Documentos de Académico
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Aims and objectives
1.2 Site study
1.3 Reason of selection
1.4 Measured drawing
1.5 Literature review of Light
1.5.1 Introduction of Light
1.5.2 Importance of Light in Architecture
1.5.3 Artificial Lighting
1.5.4 Natural Lighting
1.5.5 Lumen and Illuminance
1.5.6 Daylight factors and distribution
1.5.7 Lumen Method
1.5.8 Light Loss Factor (LLF)
1.5.9 Reflectance Value
1.5.10 Room Index
1.5.11 Room cavity ratio (RCR)
1.5.12 Coefficient of Utilization
1.6 Literature review of acoustic
1.6.1 Introduction of Acoustic
1.6.2 Importance of Sound in Architecture
1.6.3 Noise control
1.6.4 Sound Pressure level (SPL)
1.6.5 Reverberation Time
2.0 Precedent study
2.1 Lighting
2.2 Acoustic
3.0 Lighting
3.1 Site study and zoning
3.2 Research methodology
3.2.1 Precedent Studies
3.2.2 Equipment and Data Collection
3.3 Natural day lighting
3.3.1 Tabulation and interpretation of data
3.3.3 Daylight factor analysis
3.4 Artificial lighting
3.4.1 Materiality
3.4.2 Lighting fixtures
3.4.3 Lumen method calculation
3.5 Sun path analysis diagram
3.6 Analysis and lighting conditions of the zone
3.6.1 Housing constructing workshop and office
3.6.2 Storage and electrical workshop
3.6.3 On-site construction workshop and office
1
2
3
4-6
7-11
12
13-20
21-28
29-31
32-33
34-38
39-46
47-48
49-52
4.0 Acoustic
4.1 Site study and Zoning
4.2 Research methodology
4.2.1 Precedent Studies
4.2.2 Measuring Devices
4.2.3 Procedure
4.2.4 Data Collection Method
4.3 Identification of Existing Acoustic
4.3.1 Internal Acoustic
4.3.1.1 Speaker
4.3.1.2 Ceiling Speaker
4.3.1.3 Air Conditioner Diffuser
4.3.1.4 Gym Equipment
4.3.1.5 Human Activity
4.3.2 External Acoustic
4.3.2.1 Air Handling Unit Room
4.3.2.2 Electrical Room
4.5 Material
4.6 Acoustic Analysis
4.6.1 Data Analysis
4.6.1.1 Peak and Non-Peak Hour Analysis
4.6.1.2 Peak Hour Analysis
4.6.1.3 Non-Peak Hour Analysis
4.6.1.4 External Interior Acoustic Relationship
4.6.1.5 Acoustic Source Analysis
4.7 Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram
4.8 Calculation of Sound Intensity
4.8.1 Indoor Noise Source
4.8.2 Space Acoustic Analysis
4.8.3 Sound Reduction Index (SRI)
4.8.4 Reverberation Time
4.9 Conclusion of Acoustic
4.10 Recommendations
Reference
53-55
55
56-57
58-60
61-75
76-77
78-80
81-91
92-94
95-132
133
134
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Lighting and acoustic is a primary element in architecture design and interior architecture. Good lighting design will make
a person appreciate the enclosed or open space more as they can clearly see the texture and colour of the surrounding.
These will affect the level of comfort in visuals of an individual. Different spaces require different lighting design to
introduce specific moods to the space. Acoustic design is as important as lighting as it will affect the comfort of the user in
that space as well. Especially in enclosed space there will be concerns on how to contain the noise inside and also
eliminating external noise source from penetrating in. In both designs the use of materials are very important. Materials
would either enhance the quality of space to have desired sound and light or worsen the user experience as it does not
provide proper requirement to a specific space.
The site that we chose is SOSCO Rehabilitation Centre in Malacca. This project is conducted in group of six. We carry
further our analysis by going to site visits and collecting data including measured drawings, lighting and acoustics
measurement using the equipment provided. The method of data collection is also photographed for record. Then
analysis and calculations done will be documented in a report format.
1.1 Aims and objectives
The objectives of the project are as following:
1. To understand the day-lighting & lighting and acoustic characteristics & acoustic requirement in a suggested
space.
2. To determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting and sound & acoustic within the
intended space.
3. To critically report and analyse the space.
This project also aims to train our ability to produce a complete documentation on analysis of space in relation to lighting
requirement. For example, natural and artificial lighting which could be shown in pictures, sketches and drawing and
analysis of factors which effects the lighting design of a space. We are to explore and apply understanding of building
physic eg. Lighting towards building / construction technology and building materials on existing building projects. Besides
that we also should have the ability to evaluate and explore the improvisation by using current material and technology in
relevance to present construction industry. Finally we learn the basic understanding and analysis of lighting layout and
arrangements by using certain methods or calculations eg. Lumen method and PSALI as well as basic understanding and
analysis of acoustic design layout and arrangements by using certain methods or calculations eg, Reverberation time and
sound transmission and coefficient.
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DF (%)
Distribution
Very Bright
>6
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1-3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing
Table 1.5.6: Daylight factors and distribution.
(Source: MS 1525, 2007)
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Formula: t=
t= reverberation time (s)
V= volume of the room (
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The Kresge Foundation is a non-profit organization which analyses the current energy and environmental performance of
its own facilities. The construction of the foundation was completed in 2006 which seats on a 2.77 acre site in an urban
site context in Troy, Michigan. The complex consists of a farmhouse (barn), courtyard office areas which houses 60
employees (Goins, 2011).
The complex received an award of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Platinum Rating, as well as
other award for itss high performance design.
Features of the Complex stated as below: (Goins, 2011).
General
1) 26,000 ft2 total
2) 19,000 ft2 new, 12,500 below ground level
3) Oriented (long elevation) facing north/south
Occupant Comfort
1) Daylighting and occupancy lighting controls
2) Low volatile organic compound (VOC) paints and finishes
3) Sun shades and light shelves
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Glazing/Fa ade
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Overall 30-50% window to wall ration, solar heat gain coefficient = .38
Super insulated walls.
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning
New areas: ground source heat pump with underfloor ventilation
Old areas: ground source heat pump with underfloor ventilation
Mid-efficiency variable speed axial fan air handling units, variable speed pumps.
Ground source heat pump water-water service water heating
Demand controlled ventilation.
The Center for the Built Environment (CBE) focuses on linking occupant experience in measuring the building
performance and environmental quality of building through data collecting and comparison to CBEs database of building
occupant satisfaction results (Goins, 2011).
Lighting Background
The complex manage to achieve satisfying lighting performance and meets the standard requirement of occupancy
evaluation. Yet, CBE notices the lights are on in most offices even the natural day lighting are obvious and sufficient to lit
the interior spaces. Occupants were reported no using the lighting control which was installed which resulted to
opportunities in reducing lighting-related energy use. (Goins, 2011).
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Methodology
Researchers analysed lighting survey data and physical measurement. An evaluation was conducted through observation
of lighting system operational and informal interviews with the building engineer (Goins, 2011).
The objectives of PMP-based lighting measurements are to: (Goins, 2011).
