EVOLUSI MAGMA

1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility

2. Magma mixing

3. Asimilasi

EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility

2. Magma mixing

3. Asimilasi

Fractional crystallization in the Palisades Sill (200 Ma) on theHudson

River Fm. Fractionation from an initial homogeneous magma resulted
from the settling of early-formed crystals of olivine and then pyroxene
from the residual melt.

1. For bulk composition X, liquid cools to liquidus at 1600C

2. Fo begins to crystallize

P = 1 atm

3. Liquid composition moves

directly away from Fo
4. Liquid composition reaches cotectic;
Di begins to crystallize with Fo
5. Co-precipitation of Fo + Di causes
liquid composition to move down
cotectic curve
6. Liquid composition
reaches ternary eutectic at
1270C; An begins to
crystallize with Di + Fo
7. Liquid is consumed;
An + Di + Fo cool
below 1270C
X

Gravity settling
Cool point a olivine layer at
base of pluton if first olivine sinks
Next: ol + cpx layer
Finally: ol + cpx + plag

Cumulate texture:
Mutually touching
phenocrysts with
interstitial crystallized
residual melt

22
10

Al2O3

Bivariate
(x-y) diagrams

MgO
17
5

12

15

FeO* 10

10

CaO

0
4

Harker Diagram
Na2O
major elements
4
for Crater Lake.
From Winter (2001) An
Introduction to Igneous and
2
Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.

0
45

3
2

K2O

1
0
50

55

60

SiO2

65

70

75 45

50

55

60

65

70

75

SiO2

Bivariate
(x-y) diagrams

300

Ni

200

100

ppm
Note magnitude of trace
element changes

0
300

Zr

200

Harker Diagram trace elements

for Crater Lake.
From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.

100

0 40

50

60

SiO2

70

80

wt. %

Ophiolite suite of rocks - range from peridotites (mantle) to gabbro

(deeper ocean crust) to basalt (sheeted dikes and pillows - upper
oceanic crust) to deep-sea sediments.

Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC),

South Africa
(65,000 km2, max thickness 7 km)

Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC),

South Africa
(65,000 km2, max thickness 7 km)

Catatan: Luas Bandung: 1,676 km2

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/geolsci/dlr/301s/bv_field/bv37.jpg

EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility

2. Magma mixing

3. Asimilasi

Liquid Immiscibility
Fo-SiO2 system

Some Examples
Late silica-rich immiscible droplets in
Fe-rich tholeiitic basalts
Sulfide-silicate immiscibility (massive
sulfide deposits)

EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility

2. Magma mixing

3. Asimilasi

10

MAGMA MIXING

A scoriaceous basalt with bands of rhyolite pumice

incomplete mixing of 2 magmas due to density and viscosity contrasts

11

Comingled basalt-Rhyolite Mt.

McLoughlin, Oregon

Basalt pillows accumulating at

the bottom of a in granitic
magma chamber, Vinalhaven
Island, Maine

From Winter (2001) An Introduction to

Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall

12

EVOLUSI MAGMA
1. Diferensiasi magma
Fraksinasi kristalisasi (gravity settling, filter pressing)
Liquid immiscibility
Gaseous transfer

2. Magma mixing

3. Asimilasi

Assimilation
Incorporation of wall rocks
(diffusion, xenoliths)
Assimilation by melting is limited by the heat
available in the magma

13

ASIMILASI MAGMA

Inclusion of metamorphic rock in lava (xenolith). El Joyazo, SE Spain.

14

A gabbro xenolith in a granite body. Donner Pass in the high Sierras.

Gabbro xenoliths in a granite body

15

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16