Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

SPORTS PARTICIPATION RATE AND THE AVAILABILITY OF

HUMAN RESOURCES IN SPORT AT SALATIGA BASED ON
SPORT DEVELOPMENT INDEX (SDI)
*M. Tazyinul Akhlaq, **Soegiyanto, MS **Taufiq Hidayah
Email: mtazyinula@gmail.com
Department of Sport Scienc Semarang State University Campus Sekaran
Gunungpati Semarang 50229 Central Java-Indonesia Telp. (024) 8058007
Email: fik-unnes-smg@telkom.net
ABSTRAK
Sprot Development Index (SDI) adalah metode untuk mengukur kemajuan olahraga di
suatu daerah atau wilayah berdasarkan empat dimensi, yaitu: 1) dimensi partisipasi, 2)
dimensi sumber maya manusia, 3) dimensi ruang terbuka, dan 4) dimensi kebugaran. Di
Indonesia nilai dimensi partisipasi menjadi yang tertinggi dengan angka 0,414 dan nilai
dimensi sumber daya manusia yang terendah dengan angka 0,138. Untuk Jawa Tengah
Sendiri nilai tertinggi adalah dimensi partisipasi, dengan angka 0,531 dan nilai dimensi
sumber daya manusia menjadi yang terendah, dengan angka 0,007. Sedangkan di Kota
Salatiga sendiri belum pernah dilakukan suvei SDI. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk
mengetahui seberapa besar nilai dimensi partisipasi olahraga dan sumber daya manusia di
Kota Salatiga dan bagaimanakah nilai tersebut ditinjau dari SDI. Penelitian dilaksanakan di
Kota Salatiga dengan mengambil 4 kecamatan sebagai wilayah penelitian. jenis Penelitian
ini adalah deskriptif dengan desain penelitian croos sectional. Teknik pengumpulan data
menggunakan teknik komunikasi dengan jenis komunikasi langsung dan tak langsung. Hasil
penelitian menunjukkan nilai 0,158 untuk dimensi partisipasi dan 0,090 untuk dimensi
sumber daya manusia, jika ditinjau dari segi SDI maka kedua nilai tersebut berada pada
kategori rendah. Saran dari peneliti untuk dinas terkait adalah untuk menambah jumlah
SDM keolahragaan di Kota Salatiga dan lebih memasyarakatkan olahraga.
Kata Kunci : SDI, Partisipasi, SDM, Pembangunan Olahraga
ABSTRACT
Sport Development Index (SDI) is a method to measure the progress of the sport in an
area or region based on four dimensions, that is: 1) dimension of participation, 2)
dimension of human resources, 3) dimension of the avability in outdoor, 4) dimension of
fitness. In Indonesia value for dimension of participation are the higtest with score 0.414
and value for dimension of human resources are the lowest with score 0.138. For Central
Java the higtest value are dimension of participation, with score 0.531 and value for
dimension of human resources are the lowest with scrore 0.007. Meanwhile in Salatiga
unserveyed about sport development index. The purpose of research is to find out how much
the value dimension of sports participation and human resources in Salatiga and how that
value in terms of sport development index. Research conducted in Salatiga by taking four
districts as the research area. This type of research is descriptive with croos sectional study
design. Data collection techniques using communication techniques with the types of direct
and indirect communication. The results show the value of 0.158 to 0.090 for the dimension
of participation and human resource dimension, if the terms of the SDI, the two values are

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

in the low category. Advice from researchers to the related department is to increase the
amount of sports in human resources Salatiga and further promote the sport.
Key words: SDI, participation in sport, human resources, Sports Development
INTRODUCTIONS
The development of sport in its broadest sense should be directed to the people's
welfare and the benefit of mankind. Sports development which is only based on the spirit of
getting the victory and medal counts in the future will only harm and eliminates the values
of the sport itself. Moreover, attempts to get a win or earn medals by any means, then this
condition can actually damage the sport itself.
Since nation's first sports development is moving the wrong way, preferring to boost
performance without regard to the structure that supports the achievement itself.
Achievement should be regarded as a consequence of their sport a solid structure, which is
one of the main pillars of the community is a cultural exercise. Even during this nation's
sports development is always faced with the problem that is not easy, between short-term
interests to get a medal and a more profound interest, to improve fitness and public health
that lead to improved quality of life (Mutohir and Maksum, 2007).
The experience Indonesia sport in the last 40 years back has provided a very valuable
lesson. Building the sport requires a totality and collective commitment. Not only could the
instant way what with the management. Real achievement in sports is something that is
observable and measurable. So, if the sport development is doing correctly starting with
talent scouting process to the coaching process which is accompanied by efforts to examine
and observe closest competitors, it is certain that the success rate (Mutohir and Maksum,
2007).
As explained above, it is not realistic to measure success of sports is based only on
medals table. This is because the sports activities not only end on a high achievement as
measured by achievements. Far from it, exercise is the place to improve the quality of
human life, both concerning the physical, mental, emotional, and social. In accordance with
Law No. 3 of 2005 on National Sports System stated that the pillars of the sport is not only
about sport achievements, but also sports education and recreational sport. Its mean, with
only based on medal result as standart of success in sport, this nations already clear up
existence of education sport dan receration sport. Then there is an idea as alternative to

