8.condensed Matter Physics NET-JRF VKS

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InstituteforNET/JRF,GATE,IITJAM,JEST,TIFRandGREinPHYSICALSCIENCES
CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

NET/JRF (JUNE-2011)
Q1.
A narrow beam of X-rays with wavelength 1.5 is reflected from an ionic crystal with an
fcc lattice structure with a density of 3.32 gcm-3. The molecular weight is 108 AMU
(1AMU = 1.66 10-24 g)
A. The lattice constant is
(a) 6.00
Ans:
(b) 4.56
(c) 4.00
(d) 2.56
(b)
Solution: Given ne f
= 4 , M = 108 kg, = 3.32gm cm -3 = 3320 kgm-3,
N A = 6.023 10 +26 atoms kmd

a3 =
ne f f M
NA
4 108
= 6.00 10 30 m 3 = 6.00 10 10 = 6.00 A 0
6.023 10 26 3320
B. The sine of the angle corresponding to (111) reflection is

(a)
Ans:
3
4
(b)
3
8
(c)
1
4
(d)
1
8
(b)
Solution: According to Braggs law
2d sin = , sin =
sin =
3
=
2a
2d
where d =
a
h2 + k 2 + l 2
a
3
for (111) plane
3 1 .5 A 0
3 3
3
.
=
=
0
2 62
8
2 6A
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Q2.
A flux quantum (fluxoid) is approximately equal to 210-7 gauss-cm2. A type II
superconductor is placed in a small magnetic field, which is then slowly increased till the
field starts penetrating the superconductor. The strength of the field at this point is
2
105 gausss.
A. The penetrating depth of this superconductor is
(a) 100
Ans:
(b) 10
(c) 1000
(d) 314
(a)
Solution: Given Fluxoid ( )0 = 2 10 7 gauss cm2

First Critical field (H c1 ) =
10 5 gauss
The relation between first critical field and penetration depth is
H c1 =
0
0
2.10 7
2
=
=
= 10 12 cm 2 = 10 6 cm = 100 A 0
H c1 2 10 5
2
B. The applied field is further increased till superconductivity is completely destroyed.
The strength of the field is now
105 gauss. The correlation length of the
superconductor is
(a) 20
(b) 200
(c) 628
(d) 2000
Ans:
Solution: Given second critical field (H c 2 ) =
field and correlation length is H c 2 =
=
2
0
H c 2
10 5 gauss. The relation between second critical
0
.
2
1
2 10 7
=
= 10 12 cm 2
8
10 5 4
1
1
100
10 6 cm = 10 6 cm =
10 10 m = 50 A 0
2
2
2
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Q3.
The two dimensional lattice of graphene is an arrangement of Carbon atoms forming a
honeycomb lattice of lattice spacing a, as shown below. The Carbon atoms occupy the
1
a1
d1
a2
1 1
3 2
a
2
c2
(b)
(a) 2a 2
d2
(A). The Wigner-Seitz cell has an area of
(c) 6 3a
c1
vertices.
b1
b2
3 3 2
a
(d)
2
Ans:
Solution: Area of Wigner-Seitz cell =
Area of normal cell

Ne f f
Where Neff = effective number of lattice paints = 6

Area of normal cell =
1
=2
3
3 3 2
3 3 2
3 3 2
a Area of wigner-Seitz cell =
a /2 =
a
2
2
4
(B). The Bravais lattice for this array is a
G
G
(a) rectangular lattice with basis vectors d1 and d 2
G
G
(b) rectangular lattice with basis vectors c1 and c2
G
G
(c) hexagonal lattice with basis vectors a1 and a2
G
G
(d) hexagonal lattice with basis vectors b1 and b2
Ans:
(c)
G
G
Solution: The Bravaiss lattice for this array is the Hexagonal lattice with basis vectors a1 and a 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2011)
Q4.
The potential of a diatomic molecule as a function of the distance r between the atoms is
given by V (r ) =
a
b
+ 12 . The value of the potential at equilibrium separation between
6
r
r
the atoms is:

