsebulad, xolo is, rac unda gaCndes _ erTaderT WeSmarit arsebulad. roca
sviatoslavi acxadebs, rom dunaize mdebare pereiaslaveci misi miwa-wylis
centrSia, mas mxedvelobaSi aqvs saxelmwifo, romelic momavalSi unda
Seqmnas, realurad arsebul kievis miwa-wyals ki TiTqos ararsebulad
acxadebs. amas garda, mkveTrad izrdeba Semfasebluri damokidebulebac:
arsebuli, romelsac awmyo drois Tvisebebi aqvs da ,,Tavisad aRiqmeba,
uaryofiTad fasdeba, is ki, rac momavalSi gaCndeba da ,,sxvisi hqvia, maRal
aqsiologiur daxasiaTebas iRebs. amave dros, SeiZleba, aRvniSnoT, rom
,,koncentruli struqturebi Caketilobisaken, garemosagan gamoyofisaken
iswrafian, rac mtrulad miiCneva, xolo eqscentruli struqturebi _
gaxsnilobisaken, Riaobisa da kulturuli kontaqtebisaken iltvian.
semiotikur sivrceSi qalaqis koncentruli mdgomareoba, rogorc wesi,
dakavSirebulia mTaze (an mTebze) agebuli qalaqis saxesTan. aseTi qalaqi
miwisa da zecis Suamavlad gvevlineba, mis garSemo koncentrirdeba
genetikuri saxis miTebi (mis dafuZnebaSi, rogorc wesi, RmerTebi
113

. ., . . //
/ . . . . . ., 1982.
114
dabadeba 4: 17.
115

amis sapirispirod,

dedaqalaqis peterburgSi

gadatanasTan

ix.: [ . -.-.]

/ . . . ., 1809. . 70; . .
. ., 1889. . 41.

67
monawileoben), mas aqvs dasawyisi, magram ara aqvs dasasruli _ es
,,mudmivi qalaqia, Roma aeterna.
eqscentruli qalaqi ganlagebulia kulturuli sivrcis ,,kideze: zRvis napirze,
mdinaris SesarTavTan. aq aqtualizdeba ara antiTeza, miwa/zeca, aramed
opozicia _ bunebrivi/xelovnuri. es aris bunebis sawinaaRmdegod Seqmnili da
masTan mebrZoli qalaqi, rac qalaqis interpretaciis ormag SesaZleblobas
iZleva: erTi mxriv, es gonebis gamarjvebaa stiqiebze, meore mxriv _
bunebrivi wesrigis gaukuRmarTeba. aseTi qalaqis saxelis garSemo Tavs
moiyris esqatologiuri miTebi, daRupvis winaswarmetyvelebani, ganwirulobisa
da stiqiis zeimis idea qalaquri miTologiis am ciklis ganuyreli nawili gaxdeba.
rogorc wesi, es aris warRvna, zRvis fskerze daSveba. magaliTad, meTodios
patarelis winaswarmetyvelebaSi msgavsi bedi elodeba konstantinopols
(romelic jiutad asrulebs ,,aramaradiuli romis rols): ,,...da sastikad
ganrisxdeba masze ufali RmerTi, gamogzavnis Tavis mTavarangeloz miqaels,
namgliT gasxeps am qalaqs, daartyams skiptras, gadaaqcevs mas dolabis
qvad, da ase CaZiravs xalxTan erTad zRvis siRrmeSi da daiRupeba is qalaqi;
darCeba erTi sveti <...> gemiT mosuli vaWrebi gemebs im svets miabamen
da tirils daiwyeben da ityvian: ,,o, dido da amayo cargrado! amdeni wlis
ganmavlobaSi SenTan movdivarT, vvaWrobT, vmdidrdebiT, axla ki Sen da
yvela Seni Zvirfasi Senoba erT wamSi dagfaraT zRvis morevma da ukvalod
gaqri116.
esqatologiuri legendis es varianti myarad damkvidrda peterburgis
miTologiaSi: ara mxolod warRvnis siuJeti, romelsac periodulad wyaldidobebi
erTvoda da romelmac mravalricxovani literatura Sva, aramed _ erTi detalic _
talRebs zemoT aziduli da navsadgurobis gamwevi aleqsandres svetis
mwvervali an petresa da pavles cixe-simagris angelozi gvavaraudebinebs
konstantinopoli-peterburgis pirdapir gadamisamarTebas. v. a. sologubi
ixsenebs: ,,lermontovs <...> uyvarda kalmiT da funjiTac ki aboboqrebuli zRvis
xedis xatva, romlidanac amoizrdeboda angeloziT dagvirgvinebuli aleqsandres
svetis kide. am gamosaxulebiT xmiandeboda misi unugeSo, sevdas
mowyurebuli fantazia117.
Sdr. m. dmitrievis ,,wyalqveSa qalaqi, v. f. odoevskis novela
,,micvalebulis dacinva ciklidan ,,rusuli Rameebi da mravali sxva.
116

: [B 2 .] / . . . ., 1863. .
2. .
262. ix.:
,,RvTis
risxviT
mdinare
edesis
wyalma
didi
qalaqi
datbora
( . . ., 1869. . 62; iqve ,,qalaq lakrisis datborvis
Sesaxeb).
ix.:
.
//
. - . 1895.
117
.. / ., . . .. . .; ., 1931. . 183184
lermontovis ferweris mkvlevarma n. paxomovma, am, samwuxarod, dakargul
naxatebs ,,peterburgis datborvis xedebi uwoda ( .
. // . . ., 1942. . 45/46. . 2. . 211212). cxadia, saubari unda
iyos qalaqis daRupvis esqatologiur suraTebze da ara _ datborvis peizaJebze. Sdr.
m. dmitrievis leqsi ,,wyalqveSa qalaqi, romelSic moxuci mebaduri biWunas eubneba:
?
, ;
,
?..
,
;

!
( .. . ., 1865. . 1. . 176).

68
ganwiruli qalaqis ideaSi nagulisxmevi stiqiisa da kulturis mudmivi
brZola peterburgul miTSi wylisa da qvis antiTezadaa realizebuli. Tanac es qva
,,bunebrivi da ,,veluri (daumuSavebeli), odiTganve Tavis adgilas mdgomi
klde ki ar aris, aramed motanili, gamoCarxuli, ,,gaadamianurebuli da
gakulturulebulia. peterburguli qva artefaqtia, da ara _ bunebrivi fenomeni.
amitomac peterburgul miTSi qvas, kldes, qims uZraobis, mdgradobis, qarsa
da wyalTan SewinaaRmdegebis Cveuli Tvisebebi ki ar eniWeba, aramed _
gadaadgilebis arabunebrivi Tvisebebi:
,,adgilnacvalma mTam haerSi Seinavarda,
aRsasruls Tavis mkvidrobisas gaxeda mdores,
gadaalaja baltiis zRvis amRvreul morevs,
fesvwarkveTili, petres cxenis ferxTiT davarda 118