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

measure progress on sport development proposed by Prof. Drs. Toho Cholik Mutohir, M.
A., Ph.D. dan Dr. Ali Maksum which are called Sport Development Index (SDI).
Sport Development Index (SDI) actually is a composite index that reflects success of
the development of sport is based on four basic dimensions, that is: the avability of outdoor,
human resources in sport, participation of the community to exercise regularly and the
degree of physical fitness is achieved by community Mutohir and Maksum (2007).
According Mutohir and Maksum (2007) regarding the extent of participation can
describe the excitement and interest of people to be involved in the world of sport. In
addition, participation can also describe how the growing awareness of healthy living and
active throughout life. That is, the more people who participate in activities in an area, the
higher the awareness of people in the area will be healthy and quality life. Mutohir and
Maksum (2007) also pointed out that coaches, teachers and instructors is a major
component in the system of sports coaching. In sports education at school, teachers have a
strategic role in their efforts to enhance the willingness to exercise and coaching
achievements.
On preliminary data SDI 2004 showed Indonesia's sports development index in the
category of low, with the number 0.345 with reference norms SDI 0 to 1. The details of each
dimension of its SDI is, the avability of of outdoor index of 0.380, participation index of
0.345, human resources index amounted to 0,115 and a fitness index of 0.540. For of sports
development index or national SDI in 2005 amounted to 0.220 with details of open space
dalah 0.110 index, index participation of 0,384, the index amounted to 0,047 human
resources, and a fitness index of 0.352. While in 2006 the national SDI has a value of 0.280
with a value of each dimension is: open space index of 0,266, participation index of 0.422,
HR index of 0.099, and a fitness index of 0.335. As a note this data can not be compared
simply because every year there are differences in the implementation of SDI
implementation stage. It should be underlined as well as to the dimensions of human
resources, which every year has always been the most under.
SDI on the Central Java in 2006 amounted to 0,287 where the index of human
resources well being the lowest with 0,018 followed by participation index value of 0.215
and a fitness index of 0.358 and the top is the index of open space, amounting to 0.558. But
for Salatiga itself has no data showing how much interest Salatiga City residents to exercise
and the data on human resources in the field of sport itself.

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

METHOD
Research type is descriptive, the method of research conducted with the main
objective to describe the situation in a region onjektif, systematic and accurate. With cross
sectional study design that is research for understanding of the dynamics of the correlation
between risk factors with effects. The sampling technique using cluster sampling. In this
study obtained a sample of 120 people. Data collection techniques using communication
techniques with this type of direct communication and indirect communication. Analysis of
the data used is a statistical test based sport development index. These statistical tests used
to measure and determine how the level Participation of citizens in Salatiga, especially in
exercise and also to measure and determine how the state of sports at the human resources,
especially human resources Salatiga of sports achievements in sport, sports education and
sports fitness.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Here are the characteristics of the participants are is presented in the tables below:
Table 1. The frequency distribution of respondents by sex
NO
1

Gender

Age

Job

CHARACTERISTICS
Male
Female
Total
5-10 Years Old
11-15 Years Old
16-20 Years Old
21-25 Years Old
26-30 Years Old
31-35 Years Old
36-40 Years Old
Total
Army/Police
Government employees
Private employees
Trader
Farmer
Student
More
Total

AMOUNT
60
60
120
19
24
20
17
10
6
24
120
0
4
21
5
1
70
19
120

PERCENTAGE
50%
50%
100%
15,80%
20%
16,70%
14,20%
8,30%
5%
20%
100%
0%
3,30%
17,50%
4,20%
0,80%
58,30%
15,80%
100%

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

Based on that table obtained information that the respondents in this study is 120
people, with details of 60 men and 60 women. In terms of age categories mostly in the age
of 11-15 years that as many as 24 respondents (20%) as well as at the level of the
occupational category of respondents, mostly working as Student / Student that as many as
70 respondents (58.30%).