(a) 4a 2 / b
(b) 2a 2 / b
(c) a 2 / 2b
(d) a 2 / 4b
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Ans:
(d)
Solution: Given V (r ) =
a
b
dV (r )
+ 12 . At equilibrium radius,
=0
6
dr r =r0
r
r
r 13 12b 2b
dV (r )
6a 12b
2b
=
r06 =
= + 7 13 = 0 07 =
a
6a
dr
a
r0
r0
r0
The value of potential at equilibrium is V (r0 ) =
Q5.
a
b
a2 a2 a2
=
+
=
+
.
2b 4b
4b
r06 r012
If the number density of a free electron gas in three dimensions is increased eight times,
its Fermi temperature will
Ans:
(a) increase by a factor of 4
(b) decrease by a factor of 4
(c) increase by a factor of 8
(d) decrease by a factor of 8
(a)
=2
3 2 n
Solution: The relation between Fermi energy and electron density is E F =
2m
2/3
2/3
=2
E =
3 2 8n
= 4EF .
2m
The excitations of a three-dimensional solid are bosonic in nature with their frequency
'
F
Q6.
and wave-number k are related by k2 in the large wavelength limit. If the chemical
potential is zero, the behaviour of the specific heat of the system at low temperature is
proportional to
(a) T1/2
Ans:
(b) T
(c) T3/2
(d) T3
(c)
Solution: If the dispersion relation is k s in large wavelength. Than the specific heat is
C v T 3 / s . Given k 2 C v T 3 / 2
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2012)
Q7.
Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion

relation = Ak s , where is the energy k is the wavevector, s is an integer and A
constant. The density of states, N(), is proportional to
s
(a) d
(b)
d
1
s
(c)
d
+1
s
(d) d
+1
Ans:
(b)
Q8.
The experimentally measured transmission spectra of metal, insulator and semiconductor

thin films are shown in the figure. It can be inferred that I, II and III correspond,
Transmission (%)
respectively, to
(a) insulator, semiconductor and metal
(b) semiconductor, metal and insulator
(c) metal, semiconductor and insulator
(d) insulator, metal and semiconductor

Ans:
300
(a)
1000
Wavelength (nm)
Q9. The energy required to create a lattice vacancy in a crystal is equal to 1 eV. The ratio of the
number densities of vacancies n(1200 K)/n(300 K) when the crystal is at equilibrium at
1200 K and 300 K, respectively, is approximately
(a) exp( 30 )
Ans:
(b) exp( 15)
(c) exp(15)
(d) exp(30)
(d)
Solution: The equation for number density of vacancies n = Ne E / 2 k BT where E: Energy required
to form vacancies, N: density of lattice sites
+E 1
n(1200 K )
n1 e E / 2 k BT1
2k T T
= E / 2 k BT2 = e B 2 1
= e 2 k B 300 1200 = e 2 k B 400 = e 30
n(300 K )
n2 e
E 1
E 1
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Q10.
The dispersion relation of phonons in a solid is given by
2 (k ) = 02 (3 cos k x a cos k y a cos k z a )

The velocity of the phonons at large wavelength is
(b) 0 a
(a) 0 a / 3
Ans:
(c)
3 0 a
(d) 0 a / 2
(d)
Solution: For large , (k x a, k y a, k z a ) are small.

k 2a2
(k ) = 3 1 x
2

2
2 (k ) ==
2
0
02 a 2
2
2 2
kya
1

2

k2 =
0 a
2
k z2 a 2
1

2

02 a 2 2
=
k x + k y2 + k z2
2
d 0 a
=
.
dk
2
k vg =
NET/JRF (DEC-2012)
Q11.
The free energy difference between the superconducting and the normal states of a
material is given by F = FS FN =
, where is an order parameter and
and are constants such that > 0 in the normal and < 0 in the superconducting state,
while > 0 always. The minimum value of F is
Ans:
(a) 2 /
(b) 2 / 2
(c) 3 2 / 2
(d) 5 2 / 2
(b)
Solution: F =
= x 2 +
x 4 where x = .
(F ) = 2x + 2x 3 = 0 2x + 2x 3 = 0 x 2 = since x = 0 is trivial.
x
=
Thus (F )min x 2 + x 4
.
2 x2 =
2
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Q12.
Consider a one-dimensional Ising model with N spins, at very low temperatures when
almost all spins are aligned parallel to each other. There will be a few spin flips with each
flip costing an energy 2J. In a configuration with r spin flips, the energy of the system is
E = - NJ + 2rJ and the number of configuration is
C r ; r varies from 0 to N. The
partition function is
J
(a)
k BT
(b) e NJ / k BT
(c) sinh
k
T
B
Ans:
(d) cosh
k
T
B
(d)
Solution: Let us consider only three energy levels, E r = 2 J + 2rJ i.e. E 0 = 2 J , E1 = 0 and
E2 = 2J .
Q2 =
(Ce
2
E0
+ 2C1e E1 + 2C 2 e E2
2
r =0
e J + e J
Q2 =
2
Q13.
Cr
) = (e
2J
) (
+ 2e 0 + e 2 J
e J + e J
=
4
4
= (cosh J )2 (cosh J )2 Q N = (cosh J ) N .
A magnetic field sensor based on the Hall Effect is to be fabricated by implanting As into
a Si film of thickness 1 m. The specifications require a magnetic field sensitivity of
500 mV/Tesla at an excitation current of 1 mA. The implantation dose is to be adjusted
such that the average carrier density, after activation, is
Ans:
(a) 1.25 1026 m-3
(b) 1.25 1022 m-3
(c) 4.1 1021 m-3
(d) 4.1 1020 m-3
(b)
Solution: n =
V
IB
10 3
1
= 6
= 1.25 10 22 m 3 where H = 500 10 3 V / T .