Tumca, moZravi _ uZravis motivi perversiuli samyaros saerTo suraTis

mxolod nawilia, romelSic qva wyalze micuravs. amave dros yuradReba
swored metamorfozaze, ,,normaluri samyaros ,,amoyiravebazea mipyrobili
(,,aRsasruls Tavis mkvidrobisas gaxeda mdores).
qvis, kldis bunebrivi semantika iseTia, rogorsac vxvdebiT, magaliTad,
tiutCevis leqsSi ,,zRva da klde:
mSvidi, gorozi, Ucas danatoli,
Slegi talRebis ar eltvi mxedarT,
JamTacvlis vnebas ar danayoli,
Cveni samyaros xar Tanatoli,
goliaTurad wamomdgars gxedavT!119

am leqsis simbolikaSi klde ruseTia, rac tiutCevisTvis antonimi ufroa,

vidre peterburgis sinonimi.
Sdr. gaqvavebuli Waobis tipuri ,,peterburguli oqsiumoroni:
yvela stiqiis jibrze; SemoqmedebiT ZaliT,
Waobi iqca qvad da fuZe daedo qalaqs...120

qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g. joxaZes. originali ix.:

. . . / . ., . . . . . ., 1957. . 110.
ix. avtoparodia:
, ,
,
118

, ,
.
(iqve. C. 111.)
warweris safuZveli arabunebrivi moZraobis motivia: uZravs (mTas) moZravis Tvisebebi
eniWeba (,,amoZravda, ,,adgili Seicvala, ,,movida, ,,daeca).
119
qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g. joxaZes. originali ix.: . . . . 1. . 103. (kursivi
Cemia. _ i.l.).
120

qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis g. joxaZes. originali ix.:

. . (***) //
: . . , . 1837. . 5. . 292.

69
peterburguli qva _ es aris qva wyalze, Waobze, qva usayrdeno, ara
,,samyaros Tanatoli, aramed _ adamianis mier dafuZnebuli. ,,peterburgul
suraTSi wyali da qva adgilebs icvlian: wyali mudmivia, is qvamde iyo da
gaimarjvebs masze, qva ki droebiTia da moCvenebiTi. wyali mas anadgurebs.
odoevskis ,,rusul RameebSi (peterburgis daRupvis suraTi) naTqvamia: ,,ai,
ukve iryeva kedlebi, jer erTi fanjara daimsxvra, Semdeg _ meore, SemoiWra
wyali, aavso darbazi <....> uecrad lawaluwiT Camoingra kedlebi, gairRva
Weri, kubo da yvelaferi, rac darbazSi iyo, talRebma Tvaluwvdenel zRvas
SeuerTes...121
,,amoyiravebuli samyaros situacia, romelic qalaqis aseT models XVI
saukunisa da XVII saukunis damdegis evropuli kulturis gamorCeulad farTo
mdinarebaSi aTavsebs, sabolood, barokos 122 tradiciebs mikuTvnebuli,
principSi, auditoriis mier sapirispiro Sefasebebis SesaZleblobas gulisxmobda.
es aCvena sumarokovma, roca paralelurad warweris gmiruli versiac mogvca
da parodiulic. barokos tradiciaSi folklorul-karnavalur tradicias Serwymuli
,,amoyiravebuli samyaro, (ix. m. m. baxtinis didmniSvnelovani ideebi,
romlebic misi epigonebis naSromebSi gaumarTleblad farTod ganimarteba)
aRiqmeba, rogorc utopia, ,,kokani123 an ,,ukuRmarTi samyaro sumarokovis
cnobili gundidan. Tumca, mas breigelisa da bosxis samyaros avbediTi ieris
miRebac ZaluZs.
amave dros mimdinareobs peterburgisa da romis gaigiveba 124. XIX
saukunis dasawyisisTvis es idea farTod vrceldeba. Sdr.: ,,...ar SeiZleba, ar
gagaocos am axali romis sidiadema da Zlevamosilebam!... 125 peterburgis
saxeSi ori arqetipis, ,,maradiuli romisa da ,,aramaradiuli, ganwiruli romis
(konstantinopolis)
gaerTianeba
peterburgis
kulturuli
gaazrebisTvis
niSandobliv ormag perspeqtivas qmnida: erTdroulad maradiulobasac da
dasaRupad ganwirulobasac.
sawyisi semiotikuri amocanis mixedviT, peterburgis am ormag
situaciaSi CarTvam saSualeba mogvca,
erTdroulad gangvemarta igi
,,paradizad, momavlis idealuri qalaqis utopiad, gonis gansaxierebad, da
antiqristes avbediT maskaradac. orive SemTxvevaSi es ukiduresi idealizacia
gaxldaT, oRond _ sawinaaRmdego niSnebiT. ,,peterburguli miTis orgvari
wakiTxvis SesaZlebloba erTi magaliTiT gamoisaxeba: barokouli simbolikis
tradiciaSi
falkonetis
mier
gamoqandakebuli
mxedris
floqvebqveS
momwyvdeuli gveli _ trivialuri alegoriaa Surisa, RvarZlisa, winaRobebisa,
romlebsac petres upirispirebdnen misi sagareo mtrebi Tu reformis Sinauri
mowinaaRmdegeni. Tumca, rusuli auditoriisaTvis kargad nacnobi meTodios
patarelis winaswarmetyvelebis konteqstSi es saxe sxvagvarad, avbediTad
aRiqves.
,,aRsasruli gviaxlovdeba <...> patriarqma iakobma Tqva: ,,vixile gzaze
gawolili gveli, romelic cxens quslze Cahfrenoda, da idga is ukana fexze da
121

. . / . . . . , . . , . . . ., 1975. . 51
52.
122
ix.: Limage du monde renvers et ses reprsentations littraires et para- littraires de la fin du XVIe au milieu di
XVIIe. Colloque interantional. Tours, 1719 novembre 1977 / tudes runis et prsentes par Jan Lafond et
Redondo. Paris, 1979.
123
Delpech F. La mort de Pays de Cocagne. Comportements collectifs de la Renaissance lge classique. Paris,
1976; Delpech F. Aspects de Pays de Cocagne // Limage du mond renvers et ses reprsentations littraires et paralittraires de la fin du XVIe sicle au milieu du XVIIe. Colloque international. Tours, 1719 novembre 1977. Paris.
1979. P. 3548.
124
ix.:
. ., . . _ .
125
// 1804. . IV. # 11. C. 187.