N
O
1

Table 2. Distribution of people's participation in sports

AMOUN
CHARACTERISTICS
T
Exercising
64
Exercising and
Not Exercising
Not Exercising
56
Total
120
0 Year Up to 1 Year
30
1 Year Up to 2 Year
14
Has Done For
Sports
2 Year Up to 3 Year
8
Over 3 Years
12
Total
64
Uncertain
12
1 Time in One Week
10
Doing Sports In
2 Time in One Week
23
One Week
3 Time in One Week
11
More Than 3 Time in One Week
8
Total
64
0 Minutes Up To 30 Minutes
10
30 Minutes Up To 60 Minutes
45
The duration of
Exercising
60 Minutes Up To 90 Minutes
6
More Than 120 Minutes
3
Total
64
Socer
11
Volleyball
6
Badminton
5
Athletics
2
kinds of Sports
Gymnastics
9
Basketball
1
Swimming
12
Self-Defense
2
More
16
Total
64

PERCENTAG
E
53,30%
46,70%
100%
46,80%
21,90%
12,50%
18,80%
100%
18,80%
15,60%
36%
17,10%
12,50%
100%
15,60%
70,30%
9,40%
4,70%
100%
17,20%
9,20%
7,80%
3,10%
14,10%
1,60%
18,80%
3,10%
25%
100%

From that table obtained information that respondents who doing sports as many as 64
people (53.30%). While the category has been doing sports most of the respondents had
been doing sports from 0 years to 1 year as many as 30 people (46.80%). From the category
of exercise a week some of the respondents doing sports two times in one week that as

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

many as 23 people (36.00%). In terms of duration of exercise most respondents exercising

with a vulnerable time of 30 minutes to 60 minutes is as many as 45 people (70.30%) and of
the category type of sports some have maintained the respondents opted for other sports that
as many as 16 people (25%).

Tabel 3. Distribution of human resource in sport

No

Human Resource Of
Sport

1
2
3

Sports Achievement
Sports Education
Society Sports

Number According to
Certification
Certificatio
Non
n
Certification
107
47
131
0
13
2

Number According to
Gender
Male
140
101
2

Female
14
30
13

From that table was obtained that the human resources of sports in the Salatiga most
of their sporting achievements are that as many as 154 people.
Based on the Sport Development Index-based test, the obtained figures index of 0.158
and community participation index numbers of human resources amounting to 0.090. To
find out how keadan of sports at the Salatiga based on that figure then needs to be matched
in the following table:
Tabel 4. Sport development index standard
NO
Figures Index
1
0,800 1,00
2
0,500 0,799
3
0,000 0,499
(Source: Kristiyanto, 2012).

Category
High
Intermediat
Low

It can be concluded that both the index and the index of community participation sport
at the Salatiga human resources is at the low category, this can occur for several reasons:
1. Respondents in no mood to exercise due to fatigue after work.
2. They assume not have time to exercise due to his job.
3. enough through the work they do.

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

4. Lack of public awareness in Salatiga to exercise at least 3 times a week as found in the
book Sport Development Index (concepts, methodologies and applications) in reference
to the American College of Sports Medicine (1990).
5. As well as still think that you need to exercise only those who work as an athlete and
also the only sport in school, even though according to Law No. 3 of 2005 on Sports
System Nasioan Article 17 that the sport is not just about of sports education alone but
sporting achievement and also sport recreation. Human Resource third moving sporting
events has actually been approved by the higher education institutions based sport
science. Personnel in sports as stipulated in article 18, pengadaanya carried out by the
Department of Physical Education and Health, personnel sports which is referred to in
Article 19 carried out by the Department of Health Education and Recreation, while
personnel in sports that referred to in Article 20 pengadaanya conducted by the
Department of Sports Coaching Education
This study is in line with research conducted by Permana and Sastaman (2015) which
states that the results of the public participation index Pontianak is 0,455. this value when
viewed from the norm SDI numbers are in the range from 0.000 to 0.499, meaning that the
level of sports participation in Pontianak is still in the low category. Results human
resources index value is 0.001. this value when viewed from the norm SDI numbers are in
the range from 0.000 to 0.499, which means that the availability of human athletic
Pontianak is still in the low category.
Subsequent research by Bangun (2012) at the Tebing Tinggi, North Sumatera show it
was not much different, SDI for the District Bajenis is 0.391, District Padang Hilir is 0,459,
District Padang Hulu is 0.078, District Rambutan 0, 375 and District Tebing Tinggi 0.280
From the description of the index data SDI dimension municipality Tebing Tinggi is 0.317,
in accordance with the norms of SDI can be concluded that the Municipality Sport
Development index categorized Tebing Tinggi is low.
The same was reported by Soegiyanto KS. (2013) on aspects of community
participation in sports activities which states that the Community participation in sports
activities, especially in Sub Banyumanik, District Gunungpati, Semarang District of the
south, and the District Tembalang, is low.
A survey of 18 Districts and Cities on the island of Java, showed results that are not
much different from what happened at the in Salatiga, especially on the index human