19
3
teVH 10 1.6 10
B
500 10
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Q14.
In a band structure calculation, the dispersion relation for electrons is found to be
k = (cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a ),
where is a constant and a is the lattice constant. The effective mass at the boundary of
the first Brillouin zone is
(a)
Ans:
2= 2
5 a 2
(b)
4= 2
5 a 2
(c)
=2
2 a 2
(d)
(d)
Solution: k = (cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a ), Effective mass m =
Brilliouin zone boundary is at k x =

d 2 k
Hence 2
d k
Q15.
=2
3 a 2
,ky =
, kz =
=2
d 2 k
2
d k
=2
= 3 a 2 m =
.
3 a 2
, ,
a a a
The radius of the Fermi sphere of free electrons in a monovalent metal with an fcc
structure, in which the volume of the unit cell is a3, is
12 2
(a) 3
a
Ans:
1/ 3
3 2
(b) 3
a
1/ 3
2
(c) 3
a
1/ 3
(d)
1
a
(a)
3 2 N
Solution: Radius of Fermi sphere is k F =

V
12 2
N
4
= 3 k F = 3
For fcc solid
V a
a
1/ 3
1/ 3
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2013)
Q16.
Using the frequency-dependent Drude formula, what is the effective kinetic inductance of
a metallic wire that is to be used as a transmission line? [In the following, the electron
mass is m , density of electrons is n , and the length and cross-sectional area of the wire
A and A respectively.]
(a) mA / (ne 2 A )
(b) zero
(c) mA / (ne 2 A)
(d) m A / ne 2 A 2
Ans:
(c)
Q17.
The phonon dispersion for the following one-dimensional diatomic lattice with masses
M 1 and M 2 (as shown in the figure)
is given by
M1
M2
M1
M2
1
4M 1 M 2
1
2 qa
1 1
+
sin
(M 1 + M 2 )2
2
M 1 M 2
2 (q ) = K
where a is the lattice parameter and K is the spring constant. The velocity of sound is
Ans:
(a)
K (M 1 + M 2 )
a
2M 1 M 2
(b)
(c)
K (M 1 + M 2 )
a
M 1M 2
(d)
K
a
2(M 1 + M 2 )
KM 1 M 2
2(M 1 + M 2 )
(b)
Solution: For small value of q (i.e. long wavelength approximation limit), we have
qa qa
sin
2 2
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1
4M 1 M 2
1
2 qa
1 1
sin
2 (q ) =
+
(M 1 + M 2 )2
2
M 1 M 2
2
1
4M 1 M 2 qa
1
2
1 1
(q ) =
+

(M 1 + M 2 )2 2
M 1 M 2
1
4 M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2
1 1
1 1
(q ) =
+
2 (M + M )2 4
M
M
2
1

1
2
1
M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2
1
1 1
2 (q ) =
+
(M + M )2 2
M
M
2
1
1
2

1
M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2
1
1 1
+
For Acoustical branch: 2 (q ) =
2
M 1 M 2 (M 1 + M 2 ) 2
M + M2
2 (q ) = 1
M 1M 2
(q ) =
M 1 M 2 q 2 a 2
a 2
2
=
(M + M )2 2 2(M + M ) q
1
2
1
2
aq
2(M 1 + M 2 )
Velocity of sound is v g =
Q18.
a
2(M 1 + M 2 )
The electron dispersion relation for a one-dimensional metal is given by
k = 2 0 sin 2
ka 1 2
sin ka
2 6
where k is the momentum, a is the lattice constant, 0 is a constant having dimensions of