70
RmerTisgan eloda Svelas. cxeni qveyanaa, qusli _ bolo dReebi, xolo gveli _
antiqriste <...> is CagvebRauWeba, Tavisi boroti saqmeebiT gvacTunebs da
yvelas winaSe saswaulebs moaxdens: mTebs ubrZanebs, gadaadgildnen.
Sdr.: ,,adgilnacvalma mTam haerSi Seinavarda. 126 aseT konteqstSi
cxeni, mxedari da gveli ukve erTmaneTs ki aRar upirispirdebian, aramed
erTad Seadgenen samyaros aRsasrulis niSanTa detalebs, meorexarisxovani
simbolo _ gveli ki jgufis mTavar personaJad iqceva. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
falkonetis Zeglis mier warmoqmnil kulturul tradiciaSi gvels, albaT, is roli
mieniWeba, skulptors rom ar ugulisxmia.
racionalisturi utopiis realizaciad qmnil idealur xelovnur qalaqs istoria ar
unda gaaCndes, radgan ,,regularuli saxelmwifos goniereba istoriulad
Seqmnili struqturebis uaryofas niSnavda. es gulisxmobda qalaqis
mSeneblobas axal adgilas da, Sesabamisad, iq arsebuli yovelive ,,Zvelis
ngrevas. magaliTad, ekaterine II-is mefobis periodSi istoriuli tveris adgilas
idealuri qalaqis aSenebis idea mas Semdeg gaCnda, rac 1763 wlis xanZarma
faqtobrivad gaanadgura qalaqi. winaswar Cafiqrebuli utopiis TvalsazrisiT,
aseTi xanZari bednier garemoebad unda ganxiluliyo. Tumca, istoriis arseboba
moqmedi semiotikuri sistemis aucilebeli pirobaa. am mxriv, demiurgis xelis
erTi aqneviT ,,uceb Seqmnili qalaqi, romelsac istoria ar gaaCnia da erTian
gegmas eqvemdebareba, principSi, ararealizebadia.
qalaqs, rogorc rTul semiotikur meqanizms, kulturis generators, am
funqciis Sesruleba mxolod imitom SeuZlia, rom sxvadasxvagvarad mowyobili
da heterogenuri, sxvadasxva enisa Tu donis teqstebisa da kodebis saTavsoa.
swored nebismieri maTganis principuli semiotikuri poliglotizmi aqcevs mas
mravalferovan da semiotikuri koliziebis sxva pirobebSi SeuZlebel velad.
sxvadasxva nacionaluri, socialuri, stilis kodebisa da teqstebis Sejaxebis
Sedegad qalaqi sxvadasxvagvar hibridizacias, kodirebis Secvlas, semiotikur
Targmans axorcielebs, romlebic mas axali informaciis mZlavr generatorad
gardaqmnian. amgvari semiotikuri koliziebis wyaroa ara mxolod
sxvadasxvagvari semiotikuri warmonaqmnebis sinqronia, aramed _
diaqroniac: arqiteqturuli Senobebi, qalaqis adaT-wesebi da ceremoniebi,
Tavad qalaqis gegma, quCebis saxelwodebebi da gardasul epoqaTa mravali
sxva reliqti koduri programis rols asruleben da istoriuli warsulis teqstebs
mudmivad xelaxla warmoqmnian. qalaqi _ es aris sakuTari warsulis
mudmivad xelaxla mSobi meqanizmi, romelsac eZleva saSualeba, erTgvarad
sinqronulad ganTavsdes awmyos gverdiT. am TvalsazrisiT, qalaqi, kulturis
darad, drois sapirispiro meqanizmia127.
racionalisturi qalaqi-utopia128 am semiotikur rezervebs moklebuli iyo.
albaT, amis Sedegebi Tavgzas aubnevda XVIII saukunis racionalistganmanaTlebels. istoriis ararsebobam miTologiis mZafri zrda gamoiwvia. miTi
avsebda
semiotikur
sicarieles,
xolo
xelovnuri
qalaqis
situacia
gansakuTrebulad miTogenuri Canda.
am mxriv, peterburgi gamorCeulad tipuria: peterburgis istoria
peterburguli miTologiisagan ganuyofelia, amave dros, sityva ,,miTologia
mocemul SemTxvevaSi metaforad srulebiTac ar aRiqmeba. jer kidev bevrad
126

. . 2. . 263.
am TvalsazrisiT, kultura da teqnika erTmaneTs upirispirdeba: kulturaSi mTeli misi siRrme
moqmedebs, teqnikaSi ki _ mxolod ukanaskneli droiTi Wrili. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom XX
saukuneSi esoden Smagad SemoWril qalaqis teqnizacias garduvalad mivyavarT qalaqis,
rogorc istoriuli organizmis, ganadgurebamde.
128
peterburgis, rogorc samomavlo ruseTis Seqmnis, utopiur gamocdilebaze ix.: Greyer D. Peter
und St. Petersburg //Jahrbcher fr Geschite Osteuropas. Wiesbaden, 1962. Bd. X. Hft 2. S. 181200.
127

71
adre, vidre XIX saukunis rusuli
literatura _ puSkinidan da gogolidan
vidre dostoevskimde _ peterburgul miTologias nacionaluri kulturis faqtad
aqcevda, peterburgis realuri istoria miTologiuri elementebiT iyo gajerebuli. Tu
qalaqis istorias oficialur-sauwyebo istoriasTan ar gavaigivebT, romelic
biurokratul mimoweraSi aisaxeboda, aramed mosaxleobis cxovrebasTan
dakavSirebulad aRviqvamT, maSinve TvalSi gvecema zepirad moTxrobili
ambebis, ucnauri SemTxvevebis, specifikuri qalaquri folkloris udidesi roli,
romelTac gansakuTrebuli adgili eWiraT ,,Crdiloeli palmiras cxovrebaSi misi
daarsebis pirvelive dRidan. am folkloris pirveli Semgrovebeli saidumlo
kancelaria iyo. puSkini, rogorc Cans, Tavisi 1833-1835 ww. dRiuris qalaquri
Worebis erTgvar arqivad qcevas apirebda; delvigi ,,saSiS istoriebs
agrovebda, xolo studenturi wlebisdroindel xelnawer gazeTSi _ ,,Worebi _
dobroliubovma Teoriulad daasabuTa zepirsityvierebis stiqiis roli xalxis
cxovrebaSi.
,,peterburguli miTologiis damaxasiaTebeli niSani, kerZod, is iyo, rom
peterburguli specifikis SegrZneba aRwevs mis TviTSegnebaSi, anu is
gulisxmobs romeliRac gare, ara-peterburgeli damkvirveblis arsebobas. es
SeiZleba iyos ,,mzera evropidan an ,,mzera ruseTidan (= ,,mzera
moskovidan). magram, mudmivad rCeba is, rom kultura gare damkvirveblis
pozicias sakuTar Tavze agebs. imave dros, sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisic
yalibdeba: ,,peterburgidan _ evropasa da ruseTze (=moskovze).
Sesabamisad, peterburgi aRiqmeba, rogorc ,,azia evropaSi an ,,evropa
ruseTSi. orive aRqma peterburguli kulturis araorganulobas, xelovnurobas
adasturebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ,,xelovnurobis Segneba peterburguli kulturis
TviTSefasebis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebaa da SemdegRa gadalaxavs mis
sazRvrebs, misTvis ucxo koncepciebis sakuTreba xdeba. amas ukavSirdeba
peterburgul ,,samyaros suraTSi mudmivad xazgasmuli iseTi niSnebi,
rogorebicaa moCvenebiToba da Teatraluroba. TiTqos, xilvebisa da
winaswarmetyvelebebis Suasaukuneobrivi tradicia ufro organuli unda yofiliyo
tradiciulad rusuli moskovisaTvis, vidre ,,racionalisturi da ,,evropuli
peterburgisaTvis! am dros, peterburgul atmosferoSi yvelaze SesamCnevad
swored is, mutatis mutandis, grZeldeba. moCvenebiTobis idea Zalze naTladaa
gamoxatuli peterburgis daarsebis Sesaxeb stilizebul legendaSi, romelic
odoevskim moxuc finels aTqmevina: ,,da daiwyes qalaqis mSenebloba,
magram rogorc ki qvebs Caawyoben, Waobi Seisrutavs, bevri qva daaxores,
lodi lods, mori mors daawyves, magram Waobs yvelaferi qveviT miaqvs da
miwis zemoT mxolod saflobi rCeba. amasobaSi mefem gemi aago,
mimoixeda: xedavs, jer ar aSenebula misi qalaqi. ,,arafris gakeTeba ar
SegiZliaT, uTxra man Tavis xalxs da am sityvebiT daiwyo lodebis azidva da
haerSi erTmaneTisaTvis miduRabeba. ase aaSena man mTeli qalaqi da
dauSva miwaze129.
peterburguli koncefciis amsaxveli es ambavi, ra Tqma unda, finur
folklors ki ar axasiaTebs, aramed 1830-an wlebSi puSkinTan daaxloebul
literatorTa wres, romelsac odoevskic miekuTvneboda. haerSi Seqmnili
usaZirkvlo qalaqi _ aseTi pozicia gaiZulebda, peterburgi moCvenebiT,
fantasmagoriul sivrced gangexila. masalis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom
peterburguli salonis zepir literaturaSi _ JanrSi, XIX saukunis pirvel mesamedSi
rom yvaoda, romelmac udavod didi istoriul-literaturuli roli iTamaSa, magram
jer ara Tu Seswavlili ar aris, mxedvelobaSic ki ar miuRiaT _ gansakuTrebuli
129