The first three objectives are covered by survey analysis and overall lighting evaluation while the fourth objectives are
measure during the two site visits to the site, one in winter and the other in summer. These illuminance measurement
were obtained from Minolta T-1H handheld illuminance meter, which contains liquid crystal display and detachable sensor
which provides the output in lux. Three types of environments were tested: 1) private offices, 2) open-plan offices and 3)
corridors. The measurement procedure differed in the three cases. The private and open-plan offices, the sensor was
located over the desk. Illuminance at the point of work was measured with the worker in normal working position. For
corridor, the sensor was located at 28 inches (0.70m) from the floor. Three lighting levels were measured in the private
office: 1) overhead lights and desk lamp switched on, 2) only overhead lights switched on, and 3) no electrical light on. For
the open-plan offices, only reading of lighting level is measured with overhead light on (Goins, 2011).
Daytime measurement were conducted during the winter visit, and nigh time measurement were conducted during the
summer visit (Goins, 2011). Daylight condition, date, hour and weather condition were recorded to provide evidence of
photometric measurement affection. Measurement were compared to illuminance levels recommended by the Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) (Goins, 2011).
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Results Analysis
The lighting receive the highest satisfaction rating among the IEQ areas. 80% of occupants were satisfied with the amount
of light in their workspace meanwhile 71% were satisfied with the visual comfort in the workspace. The Complex scored
79th percentile on overall lighting satisfaction within the CBE survey database (Goins, 2011).
Diagram 2.1.1: First floor private office illuminance spot measurement (March 4, 2010 9:15AM 10.30AM).
(Source: http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/CBE_Kresge_Building_Study.pdf)
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Figure 2.1.3: Southern open office area on first floor with evidence daylighting and light fixtures turned on.
(Source: http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/CBE_Kresge_Building_Study.pdf)
Diagram 2.1.2: Corridor afternoon illuminance spot measurement (March 4, 2010 1:00PM 1.30PM).
(Source: http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/CBE_Kresge_Building_Study.pdf)
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Diagram 2.1.3: First floor private office evening illuminance spot measurement (10:50PM 11.30PM).
(Source: http://kresge.org/sites/default/files/CBE_Kresge_Building_Study.pdf)
Diagram 2.1.3 displays the night time light levels with only the overhead lights turned on compared to light levels with both
overhead lights and task light turned on in the first floor private offices. The light levels measured when only the overhead
lights were turned on were generally insufficient according to IESNA standards. When both the overhead and task light
were turned on, the lighting level was sufficient. (Goins, 2011).
Following are the Detailed Lighting Results:
Winter Measurements
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Conclusion
Recommendations below are based on survey results and lighting measurement performed during both the winter and
summer visits:
Daylighting level was higher than the IESNA recommended level indicates consumption of electricity is high.
Suggestion of short guidance in explaining the importance in regulating lighting in the office and the benefit of
doing so.
Illuminance levels in corridors during the day with the overhead lights switched on display daylighting level was
higher than needed.
Recommendation of increasing the dimming range of the overhead lamps.
Night time task illuminance levels were sufficient when the desk light was used but were not sufficient when only
the overhead light was used.
Overall the occupants were satisfied with the lighting system but the daylight harvesting system has not been tuned
to achieve the desired lower energy consumption.
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2.2 Acoustic
Introduction of Building
Church Gym and Multipurpose Hall
This case study is done by eNoise Control in Westfield, USA which provides a full range of products and consulting
services for industrial noise control, noise cancelling, sound reduction, sound deadening, abatement and containment. It
was about problem of unwanted sound reverberation in the gymnasiums. The client has complained about the gym being
too noisy and the sound quality being poor. The distribution of the acoustic conditions throughout the space and the
effects of the renovation on the distribution are determined by carrying out experiments before and after the renovation
and installation. eNoise Control aimed to control the echo and make the environment comfortable for audiences. This has
to be done by intercepting the path of the sound reflection and dissipate the noise with the right measures the echo can
be dropped to an acceptable level.
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These are compressed fiberglass panels designed for installation to wall surfaces. They come in a variety of colors and
sizes and are ideal for gymnasiums, multipurpose rooms and churches for their sound absorption qualities.
Fabric Wrapped Acoustic Panels are an aesthetically pleasing solution to reverberant noise problems. Also known as
acoustical wall panels or acoustical clouds, these panels are typically 1 2 thick with a square or contoured chemically
hardened edge and wrapped with a fire retardant fabric. The panels are mechanically hung on walls or ceilings in patterns
or groupings that add to the rooms overall architecture.
Finishes
A variety of decorator fabrics are available. The standard is Guilford of Maine FR701 Style 2100. Other factory approved
fabrics include Deepa Textiles, Design Tex, Wolf Gordon, Momentum and Knoll. Customer specified fabrics can be
applied if it meets the manufacturing requirements.
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1/2
0.50 0.60
0.80 0.90
1-1/2
0.90 1.00
1.05 1.15
Table 2.1.7: Dimension of the finishes with their corresponding acoustic NRC rating.
Fire Rating
All components have a Class A/1 fire rating per ASTM E-84
Edge Detail
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CEILING
a) Baffles
These units are 2 x 4 (other sizes available) fiberglass panels wrapped in PVC vinyl covering with grommets for vertical
suspension from the ceiling. This free hanging suspension of baffles allows the material to interrupt the path of noise and
curb the sound levels in a room. Baffles are available in a wide variety of colors and are a cost effective means of sound
control for gymnasiums.
Acoustic baffles are a low cost and non-intrusive solution to many common noise control problems. These ceiling or
overhead baffles absorb reflected noise bouncing off hard flat walls, floors, or ceilings. Baffles are an absorptive board or
sound barricade that can be placed around or between acoustic sources to provide sound isolation or deadening and
reduce acoustic leakage. A fundamental tool of noise mitigation is the use of sound baffles.
Most baffle products are easy to install and come in many styles such as PVC, Poly, Sailcloth, FDA, sound curtain, and
foam. They are an effective noise barrier when applied to walls and ceilings in building interiors to absorb sound energy
and thus lessen reverberation. Sound baffles are ideal for reducing reverberation times anywhere you encounter airborne
sound transmission.
Typically suspended from the ceiling, sound baffles may be used as acoustic wall panels as well to assist in reducing
reflective or reverberating noise. By definition, a sound baffle is any object designed to reduce airborne sound.
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b) Acoustic Banners
Multi-purpose facilities require a sound environment conducive to both athletic events and musical performances.
Acoustic banners combine ideal acoustical properties with cost-effective shipping and installation methods. Acoustical
banners can be hung in a loose catenary fashion or installed flush to the roof deck for a flat appearance with minimum
festoon. They allow free flow of air and integrate exceptionally well with existing sprinklers, lighting, and HVAC systems
and banners are completely encapsulated in moisture-resistant PVC. Acoustic banners reduce reverberation time and
sound intensity levels in harsh acoustical environments which results in increased speech intelligibility, better
communication and improved quality of sound systems.
Acoustic Banners are large, visually and architecturally pleasing sound absorbers. They can be hung in a loose flowing
fashion or installed flush to the roof deck for a flat appearance. They allow free flow of air and integrate exceptionally well
with existing sprinklers, lighting, and HVAC systems. Acoustic banners are completely encapsulated in moisture-resistant
PVC which protects the environment from any airborne fibers.
Installation of these materials reduce reverberation time in harsh acoustical environments from a disconcerting 4 to 9
seconds to a pleasant 1/2 to 2 seconds. Sound intensity levels are reduced simultaneously, which helps to create a more
peaceful environment. This results in increased speech intelligibility, better communication and improved quality of sound
systems.
