Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
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Socialist Ideologies
Utopian, Communitarian Socialism
Anarchism
Communism, Marxism
Social Democracy
Fabianism
Marxist-Leninism
Trotskyism
Maoism
Schactmanism I
Schactmanism II
Euro-Communism
New Left
Radical Democracy
Democratic Marxism, and other kinds of democratic socialism
Socialist Feminism, and other kinds of feminism
Black Socialism, and other kinds of people of color politics
Eco-Socialism, and other kinds of green politics
Family Tree
Utopian, Communitarian Socialism
Theory: Though there are a great variety of utopian movements and thinkers, this
particular strain of utopianism advocates changing society by adopting egalitarian
lifestyles, and building cooperatives and communes which embody the good
society and set an example for the rest of the world.
Praxis: There have been many socialist communes and communalists throughout
history, but the best known U.S. experiments were those conducted in the 19th
century, such as the Fourierists, Owen's New Harmony, and the Oneida
community. They were inspired by a variety of ideologies, religious and secular.
Their largest modern descendents in the U.S. are the Fellowship for Intentional
Community, and the Federation of Egalitarian Communities around the Virginia
commune Twin Oaks (also here)..
Anarchism
Theory: Sometimes also referred to as libertarian socialism{See also this FAQ].
Opposed to all relations of domination, including the State, Family, Religion, and
the Rich. Opposed to the Marxist idea of a transitional reliance on a socialist
State, believing it will inevitably result in another form of tyranny. Anarcho-
syndicalists specify that the means and ends of social change should be workers'
power through unions, replacing government with a federation of industrial-based
worker organizations. (See also aBibliography and FAQ)
Praxis: In Europe associated with the writings of Bakunin and Kropotkin; in the
U.S. represented by figures such as Emma Goldman; worldwide, there have been
and are many individuals and groupings since the 19th century. The chief
anarcho-syndicalists in the U.S. are the Industrial Workers of the World.
Social Democracy
Theory: To use working people's parties within parliamentary democracy to
achieve social reforms, and eventually socialism.
Guild Socialism
Theory: Industry should be owned by the state or "commune" and managed by
workers organized in local and national guilds Praxis: In the writings of G.D.H.
Cole and the British Guilds Restoration Movement, 1913-1929; eventually
overshadowed by British Social Democracy.
Fabianism
Theory: Socialism will be the result a slow, hopefully peaceful, evolution, as
rational, scientific states restructure our irrational society. Scientists are the
vanguard of this shift, not the working class, though there may be a fruitful
alliance of the two. As a result they had a weakness for authoritarian regimes,
such as Soviet Russia, and for ideas such as eugenics and progressive
imperialism. On the other hand, they were creative thinkers associated with
internationalism and the cooperative movement, and as backers of the labor
movement and the Labor Party.
Praxis: Associated with the intellectuals of the British Fabian Society from about
1880 to 1920, until the British Labor Party and Marxism, in its Leninist and
democratic forms, shunted their ideas aside. Some of their well-known members
included the science fiction author H.G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, and the
cooperativists Sidney and Beatrice Webb, who founded the London School of
Economics. [Also see a wacky conspiracy theory look at the Fabians.] Today's
Fabian Society [fabian-society@geo2.geonet.de] is more of a democratic socialist
think-tank for the British Labor Party than a distinct ideological tendency.
Praxis: Usually dated from the USSR's founding of the (3rd) Communist
International, 1920-1956. In the U.S.: Communist Party USA (CPUSA), 1920-
present.
Trotskyism
Praxis: Leon Trotsky, a Bolshevik leader and factional opponent of Stalin, exiled
from Russia in 1929 for his advocacy of more power to industrial worker
organizations against the Stalinist party machine. Murdered by a Stalinist assassin
in Mexico in 1940. As a movement, associated with Trotsky's founding of the
"Fourth International", 1938-present. In the US, Trotskyism was originally
associated with the Socialist Worker's Party (SWP or "Swoops"), 1940-present.
Some assert that in the late 1970s the SWP became "Castroists." Today
Trotskyism is more vividly represented by the Spartacist League ("the Sparts"),
the Workers' League and the International Socialist Organization.