. . .: 2 . / . . . . . ., 1981. . 2. . 146.

72
adgili eWira ucilo ,,peterburguli koloritis mqone saSineli da fantastikuri
istoriebis moyolas. am Janris fesvebi XVIII saukuneSi unda veZeboT.
magaliTad, briuselSi 1782 wlis 10 ivliss, didi Tavadis pavle petres Zis
naambobi da baronesa oberkirxis 130 mier Cawerili ambavi udavod am Janrs
ganekuTvneba. aqve gvxvdeba Janris iseTi aucilebeli niSan-Tviseba,
rogoricaa movlenis namdvilobis rwmena, petre I-is aCrdilis gamoCena,
tragikuli
winaswarmetyvelebani,
da
sabolood,
peterburguli
sivrcis
damaxasiaTebeli niSani _ brinjaos mxedari (TviTon qandakeba jer ar
daudgamT, magram petres aCrdils momavali imperatori pavle I senatis
moedanze mihyavs, Semdeg qreba da amave adgilas Sexvedras hpirdeba).
am Janris tipur ambad unda miviCnioT e. g. levaSevas naambobi
saiqioSi delvigis vizitze. ekaterina gavrilovna levaSeva iyo dekabrist
iakuSkinis biZaSvili, puSkinis, m. orlovis megobari, gadasaxlebuli gercenis
mfarveli. novaia basmannaiaze mdebare mis saxlSi cxovrobda Caadaevi.
mas gansakuTrebiT axlo urTierToba hqonda delvigTan, romlis ZmisSvilma
SemdgomSi misi qaliSvili emilia SeirTo. ekaterina gavrilovna levaSeva
yveboda, rom mis qmars n. v. levaSevs delvigTan SeTanxmeba hqonda,
romlis Sesaxebac levaSevi ambobda: ,,... mas (delvigs) uyvarda saubari
saiqio cxovrebaze, wuTisofelTan damokidebulebaze, sicocxlisas micemul da
sikvdilis mere Sesasrulebel dapirebebze, da erTxelac, am sakiTxis
gasarkvevad, im ambebis Sesamowmeblad, romlebic ki odesme waukiTxavs
an gaugonia, piroba davdeT, rom sikvdilis mere erT-erTi Cvengani imas
gamoecxadeboda, romelic cocxali darCeboda.
garwmunebT, pirobis micemisas arc dagvificia, arc sisxliT mogviweria
xeli. araviTari sazeimo ceremonia, araferi <...> es iyo ubralo, Cveulebrivi
saubari, causerie de salon...131.
saubari yvelas daaviwyda, Svidi wlis Semdeg delvigi gardaicvala, da
levaSevis monayolis Tanaxmad, zustad erT weliwadSi, Ramis 12 saaTze,
delvigi mis kabinetSi uxmod Sevida, savarZelSi Cajda da aseve xmis
amouReblad wavida.
es ambavi gvainteresebs, rogorc peterburguli ,,salonuri folkloris faqti,
rogorc Cans, delvigis figurasTan arcTu SemTxveviT dakavSirebuli ram. delvigi
zepir saSiS ,,peterburgul moTxrobas nergavda. niSandoblivia, rom puSkinisa
da titovis ,,martosuli saxli vasilevskize garkveulad ukavSirdeboda delvigis
wris atmosferos. titovi adasturebda, rom misi nawarmoebi, delvigis daJinebuli
surviliT, ,,CrdiloeTis yvavilebSi dabeWdes132.

130

Oberkirch H. L. Memories. Paris, 1853. Vol. 1. P. 357.

[ . .]
. , , ,
. ., 1868. . 2. . 1920.
132
ix.: [1879 wlis, 29 avgvistos, v.p titovis werili a.v. golovinisadmi] baron delvigis sikvdilma
idumali ambebis mTeli cikli Sva. dedamisi da debi yvebodnen, rom misi sikvdilis dRes,
peterburgidan mravali aseuli verstis daSorebiT, tulis guberniaSi mdebare mamulSi,
mRvdelma SecdomiT ,,baroni antoni ara _ cocxlad, aramed gardacvalebulad moixsenia.
delvigis ZmisSvili, ukiduresad racionaluri adamiani, am ambis moyolisas aRniSavs: ,,am
advilad asaxsnel Secdomas arc gavixsenebdi, delvigs cxovrebaSi gamudmebiT rom ar
SemTxveoda mravali ucnauri ambavi ( : .. 1820
1870: 2 . / . .. . .; ., 1930. . 1. . 1969). idumal ambebs poeti kozlovic eltvoda da
1830-an wlebis sxva literaturul salonebSic siamovnebiT ismendnen. a. p. kerni ver
ixsenebda, romel almanaxSi daebeWdaT moTxroba, magram gamomcemeli rom delvigi iyo,
kargad axsovda. publikaciis Semdeg ki delvigma titovs, rogorc damwyeb literators,
JukovskisTan gauwia rekomendacia.
131

