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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai, Johor 81310, Malaysia
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
c
Tarbiat Modares Universitty, Tehran, Iran
b
art ic l e i nf o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 15 January 2016
Received in revised form
5 May 2016
Accepted 17 May 2016
Nanouid, an advanced type of uid containing small quantity of nanoparticles (usually less than
100 nm), has been proven to provide more efcient heat transfer compared to conventional uids. The
dispersion of a small amount of solid nanoparticles in conventional uids such as water or ethylene
glycol changes their thermal conductivity remarkably. Recently, nanouid has been used as a heat
transfer uid to enhance the performance of solar collector devices. This paper reviews recent progress
and applications of nanouids in stationary solar collectors. In addition to reviewing the efciency of
solar collectors which use nanouids, the paper also discusses the impact of nanouid usage in solar
collector based on economic and environmental viewpoints. Finally, the challenges and future trends
related to the application of nanouids in thermal solar collector is discussed.
& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Nanouid
Solar collector
Thermal conductivity
Heat transfer enhancement
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Types of solar collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Performance enhancement of at-plate solar collector (FPSC) using nanouids . . . . . . .
4. Performance enhancement of evacuated solar collector (ETSC) using nanouids . . . . . .
5. Performance enhancement of direct absorption solar collector (DASC) using nanouids
6. Conclusion, current challenges and future work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1. Introduction
The current power generation method from fossil fuels such as oil
or coal is damaging our environment. For example, nuclear power
stations to generate electricity are an unacceptable risk in most
locations [1]. Therefore, we need to diversify from this nonrenewable energy sources and look for alternatives. Many developing countries cannot fully rely on these conventional methods as they
are aware of the damaging effect of CO2 emission and try to search
for other types of green and renewable energy sources. The need for
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: azwadi@mail.fkm.utm.my (N.A.C. Sidik).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.063
1364-0321/& 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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226
227
228
231
232
233
233
M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
227
Table 1
Reviews on solarthermal conversion.
Authors
System
Soteris [33]
Shukla et al. [36]
Ogueke et al. [37]
Jaisankar et al. [38]
Barlev et al. [39]
Kumar and Rosen [40]
Ibrahim et al. [41]
Hossain et al. [42]
Chamoli et al. [43]
Tyagi et al. [44]
Shukla et al. [45]
Ho and Iverson [46]
made extensive research on solar energy utilization [315]. Generally, there are two ways of harvesting solar energy depending on
needs; (i) solarelectric conversion (converting solar energy into
electrical energy using a photovoltaic solar cell or concentrated
solar power) and (ii) solarthermal conversion (converting solar
energy into thermal energy using a solar collector) [16]. Since the
rst work on solar cell by Charles Fritts in the 1880 s [17] with an
efciency of only 4.56%, many efforts have been done to tap this
priceless resource of energy [1820].
Fig. 1 shows the schematic of a photovoltaic (PV) power system.
A photovoltaic system produces direct current (DC) power which
uctuates with sunlight's intensity. For practical use, this usually
requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating
current (AC) through the use of inverters [21].
Extensive research on PV system has been done by many
researchers [2225]. Blankenship et al. [26] gave an excellent review
on the current challenge and future trends on the subject. Michael
[27] made a breakthrough research by introducing dye-sensitized
nanocrystalline electrochemical photovoltaic system to replace solidstate junction devices to convert solar energy into electricity. Bernard
and Jean-Luc [28] reviewed the application of low cost, highly exible form factors, and light weight organic photovoltaic to convert
sun light into electricity by employing thin organic semiconductor
lms. Garg and Adhikari [2931] dedicated their research on the
performance analysis of hybrid photovoltaic/thermal air heating
collector. Sopian et al. [32] developed a double pass photovoltaic
thermal solar collector for solar drying applications.
On the other hand, research on solarthermal systems has
attracted many investigators from all around the globe. Soteris
[33] provided an extensive review on the historical development
and current progress of solar collectors. Mills [34], in his review
article, discussed the current technologies that are being applied
to develop single and two-axis tracking solar collectors, several
types of low temperature technologies such as evacuated tube
collector, organic Rankine cycle turbine and solar updraft power
plants. Several other important reviews relating to solarthermal
conversion are listed in Table 1 (adapted from Table 1 [35]).
A major shortcoming of solar collectors, however, is their low
thermal conversion efciency. Traditional working uids (water or
oil based uids) have low heat absorption and heat transfer
capacity. Cheng et al. [47] also urged the need to improve the
thermophysical properties of working uids used in solar energy
for medium and high temperatures.
Nanouid, an advanced type of uid containing small quantity
of nanoparticles (usually less than 100 nm), was introduced by
Choi [48] and has been proven to provide efcient heat transfer
compared to conventional uids. The dispersion of a small amount
of solid nanoparticles in conventional uids such as water or
ethylene glycol changes their thermal conductivity remarkably
228
M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
Table 2
Thermal conductivity of nanouids.
