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Fieldwork No.2
LAYING OF A SIMPLE
CURVE USING THE TAPE
ALONE
(INCREMENTAL CHORDS AND TANGENT OFFSETS METHOD)
Submitted by:
TABIGUE, Christian A.
CE-2
Submitted to:
Engr. Bienvenido Cervantes
CE121-B1
GRADE
OBJECTIVES:
2 range poles
Chalks
50 meter tape
METHOD/PROCEDURE:
tape and hold the next full meter length of the tape. The
front tapeman while holding the zero mark of the tape must
also hold the c1 tape length distance from point tapeman.
o The front tapeman and tangent offset tapeman should align
themselves in the direction of the back tangent of the
simple curve.
o The three tapeman should stretch the tape and the point A
tapeman should mark its exact position on the ground with
a marking pin or a chalk if on pavement.
Station B is now laid on the ground using the procedures below.
o The front tapeman holds the 0 mark of the tape at station
A.
o The tangent offset tapeman (man at station B) holds and
locates the length x2 mark, loop the tape and hold also the
next full meter length.
o The point B tape man locates and holds the y 2 length of the
tape from the tangent offset tapeman; he also loops the
tape and holds the next full meter length of the tape. The
front tapeman while holding the zero mark of the tape also
holds the c tape length distance from point B tapeman.
o The front tapeman and tangent offset tapeman align
themselves in the direction along the prolongation of line PC
to A.
Station C and other full stations are now laid on the ground using
COMPUTATIONS:
If the azimuth of the backward and the forward tangents are given, the
intersection angle I can be solved using:
I =azimuth of the forward tangent azimuth of thebackward tangent
The tangent distance must be solved using:
T =R tan
1
2
RI
; when I isdegrees
180
The length of the last sub chord from PT, if PT is not exactly on a full
station (otherwise C2= a full chord length)
C 2=PT last full station on the curve
The value of the first deflection angle d1:
d 1=2 sin1
C1
2R
C2
2R
d1
)
2
d1
)
2
d 1+ D
2
d 1+ D
2
x 3=ccos
D+ D
x 3=ccos D
2
D+ D
y 3=csin D
2
d 2+ D
2
d 2+ D
2
error =
FIELD WORK 2
ALONE
METHOD)
DATE: July 31, 2012
GROUP NO. 1
LOCATION: Intramuros
Walls
WEATHER: Cloudy
DATA GATHERED:
I=_49 _
R=_143.24 m_
CHORD
3.28m
CENTRAL
ANGLE
1.31
OFFSET DISTANCES
X
Y
3.28
0.04
20m
19.95
1.4
20m
19.95
1.4
20m
19.95
1.4
20m
19.95
1.4
20m
19.95
1.4
PT
19.22m
8 7.69
19.17
1.29
=49
COMPUTED LENTH OF THE CHORD: _118.80 m_
ACTUAL LENGTH OF THE CHORD: 29.9 * 4m = 119.6 m_
Percent error=
119.6 m118.80 m
=0.67
119.6 m
RELATED RESEARCH
The smaller is the degree of curve, the flatter is the curve and vice
versa. The sharpness of simple curve is also determined by radius R.
Large radius is flat whereas small radius is sharp.
Developing a Computer Program for the Methods of RadiusEstimating Techniques for Horizontal Curves
the field. Usually, the horizontal curves are computed after the route has
been selected, the field surveys have been done and the survey base line
and necessary topographic features have been
plotted. In urban work, the curves of streets are designed as an integral
part of the preliminary and final layouts, which are usually done on a
topographic map.
In highway work, the road itself is the end result and the purpose of
the design. But in urban work, the streets and their curves are of
secondary importance; the best use of the building sites is of primary
importance
Types of the horizontal curves: There are five types of horizontal
curves as illustrated in Fig. 1. They are described as follows (Garber and
Hoel, 2001):
Simple: The simple curve is an arc of a circle. The radius of the
circle determines the sharpness or flatness of the curve.
Compound: Frequently, the terrain will require the use of the
compound curve. This curve normally consists of two simple curves joined
together and curving in the same direction (Garber and Hoel, 2001).
Reverse: A reverse curve consists of two simple curves joined
together, but curving in opposite direction. For safety reasons, the use of
this curve should be avoided when possible.
Spiral: The spiral is a curve that has a varying radius. It is used on
railroads and most modem highways. Its purpose is to provide a transition
from the tangent to a simple curve or between simple curves in a
compound curve (Garber and Hoel, 2001).