73
gogolisa da dostoevskis ,,peterburguli miTologia tradiciul zepir
peterburgul literaturas eyrdnoboda, mas akanonebda da, anekdotis aseve
zepir tradiciasTan erTad, kazmulsityvaobis samyaroSi udebda binas.
1820_1830 wlebis ,,zepiri literaturis teqstebis didi odenoba
peterburgis im sivrced aRmqmas gvaiZulebs, sadac idumali da fantastikuri
kanonzomieria. peterburguli moTxroba saSobaos enaTesaveba, magram
masSi droiT fantastikas sivrcobrivi fantastika enacvleba.
peterburguli sivrculobis meore Tavisebureba misi Teatralurobaa. TviT
peterburgis arqiteqturis bunebac ki _ uzarmazari ansamblebis es unikaluri
simtkice, romelic didi istoriis mqone sxva qalaqebiviT sxvadasxva dros naSen
ubnebad ar iSleba, dekoraciis SegrZnebas hbadebs. es TvalSi xvdeba
ucxoelsac da moskovelsac. magram es ukanaskneli amas ,,evropeizmis
niSnad miiCnevs maSin, roca romanul stilsa da barokos, goTikasa da
klasicizms, arqiteqturuli stilebis Serevas naCvevi evropeli gaocebiT akvirdeba
uzarmazari ansamblebis Tavisebur, Tumca ki misTvis ucnaur silamazes. amis
Sesaxeb markizi kiustini werda: Je mtonne chaque pas de voir la confusion quon
cess de faire ici de deux arts aussi differents que larchitecture et la dcoration. Pierre-la-Grand
et les successeurs ont pris leur capitale pour un thtre133.
peterburgis sivrcis Teatraluroba ,,scenur da ,,kulisebsmiRma
nawilebad misi mkafio dayofiT, mayureblis arsebobis mudmivi SegnebiTa da,
rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, arsebobis ,,viTom arsebobiT SecvliT
gamoixateboda: mayurebeli mudmivad arsebobs, magram scenuri
moqmedebis monawileebisaTvis is ,,TiTqosda arsebobs (misi arsebobis
SemCneva TamaSis wesebis darRvevas niSnavs). aseve, scenuri TvalsazrisiT,
mTeli kulisebsmiRma sivrce ar arsebobs. scenuri sivrcis TvalsazrisiT, realuri
mxolod scenuri yofaa, magram kulisebsmiRmuri TvalsazrisiT, is mxolod
TamaSia da pirobiToba.
mayurebeli-damkvirveblis grZnobas, romelic ar unda SeimCnio, Tan
sdevs yvela ritualuri ceremonia, romlebic avseben ,,samxedro dedaqalaqis
ganrigs. jariskaci, rogorc msaxiobi _ yovelTvis Cans, magram, amave dros,
maTgan, vinc aRlums, yaraulis Secvlas, nebismier sxva ceremonias
akvirdeba, mxolod erTmxrivad gamWvirvale kedliTaa gamoyofili: mas
xedaven, igi arsebobs damkvirveblebisTvis, magram misTvis isini uCinarni
arian da ar arseboben. arc imperatoria gamonaklisi. markizi kiustini werda:
Nous devions tre prsents lEmpereur et lImpratrice.
On voit que lEmpereur ne peut oublier un seul instant ce quil est, ni la constante
attention quil excite; il pose incessamment, do il rsulte quil nest jamais naturel, mme
lorsquil est sincre; son visage a trois expressions dont pas une nest la bonte toute simple.
La plus habituelle me parat toujours la svrit. Une autre expression, quoique plus rare,
convient pent-tre mieux encore cette belle figure, cest la solennit; une troisime, cest la
politesse <...> on dirait dun masque quon met et quon dpose volont <...> Je veux donc dire
que lEmpereur est toujours dans son rle, et quil le remplit en grand acteur <...> labsence de
libert, se peint jusque sur la face de son souverain: il a plusieurs masques, il na pas un visage.
Cher-cher-vous lhomme? vous trouveze toujours lEmpereur 134.
,,yovel fexis nabijze gaocebuli vrCebodi, roca ori esoden gansxvavebuli xelovnebis
ganuwyvetel urTierSerwymas vadevnebdi Tvals: arqiteqturisa da dekoraciisa: petre didi da
misi memkvidreebi sakuTar dedaqals ise aRiqvamdnen, rogorc Teatrs (fr.). (La Russie en 1839
par Le Marquis de Custine: IIV. Seconde d., Revue, corrig et augemente. Paris, 1843. T. 1. P. 262).
134
,,Cven wargvadgines imperatorisa da misi meuRlis winaSe. SesamCnevia, rom imperatori
erTi wamiTac ki ver iviwyebs verc imas, Tu vin aris igi, da verc mis mimarT mudmivad
mipyrobil yuradRebas. igi ganuwyvetliv pozirebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom is
arasodesaa bunebrivi maSinac ki, roca igi gulwrfelia. mis saxeze sami gamometyvelebaa,
133

74
mayurebelTa darbazis moTxovnileba imis semiotikuri paralelia, rac,
geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, eqscentrul sivrciT mdgomareobas iZleva. peterburgs
sakuTar Tavze Tvalsazrisi ar gaaCnia _ is iZulebulia, mudmivad moaxdinos
mayureblis konstruireba. am mniSvnelobiT, dasavlelebica da slavianofilebic
peterburguli kulturis qmnilebebi arian. niSandoblivia, rom ruseTSi SeiZleba
dasavlelad miaCndeT adamiani, romelic dasavleTSi arasdros yofila, arc enebi
icis da arc realuri dasavleTi ainteresebs. belinskisTan erTad parizSi moxetiale
turgenevi gakvirvebuli iyo am ukanasknelis gulgrilobiT franguli yofacxovrebisadmi: ,,maxsovs, parizSi man pirvelad naxa Tanxmobis moedani da
maSinve mkiTxa: ,,xom marTalia, rom es msoflioSi erT-erTi ulamazesi
moedania? _ Cems dadebiT pasuxze man wamoiZaxa: ,,Zalian kargi;
mecodineba! da TavisTvis Cailaparaka _ basta! _ da gogolze saubari
daiwyo. Sevaxsene, rom revoluciis dros swored am moedanze idga giliotina,
da rom ludoviko XVI-s aq mohkveTes Tavi; man mimoixeda da Tqva: ,,aa! _
da gaixsena ,,taras bulbaSi ostapis sikvdiliT dasjis scena 135. dasavleTi
,,dasavlelisTvis mxolod idealuri Tvalsazrisia, da ara _ kulturul-geografiuli
realoba. magram rekonstruqcias daqvemdebarebul am ,,Tvalsazriss hqonda
romeliRac umaRlesi realoba im namdvili cxovrebis mimarT, romelsac igi
sakuTari poziciidan akvirdeboda. saltikov-SCedrini ixsenebs, rom 1840-ian
wlebSi, ,,belinskis statiebze aRzrdilma, man, bunebrivia, dasavlelebs dauWira
mxari. igi werda: ,,ruseTSi, Tumca ara imdenad ruseTSi, ramdenadac
gansakuTrebiT _ peterburgSi, Cven mxolod faqtobrivad varsebobdiT, an,
rogorc imxanad ambobdnen, ,,cxovrebis wesi gvqonda <...> magram
sulierad safrangeTSi vcxovrobdiT136. formula ,,sulierad safrangeTSi
vcxovrobdiT ki ar gamoricxavda, aramed gulisxmobda, rom dasavleTis
realur cxovrebasTan Sejaxeba xSirad tragediaSi gadaizrdeboda da
,,dasavlels
dasavleTis
kritikosad
gardaqmnida.
amis
sapirispirod,
slavianofilebi, romlebic dasavleTSi swavlobdnen, Selingisa da hegelis
leqciebs usmendnen, _ rogorc Zmebi kireevskebi an i. samarini, romelmac
Svid wlamde saerTod ar icoda rusuli ena. slavianofilebi rusuli enis
Sesaswavlad sagangebod qiraobdnen universitetis profesorebs, axdendnen
ruseTis pirobiT konstruirebas, rogorc aucilebel Tvalsazriss petresSemdgomi
evropeizebuli civilizaciis realur samyaroze.
mayureblis relobasa da scenis realobas Soris mudmivi meryeoba, _
Tanac, am realobaTagan yoveli maTgani, meores TvalsazrisiT, iluzorulia, _
swored Teatralurobis peterburgul efeqts warmoqmnis. misi meore mxarea
Sefardeba: scenuri sivrce/kulisebsmiRma sivrce. sivrciTi antiTeza: nevis
prospeqti (da peterburgis mTeli sadResaswaulo ,,sasaxlismieri nawili),
kolomna,
vasilis
kunZuli,
gareubnebi
_
literaturulad
ararsebobis
urTierTdamokidebulebad interpretirdeboda. peterburguli ,,scenebidan
TiToeuls Tavisi miTi hqonda, romelic realizdeboda moTxrobebSi, anekdotebSi
da garkveul ,,adgils miemarTeboda. iyo petre didis peterburgi, romelsac
romelTagan arc erTi ar aris ubralod keTili. misTvis yvelaze metad Cveuli mkacri
gamometyvelebaa. meore, ufro iSviaTi, magram iseTi, yvelaze metad rom uxdeba mis lamaz
saxes, sadResaswaulo gamometyvelebaa, mesame _ Tavazianoba <...> SeiZleba,
vilaparakoT im niRbebze, romlebsac is irgebs da ixsnis Tavisi survilisamebr <...> me vityodi,
rom imperatori yovelTvis romelime rols asrulebs, da asrulebs, rogorc didi msaxiobi <...>
Tavisuflebis ararseboba yvelaferze aisaxeba, TviTmpyroblis saxezec ki: mas bevri niRabi
aqvs, magram ara aqvs saxe. Tqven eZebT adamians? Tqvens winaSe mudam imperatoria
(fr.) (Ibid. P. 351353.)
135
. . . . . ( . . ). . 250251.
136
- . . . . .: [ 20 .] ., 1936. . 14. . 161.