energy and ka . If the average number of electrons per atom in the conduction band
is 1/3, then the Fermi energy is
(a) 0 / 4
Ans:
(b) 0
(c) 2 0 / 3
(d) 5 0 / 3
(a)
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Q19.
If the energy dispersion of a two-dimensional electron system is E = u=k where u is the
velocity and k is the momentum, then the density of states D(E ) depends on the energy
as
(a) 1 / E
Ans:
(b)
(c) E
(d) constant
(c)
Solution: In two dimensional system, the number of allowed k-states in range k and k + dk is
2
L
g (k )dk =
2kdk .
2
Given dispersion relation is E = u=k k =
2
E
dE
dk =
u=
u=
E dE
L
L 2
g (E )dE =
=
EdE
2
2
u= u=
2
2 (u= )
(E ) =
g (E )dE
1 L2
E.
=
dE
(u= )2 2
NET/JRF (DEC-2013)
Q20.
The physical phenomenon that cannot be used for memory storage applications is
(a) large variation in magnetoresistance as a function of applied magnetic field
(b) variation in magnetization of a ferromagnet as a function of applied magnetic field
(c) variation in polarization of a ferroelectric as a function of applied electric field
(d) variation in resistance of a metal as a function of applied electric field
Ans:
(d)
Q21. The energy of an electron in a band as a function of its wave vector k is given
by E (k ) = E 0 B (cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a ) , where E 0 B and a are constants. The
effective mass of the electron near the bottom of the band is
2= 2
(a)
3Ba 2
=2
(b)
3Ba 2
=2
(c)
2Ba 2
=2
(d)
Ba 2
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Ans:
(d)
Solution: Near the bottom of the band the k 0

1
(k x a )2 ,
2
1
(k y a )2 ,
2
1
(k z a )2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
E ( k ) = E0 B ( cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a ) = E0 B 1 ( k x a ) + 1 ( k y a ) + 1 ( k z a )
2
2
2
1
1
2
= E0 B 3 a 2 ( k x + k x + k x ) = E0 3B Ba 2 k 2
2
2
cos k x a 1
cos k y a 1
Effective mass of the electron is m * =

Q22.
cos k z a 1
=2
=2
=
d 2 E / dk 2 Ba 2
A DC voltage V is applied across a Josephson junction between two superconductors

with a phase difference 0 . If I 0 and k are constants that depend on the properties of the
junction, the current flowing through it has the form
Ans:
2eVt
(a) I 0 sin
+ 0
2eVt
(b) kV sin
+ 0
(c) kV sin 0
(d) I 0 sin 0 + kV
(a)
Q23. A uniform linear monoatomic chain is modeled by a spring-mass system of masses m

separated by nearest neighbour distance a and spring constant m 02 . The dispersion
relation for this system is
Ans:
ka
(a) (k ) = 2 0 1 cos
2
ka
(b) (k ) = 2 0 sin 2
2
ka
(c) (k ) = 2 0 sin
2
ka
(d) (k ) = 2 0 tan
2
(c)
Solution: The dispersion relation for uniform linear mono-atomic chain of atoms is
ka
(k ) = 2 0 sin
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q24.
The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas in three-dimensions depends, at T = 0 ,

on the density of fermions n as
(a) n 5 / 3
(b) n1 / 3
(c) n 2 / 3
(d) n 4 / 3
Ans: (a)
Solution: The Fermi energy in three dimension is defined as
= 2 3 2 N
EF =
2m V
2/3
=2
=
3 2 n
2m
2/3
Where, n is the electron concentration or density of free Fermi gas.

The total energy of free Fermi gas in 3D is
3
3
= 2 3 2 N
E = NE F = N
5
5
2m V
2/3
The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas is defined as

2/3
3
=2
E
2
p F =
3 2 N ) V 5 / 3
(
= N
5
2m
V N
3
2/3
2
2
2 =2
=2
2 2/3
3 n ) =
= nEF = n
(
(
3 2 ) n 5 / 3
5
5
2m
5 2m
Q25.
Consider an electron in b.c.c. lattice with lattice constant a . A single particle

GG
G
wavefunction that satisfies the Bloch theorem will have the form f (r ) exp ik .r , with
G
f (r ) being
( )
(a) 1 + cos ( x + y z ) + cos ( x + y + z ) + cos ( x y + z )

a
(b) 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( z + x )

a
(c) 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( z + x )

a
(d) 1 + cos ( x + y z ) + cos ( x + y + z ) + cos ( x y + z )

a
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Ans: (b)
Solution: The primitive translational vector for BCC is
G
G
G
a
a
a
a ' = i + j + k , b ' = i j + k , b ' = i + j k
2
2
2
Bloch function defined as
GG
GG
k (r ) = u k (r )e ik .r = f (r )e ik .r
G
Here f (r ) is atomic wavefunction, which has the periodicity of the lattice i.e.
G
G
u k (r + a ) = u k (r )
Given Bloch function
G
2
f (r ) = 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( x + z )
G G
2
a
f (r + a ' ) = 1 + cos x + y +
2
a
2
a
a
+ cos y + z + +
2
2
a
2
a
a a
+ cos z + x +
2 2
2
a
G G
2
f (r + a ' ) = 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + 2 + cos ( z + x )
a
G G
G
2
f (r + a ' ) = 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( z + x ) = f (r )

