Petronas Towers PDF

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CesarPelli, architect (1995)
ASTRUCTURALCASESTUDY
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DYUTIMAJHAKAUSHIKGANESHNANDITARAGHUSHRUTIGUPTA
"Accordingto LaoTse,the reality ofahollowobject

isinthevoidandnotinthewallsthatdefineit.He
wasspeaking,ofcourse,
of spiritual realities
ThesearetherealitiesalsoofthePETRONAS
Towers.Thepowerofthevoidisincreasedand
mademoreexplicitbythepedestrian bridge that
...withitssupportingstructurecreatesa
portaltothe sky,adoortothe infinite."
Nameofthebuilding:
PETRONAStowers
Mainarchitect:
CesarPelli&AssociatesArchitects
Localarchitects:
AdamsonAssociatesInternational,
RSPArchitectsPlanners&
EngineersPrivateLimited
Yearofcompletion:
1998.
Records:
The twinTowersweretheworld'stallestbuildings,beforebeingsurpassedbythe Taipei
101.However,thetowersarestillthetallesttwinbuildingsandofficebuildingintheworld.
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Fact File
Offices:
twintowers,Totalgrossarea:1,366,714squaremeters.
Retail:
amultilevelretailcentre,Totalgrossarea699,654squaremeters.
Hotel:
a1,800roomconventionhotelandconferencecentre.
Totalgrossarea:491,289squaremeters.
Parking:
integratedparkingfor6,650cars.
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Program
Thedesignofthetowersrespondstoitsclimate andto
formalcharacteristicsofthedominantIslamicculture.
Thetowersarefigurativeandsymmetrical andcreatea
figurativespacebetweenthem.
Towersaretaperedandsetbackfivetimesinitsascent.
The88floortowersareconstructedlargelyof
reinforced concrete,withasteelandglassfaade
designedtoresemblemotifsfoundin Islamicart.
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DesignDevelopment
Floorplatedesign:
IsbasedonsimpleIslamicgeometricformsof
twointerlockingsquarescreatingashapeof
eightpointedstars.
Upontheeightpointedstars,areeight
superimposedsemicirclessofteningtheinner
angles.
Thesesemicirclesarethemselvesanchoredby
thearcsofthemainstructuralcolumnsofthe
buildings.
Thesemicirclesweresuperimposedinthe
inneranglesoftheinterlockedsquaresto
createmoreusablefloorspace.
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DesignDevelopment
Skin :
- Stainless steel extrusions with laminated green glass.
- Curtain wall of 33000 panels.
Concrete :
- Greater damping than steel, reduces sway- improves
occupant comfort in windy conditions
- Allows members to be smaller and lighter : an advantage in
very tall buildings.
- Local contractors were more familiar working with concrete.
- 10 ksi strength
Steel :
- Used for highly complex bridge because of flexibility and
ease of erection compared to concrete.
- Steel is used only at top of towers.
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Material Presence
Earlystructural
Openingshappenover
corners.Underwindloads,
theLshapedcornercolumns
wouldexperiencebiaxial
bendingandreduceframe
stiffness.
conceptsstudied
foraconcrete
perimetertube
frame:
Columnsoccurmidfaceand
windowswraparoundcorners.
Biaxialcolumnbendingand
lossofframestiffnessis
avoidedbutcolumnswould
blockviews.
Finalconcept
Columnsareinsettoenablea
continuousuninterruptedskin
andenableclearviewofthe
exteriorfromtheinterior.
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StructuralDesignDevelopment
- Each tower is supported by a ring of 16

cylindrical columns placed on inner corners
of star shaped plan. As each towers
ascends, it sets back 6 times.
- Columns are sloped inward over three
stories.
- Reinforcing bars are added to ring beams
- Floor slabs resist the lateral thrust.
- They form a soft tube.
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Structural Systems
concrete shear walls.
D : Bands of steel
reinforcing bars tie the
bustle back to the tower
core.
C : Concrete beams link

the columns to form ring
frames around the tower
and bustle.
B : Steel beams support floor

slabs, typically with 4.3inch
deep concrete fill including
2inch metal deck
A : Twelve concrete columns

surround the bustle, 16
columns surround the tower.
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E : Core is a box of
Wind & Seismic Design