Maoism
Theory: China should lead a united, revolutionary Third World against Soviet and
American imperialism. Peasants can be the backbone of "proletarian" revolution if
led by a Communist Party. Once in power Communists must engage in constant
struggle ("Cultural Revolution") against the feudal and bourgeois elements
entrenched in the socialist State. Continuous group criticism and self-criticism by
party cadres is a key form of ideological purification.
Praxis: In the US: the tiny Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) - following the
immortal teachings of Marx-Lenin-MaoTseTung-Bob Avakian thought - the
Maoist International Movement, the Committee to Support the Revolution in
Peru, and the Progressive Labor Party (PLP).
Praxis: From 1940 to 1958 represented by Schactman's Worker's Party, and after
the WP's merger with the U.S. Socialist Party in 1958, by Schactman's faction of
the SP. Today this Leninist, revolutionary phase of Schactmanism is best
represented in the journal New Politics, and in the organizations Solidarity and the
International Socialist Organization (though neither organization would answer to
"Schactmanite," preferring something like "revolutionary, Third Campist,
socialist-feminist, democratic Leninism").
Praxis: In the U.S. (and only in the U.S.): the Social Democrats USA (SDUSA,
"Seduce-a") 1972-present, entrenched in the upper echelons of the AFL-CIO.
Euro-Communism
Theory: A response to Krushchev's Stalin revelations, and the post-War
impracticality of revolution in the West, led by Enrico Berlinguer of the Italian
Communists (PCI), but also Spanish, Dutch, British, Japanese and other
Communists. Professed independence from Soviet foreign policy; criticism of
Czechoslovakia '68, Afghanistan, etc. Acknowledged that conditions in the West
demanded democratic means of struggle, including a broad "anti-corporate
coalition" with liberals and socialists, leading finally to a "discontinuous break"
with capitalism.
Praxis: Some would claim that the radical democratic tradition began with the
American and French Revolutions. Some would cite the early Students for a
Democratic Society's Port Huron document as the mid-Cold War re-birth. Today
radical democracy is embodied in many political movements, but is perhaps most
self-consciously acknowledged in the Citizen Action movement, the post-Marxist
wings of DSA, and the Committees of Correspondence.
Democratic Marxism
Related Species
Libertarian Socialism Theory: The state is almost as big a problem as capitalism,
and democratic grass-roots control through things like coops are preferable to
nationalization, or extensions of state authority. In its anarchist variation,
associated with the "council-communism" tradition. Leading U.S. advocate (also
a DSA member): Noam Chomsky.
Praxis: The more libertarian wings of democratic socialist and social democratic
groups embody a mild version of libertarian socialism, and a number of anarchist
collectives in North America have a radical libertarian socialist orientation, such
as the formerly Trotskyist Love and Rage group.
Market Socialism Theory: The State can't plan everything, and the market can
effectively be used by democratic public policy for social goals, such as
productivity.
Praxis: The moderate, or less utopian, wings of democratic socialist and social
democratic groups.
Socialist-Feminism
Praxis: The "feminist" aspect of most socialist organizations in the U.S. today,
but most clearly expressed by the West Coast Freedom Socialist Party/Radical
Women.
Praxis: Represented in the U.S. today by legal theorist Catherine MacKinnon and
writer Andrea Dworkin.
Lesbian Feminism Theory: Women are oppressed by both patriarchy and
compulsory heterosexuality; lesbianism and gender separatism are the only path
to liberation for women.
Liberal Feminism Theory: Women are oppressed because they don't have equal
rights ("equal opportunity") with men in democratic society.
Praxis: In the U.S., usually associated with the National Organization of Women,
though radicals actually have a lot of influence in NOW.
Black Socialism
Praxis: In the U.S., embodied in the Southern Christian Leadership Council, the
NAACP, and other mainline civil rights organizations.
Eco-Socialism
Praxis: In the U.S.: the left wing of the Greens USA, the more statist wing of the
Left Green Network, and the Environmental Commission of DSA.
Related Species
Praxis: In the U.S.: the anarchist wing of the Left Green Network (LGN), which
is the moribund, left wing of the Greens USA, associated with Murray Bookchin
and the Institute for Social Ecology.
Eco-Feminists Theory: Ecological destruction grows out of the subordination of
women, whom men associate with Nature
Praxis: Represented by groups like Feminists for Animal Rights and the
EcoFeminism mailing list.
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