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

resources of Sport, where all the index number human resources that are in the low
category, but different from the index of public participation, where there are 2 districts or
city that participation index numbers exist in the medium category.

Table 5. Comparison Index SDI districs / cities in Java Island studied

NO
1
2
3
4
5

Distric/Cities

Index Each Dimension

The Avability
Human
Participation
of Outdoor
Resource
0,770
0,038
0,211
0,059
0,360
0,045
0,580
0,075
0,211
0,471
0,090
0,202
0,830
0,120
0,410

Bandung
Demak
Garut
Gunung Kidul
Jakarta Pusat
Jakarta
6
0,850
Selatan
7 Jakarta Utara
0,157
8 Jepara
0,102
Kota
9
0,417
Yogyakarta
10 Magelang
0,209
11 Malang
0,311
12 Pinang
0,575
13 Ponorogo
0,137
14 Probolinggo
0,130
15 Sleman
0,426
16 Solo
0,547
17 Subang
0,650
18 Tangerang
0,499
(Source : Kristyanto, 2012).

Fitness

SDI

0,270
0,421
0,274
0,302
0,630

0,323
0,221
0,31
0,49
0,498

0,200

0,460

0,630

0,535

0,015
0,300

0,123
0,039

0,376
0,411

0,168
0,213

0,090

0,347

0,345

0,502

0,230
0,007
0,344
0,038
0,038
0,40
0,006
0,064
0,405

0,043
0,433
0,388
0,500
0,644
0,399
0,332
0,489
0,459

0,531
0,732
0,493
0,831
0,601
0,345
0,525
0,306
0,559

0,253
0,371
0,45
0,377
0,353
0,393
0,351
0,378
0,48

National SDI in 2006 also showed that the results are not much different.
Table 6. National SDI Index 2006
NO
Dimension
1
Participation
2
The Avability of Outdoor
3
Human Resources
4
Fitness
(Source: Kristiyanto,2012).

Amount
0,414
0,335
0,138
0,315

SDI National
0,300

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

From the table above it can be concluded that if the index nasioanal participation and
human resources index also nasioanal are in the low category it is no wonder if the two
indexes at the in Salatiga are on the lower categories as well.
Even Though according Mutohir and Maksum (2007) building sports system that
includes an integrated of sports scope are of sports education, sport recreation and of sports
achievements. Sports education is laid as a foundation subsisem coaching in the sense that it
is a vehicle to provide a set of competencies that mendajdi basis for the implementation of
the subsystem olahragadalam sport recreation, spserti well as the implementation of
sporting achievement. Both subsystems earlier also have a reciprocal relationship.
Subsystem sport recreation emphasis on achieving goals that are recreational, referred to
improve health status is dynamic and physical fitness, in addition to and promoting "mood"
love exercise.
But there is a difference in the research conducted by Sofino (2013), in which people
actively participate in sports either in sports or athletic activities. Purwani (2016) also
proves that the community actively participate in sports activities, in which people's
participation in sports at sports facilities and infrastructure FIK UNY have high category as
many as 52 or as much as 57.8%. Judging from the variable needs to be in the low category
by 45 or by 50%. Judging from the variable needs for health indicators high category by 54
or by 60%, recreation indicators high category by 48 or by 53.3%, an indicator of low
category of achievement by 60 or by 66.7%. Munandan and Jafar as well as the level of
Public Participation in Traditional Sports indicates that as many as 2 respondents are in the
low category with a percentage rate of 6.25%, as many as 10 respondents are in the medium
category with the highest percentage of 31.25% and as much as 20 respondents at the high
category the percentage rate of 62.5%. From these results it can be concluded that the level
of public participation in the District Montasik traditional sports at the high category.
CONCLUSION
The conclusions of this research is, in terms of sports participation respondent
amounted to equal the 60 men and 60 women and vulnerable are at the age of 11-15 years
that as many as 24 people (20%), and has a job student / learner that as many as 70 people
(58.30%). Of the 120 respondents 64 respondents who exercise (53.30%). Has been doing
sports since 0 years to 1 year that as many as 30 respondents (46.80%). The average
respondent to exercise two times in one week that as many as 23 people (36%). The average
time used by the respondent to exercise in a day is 30 minutes to 60 minutes is as many as