Broken-back curves: This type of alignment should be avoided
except where very unusual topographical or right-of-way conditions
dictate otherwise. Highway engineers generally consider the broken-back
groups,
including
transportation
agencies,
accident
v2
127( e+ f )
Where:
R = Radius (ft)
V = Speed (mph)
E = Average full superelevation
F = Side friction factor
Usually several readings are taken at different speeds until a
satisfactory speed angle combination is obtained. An example of a ballbank reading is illustrated below in Fig. 2 (Carlson and Mason, 1999).
Advanced ball bank indicator method: In this approach, the
researchers hoped to improve the ball bank indicator method by
measuring
the
body
roll
of
the
vehicle
and
incorporating
the
fixed suspension of the vehicle would measure only the super elevation.
The difference of these two methods would result in the body roll. In
addition, this method would alleviate the need for a field crew to leave
their vehicle to measure super elevation or estimate super elevation. The
added features of this method were envisioned to potentially increase
accuracy and safety as compared with the ball bank indicator method
(Carlson et al., 2005).
An example of data measured along one of the test curves is shown
in Fig. 3.The data represent the roll rate of the sprung mass and the roll
rate of the fixed suspension. These data have considerable variation,
even with the data filters positioned at their maximum value. Due to this
excessive noise, this method was not pursued further (Garber and Hoel,
2001).
Chord length method: A Chord Length is a line that touches the
circumference of a circle at two points. With the chord method, a
technician stretches a string of known length so that each end just
touches the lane edge-line of the horizontal curve. It should be noted that
the string can be stretched between any two points between the PC and
PT of equal radii. However, both ends of the string must be within the
limit of the curve. After the string is stretched, an offset distance is
measured from the middle of the string to the lane edgeline. With the
string length and offset known, the curve radius can be calculated by
(Carlson et al., 2005):
R=
C 2+ 4 M 2
8M
Where:
R = Radius (m)
C = Length of string (m)
DISCUSSION:
Our group is tasked to layout a simple curve using only a single tape
by the use of its tangent offsets. This method is known as Incremental
Chord and Tangent Offset method. After our professor gave us the
description of the curve and before going to the fieldwork, we computed
first for the additional data including the x and y tangent offsets. By
doing that, we save a lot of time and energy because we dont need to
solve it in the field where the blazing sun is over us. We corrected the
way we perform the fieldwork compared to our previous one where in we
didnt read the procedures as stated in the field manual that is why we
performed it again for a second time. This time, we read the procedures
carefully which results to only one trial which is correct and accurate.
In this fieldwork, there is no major problem that we encounter while
laying out the curve using only the tape. Actually, at first I thought that it
was impossible to lay out a curve using only one measuring instrument
but since there is a concept behind it, it helps me to believe and live it.
Another possible error a surveyor may encounter while performing the
fieldwork using this method is the setting of the perpendicular line of the
y offset to the curve. That particular problem may be properly addressed
if the surveyor has descent knowledge of trigonometry because the
tangent offsets and the curve will form a right triangle.
In order to correct our fieldwork, we computed for the percentage of
error of our computed length and the measured length of the chord.
Based on our result, we only got a little percentage of error that is why I
consider this fieldwork a success. Since the tape here is the primary
instrument to setup the curve, it may be subjected to expansion and
contraction due to temperature change so it is necessary to watch over it
and account its possible errors made.
CONCLUSION:
In this fieldwork, we are tasked to lay out a simple curve using only
the tape or which is also known as the Incremental Chord and Tangent
Offset Method. We have already take adjustment measures to correct our
mistakes and errors last fieldwork just like reading the procedures as
stated in the manual, solving first the data that will be needed in the
completion of the fieldwork. We have already adjusted to the kind of
nature in surveying 2 compared to surveying 1 where in we only measure
distance, elevation, angles, etc. but in here we are to layout a curve that
will be complex as the term near its end.
Since we performed the fieldwork well, our objective where in it
states that to be able to lay a simple curve by using the tape alone was
met. We encountered minor problems which are easily solved such as the
setting of the tangent y offsets that creates a right angle with the
extended of the previous line.
Overall, the fieldwork is just very easy since it is only a simple
curve. Comparing this fieldwork and the previous one, they differ in
method but the concept and the laid out curve will be the same. Actually,
the previous one is easier because it conserve a lot of time since you
have both theodolite and tape but the advantage of this method is that it
is practical to use whenever you dont have a theodolite in hand.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
[1] http://cereview.info/book/surveying/formulas-circular-curves
[2]https://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/mburris/Papers/TRR%201918%20%20COMPARISON%20OF%20RADIUS%20ESTIMATING
%20TECHNIQUES%20FOR%20HORIZONTAL%20CURVES.pdf
http://www.tpub.com/inteng/11c.htm
[3] ajeassp.2011.276.287.pdf
[3]