75
RmerTiviT mfarvelobda, an, rogorc deus implicitus, Tavis qmnilebaSi uxilavad
myofobda; da iyo Cinovnikis, Ratakis, ,,dedaqalaqis moqalaqeobis uqoneli
adamianis (gogoli) peterburgi. TiToeul am personaJs hqonda ,,Tavisi quCebi,
raionebi, Tavisi sivrceebi. amis bunebriv Sedegad SeiZleba CavTvaloT
siuJetebis warmoSoba, romlebSic es ori personaJi, sagangebo situaciebis
wyalobiT, rogorRac erTmaneTs ejaxeboda. erT ambavs gavixsenebT. misi arsi
isaa, rom mweralma e. p. laCinovam (e. xamar-dabanovis fsevdonimiT)
satiruli romani ,,oinebi kavkasiaSi (1844) gamoaqveyna. publikacias xmauri
mohyva. 1844 wlis 22 ivniss a. v. nikitenkom Tavis dRiurSi Cawera:
,,samxedro ministrma waikiTxa wigni da SeSfoTda. man dubelts acnoba amis
Taobaze da miuTiTa:
_ es wigni mavne swored imitom aris, rom masSi ramdeni striqonicaa,
imdeni simarTlea137. wignis cenzors, n. i. krilovs devna dauwyes.
mogvianebiT, am epizodis Sesaxeb TviTon krilovma uambo n. i. pirogovs.
krilovis monayolis gasagebad unda gaviTvaliswinoT daJinebiT gavrcelebuli
xmebi, rom III ganyofilebaSi JandarmTa Sefis kabinetSi iyo savarZeli, romelic
masze mjdoms sanaxevrod liukSi uSvebs, ris Semdegac damaluli jalaTebi,
romlebmac ar ician, vis scemen, msxverpls uswordebian. SeSkovskisTan
dakavSirebiT jer kidev XVII saukuneSi gavrcelebuli xmebi aseT ,,farul
dasjaze nikoloz I-is mefobis dros ganaxlda da, rogorc Cans, rastopCinas
Tqmisamebr, TviT a. diumas ,,rusul romanebSic SeaRwia. pirogovi
mogviTxrobs: ,,krilovi cenzori iyo, da maT im wels romeliRac im romanis
licenzireba mouxdaT, romelmac didi areuloba gamoiwvia. romani cenzuris
mTavarma sammarTvelom akrZala, xolo krilovi JandarmTa peterburgel Sef
orlovTan daibares <...> krilovi Cadis peterburgSi, ra Tqma unda, saSinlad
cud gunebazea da pirvel yovlisa, dubelts eaxleba, Semdeg ki, dubeltTan
erTad, orlovTan midis. nestiani, civi, pirquSi dro iyo.
isaakis moedanze, petre pirvelis monumentTan Cavlisas SinelSi
gaxveuli da etlis kuTxeSi miyuJuli dubelti, TiTqos TavisTvis laparakobso _ ase
hyveboda krilovi _ ambobs: ,,ai, vin unda gaiwkeplos; vin da petre didi _
Tavisi briyvuli gamoxdomisaTvis: Waobze peterburgis aSenebisaTvis.
krilovi usmens da TavisTvis fiqrobs: ,,mesmis, mesmis, Zvirfaso, ver
gamabiTureb, arafers gipasuxeb.
mgzavrobisas dubelti araerTxel ecada saubris ganaxlebas, magram
krilovi TevziviT damunjebuliyo. sabolood mividnen orlovTan. Zalze Tavazianad
miiRes.
dubelti krilovs orlovis pirispir stovebs.
_ ukacravad, b-no krilov, _ ambobs JandarmTa Sefi, _ rom TiTqmis
tyuilubralod SegawuxeT. Tu SeiZleba, dabrZandiT, visaubroT.
me ki _ gviyveboda krilovi, _ vdgavar cocxal-mkvdari da vfiqrob, ra
vqna: rom ar davjde _ ar SeiZleba, mTxova, magram JandarmTa SefTan rom
dajde, SesaZloa, gagrozgon. bolos, orlovi isev SesTavazebs dajdomas da
masTan axlos mdgom savarZelze miuTiTebs. da ai, me, _ hyveboda krilovi, _
mTlad savarZlis kideze nela da frTxilad vjdebi. SiSisagan suli meleva. ai,
vzivar, velodebi, rom Cems qveS baliSi Caiwevs da, cnobilia rom <...>
orlovma, rogorc Cans, Sematyo, ase ras davefrTxe, CaiRima da
damarwmuna, rom SemeZlo, savsebiT mSvidad vyofiliyavi...138
137