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

45 people (70.30%). And the type of exercise that often do other respondents is that as many
as 64 people (25%). In terms of human resources, human resources Salatiga numbered 285
people, of which most are men with the number of 243 people (81%). And as many as 251
people have been certified (83.67%). In terms of index numbers Sprot Development Index
of 0.158 participation in the category rendan. The index number of human resources
amounting to 0.090 are in the low category.
THANKS TO
Acknowledgements I told the chairman of the Faculty of Sport Sciences Prof. Dr.
Tandiyo Rahayu, M.Pd., Chairman of the Department of Sport Science, Drs. Said Junaidi,
Kes., Preceptor Prof. Dr. Soegiyanto, MS., Dr. Taufiq Hidayah, Kes., Head of the District of
Argomulyo, Head of the District of Sidomukti, Head of the District of Sidorejo, Head of the
District of Tingkir, Head of Department of Education Youth and Sports in Salatiga, Salatiga
KONI Chairman and Representative FORMI Salatiga. As well as all parties involved in this
study.
REFERENCES
Bangun, S. Y. 2013. Analisis Sport Development Index Kota Tebing Tinggi Sumatera Utara
Tahun 2012. Gladi Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan, Vol 7, No. 2.
Imron, M. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Bidang Kesehatan. Jakarta: CV Agung Seto.
Juwita, R dan Lestari, R. B. 2013. Kontribusi Tingkat Pendidikan Terhadap Pendapatan
Sektoral Di Kota Palembang. Forum Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan Jurnal Ilmiah
STIE MDP, 2 (2). pp. 149-164.
Kristiyanto, A. 2012. Pembangunan Olahraga Untuk Kesejahteraan Rakyat dan Kejayaan
Bangsa. Surakarta: Yuma Pustaka.
Munandar I. dan Jafar M. 2016. TINGKAT PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT PADA OLAHRAGA
TRADISIONAL (SUATU PENELITIAN DI KECAMATAN MONTASIK KABUPATEN
ACEH BESAR). Vol 2, No 3.

Mutohir, T. M dan Maksum A. 2007. Sport Development Index: Alternatif Baru Mengukur
Kemajuan Pembangunan Bidang Keolahragaan (Konsep, Metodologi, dan
Aplikasi). Jakarta: Bessindo Primalaras.
Permana, A dan Sastaman, P. 2015. Tingkat Partisipasi Olahraga dan Ketersediaan SDM
Keolahragaan Kota Pontianak Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Ditinjau dari Sport
Development Index (SDI). Jurnal Pendidikan Olahraga. Vol. 4 No. 1: 9-19.

Unnes Journal of Sport Science

11

Purwani, D. 2016. PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM BEROLAHRAGA DI SARANA

DAN PRASARANA OLAHRAGA FAKULTAS ILMU KEOLAHRAGAAN
UNIVERSITAS NEGERI YOGYAKARTA. Thesis. Fakultas Ilmu Keolahragaan
Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta.
Republik Indonesia. 2005. Undang-undang Sistem Keolahragaan Nasional. Jakarta:
Sekretariat Negara.
Saryono, M. D. 2013. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif dalam Bidang
Kesehatan. Yogyakarta: Nuha Medika.
Soegiyanto KS. 2013. Keikutsertaan Masyarakat dalam Kegiatan Olahraga. Jurnal Media
Ilmu Keolahragaan Indonesia. Vol. 3 No. 1: 18-24.
Sofino.

2013. PERTUMBUHAN KEOLAHRAGAAN MELALUI PARTISIPASI

MASYARAKAT: Studi Desfcriptif Analitik Tentang Partisipasi Masyarakat Dalam
Menumbuhkan Kelompok Olahraga di Desa Pagar Dewa Kecamatan Selebar
Kotamadya Bengkulu. Thesis. Program Pascasarjana Institut Kegururan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan Bandung, Bandung.

Sulistyaningsih. 2011. Metodologi

Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu.

Penelitian

Kebidanan:

Kuantitatif-Kualitatif.

Supranto, J. 2007. Teknik Sampling Untuk Survei dan Eksperimen. Jakarta: PT Rineka
Cipta.