Wind
- Rubber sheathed
heavy galvanized ship
anchor chain freely
swinging within a steel
pipe acts as an
inexpensive, effective
damper.
- Cylindrical towers
sustain vortex shedding.
Earthquake
Seismicissuenotamajor
designconsideration
MAST DAMPER
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-Irregular bedrock
beneath site.
- Perimeter diaphragm
walls 2-6 thk.
- Underground forest of
friction piles providing
greater distribution of the
towers weight :solution
- Two raft
foundations, 15 thick,
containing 13,000
cum of concrete.
- 300,000 metric ton of

each tower spread
over concrete slab or
mat anchored to soil,
not bed rock.
-The towers rest on

RCC foundation mat
poured over piles.
- 208 barrette piles,

rectangular 9ft x 4ft,
197ft to 380ft control settling.
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Soil and Foundation
- Cast in place concrete core walls,

perimeter columns and beams use
eight sizes and three concrete mixes to
optimize size, strength, stiffness and
cost.
- Perimeter columns varying in diameter

and concrete strength rise, upward and
step back to create tapered tower tops.
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Construction Process
- Concrete outriggers between 38th and

40th floors connect the core to the
perimeter columns increasing stiffness
and resistance to lateral loads.
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- Steel wide-flange beams provide

long spans and fast erection between
the concrete core and ring beams.
Designedtofunctionasabuildingexit
inemergencies.
Shallowgirdersystemforthe
walkway,supportedatmidspanbya
threehingedarch.
Invertedv shape,3pinnedarch
supportsthebridgeinthecentre
accommodatingallmovementswhile
maintainingitequidistantfromboth
towers.
TheBridgereliesonthetowersfor
gravityandlateralsupport,butallows
themtomovefreely. Thisavoidsthe
potentiallydamagingforcesthatcan
resultwhentryingtorestrainlarge
movingbuildings.
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TheSkyBridge
Eacharchlegspinsfromasinglespherical
bearingallowingrotationinallaxesastower
move.
Windforcesareimportantdesign
considerations.
Threetunedmassdampersineachslopingleg
betweenthe34thand35thfloorsreducewind
excitedlegvibrations,mitigatingmovements
andavoidingmetalfatigue.
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The Sky Bridge
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Gravity Loads
.25H
.50H
P=4.9kips/ft.
.25H
H=16.2kips/ft.
H=16.2kips/ft.
.25H
P=4.9kips/ft.
.50H
.25H
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Lateral Loads
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Arch Action
Multiframe 4DAnalysis
FrameDiagram
LateralloadDiagram
DeflectionDiagram
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Multiframe 4D Analysis
BendingMomentDiagram
LoadDiagram
ShearDiagram
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Books:
PetronastowersbyCaesarPelliandMIchaelJCrosbie;
WileyAcademy,2001
ExpressingstructurebyVirginiaFairweather;
Birkhauser PUblishersforarchitecture,2004
Websites:
http://www.pcparch.com/flash.cfm officialwebsiteofPelliClarkeandPelliarchitects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petronas_Twin_Towers wikipedia,anonlineencyclopedia.
http://www.archnet.org/library/downloader/file/1403/file_body/FLS1235.pdf.Documentationofthe
developmentownedbyArchnet.
http://www.usc.edu/dept/architecture/mbs/struct/Arch613/projects/petronas%20towerspdf.pdf .
UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIA,LosAngeles,MasterofBuildingScienceProgram,ARCH613:
StructuresResearch.StudentworkdonebyJonathanTedjakusuma,
GautamRShenoy,Fall2001forTermProject
Credits:
3DmodelwasdownloadedfromGooglesopensourcemodelcollectionandwasoriginallyuploadedby: jw_n_mo onAugust
23,2006
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Bibliography:
Thank You!
DYUTIMA JHA
KAUSHIK GANESH
NANDITA RAGHU
SHRUTI GUPTA
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..

CesarPelli, architect (1995)

"Accordingto LaoTse,the reality ofahollowobject

- Each tower is supported by a ring of 16

concrete shear walls.

C : Concrete beams link

B : Steel beams support floor

A : Twelve concrete columns

Wind & Seismic Design

- 300,000 metric ton of

-The towers rest on

- 208 barrette piles,

Soil and Foundation

- Cast in place concrete core walls,

- Perimeter columns varying in diameter

- Concrete outriggers between 38th and

- Steel wide-flange beams provide

The Sky Bridge

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