Researcher
Nanoparticles
Based uid
Particle size
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
Al2O3
AIN
Al2Cu
Al2Al
Cu
Cu
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water/EG
Water/EG
Water/EG
Water/EG
EG
Transformer oil
Transformer oil
Water/EG
Water/EG
EG
EG
30
43
13
38.4
36
9
11150
28
53
60.4
8282
12282
6501000
50
31/68/101
33/80/120
o 10
23
1.44
9.7
32.4
24
29
29
47
41
35
23/29
20
19
20
8
96/76/61
106/93/75
41
34/54
Yu et al. [73]
Liu et al. [74]
Liu et al. [74]
Minsta et al. [64]
Zhang et al. [75]
Sharma et al. [76]
Godson et al. [77]
Ding et al. [78]
Karami et al. [79]
Natrajan et al. [80]
Hwang et al. [81]
Murshed et al. [82]
Hong et al. [83]
Jahanshashi et al. [84]
Paul et al. [85]
Habibzadeh et al. [86]
Cu
Cu
Cu
CuO
CuO
Ag
Ag
MWCNT
MWCNT
MWCNT
MWCNT
TiO2
Fe
SiO2
ZrO2
SnO2
EG
Water
Water
Water
Water
EG
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
EG
EG
Water
Water
510
100200
50100
29
100
100500
o 100
40 (diameter)
10 (diameter) 510 m length
270
1030 (dia) (1050) mm
15
10
12
20
4.35.3
0.0103
0.333
1.343
14
210
210
14
38
110
5.00
1.864
23.01
0.54
0.5
12
12
0.010.05
4.59.7
6.214.8
0.30.5
0.05
0.1
016
7.5
0.11.0
0.30.9
0.050.49
0.015
1
1
0.55
0.10.55
14
02.2
0.0120.024
46 at 50 C
12
24
24
52
18
30 at 50 C
79
32
41
7
30
18
23
60
7
M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
229
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M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
231
In a different study, Mahendran et al. [154] prepared waterbased titanium oxide nanouid with a particle size of 3050 nm.
In this experimental study, the effect of collector efciency using
nanouid under clear sky and cloudy conditions within Universiti
Malaysia Pahang, Pekan campus, was analyzed. It was observed
that the solar insolation was parabolic during clear sky with
maximum at 2:00 pm. They claimed that the efciency of the
collector increased by 16.75% maximum compared to the system
which used water. In their study, the ow rate was xed at 2.7 l/
min. Mahendran et al. [155] duplicated the previous study [156]
but varied the nanouid volume concentrations from 1% to 3% and
volume ow rates from 2 to 3 l/min. Surprisingly, the results
demonstrated that the efciency of evacuated solar collector
increased up to 42.5% by using 2% concentration nanouid compared to water at 2.0 l/min of ow rate.
In another innovative research by Zhen et al. [156], an evacuated tubular solar air collector was integrated with a simplied
compound parabolic concentrator to provide air with high and
moderate temperatures. A special thermosiphon using water
based CuO nanouid was used as the working uid. Their
experimental results indicated that the air outlet temperature
could reach 170 C even during winter season.
The performance of metal oxide nanouid as an absorbing uid
in evacuated tube solar collector was comprehensively studied by
Saad and Abbas [157]. Among the measured parameters were the
Al2O3/water nanouid concentration and tube tilt angle for
Baghdad climate condition from April 2011 till the end of March
2012. Their research found that the best tilt angle for an evacuated
tube is 41 annually. The collector efciency was also found to
increase when using Al2O3/water nanouid of 1%, 0.6%, 0.3%
volume fraction as 28.4%, 6.8% and 0.6% respectively. Hasim et al.
[158] extended the study by comparing the thermal efciency of
evacuated tube solar collector by using metal oxide nanouid
(ZrO2/water) and metal nanouid (Ag/water). They claimed that
the use of these nanouids (both oxide metal and metal nanoparticles) as working uids could improve the thermal performance of the collector compared with its base uid, especially at
high inlet temperature. However, the collector efciency with Ag
with 30 nm size was greater than ZrO2 with 50 nm size due to the
high thermal conductivity of Ag.
To enhance the energy performance of an evacuated tube solar
collector, Sabiha et al. [159] proposed the use of water-based
single walled carbon nanotubes nanouid as an absorbing medium. The effect of the nanoparticle volume fraction ranging from
0.05 vol% to 0.2 vol% and mass ow rates of 0.008, 0.017 and
0.025 kg/s on energy efciency was investigated. Due to higher
thermal properties of SWCNTs nanouids, the collector efciency
increased up to 93.43% for 0.2 vol% SWCNTs nanouid, which was
71.84% higher compared to water. At this concentration, the efciency of the collector with nanouid were better on cloudy days
compared to that with water on sunny days.
The evacuated U-tube solar collector, as shown in Fig. 5, is a novel
model for solar thermal system which was proposed earlier by several researchers [160,161]. Kim and Seo [162] numerically investigated different shapes of U-tube to nd the best absorber tube shape
for the solar collector. Tong and his co-workers [163] were possibly
the rst to consider multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanouid as a working uid to enhance the thermal performance of
enclosed evacuated U-tube solar collector. Based on this novel
method, their calculations revealed that the annual CO2 and SO2
emission could be reduced by 600 kg and 5.3 kg, respectively, when
50 of this type of solar collector were employed.
Recently, Kim et al. [164] theoretically calculated the efciency
and energy saving of a U-tube solar collector with nanoparticles in
20% propylene glycolwater nanouid. Using thermal energy balance, the effect of MWCNT, Al2O3, CuO, SiO2 and TiO2 nanouids
232
M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
M.J. Muhammad et al. / Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63 (2016) 226236
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