a
G G
G
f (r + a ' ) = f (r )
Similarly
G G
G
f (r + b ' ) = f (r )
G G
G
and f ( r + c ' ) = f ( r )
Other functions do not satisfy the periodicity
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Q26.
The dispersion relation for electrons in an f.c.c. crystal is given, in the tight binding
approximation, by
(k ) = 4 0 cos
kya
kya
kxa
k a
k a
k a
cos
+ cos
cos z + cos z cos x
2
2
2
2
2
2
where a is the lattice constant and 0 is a constant with the dimension of energy. The x
component of the velocity of the electron at , 0, 0 is

a
(a) 2 0 a / =
Ans:
(b) 2 0 a / =
(c) 4 0 a / =
(d) 4 0 a / =
(d)
Solution: Group velocity of electron in dispersive medium is expressed as

G 1 d 1 d d d
v=
i+
j+
=
= dk = dk x
dk y
dk z
G
G
G
k = v x i + v y j + v z k
k x a
kya
kya
kya
k a
k a
k a
k a
cos
cos z j +
+ cos z sin x i + cos x sin
+ sin
sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
G 2a
v=
=
kya
kza
kxa
kza
sin
cos
sin
+ cos
k
2
2
2
2
, 0, 0
a
At
G 2 a

v=
sin cos 0 + cos 0 sin i + cos sin 0 + sin 0 cos 0 j + cos 0 sin 0 + sin 0 cos k
2
2
=
2
2

G
G
G
G 4a
v=
i + 0 j + 0k = 0i + 0 j + 0k = v x i + v y j + v z k
=
G
4a
vx =
,
=
] [
G
v y = 0,
G
vz = 0
The x - component of velocity is v x =
4a
=
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NET/JRF (JUNE-2014)
Q27.
When laser light of wavelength falls on a metal scale with 1 mm engravings at a

grazing angle of incidence, it is diffracted to form a vertical chain of diffraction spots on
a screen kept perpendicular to the scale. If the wavelength of the laser is increased by 200
nm, the angle of the first-order diffraction spot changes from 5 0 to
(a) 6.60 0
Ans:
(b) 5.14 0
(c) 5.018 0
(d) 5.210
(c)
Solution: The condition of maxima peak in grating is

b sin = m ;
m = 0,1, 2,3,....
where b is the width of slit or width of engraving, whereas m is the order of

diffraction and is the angle of diffraction
b sin =
For 1st order diffraction:
(i)
When wavelength of incident light increased to ( + 200) nm , lets assume the 1st order
peak appears at
b sin = + 200
(ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from equation (ii), we get

b sin b sin = 200
sin sin =
200
200 109
sin =
+ sin
b
10 3
sin = 2 10 4 + sin = 2 104 + sin 50 = 2 10 4 + 0.087196 = 0.08736

= sin 1 ( 0.08736) = 5.010
Q28.
Consider the crystal structure of sodium chloride which is modeled as a set of touching
spheres. Each sodium atom has a radius r1 and each chlorine atom has a radius r2 . The
centres of the spheres from a simple cubic lattice. The packing fraction of this system is
r
(a) 1
r1 + r2
(c)
r13 + r23
(r1 + r2 )3
r2
+
r1 + r2
(b)
2 r13 + r23
3 (r1 + r2 )3
(d)
r13 + r23
2(r1 + r2 )
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Ans:
(b)
Solution: This question can only be solved by solving each option by assuming r1 = r2 and
comparing result with the packing fraction of simple cubic which is
r 3 r 3
1 3 1 3
1
2
Option (a):
+
= + =
r1 + r2 r1 + r2
2 2 4
2 r13 + r23
2 2r 3 2 1
Option (b):
=
=
=
3 ( r1 + r2 )3
3 8r 3
3 4 6
Option (c):
Option (d):
r13 + r23
( r1 + r2 )
r13 + r23
2r 3 1
=
8r 3 4
=
2 ( r1 + r2 )3
2r 3
=
3
2 8r
8
Thus, correct option is (b)

Q29.
Consider two crystalline solids, one of which has a simple cubic structure, and the other
has a tetragonal structure. The effective spring constant between atoms in the c -direction
is half the effective spring constant between atoms in the a and b directions. At low
temperatures, the behaviour of the lattice contribution to the specific heat will depend as
a function of temperature T as
(a) T 2 for the tetragonal solid, but as T 3 for the simple cubic solid
(b) T for the tetragonal solid, and as T 3 for the simple cubic solid
(c) T for both solids
(d) T 3 for both solids
Ans:
(d)
Solution: The specific heat of solid in three dimensions is proportional to T 3 and it is

independent of crystal structure.
In
3D
CV T 3
In
2D
CV T 2
In
1D
CV T
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Q30.
G
A superconducting ring carries a steady current in the presence of a magnetic field B
normal to the plane of the ring. Identify the incorrect statement.