. . : 3 . / . , . . . . . ., 1955. .
1. . 283.
138
.. .: [B 2 .] ., 1887. . 1. . 496, 497. ukanaskneli sityvebi udavod exmaureba
a.k. tolstois leqss ,,popovis sizmari:

76
krilovis ambavi mravalmxriv sainteresoa. upirveles yovlisa, radgan
TviTmxilvelis monaTxrobia, kompoziciurad mkafiod organizebulia da cotac
da, qalaqur anekdotad iqceva. moTxrobis Point is aris, rom aq petre I da
Cinovniki, rogorc Tanasworebi, ise xvdebian erTmaneTs; Tanac, mesame
ganyofilebam unda airCios, maTgan romeli unda gaijoxos (dubeltis
formula: ,,ai, vin unda gaiwkeplos _ imis dasturia, rom is arCevis
mdgomareobaSia), da Tan arCevani aSkarad ar ixreba ,,damfuZnebeli
TviTmpyroblis mxares. mniSvnelovania, rom sakiTxi ganixileba mocemuli
gansjis tradiciul peterburgul locus-Si _ senatis moedanze. amave dros,
qandakebis ritualuri gawkepvla petres dasjis ubralo forma ki ar aris, aramed
tipuri warmarTuli magiuri zegavlena ,,umarTebulod moqmed RmerTze. am
TvalsazrisiT, peterburguli anekdotebi petre I-is qandakebis mimarT
mkrexeluri gamoxdomebis Sesaxeb (aseTia cnobili anekdoti grafinia tolstaias
Sesaxeb, romelic 1824 wlis wyaldidobis mere specialurad gaemgzavra
senatis moedanze, raTa imperatorisaTvis ena gamoeyo 139), rogorc yovelgvari
mkrexeloba, RmerTis Tayvaniscemis formaa.
,,peterburguli miTologia qalaquri semiotikis sxva, ufro Rrma plastebis
fonze viTardeboda. peterburgi Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc ruseTis sazRvao porti,
rusuli amsterdami (aseve fexmokidebuli gaxldaT paraleli veneciasTan).
magram, amave dros, is unda yofiliyo ,,samxedro dedaqalaqic, rezidenciac _
qveynis saxelmwifo centri da, rogorc analizi gvarwmunebs, axali romic ki _
aqedan gamomdinare
imperiuli pretenziebiT 140. Tumca praqtikuli da
simboluri funqciebis yvela es plasti erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeboda da xSirad
ar eTanadeboda. qalaqis daarseba, romelic funqciurad Secvlida ivane IV-is
...
, ,
...
( .. . . : 2 . / ., . . .. . .,
1984. . 1. . 364; kursivi Cemia. _ i. l.).
es krilovis monayolis qalaqSi gavrcelebul xmebTan kavSiris erT-erTi dasturia. arsebiTia
azrobrivi TamaSic, romelic naambobs, udavod, mxatvrulad dasrulebuli ambis xasiaTs aZlevs.
Teofane prokopoviCiT dawyebuli, apologetur literaturaSi myari adgili ekava xat-saxes: petre I
_ skulptori: veluri qvidan man mSvenieri qandakeba _ ruseTi gamokveTa (rusulad sityva
erTdroulad niSnavs: gamokveTasac da gawkepvlas, gaSoltvas, gajoxvas. lotmani am
sityvis polisemiurobiT sargeblobs. _ red.) magaliTad, elisabedisdroindeli sasaxlis karis
qadagebaSi naTqvami iyo, rom petrem ruseTi ,,<...> Tavisi xeliT mSvenier qandakebad
gadaaqcia ( .. . ., 1889. . 13). karamzinma petres
saqebari sityvis monaxazi fidiasis gaxsenebiT daiwyo, romelmac iupiteri ,,marmarilos gonji
natexidan gamokveTa (ix.: .
., 1862. . 1. . 201). krilovis ambavSi ,,ruseTis gawkepvlis funqcia mesame
ganyofilebas gadaecema, romelic, am saxiT, petre pirvelis STamomavlad gvevlineba, oRond
Tavis SemoqmedebiT energias isev misken mimarTavs.
saubrebi ,,sekuciaze peterburguli folkloris meore aucilebeli polusia. esqatologiuri
molodini da brinjaos mxedris miTologia organulad ivseboda ,,anekdotebiT udanaSaulo
Cinovnikis garozgvis Sesaxeb. axirebuli da mdidari s. v. saltikovi, romlis moTxrobebi puSkins
moswonda, cols mudmivad eubneboda: ,,...dRes vnaxe le grand bourgeois (mefe. _ i. l.) <...>
garwmuneb, ma chre, mas Seni garozgva SeuZlia, Tu amas moindomebs; vimeoreb: SeuZlia
( .
1923. .
1: .. .
18331835
. / . . .. . 143). aseT Worebs unda mivakuTvnoT puSkinis
samxedro nawilSi gawkepvlis ambavic. ,,sekuciis Tema gogolTan qalaquri anekdotidan
amoizarda.
139
ix.: . / . . . . ., 1929. . 103. am saxis
qalaqur anekdotebs puSkinis leqsis ,,mefem SeWmuxna warbebi... ( ),
gaurkveveli Canafiqri unda ukavSirdebodes, romelic am siuJetis yvela ZiriTad motivs iZleva.
140
ix.: . ., . .
. . 239240.