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Diagram 2.1.4: Initial RT60 reading showing reverberation time of 3.8 seconds.
1.5 seconds is considered an acceptable reverberation time for multi-purpose Gymnasiums, Halls & Events Centers
however this can only be attained with significant acoustic treatment.
Stage 2 Installation of 90% of Panels
Encouraged by the initial results Stan and his helpers then installed panels on all the upper walls of the Gym (except the
top section at both ends which will be completed in the next school holidays).
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A third reading was then completed and the results were a dramatic reduction in reverberation times from 3.00 seconds to
1.8 seconds as shown below:
Diagram 2.1.5: Third RT60 reading showing reverberation time reduced from 3.0 to 1.8 seconds .
Diagram 2.1.6: Fourth RT60 reading showing a reverberation reduction from 1.8 to just under 1.5 seconds.
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Conclusion
According to the reverberation time experiments carried out along the installation processes, a significant improvement
can be noticed in terms of the acoustic performance. The change in the acoustic environment of the gym due to the
suggested strategies can be seen clearly for all the acoustic parameters. As a result of the renovations, the RT values
decreased to the optimum reading. The design strategies specifically solved the issues by applying the acoustic panels to
the wall. The wood panels used in this case also reflect the considerations given by the eNoise Control regarding the
typology of activities take place. Ceiling wise, baffles and banners are two different approach to the issues but effective
and suitable in the same way. Both strategies are common to be utilized in sports orientated spaces. Overall performance
of those strategies are effective and now the gym is noise-free and having the echo level at the optimum rate.
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3.0 LIGHTING
3.1 Site study and zoning
The Industrial rehabilitation area intends to stimulate the real industrial condition to help patient heal mentally by
overcoming their fear of working on site. Hence, it is separated into 5 different zones to give variety of industrial work
condition. The four columns in the center of the area is to further define the space. In order to make it more realistic the
space is placed next to a basement parking where the patients could hear lorry moving in and out of the area. Besides
that, they have also specially added sound effects for the entrance when it is open and closed. The two roller shutters
placed there functions as an access for the patients as well as visually enhancing the atmosphere of a stimulated
industrial area. The double volume area is also to mimic an actual factory condition.
The storage area has handles at different height in order to help the patients with disability when they are placing
equipment on the shelves. There is also space on the floor to place materials such as wire mesh and PVC pipes.
In this area they provide electrical circuit board for the patients to practice. Equipment are placed there to enhance the
accuracy of an actual industrial area.
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The activity carried out at this area would be moving material by using machine up and down the small slope. Besides
that, the construction material found in the boxes would be for them to practice the action of digging, lifting and moving.
A one storey steel frame structure placed there so that they could carry activity usually conducted at a housing
construction site.
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ZONE 2
ZONE 1
ZONE 3
ZONE 4
ZONE 5
Zone 1: Storage
Zone 2: Electrical workshop
Zone 3: On site construction workshop
Zone 4: Office
Zone 5: Housing construction workshop
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Figure 3.2.2.1: Skylon 30m and Lutron digital lux meter LX101.
The drawings (plans) obtained from the management office were studied and grids were set accordingly to 1.5 meter. Due
to the vast area of the space, the node (intersection grid point) were recorded at 3 meters apart. An electrical device was
used to generate the lighting data on site which was the Lutron digital lux meter LX101 which was supplied by our tutor.
Fortunately pebbles was found on site and used to indicate the intersection point of grid minimalizing error in locating the
intersection point furthermore reducing the time in relocating the intersection grid.
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Data collection was obtained from the reading of data (measured) in the morning 10 a.m, afternoon 2.30 p.m, and evening
5.30p.m. Peak hour of lighting was taken in the morning as the day lighting was prominent at the east fa ade where the
curtain wall window were located in following, peak hour of artificial lighting was taken in the morning.
Figure 3.2.2.3: Peak hour of the site (morning) with daylighting and artificial lighting.
The reading were taken at 1 meter and 1.5 meter above ground, at each corresponding time interval of 10 a.m., 2.30 p.m.
and 5.30 p.m. with daylighting and artificial lighting. At each recording the condition of sky was recorded to indicate the
weather condition during the reading measurement.
Figure 3.2.2.4: Sky condition at 10 a.m, 2.30 p.m and 5.30 a.m respectively.
The reading were analyzed and compared with the standard such as the CIBSE, ASHRAE, MS1525 and other applicable
standards. The materiality of the building was also studied and recorded to indicate the coefficient value and reflectance
value towards the daylighting and artificial lighting. The zones were identified base of the space function and programme
and the reading were tabulated based on the colour zone.
The analysis was conducted through the study of lighting contour diagram in using REVIT software to analyse the lighting
performance and section was cut at various zone to portray the lighting evaluation of light source.
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The table 3.3.2 shows the data collected during the peak hours. The area that got most of the sunlight is the storage, onsite construction workshop and the housing construction workshop as it is placed to a curtain wall. The office and
electrical workshop has less sunlight as it is located further inside but could be supported by artificial lighting in order to
maintain working efficiency.
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Zone
Daylight
level in
malaysia,
Eo (lux)
Average lux
reading
based on
collected
data, E (lux)
Daylight factor, DF
DF = (E/Eo) x 100%
Zone 1: Storage
32000
670.5
32000
776.6
DF
= (E/Eo) x 100%
= (670.5/32000) x 100%
= 2.1
DF
= (E/Eo) x 100%
= (776.6/32000) x 100%
= 2.4
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Zone
Daylight
level in
malaysia, Eo
(lux)
Average lux
reading
based on
collected
data, E (lux)
32000
639.2
32000
12.78
Daylight factor, DF
DF = (E/Eo) x 100%
DF
= (E/Eo) x 100%
= (639.2/32000) x100%
= 2.0
Zone 4: Office
DF
= (E/Eo) x 100%
= (127.8/32000) x 100%
= 0.4
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Zone
Daylight
level in
malaysia, Eo
(lux)
Average lux
reading
based on
collected
data, E (lux)
32000
394.4
Daylight factor, DF
DF = (E/Eo) x 100%
DF
= (E/Eo) x 100%
= (394.4/32000) x 100%
= 1.2
Based on the calculation, most of the zones have average distribution of daylight which ranges from 1-3, except of zone 4
which falls under the category 0-1 which means poor distribution. The standards for DF can refer to table 1.5.6. The
reason for this is that it is situated too far away from the curtain wall.
Zone
DF (%)
Distribution
Very Bright
>6
Bright
3-6
Good
Average
1-3
Fair
Dark
0-1
Poor
Note: The figures are average daylight factors for windows without glazing
Table 1.5.6: Daylight factors and distribution.
(Source: MS 1525, 2007)
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Materials
Plastered cement
Concrete
Aluminium
Tinted glass
Concrete screed with
finishes
Colour
White
Yellow
Black
Translucent
Grey
Surface
Smooth
Smooth
Matte
Transparent
Polished
Reflectance value, %
45
40
10
6
70
10-6/ C
Aggregate
Granite
Basalt
Limestone
Dolomite
Sandstone
Quartzite
Marble
Cement Paste (saturated)
w/c = 0.4
w/c = 0.5
w/c = 0.6
Concrete
Steel
7-9
6-8
6
7-10
11-12
11-13
4-7
18-20
18-20
18-20
7.4-13
11-12
Table 3.4.2: Coefficient values for concrete.