(a) The flux passing through the superconductor is quantized in units of hc / e
(b) The current and the magnetic field in the superconductor are time independent.
G
G
G
G
(c) The current density j and B are related by the equation j + 2 B = 0 , where
is a constant
(d) The superconductor shows an energy gap which is proportional to the transition
temperature of the superconductor
Ans:
(a)
Solution: The flux quantization in superconducting ring is = no

where o =
hc
h
in CGS units and o =
in MKS units.
2e
2e
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NET/JRF (DEC-2014)
Q31.
The Miller indices of a plane passing through the three points having coordinates (0, 0, 1)
(1, 0, 0) 1 , 1 , 1 are
2 2 4
(a) (212)
(b) (111)
(c) (121)
(d) (211)
Ans:
(a)
Q32.
The plot of specifies heat versus temperature across the superconducting transition
temperature (Tc ) is most appropriately represented by
(a)
(b)
Cp
Cp
TC
(c)
(d)
Cp
Ans:
TC
Cp
TC
(a)
Solution: CV e
TC
2kT
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Q33.
The energy k for band electrons as a function of the wave vector k in the first Brillouin

zone k of a one dimensional monatomic lattice is shown as ( a is lattice
a
a
constant)
/a
/a
The variation of the group velocity vg is most appropriately represented by

vg
(a)
/a
(c)
/a
/a
(d)
vg
/a
Ans:
(b)
/a
/a
vg
/a
vg
/a
(b)
ka
Solution: E = E0 cos

Vg =
1 dE
ka
= sin
= dk
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Q34.
23
For Nickel the number density is 8 10 atoms / cm 3 and electronic configuration is
1s 2 2 s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 3d 8 4s 2 . The value of the saturation magnetization of Nickel in its

ferromagnetic state is _____________ 10 9 A / m .
(Given the value of Bohr magneton B = 9.21 10 21 Am 2 )
Ans:
4.42
Solution: Saturation magnetization: All magnetic dipoles in a solid material are mutually aligned
to the external field.
M S = (Magnetic dipole moment) B N ,
0.6 9.21 1021 ( Am 2 ) N (For N i :magnetic dipole moment = 0.6
Fe :2.22, For Cu :1.2 )

N=
NA
AN
B = 9.211021 A / m (given)
= 8 1029 / m3
M S = 0.6 9.211021 8 1029 = 4.42 109 A / m
NET/JRF (JUNE-2015)
Q35.
X -ray of wavelength = a is reflected from the (111) plane of a simple cubic lattice. If
the lattice constant is a , the corresponding Bragg angle (in radian) is
(a)
Ans.
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
Solution: According to Braggs Law 2d sin =

Where d =
a
h +k +l
sin =
2d
a
2
a
3
a
a
for (iii) plane
=
1+1+1
3
3
3
= sin 1
=
2
2
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Q36.
The critical magnetic fields of a superconductor at temperatures 4 K and 8 K are
11 mA / m and 5.5 mA / m respectively. The transition temperature is approximately

(a) 8.4 K
Ans.
(b) 10.6 K
(c) 12.9 K
(d) 15.0 K
(b)
Solution: The relation between critical field and critical temperature is

T 2
H C (T ) = H 0 1
TC
Let at T = T1 , H C (T1 ) = T = T2 , TC (T ) = H C (T2 )

T 2
T 2
1
Thus we get H C (T1 ) = H 0 1 , H C (T2 ) = H 0 1 2
TC
TC
T
1 1
H C (T1 )
T
= C
H C (T2 )
T
1 2
TC
T =
C
2
2 (8) ( 4 )
2
TC =
2 1
H C (T1 ) 2
T2 T12
H C (T2 )
H C (T1 )
1
H C (T2 )
10.6
where T1 = 4 k , T2 = 8 k
H C (T1 ) = 11 mA / m
H C (T2 ) = 5.5 mA / m
Q37.
The low-energy electronic excitations in a two-dimensional sheet of grapheme is given

G
by E k = =vk , where v is the velocity of the excitations. The density of states is
( )
proportional to
(a) E
Ans.
(b) E
3
2
(c) E
1
2
(d) E 2
(a)
Solution: The number of k - states in range k and k + dk in two dimension is
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L
g ( k ) dk =
2 kdk
2
E = =vk dE = =vdk
2
E dE L
L
g ( E ) dE =
=
2
=v =v 2
2
( =v )
EdE
The density of state is
(E) =
Q38.
g ( E ) dE
dE
L
=
2
E
=v 2
( )
(E) E
A He Ne laser operates by using two energy levels of Ne separated by 2.26 eV .