77
mier ganadgurebul novgorods da or istoriul centrs Soris ruseTisaTvis tradiciul
kulturul balanss da dasavleT evropasTan aseve tradiciul kavSirebs
aRadgenda, aucilebeli iyo. aseTi qalaqi unda yofiliyo ekonomikuri centric da
sxvadasxva kulturul enaTa Sexvedris adgilic. semiotikuri poliglotizmi am tipis
qalaqisTvis kanonia. amasobaSi, ,,samxedro dedaqalaqis ideali moiTxovda
erTplanianobas, semiotikis erTian sistemaSi gamyarebas. am TvalsazrisiT,
misgan nebismieri gadaxveva wesrigis saxifaTo darRvevad SeiZleba
mogvCveneboda.
aRsaniSnavia,
rom
pirveli
tipi
yovelTvis
,,aramarTebulobisa da mxatvruli teqstis winaaRmdegobriobisaken miiltvis,
meore _ metaenis normatiuli ,,marTebulobisaken. qalaqis filosofiuri ideali,
romelic XVIII s-s peterburgis erT-erTi kodi iyo, ase mSvenivrad SemTxveviT
rodi exameboda ,,samxedro an ,,tabelur (Cinovnikur) peterburgs da ver
eTavseboda kulturul, literaturul da savaWro peterburgs.
peterburgis _ mxatvruli teqstisa _ da peterburgis _ metaenis _ brZola
qalaqis mTel semiotikur irtorias avsebs. idealuri modeli realuri
xorcSesxmisTvis ibrZoda. SemTxveviT rodi moeCvena kiustins peterburgi
samxedro banakad, sadac sasaxleebma karvebi Caanacvles. Tumca, am
tendencias jiuti da warmatebuli winaaRmdegoba upirispirdeboda: cxovreba
qalaqs TavadTa sasaxleebiTac avsebda, sadac damoukidebeli ,,privatuli
kulturuli cxovreba mimdinareobda, da nairgvari inteligenciiTac, romelsac
sakuTari TviTmyofadi sulier garemos dafuZnebuli kulturuli tradiciebi hqonda.
peterburgSi rezidenciis gadatanam, romelic sulac ar iyo aucilebeli rusuli
amsterdamis rolisaTvis, kidev ufro gaarTula wimaaRmdegobebi. rogorc
dedaqalaqi, ruseTis simboluri centri, axali romi, peterburgi unda yofiliyo
qveynis emblema, misi gamoxatuleba, magram rogorc rezidencia, romelsac
miniWebuli aqvs anti-moskovis niSnebi, is mxolod ruseTis antiTeza SeiZleba
gamxdariyo. peterburgis semiotikaSi ,,Tavisianisa da ,,ucxos rTulma
gadaxlarTvam daRi daasva am periodis mTeli kulturis TviTSefasebas. ,,ra
Savbnelma jadosnobam gadagvaqcia CvenianebSi ucxoebad! _ werda
griboedovi da epoqis erT-erT ZiriTad sakiTxs gamoxatavda 141.
istoriuli ganviTarebis kvaldakval, peterburgi sul ufro Sordeboda
,,regularuli saxelmwifos racionalisturi dedaqalaqis Cafiqrebul ideals,
qalaqisa, romelsac wesdebebi moawesrigebda da romelic uistorio iqneboda.
peterburgi istoriiT imoseboda, rTul topokulturul struqturas iZenda, romelsac
xels uwyobda misi mosaxleobis mravalwodebrioba da mravalerovnuloba.
qalaqis cxovreba gansakuTrebiT swrafad rTuldeboda. peterburgis siWrele
pavles ukve afrTxobda kidec. cotac da, qalaqi imperiis kunZuli aRar
iqneboda. da pavlem gadawyvita, peterburgSi kunZuli Seeqmna.
analogiurad, maria fiodorovna miiswrafoda, pavlovskSi gadaetana myudro
monbeliaris
nawili.
1930
wlisaTvis
peterburgi
kulturul-semiotikuri
kontrastebis qalaqad iqca, da es gansakuTrebulad intensiuri inteleqtualuri
cxovrebis safuZveli gaxda. teqstebis, kodebis, kavSirebis, asociaciebis
odenobiT, kulturuli mexsierebis moculobiT, misi arsebobis istoriulad
umniSvnelo vadaSi rom dagrovda, peterburgi samarTlianad SeiZleba unikalur
obieqtad CaiTvalos, sadac semiotikuri modelebi arqiteqturul da geografiul
realobaSi ganxorcielda.

141

. . . .: 2 . ., 1889. . 1. . 251.

78

zogierTi daskvna
kulturul sivrceSi Cafluli adamiani Tavis garSemo aucileblad qmnis
organizebul sivrciT sferos. es sfero, erTi mxriv, ideur warmodgenebs,
semiotikur modelebs, meore mxriv ki, adamianis SemoqmedebiT
moRvaweobas moicavs, radganac xalxis mier xelovnurad Seqmnili samyaro _
agrokulturuli, arqiteqturuli da teqnikuri _ korelaciaSia maT semiotikur
modelebTan. es aris urTierTkavSiri: erTi mxriv, arqiteqturuli nagebobebi
axdenen universumis sivrculi saxis kopirebas, meore mxriv ki, universumis es
xat-saxe adamianis mier Seqmnili kulturuli nagebobebis samyaros analogiiT
iqmneba.
kulturis mier Seqmnili sivrciTi modelebis mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba is
aris, rom semiotikuri modelirebis sxva ZiriTadi formebisagan gansxvavebiT,
isini ara sityvier-diskretul, aramed ikonur-kontinualur safuZvelze igebian.
maT fundaments xilulad warmosaxviTi ikonuri teqstebi qmnian, verbalizacias
ki meoradi xasiaTi aqvs. samyaros aseTi saxe ufro advilad SeiZleba cekviT
gamoxato, vidre moyve, daxato, gamoZerwo an aago, vidre misi logikuri
eqsplicireba moaxdino.
aq Tavis tvinis marjvena naxevarsferos muSaoba pirveladia. Tumca, am
struqturis aRweris pirvelive cdebs ucilod mosdevs sityvieri done da azrobrivi
daZabuloba samyaros kontinualur da diskretul suraTTa Soris.
samyaros sivrculi suraTi mravalSriania: is gulisxmobs rogorc miTologiur
samyaros, ise mecnierul modelirebasa da yofiT ,,jansaR azrs. amasTan,
Cveulebriv adamianSi es (da bevri sxva) plasti heterogenul nazavs qmnis,
romelic romeliRac mTlianobasaviT moqmedebs. Tanamedrove adamianis
cnobierebaSi niutoniseuli, einSteiniseuli (an einSteinis Semdgomi)
warmodgenebi Rrmad miTologiur saxeebsa da im abezar Cveevebs ereva,
romelTa gamo samyaro misi yofiTi konturebiT unda dainaxo. am substrats
efineba saxeebi, romlebic xelovnebisa an ufro Rrma samecniero
warmodgenebis, agreTve sivrcobriv saxeTa sxva modelebis enaze xelaxali
kodirebiTaa Seqmnili. amis Sedegad rTuli, maradmoZravi semiotikuri
meqanizmi yalibdeba.
kulturis mier Seqmnili samyaros sivrcobrivi saxe TiTqosda adamiansa
da bunebis garerealobas Sorisaa da gamudmebiT miiwevs am ori
polusisaken. is adamians gare samyaros saxeliT mimarTavs, romladac
sakuTar Tavs acxadebs. adamianis istoriuli gamocdileba am saxes mudmivad
gadaamuSavebs da iswrafis, igi im samyaros adekvaturi gaxados, romelsac
is warmoadgens. magram es saxe yovelTvis universaluria, xolo samyaro
adamians mxolod nawilobriv eZleva gansacdelad. amitomaa, rom versad
wavuvalT dauZlevel winaaRmdegobas im or urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqts
Soris, romlebic warmoqmnian Sinaarsisa da gamoxatulebis universalur
gegmas, rodesac pirveli meoreSi aucileblad arasruli adekvaturobiT aisaxeba.
aranakleb
rTulia
adamianisa
da
samyaros
sivrculi
saxis
urTierTdamokidebuleba. erTi mxriv, es saxe adamianis mier iqmneba, meore
mxriv ki, igi masSi Caflul adamians aqtiurad ayalibebs. aq SesaZlebelia
bunebriv enasTan paralelis gavleba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis
aqtiuroba sivrculi modelis mimarT koleqtividan momdinareobs, xolo formis
mimniWebeli sapirispiro mimarTuleba pirovnebaze moqmedebs. Tumca, am
analogias paraleli poetur enasTanac eZebneba, romelic pirovnebis mier

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iqmneba da sawinaaRmdegod moZraobisas zegavlenas koleqtivze axdens.
iseve, rogorc enaTqmnadobis procesSi, sirculi modelirebis procesSic orive
mimarTuleba aqtiuria.