4-5
3.3-4.4
3.3
4-5.5
6.1-6.7
6.1-7.2
2.2-4
10-11
10-11
10-11
4.1-7.3
6.1-6.7
235mm
3400mm
3700m
m
Product
Length
Power
Lamp Luminous Flux (EM)
Rated Colour Temperature
Colour Rendering Index
Beam Angle
Voltage
Bulb Finish
Placement
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The only type of lighting used in the space is double tube fluorescent lamp. It is installed next to one another
in the row on the wall with the distance of 235mm apart as shown in the diagram. The reason of using that
type of lighting which that much of quantity is because the intention of the space is to create the aura of
industrial area. Besides, the lighting is installed on half of the wall, 3400mm off the ground to ensure
adequate illuminance as the ceiling are too high. Moreover, each of the columns at the center of room are
installed with 2 artificial lighting to ensure sufficient lighting at the center of the room which are far from the
lightings on the wall.
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6.0mx9.0m
54m
wall
10
3240
3.23
1
2.23
ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor =
0.2
6x9/(6+9)(2.23)=1.61
Utilization factor / UF
0.7
300
E=[10(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/54]
=588
According to IESNA, the standard requirement is 300 lux. However according to calculation, zone 1 have far exceeded
the standard hence the number of artificial lighting installed is redundant and causes glare.
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10.5mX6.0m
63m
wall
3240
3.23
1
2.23
ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor = 0.2
10.5X6/(10.5+6)(2.23)=1.77
Utilization factor / UF
0.7
300
E=[3(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/63]
=151.2
According to IESNA, the standard requirement is 300 lux. However, according to calculation zone 2 does not meet the
requirement. This might endanger the patients as they have low vision range and could cause accidents.
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15.0m x9.0m
135m
wall
15
3240
3.23
1
2.23
ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor = 0.2
15x9/(15+9)(2.23)=2.52
Utilization factor / UF
0.7
300
E=[15(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/135]
=352.8
According to IESNA, the standard requirement should 300 lux. However, according to calculation zone 3 meet the
requirement.
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Zone 4: Office
15.0m x 4.5m
67.5m
wall
13
3240
3.23
0.8
2.43
15x4.5/(15+4.5)(2.43)=1.42
Utilization factor / UF
0.7
400
E=[13(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/67.5]
=611.52
According to IESNA, the standard requirement should 400 lux. However, according to calculation zone 4 have far
exceeded the standard hence the number of artificial lighting installed is redundant.
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15.0m x 6.0m
90m
wall
3240
3.23
1
2.23
ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor = 0.2
15x6/(15+6)(2.23)=1.92
Utilization factor / UF
0.7
300
E=[6(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/90]
=211.68
According to IESNA, the standard requirement should 300 lux. However, according to calculation zone 5 does not meet
the requirement. Hence, it is not suitable for moderate heavy duty construction activity to carry on daily.
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Morning is the peak hour that the building receives the most natural lighting whereas evening is the least as the angle of
the sun is very low.
The interior spaces of the building are brighten up by daylighting via curtain wall. There are a large piece of curtain wall at
the front fa ade (highlighted in red colour in diagram 3.5.4) that is facing southern east direction that helps to bring the
most natural lighting into the interior spaces in the morning. Whereas the other openings that helps bringing sunlight is the
4 pieces of curtain wall at the western south fa ade of the building (highlighted in blue in diagram 3.5.4). Lastly, there are
also a strips of window at the back of the building that is facing the interior pathway, which helps to bring only a little
natural lighting to illuminate the industrial rehab. Although there are a few trees planting in front of the building, the foliage
of the trees are not dense and allow the diffusion of sunlight to penetrate through the curtain wall. Besides, the trees help
to prevent direct sunlight that might heat up the building. All in all, there are a lot of openings that helps lighten up the
space throughout the period of the day.
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Double
Volume
Curtain
wall
Glass Door
Diagram 3.6.1: (Section A-A) office and housing constructing workshop for natural daylighting 10.00 a.m.
Diagram 3.6.1 illustrated the condition of the zoning lighted up by natural lighting during 10.00 a.m., the peak hour. From
the diagram, it can be seen that the zone of housing constructing workshop is brightened from the natural daylighting
coming through the curtain wall. However, the majority of the zone are still dark due to the installation of mock-up
construction site that block the lighting especially at the area farer away from the curtain wall. Besides, it can be seen that
the office area are brighter compared to majority space of housing constructing workshop even though the large
installation of housing constructing workshop may have caused it to be darker. This is because the entrance made of
glass door has permitted the transmittance of light into the interior spaces. Not only then, the double volume of the space
and high curtainwall has allowed more natural lighting to brighten up the spaces including the office area as it is able to
receive sunlight from both low angle of the sun and high angle.
Moreover, graph 3.6.1 and graph 3.6.2 shows that the constructing workshop zone adjacent to the office area are instantly
darker even with artificial lighting on due to the light fixtures at the housing constructing workshop area are not
functioning. This would cause the patients to feel uncomfortable and may cause accidents to happen during the late
evening as the area would be very dark.
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Curtain
Wall
Fluorescent light
that is not
functioning
Strips of
window
Electrical
Circuit
Board
Diagram 3.6.2: (Section C-C) Storage and electrical workshop for natural daylighting 10.00 a.m.
Graph 3.6.3: Illuminance level of storage and electrical workshop 5.10 p.m. (on Grid C)
Diagram 3.6.2 illustrated the daylighting condition during 10.00 a.m., the peak hour of the day. It can be seen that the
partition wall that use to locate the tools for storage has blocked the curtain wall at the back. However, the space are still
bright as it is still being lighted up by the curtain wall of the front fa ade as well as the curtain wall at the upper part of the
wall as seen in the diagram. In fact, the brightness are quite sufficient for the zone during morning and afternoon. As such,
the curtain wall at the back of the partition wall is not appropriately designed based on the needs of the space.
Besides, from the diagram, it can also be observed that the electrical workshop are darker than the storage area. This is
because the strips of window above the electrical workshop are facing the interior pathway that does not bring in much
light. In fact, as shown in the graph 3.6.3, the natural daylighting are not adequate during 5.10 p.m. Moreover, the
electrical circuit board for the practice of the patients are positioned in such a way the back of the patient are facing the
curtain wall. This would cause the shadow of persons to be blocking the source of daylight and cause it to be even darker.
Other than that, the fluorescent tube at the electrical workshop are not functioning when it needs more light compare to
storage area.
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Strips of
window
Diagram 3.6.3: (Section B-B) On-site construction workshop and office for natural daylighting 10.00 a.m
Graph 3.6.4: Illuminance level of on-site construction workshop and office for natural daylighting 10 a.m. (on grid g)
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Diagram 3.6.3 are showing the condition of the zoning during the peak hour of 10.00 am. The diagram shows that the
zone of on-site construction are extremely bright. This is because the equipment are all positioned flatly on the ground
which causes no hindrance to the entering of the sunlight. However, there are four columns in the space which block
some of the daylighting. Nevertheless, it does not influence much to the patients as most of the activities are only
happening in the center which are not being blocked. Moreover, 2 fluorescent light are installed at each of the columns,
which further brighten up the space. Other than that, finishes of the ground are polished concrete, which reflects the lights
off and causes the area to be even brighter.