Under steady state conditions of optical pumping, the equivalent temperature of the
system at which the ratio of the number of atoms in the upper state to that in the lower
state will be
1
, is approximately (the Boltzmann constant k B = 8.6 105 eV / K )
20
(a) 1010 K
Ans.
(b) 108 K
(c) 106 K
(d) 104 K
(d)
Solution: According to Boltzmann relation

N2
E
= exp
N1
kT
N1
kT
= exp
T =
N2
E
E2
E
N
k ln 1
N2
E = 2.26 eV , K = 8.6 105 eV / k ,
E1
N2
N1
N1
= 20
N2
T = 8772k 104 k
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Q39.
The first order diffraction peak of a crystalline solid occurs at a scattering angle of 300
when the diffraction pattern is recorded using an x-ray beam of wavelength 0.15 nm . If
the error in measurements of the wavelength and the angle are 0.01nm and 10
respectively, then the error in calculating the inter-planar spacing will approximately be
(a) 1.1 102 nm
(b) 1.3 104 nm
(c) 2.5 102 nm
(d) 2.0 103 nm
Ans.: (a)
Solution: Braggs Law for n = 1, = 2d sin d =
2sin
d
1
d cos
=
,
=
2sin 2sin 2
Error in d can be calculated as

2
d
d
= 2 +

2
d
2 1 2 cos
=
+
2
2sin
2sin
2
d2
1
cos 2sin
2sin 2
2 =
+

2
d
4sin
2sin sin
2
d
2
+ 2 d = d +
2
tan
tan
2
1
2
where = 30o , = 1.5 1010 m, = 0.1 1010 m, = 1o

d=
2sin
1.5 1010
= 1.5 1010 m
2sin 30o
1
Thus
2 2

2
0.11010
180
d = 1.5 1010
+
10
1.5 10 tan 30
2 2
1
3
2
2 2
2
10
10
= 1.5 10 ( 0.067 ) +
= 1.5 10 ( 0.067 ) + ( 0.03)
180
= 1.5 1010 [ 0.005389] 2 = 1.5 1010 0.0734 = 0.11 1010
d = 1.1 1011 m = 1.1 102 nm
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Q40.
The dispersion relation of electrons in a 3-dimensional lattice in the tight binding
approximation is given by,
k = cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a

where a is the lattice constant and , , are constants with dimension of energy. The

effective mass tensor at the corner of the first Brillouin zone , , is
a a a

2
=
(a) 2 0
a
2
=
(c) 2 0
a
0
1

2
=
(b) 2 0
a
2
=
(d) 2 0
a
0
1
Ans.: (c)
Solution: The effective mass as a tensor quantity can be written as
m*xx
mij* = m*yx
m*zx
m*xy
m*yy
m*zy
m*xz
=2
*
*
m yz where mij =
2E
m*zz
ki k j
since k = cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a
m*xx =
=2
2
k x k x
= 2
=2
= 2
*
m
=
=
xx
a 2 cos k x a
2 a 2 cos k y a
2
k y
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2
2
=
=
m*zz = 2
= 2
other terms are zero
a cos k z a
2
k z
2
2
2
2
=
=
=
=

, m*yy =
, m*zz = 2 mij* = 2 0
now at , , ; m*xx =
2
2
a
a
a
a
a a a
Q41.
0
1
A thin metal film of dimension 2 mm 2 mm contains 4 1012 electrons. The magnitude

of the Fermi wavevector of the system, in the free electron approximation, is
(a) 2 107 cm 1
(b)
2 107 cm 1
(c)
107 cm 1
(d) 2 107 cm 1
Ans.: (b)
Solution: This is the case of two dimensional metal box. The Fermi wave vector of electron in
2 D is
k F = ( 2 n )
1
2
N 2
= 2 2
L
Q42.
4 1012 2 2
; L = 2mm 2mm = 4 102 cm 2
k F = 2
2
2
4 10 cm
k F = 2 1014 cm 2
1
2
k F = 2 107 cm 1
For an electron moving through a one-dimensional periodic lattice of periodicity a ,

which of the following corresponds to an energy eigenfunction consistent with Blochs
theorem?
x
x
(a) ( x ) = A exp i
+ cos

