COMPLEXITY- written language is relatively more complex than spoken language Written text are shorter and the language has more grammatical complexity. ACADEMIC WRITING- it is linear it has one central point or theme with every part contibuting to the main line of argument, without repititions FORMALITY- you should avoid colloquial words and expressions PRECISION- facts and figures are given precisely EXPICITNESS- responsibility of the writer to make it clear to the reader how the various parts of the text are related. OBJECTIVITY- the main emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to make, rather thn you. HEDGING- stance on a particular subject, or the strength of the claims you are making. RESPONSIBILITY- able to provide evidence and justification for any claims you make. ACCURACY STAGE- you can carefully read your work and correct your mistakes. This is proof reading. ACCURACY- the use of vocabulary accurately. WRITTEN LANGUAGE Ideas Stage Accuracy Stage FACT- subject to verification through empirical observations OPINION- judgement formed about something, not necessarily based on facts or knowledge. Critical Reading- involves scrutinizing any information that you read or hear. REQUIREMENTS IN CRITICAL READING
To pose problematic questions
To find, gather and interpret data, facts To imagine alternative solutions to the prob. To analyze competing approaches and answers To write an effective argument justifying your choice. PARAPHRASING- rendering the essential ideas in a text using your own words. THESIS STATEMENT- a text that identifies its main idea and or central purpose Writing a summary/precis/abstract 1. Reviewing 2. Writing 3. Revising Reviewing- skim of the text Writing- start with a clear identification of the work. Revising- check for accuracy | revise you work. FALLACY A kind of error reasoning Created intentionally in order to deceive other people. DICTO SIMPLICITER -saying w/o qualification -the circumstances of the individual concerned. HASTY GENERATION -faulty generalization| reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence. AD MISERICORDIAN -appeal to pity. -tries to win support for an argument FALSE ANALOGY -argument based on misleading, superficial or implausible comparisons HYPOTHESIS CONTRARY TO FACT
-a poorly supported claim about what might
have happened in past or future if circumstances or conditions. POISONING THE WELL -a person attempts to place an opponent in a position from which he or she is unable to reply. APA and MLA reference list and bibliography consistent and easy to read. APA- AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Set of rules that authors use when submitting papers MLA- MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION The leading style of documentation for literary research. PRE WRITING PROCESS Brainstorming- when you responded with ideas concepts related to the broad concept. Freewriting- the catch is to put is to put down into writing the ideas that you think of so that later on you will be able to generate ideas. Clustering- a graphic representation of your ideas, allowing you to visualize the connections of your ideas. FALLACY 1.ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIAM (Argument from ignorance) - lack of contrary evidence 2.ARGUMENTUM VERECUNDIA (Appeal to Authority) -using an authority as evidence in your argument 3.ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM (Appeal to the people) -arguer tries to convince the audience to do or believe something