Nevertheless, the office area are much darker compared to the on-site construction area as shown in the graph 3.6.4. Its
daylight factor is 0.4%, which is listed as poorly lit-up under MS 1525. This because the office are farer away from the
curtain wall and does not gain as much as lighting even with high curtain wall and high ceiling. Besides, similar to the
electrical workshop adjacent to the office, the strips of window on the top are facing the interior pathway that does not
contribute much to the entering of daylighting.
Besides, referring to the graph 3.6.5, the lighting gain at the height of 1.5m regardless of the time are higher compared to
1m especially during afternoon and it increases drastically from morning to evening. This is because the curtain wall of the
front fa ade are orientated to southern east direction. As such, the angle of the sun are eventually going higher which
brighten up the upper part of the room. However, in the office zone, the design should ensure that 1m is brighter
compared to 1.5m as the people will most of the time be sitting than standing. As such, artificial lighting are very important
to be used at the office to ensure sufficient illuminance of the working area.
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21.0m x 19.5m
409.5m
wall
47
3240
3.23
1
2.23
ceiling = 0.5 wall= 0.3 floor = 0.2
21x19.5/(21+19.5)(2.23)=4.53
Utilization factor / UF
0.7
300
E=[47(2x3240x0.7x0.7)/409.5]=364.43
In conclusion, design of the room in the aspect of the orientation and positioning of the windows as well as the installation
of the electrical light has not been very successful to create an industrial mock-up area. This is because the architect
consider that the view of a calming environment as well as natural daylighting are important to create the soothing aura for
the patients during the training which in turn, contradict to the atmosphere of the industrial area. This is because an
industrial area such as factories and warehouse are usually in a space that does not have much natural daylighting and
views to the outside. Additionally, the openings that allow natural lighting are usually from the strips of window high of the
wall or skylight which do not provide view.
As shown in the diagram 3.7.4, natural daylighting has been playing a very important role especially in lighting up the
majority of the spaces particularly on-site construction and storage area. However, the housing constructing workshop,
office and electrical workshop are all highlighted in red colour which indicates low natural lighting and in needs of artificial
lighting. Nevertheless, the spaces are still having a low brightness with the lighting switched on as shown in diagram
3.7.5. Therefore, the installation of vast amount of fluorescent light in order to imitate the industrial area has not been
successful as it is not positioned based on the needs of each zone. For instance, the natural lighting are too bright at the
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center of the room that the artificial lighting is made redundant during the day time whereas for the back of the room are
not provided with adequate artificial lighting.
Besides, the positioning of the electrical lighting and the final arrangement of the construction equipment in the space are
not compatible to the intention of the architect. This is because the overall lumen reading for artificial lighting of the whole
room are actually sufficient, 364.43 lux as shown in the table 3.7 which meet the requirement of 300 lux but could actually
be reduced a little to prevent glare while some of the other individual zones have not met the standard. For instance, the
electrical workshop has only the 151.2 lux when the standard requirement are 300 lux. This is dangerous to the patients
as the lighting are important to ensure the visibility and thus their safety during the training. Other than that, the house
constructing workshop area has the reading of only 211.68 lux when the standard are 300 lux. Not only then, some has
far exceed the requirement such as the storage area are having the reading of 588 lux when the requirements are only
300 lux. As such, the zoning of the spaces by the interior designer are not following the intention of the architect.
All in all, the intention of making the space to become a mock-up industrial rehab has not been very successful as the
aura are failed to provoke due to the imbalance installation of the electrical lighting as well as the presence of too much
natural lighting at certain area.
3.8 RECOMMENDATIONS
Fluorescent light
that is not
functioning
Diagram 3.8.6: Recommendation for the Arrangement of the Equipment and Electrical Lighting Condition
There are few recommendations to improve the space. For one, the positioning of the storage and housing constructing
workshop area should be switched. This is because even though the partition of the storage are currently blocking the
curtain wall and thus the natural daylighting, it is still adequately brighten up. Therefore, it does not requires the
daylighting of the blocked curtain wall. Therefore, by switching the housing constructing workshop to the area, it can utilize
the natural lighting for the space to ensure a better working environment. Not only then, the current partition wall are being
wasted for not being able to view to the outside. As a result, the housing construction workshop are able to make use of
the view, for the construction area are located at outdoor in real condition. Secondly, the installed rows fluorescent lights
at the electrical workshop should be repaired and made sure it is functioning to ensure it is bright enough for the electrical
training activities.
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4.0 ACOUSTIC
4.1 Site Study and Zoning
Gymnasium is a place to help the patients in order to strengthen their strength, improve their movement and stability
after injury. There are therapists and staff who assist them in physiotherapy, aerobic and gym sessions. Machine, gym
equipment and materials are provided in the gym for all the activities carry out.
The gymnasium is divided into five zones based on the furniture, walls and partition for the ease of analysis.
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Zone 1
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Specification
Model
Range
Resolution
Accuracy
01dB
60-120 dBA, 30-90 dBA
1dB
1dB
c) Measuring Tapes
Measuring Tapes are used to measure the height of the position of the
sound level meter, which is at 1 meter high. Furthermore, we use the
measuring tapes to measure 1.5m x 1.5 m grid on the floor while taking
the reading.
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4.2.3 Procedure
Steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Draw grid lines of 1.5m x 1.5m on the site floor plan to identify the position for data collecting.
Place the device on the intersection of grid lines at 1 m from the ground.
Record the data reading on the sound level meter until it gets stable with the surrounding noise.
Specify the noise source that might affect the readings.
Repeat the steps on the next intersection point.
Repeat the same steps for peak hour and non-peak hour to analyze different acoustic condition at different
hour.
7. Tabulate and calculate all collected data and justify the acoustic quality based on Chartered Institution of
Building Service Engineers (CIBSE) standard.
4.2.4 Data Collection Method
Zones
The floor plan of gymnasium is divided into 5 zones based on the interior partition and surrounding circumstances.
There are two interior zones and three exterior zones. This zoning is helpful for the analysis later.
Gridlines
Gridlines are plotted perpendicularly on the floor as a guideline. The gridlines are spaced 1.5meters in x-axis and yaxis.
1.5m
1.5m
Diagram 4.2.1: Different colour indicates different zoning of spaces. Gridlines are spaced 1.5
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Position
1m
Two people did the data collection. One is responsible for measuring while another is recording. The sound level meter
is placed at the same height from ground throughout the data collection, which is 1 meter to ensure accurate readings.
The person holding the sound level meter will be the same for a set of data to prevent change in accuracy. The person
has to stand still and will not make any noise or movement while taking the data readings so that the readings will not
be affected. Each reading is done by facing the device to the same direction as the effort to obtain fair results. The
same standard is repeated in the interior and exterior at different time zone.
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The main source of interior acoustic is from the speaker. Music is played throughout the therapy session that makes
the speaker the main source for the gyms internal acoustic. The secondary source comes from the equipment, air
conditioner diffuser and the chattering of people.
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Diagram 4.3.1: Diagram showing Zone 1 and Zone 2 separated by an internal partition.