2a
a
x
2 x
(b) ( x ) = A exp i
+ cos

a
a
2 x
x
x
2 x
(c) ( x ) = A exp i
+ i cosh
+i
(d) ( x ) = A exp i
2a
a
a
a
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Ans.: (d)
Solution: H = E where H =
=2 2
+ V0
2m x 2
x
x
+i
Let ( x ) = A exp i
2a
2a
Put X =
x
2a
( x ) = A exp ( i X + i X ) ( x ) = Ae
i X + i X
X
i X + i X
= Ae
Xi X + i
X
x
X
for x > 0, X = X
i X + i X
XX [i 1]
= Ae
x
x
i +i
2
2
2
i X + i X
i X + i X
2
2
2a 2a
Ae
XX
i
1
2
X
Ae
=
Ae
where X =
=
=
[
]
2
2
2a
2a
x
=2 2
i 2 a +i 2 a
2=2
H =
2 + V0 Ae
H =
+ V0 = E
2
2m 2a
4ma
For other case H E
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8.condensed Matter Physics NET-JRF VKS

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fiziks

CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS

= 4 , M = 108 kg, = 3.32gm cm -3 = 3320 kgm-3,

N A = 6.023 10 +26 atoms kmd

B. The sine of the angle corresponding to (111) reflection is

Solution: According to Braggs law

for (111) plane

A flux quantum (fluxoid) is approximately equal to 210-7 gauss-cm2. A type II

A. The penetrating depth of this superconductor is

Solution: Given Fluxoid ( )0 = 2 10 7 gauss cm2

The relation between first critical field and penetration depth is

B. The applied field is further increased till superconductivity is completely destroyed.

The strength of the field is now

105 gauss. The correlation length of the

10 5 gauss. The relation between second critical

The two dimensional lattice of graphene is an arrangement of Carbon atoms forming a

(A). The Wigner-Seitz cell has an area of

Area of normal cell

Where Neff = effective number of lattice paints = 6

(B). The Bravais lattice for this array is a

the atoms is:

The value of potential at equilibrium is V (r0 ) =

(a) increase by a factor of 4

(b) decrease by a factor of 4

(c) increase by a factor of 8

(d) decrease by a factor of 8

Consider a system of non-interacting particles in d dimensional obeying the dispersion

The experimentally measured transmission spectra of metal, insulator and semiconductor

(d) insulator, metal and semiconductor

(b) exp( 15)

The dispersion relation of phonons in a solid is given by

2 (k ) = 02 (3 cos k x a cos k y a cos k z a )

Solution: For large , (k x a, k y a, k z a ) are small.

, where is an order parameter and

C r ; r varies from 0 to N. The

= (cosh J )2 (cosh J )2 Q N = (cosh J ) N .

(a) 1.25 1026 m-3

(b) 1.25 1022 m-3

(c) 4.1 1021 m-3

(d) 4.1 1020 m-3

= 1.25 10 22 m 3 where H = 500 10 3 V / T .

In a band structure calculation, the dispersion relation for electrons is found to be

k = (cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a ),

Solution: k = (cos k x a + cos k y a + cos k z a ), Effective mass m =

Brilliouin zone boundary is at k x =

Solution: Radius of Fermi sphere is k F =

The electron dispersion relation for a one-dimensional metal is given by

where k is the momentum, a is the lattice constant, 0 is a constant having dimensions of

If the energy dispersion of a two-dimensional electron system is E = u=k where u is the

Solution: Near the bottom of the band the k 0

Effective mass of the electron is m * =

A DC voltage V is applied across a Josephson junction between two superconductors

Q23. A uniform linear monoatomic chain is modeled by a spring-mass system of masses m

The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas in three-dimensions depends, at T = 0 ,

Where, n is the electron concentration or density of free Fermi gas.

The pressure of a nonrelativistic free Fermi gas is defined as

Consider an electron in b.c.c. lattice with lattice constant a . A single particle

(a) 1 + cos ( x + y z ) + cos ( x + y + z ) + cos ( x y + z )

(b) 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( z + x )

(c) 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( z + x )

(d) 1 + cos ( x + y z ) + cos ( x + y + z ) + cos ( x y + z )

Bloch function defined as

f (r ) = 1 + cos ( x + y ) + cos ( y + z ) + cos ( x + z )