Source of Noise
Speaker
Ceiling Speaker
Air Conditioner Diffuser
Equipment
Activity
Zone 1
one
four
six
yes
yes
Zone 2
none
four
eight
yes
none
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4.3.1.1 Speaker
There is only a set of speaker installed to the computer. The speakers are used throughout the day to play music and
songs. Different type of music is chosen for various type of activities carried out. Upbeat music and songs are normally
chosen for aerobic exercise. The noise level depends on the rhythm of the song. Slow classical music is played during
the physiotherapy session to create relaxing ambiance. The volume will be adjusted every time according to the sound
condition.
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Diagram 4.3.3: Section showing the position of the speaker in the space.
Stereo speaker is installed to the computer as music is needed for the activities happen in Zone 1. Music is played
throughout the operation hour.
Specification
Type
System type
Quantity
System configuration
Woofer size (inches)
Nominal output power (total)
Response bandwidth
Signal- to- noise ratio
99 dB
14 watt, 7 watt
180 20000Hz, 30 180 Hz
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Figure 4.3.7 (Left) & 4.3.8 (Right): The location of ceiling speaker in the gym at 6m high.
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Specification
Material
Frequency range
Coverage
Power Capacity
Nominal sensitivity
Directivity Factor (Q)
Directivity Index (DL)
Low frequency transducers
High frequency transducer
Coaxially mounted 100mm woofer with butyl rubber surround and 19mm (3/4
in) titanium coated diffraction-loaded tweeter
80 HZ-20 KHz
150 degree
80 watts continuous program power
40 watts continuous pink noise
86 dB SPL at 1m
2.4 average 500 Hz to 4 kHz
3.8 average 500 Hz to 4 kHz
100mm (4.0 in) Polypropylene, 1 coil on aluminum former
19mm (0.75 in) titanium coated polyester
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Figure 4.3.9 (Left) & 4.3.10 (Right): Air conditioner diffusers at Zone 1 and Zone 2.
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4m
Diagram 4.3.8: Section showing the number and the location of diffusers.
Specification
Material
Size
Capacity
Function
Galvanized steel
315mm
High
Circular air pattern, by rotating the control disc
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Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
Parallel Bar
2
Help the patient to regain their strength to balance when standing up.
Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
Biodex Dynamometer
1
Use for prescreening of patients such as heart rate, blood pressure and
strength. Prescreening monitored by the therapist.
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Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
Biodex Treadmill
3
Treadmill designed for physical rehabilitation clinic. Use for running and
walking.
Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
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Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
Kettler Ergometer E1
4
Use for training of cardio through cycling movement.
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Type of Equipment
Quantity (in the space)
Function
Kettler Ergometer
3
For full body workout and strengthen the body muscular system.
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b) Gym excercising
At Zone 2, it is relatively more quiet space. The patients performing their daily physiotherapy is more independent from
their therapist. Conversation still strikes among the patients. However occasional sound made by the equipment used
is more distinct and louder. A faint echo of music from the adjacent space adds to the ambience of this space.
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c) Aerobic activity
Group activity like aerobic exercising is held in the evening. Counting of steps by instructors echo throughout the
space. This contributes to increased noise production in the space. Occasional counting with the instructor by the
patients also occurs at the same time.
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Action
Leaves rustling
Normal conversation
Traffic noise
Airplane taking off
Alarm siren
dB (A)
20
50
80
110
150
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Figure 4.3.22: AHU room located at the adjacent building near Zone 3
Theres noise coming from the AHU room situated close to Zone 3. The contribution of this noise is from the blower
of the ventilation system.
The external noise of gymnasium is not significant. It is rather quiet compare to the exterior of industrial rehabilitation
area.
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4.4 Material
Material
Absorption Coefficient
125 Hz 500 Hz 2000Hz 4000Hz
Floor
Location
Gymnasium
Zone 1 and
2.
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.05
Wall
Concrete, unglazed, painted
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.03
Gymnasium
Zone 1 and
2.
0.14
0.06
0.04
0.03
In between
Zone 1 and
2.
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Ceiling
0.15
Plasterboard (12mm (1/2) in suspended ceiling
grid)
0.04
0.07
0.08
Gymnasium
Zone 1 and
2.
Openings
Open doors and windows
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
Gymnasium
Zone 1 and
2.
0.18
0.04
0.02
0.02
Gymnasium
Zone 1 and
2.
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Furniture
Benches ( cushioned seats and backs, empty)
0.32
0.42
0.43
0.48
Gymnasium
Zone 1.
0.1
0.08
0.08
0.08
Gymnasium
Zone 1 and
2.
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Time: 10 am
Zone 1
Height: 1m
Zone 2
Table 4.6.1: Acoustic level of the gym at 10am.
Date:23/9/2015
Time: 4pm
Zone 1
Height: 1m
Zone 2
Table 4.6.2: Acoustic level of the gym at 4pm.
From the data above it has been observed that peak time occurs at 10am, as there are higher noise production from both Zone
1 and Zone 2 compared to 4pm. The highest acoustic level (70db) is recorded during this period. During the peak hour, more
patients visited the gymnasium for physiotherapy session with their respective therapist. Moreover, aerobic and gym session
are provided within the period.
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Time: 10 am
Zone 1
Height: 1m
Zone 2
Zone 1
Zone 2
Graph 4.6.1: Graph showing higher noise level at Zone 1 compare to Zone 2.
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Physiotherapy
Speaker
Gym session
6M
At Zone 1, the highest noise level is recorded at a level of 70db. The main source of sound that contribute to the interior acoustic
level is the stereo speakers used to play music and songs. The up-beat music played throughout the day created a joyful
atmosphere to bring up the mood of the patients. Furthermore, there are various activities carried out in the zone have effect on
the acoustic level. The activities are physiotherapy and aerobic sessions.
At Zone 2, the highest noise level is recorded at a level of 64dB. The main source of noise came from the gym equipment. In
addition, the interaction among the patients increase the overall sound level.
According to the graph, Zone 1 has higher noise level compare to Zone 2. This is because the sound intensity of the speaker
produced is highest among all sources of noise. In addition, the cubic volume in Zone 1 is smaller therefore the reflection of
acoustic rays are higher which subsequently increase the noise level.
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Time: 4pm
Height: 1m
Zone 1
Zone 2
Table 4.6.4: Acoustic level of the gym during non peak hour.
Zone 1
Zone 2
Graph 4.6.2: Graph showing higher noise level at Zone 1 compare to Zone 2.
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Based on the observation, Zone 1 has higher noise level than Zone 2 as the sound produced by the speaker contribute the most
to the overall acoustic level. Overall, the sound level during non-peak hour is lower than in peak hour.
At Zone 1, no extra activities carried out in the gymnasium as most patients have gone back to their domes or home. At this
period, therapists will take rest and do some discussion while listening to music. At Zone 2, lesser patients stayed at the place
for gym session. Hence, the noise level at Zone 1 has gone lower compared to the peak hour.
According to the graph, the difference of the existing noise level between two zones is less significant. This is because there is
transmission of sound produced from Zone 1, especially the speaker to Zone 2. The recorded readings near the partition wall
are higher than the readings away from the partition wall. The absorption properties of plasterboard is insufficient to absorb all
noise produced from Zone 1.
Partition wall
6M
Diagram 4.6.2: Section showing the space divided by a full height partition wall.
As illustrated on the diagram above, the full height partition wall used to separate the big space into two zones has proved to
reduce the amount of sound transmission from Zone 1 to Zone 2. Thus, music can still be heard at Zone 2 but at a lower volume.
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Date:23/9/2015
Time: 10 am
Height: 1m
Date:23/9/2015
Time: 4pm
Height: 1m
The exterior sound level is ranged from 44 dB to 57 dB. By comparing the readings at two time zone, the external noise level
are the same. The external noises did not contribute to the internal acoustic but in fact they are affected by the interior sounds.
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Date:23/9/2015
Time: 4pm
Height: 1m
According to the data above, Zone 3 and Zone 5 have higher sound level compared to Zone
4. An air handling unit (AHU) room and a motor room are located at the adjacent buildings of
Zone 3 and Zone 5 respectively.
6M
Neither patients nor the staff will stay at the exterior for more than 15 minutes hence human activity does not affect the
exterior sound level.
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Date:23/9/2015
Time: 4pm
Height: 1m
At position Y6 and Y8, there are slight increase of sound level. The opening of window located at the position allows
transmission of interior noise towards outside.
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Date:23/9/2015
Time: 4pm
Height: 1m
At position Z6 and Z8, the sound level is higher within the zone. The gaps between the sliding doors facilitate the
transmission of sound to the exterior. Moreover, the sliding doors open automatically when they detected any
human movement.
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Date:23/9/2015
Height: 1m
Date:23/9/2015
Height: 1m
A huge difference in noise levels when radio is switched on and off. Noise level decreased from an average of 60db to 50 db.
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Date:23/9/2015
Zone 1
Height: 1m
Zone 2
Date:23/9/2015
Zone 1
Height: 1m
Zone 2
According to the graphs, Zone 1 has higher sound level compared to Zone 2 when the speaker is turned on. However, when
the speaker is turned off, the sound level in Zone 1 has become lower. During this period, Zone 2 no longer influence by the
stereo speaker but the air conditioner diffusers and existing equipment.
As we analyze the graph contours, the sound level at non-peak hour fluctuates between 53 dB to 69 dB. This is due to the
sudden ups and down rhythm of the songs and music played throughout the period. In addition, the volume of the music is
adjusted frequently to accommodate the activities in the space.
When the speaker is turned off, the sound level contour became smoother. The factors that affect the noise have narrowed
down to air conditioner diffusers only where human activity is low. During this period, the sound level in the gymnasium
fluctuates within 47 db to 55 dB.
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Zone 1
Zone 2
According to the diagram, acoustic rays that generated by the speaker are concentrated at Zone 1. Thus, this causes the high
readings at Zone 1. Most of the rays are blocked by the plaster board partition. However, the openings at both sides of the
partition allow transmission of acoustic rays towards the adjacent space. Therefore, the speaker has slight influence on
acoustic level of Zone 2.
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Zone 1
Zone 2
Diagram 4.7.2: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram of gymnasium (Air Conditioner Diffuser)
The diagram shows the acoustic rays generated by a diffuser. As the secondary source of noise, the diffuser generated lesser
acoustic rays and bounce to the room. However, smaller cubic volume in Zone 1 has increase the compactness of these rays
which subsequently increase the noise level.
These rays did not penetrate across the partition wall and hence they did not contribute to the acoustic level at Zone 2.
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Zone 1
Zone 2
Diagram 4.7.3: Acoustic Ray Bouncing Diagram of gymnasium (Air Conditioner Diffuser)
The diagram shows the acoustic rays generated by a diffuser at Zone 2. The compactness of acoustic rays is lower as Zone 2
has bigger cubic volume. Acoustic rays diffuse within the larger surface area of the space and are absorbed by the materials.
Hence, they have less effect on noise level in Zone 2.
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SIL
Ceiling Speaker
The maximum sound power level of the speaker is around 86 dB.
SIL
= 10 log ( )
86
= 10 log (
8.6
= log ( )
108.6
= 108.6 x 1012
Speaker System
The maximum sound power level of the speaker is around 99 dB.
SIL
= 10 log ( )
99
= 10 log ( )
9.9
= log (
109.9
= 109.9 x 1012
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Non-peak hour
Highest reading: 69dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
69
= 10 log ( )
6.9
= log ( )
106.9
= 106.9 x 1012
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SIL
= 10 log ( )
60
= 10 log ( )
6.0
= log ( )
106
= 106 x 1012
= 10 log (
PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 70dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
70
= 10 log ( )
7.0
= log ( )
107
= 107 x 1012
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SIL
= 10 log ( )
60
= 10 log ( )
6.0
= log ( )
106
= 106 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
ZONE 2
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NON-PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 62dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
62
= 10 log ( )
6.2
= log (
106.2
= 106.2 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log (
53
= 10 log ( )
5.3
= log ( )
105.3
= 105.3 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
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PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 66dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
66
= 10 log ( )
6.6
= log (
106.6
= 106.6 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log (
55
= 10 log ( )
5.5
= log ( )
105.5
= 105.5 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
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ZONE 3
NON-PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 52dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
52
= 10 log ( )
5.2
= log (
105.2
= 105.2 x 1012
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SIL
= 10 log ( )
49
= 10 log ( )
4.9
= log ( )
104.9
= 104.9 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 52dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
52
= 10 log ( )
5.2
= log ( )
105.2
= 105.2 x 1012
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SIL
= 10 log ( )
49
= 10 log ( )
4.9
= log ( )
104.9
= 104.9 x 1012
= 10 log ( )
0
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NON-PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 48dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
48
= 10 log ( )
4.8
= log (
104.8
= 104.8 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log (
44
= 10 log ( )
4.4
= log ( )
104.4
= 104.4 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log (
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PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 48dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
48
= 10 log ( )
4.8
= log (
104.8
= 104.8 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log (
44
= 10 log ( )
4.4
= log ( )
104.4
= 104.4 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
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ZONE 5
NON-PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 57dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
57
= 10 log ( )
5.7
= log (
105.7
= 105.7 x 1012
106 | P a g e
SIL
= 10 log ( )
52
= 10 log ( )
5.2
= log ( )
105.2
= 105.2 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
PEAK HOUR
Highest reading: 57dB
SIL
= 10 log ( )
57
= 10 log ( )
5.7
= log ( )
105.7
= 105.7 x 1012
107 | P a g e
SIL
= 10 log ( )
52
= 10 log ( )
5.2
= log ( )
105.2
= 105.2 x 1012
SIL
= 10 log ( )
0
108 | P a g e
TL
= 10 log ( )
TL
= transmission loss
Overall SRI
= 10 log ( )
1 1 + 2 2+
Total surface area
1
T
Building element
Material
Wall
Sound reduction
Index, SRI (dB)
44
Transmission
coefficient, T
3.981 x 105
Area, S (2 )
75
109 | P a g e
Concrete wall
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
44
= 10 log ( T )
4.4
= log ( T )
104.4
= 3.981 x 105
1
T
= 3.981 x 105
Overall SRI
= 10 log ( T )
1
110 | P a g e
Building element
Material
Wall
Window
Door
Sound reduction
Index, SRI (dB)
44
30
30
Transmission
coefficient, T
3.981 x 105
1.0 x 103
1.0 x 103
Area, S (2 )
70
11
5
Concrete wall
1
T
TL
= 10 log ( )
44
= 10 log ( T )
4.4
= log ( T )
104.4
=T
= 3.981 x 105
Window
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( T )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
=T
= 1.0 x 103
Door
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( T )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
= 1.0 x 103
1
T
111 | P a g e
= [(3.981 x 105 x 70) + (1.0 x 103x 11) + (1.0 x 103x 5)]/ (70+11+5)
= 0.0187867 / 86
= 2.1845 x 104
Overall SRI
= 10 log ( T )
1
Combined SPL at zone 1 is 70.41dB during peak hour, while at zone 3 is 53.76dB during peak hour, with the
difference of 16.65dB. However, the SRI between zone 1 & zone 3 is 36.61dB, which is much higher than 16.65
dB. This is because the windows on the wall kept opened, allowing sound to be transferred between two zones.
112 | P a g e
Building element
Material
Wall
Window
Sound reduction
Index, SRI (dB)
44
30
Transmission
coefficient, T
3.981 x 105
1.0 x 103
Area, S (2 )
53
8
Concrete wall
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
44
= 10 log ( T )
4.4
= log ( T )
104.4
=T
= 3.981 x 105
113 | P a g e
Window
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( T )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
= 1.0 x 103
1
T
= 0.01010993 / 61
= 1.657 x 104
Overall SRI
= 10 log ( T )
= 10 log (
1
1.657 x 104
= 37.81 dB
Combined SPL at zone 1 is 70.41dB during peak hour, while at zone 4 is 49.46dB during peak hour, with the
difference of 20.95dB. However, the SRI between zone 1 & zone 4 is 37.81dB, which is much higher than 20.95
dB. This is because the windows on the wall kept opened, allowing sound to be transferred between two zones.
114 | P a g e
Building element
Material
Wall
Window
Door
Sound reduction
Index, SRI (dB)
44
30
30
Transmission
coefficient, T
3.981 x 105
1.0 x 103
1.0 x 103
Area, S (2 )
66
9
5
Concrete wall
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
44
= 10 log ( T )
4.4
= log ( T )
104.4
= 3.981 x 105
1
T
115 | P a g e
Window
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( T )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
= 1.0 x 103
1
T
Door
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
=T
= 1.0 x 103
1
T
= 0.01662746 / 80
= 2.0784 x 104
Overall SRI
= 10 log ( T )
1
116 | P a g e
Building element
Material
Wall
Window
Door
Sound reduction
Index, SRI (dB)
44
30
30
Transmission
coefficient, T
3.981 x 105
1.0 x 103
1.0 x 103
Area, S (2 )
70
11
5
Concrete wall
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
44
= 10 log ( T )
4.4
= log ( T )
104.4
= 3.981 x 105
1
T
117 | P a g e
Window
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( T )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
= 1.0 x 103
1
T
Door
1
TL
= 10 log ( T )
30
= 10 log ( )
3.0
= log ( T )
103
=T
= 1.0 x 103
= [(3.981 x 105 x 70) + (1.0 x 103x 11) + (1.0 x 103x 5)]/ (70+11+5)
1
T
= 0.0187867 / 86
= 2.1845 x 104
Overall SRI
= 10 log ( T )
1
118 | P a g e
ZONE 1
119 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Plasterboard
Wall
Painted concrete
Floor
Rubber
Door
Glass
Window
Glass
Chair
Cushion
Furniture
Wooden
Furniture
Plastic/metal
Equipment
Rubber
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
0.16
RT
=
=
Absorption
coefficient, a
(125 Hz)
0.15
0.01
0.02
0.18
0.18
0.32
0.10
0.07
0.15
1.00
0.25
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
114
248
114
5
16
3
4
4
15
14
12
Sxa
17.1
2.48
2.28
0.9
2.88
0.96
0.40
0.28
2.25
14.0
3.0
46.53
0.16 623
46.53
= 2.14 s
The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 125 Hz (peak hour)of absorption coefficient is 2.14 s. According to the
standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of the
case study in 125 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
120 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Window
Chair
Furniture
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Glass
Cushion
Wooden
Plastic/metal
Rubber
-
RT
0.16
0.16 623
44.53
Absorption
coefficient, a
(125 Hz)
0.15
0.01
0.02
0.18
0.18
0.32
0.10
0.07
0.15
1.00
0.25
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
114
248
114
5
16
3
4
4
15
14
4
Sxa
17.1
2.48
2.28
0.9
2.88
0.96
0.40
0.28
2.25
14.0
1.0
44.53
= 2.24 s
The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 125 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.24 s. According to
the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of
the case study in 125 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
121 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Window
Chair
Furniture
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Glass
Cushion
Wooden
Plastic/metal
Rubber
-
RT
0.16
0.16 623
44.74
Absorption
coefficient, a
(500 Hz)
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.42
0.08
0.14
0.50
1.00
0.42
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
114
248
114
5
16
3
4
4
15
14
12
Sxa
4.56
4.96
5.7
0.2
0.64
1.26
0.32
0.56
7.5
14.0
5.04
44.74
= 2.23 s
The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 500 Hz (peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.23s. According to the
standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of the
case study in 500 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
122 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Window
Chair
Furniture
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Glass
Cushion
Wooden
Plastic/metal
Rubber
-
RT
0.16
0.16 623
41.38
Absorption
coefficient, a
(500 Hz)
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.04
0.42
0.08
0.14
0.50
1.00
0.42
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
114
248
114
5
16
3
4
4
15
14
4
Sxa
4.56
4.96
5.7
0.2
0.64
1.26
0.32
0.56
7.5
14.0
1.68
41.38
= 2.41 s
The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 500 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.41s. According to
the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of
the case study in 500 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
123 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Window
Chair
Furniture
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Glass
Cushion
Wooden
Plastic/metal
Rubber
-
RT
0.16
0.16 623
57.43
Absorption
coefficient, a
(2000 Hz)
0.07
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.43
0.08
0.14
0.70
1.00
0.50
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
114
248
114
5
16
3
4
4
15
14
12
Sxa
7.98
4.96
11.4
0.1
0.32
1.29
0.32
0.56
10.5
14.0
6.0
57.43
= 1.74 s
The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 2000 Hz (peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 1.74s. According to the
standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of the
case study in 2000 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
124 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Window
Chair
Furniture
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Glass
Cushion
Wooden
Plastic/metal
Rubber
-
RT
0.16
0.16 623
53.43
Absorption
coefficient, a
(2000 Hz)
0.07
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.43
0.08
0.14
0.70
1.00
0.50
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
114
248
114
5
16
3
4
4
15
14
4
Sxa
7.98
4.96
11.4
0.1
0.32
1.29
0.32
0.56
10.5
14.0
2.0
53.43
= 1.87 s
The reverberation time for the zone 1 in 2000 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 1.87s. According to
the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of
the case study in 2000 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
125 | P a g e
ZONE 2
Space volume, V = 12 x 13 x 6.6 3.3 x 30
= 931 3
126 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Door
Window
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Wooden
Glass
Plastic/metal
Metal
-
RT
0.16
0.16 931
61.06
Absorption
coefficient, a
(125 Hz)
0.15
0.01
0.02
0.18
0.14
0.18
0.07
0.27
1.00
0.25
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
156
300
156
10
4
20
4
15
17.5
15
Sxa
23.4
3.0
3.12
1.8
0.56
3.6
0.28
4.05
17.5
3.75
61.06
= 2.44 s
The reverberation time for the zone 2 in 125 Hz (peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.44s. According to the
standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of the
case study in 125 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
127 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Door
Window
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Wooden
Glass
Plastic/metal
Metal
-
RT
0.16
0.16 931
58.56
Absorption
coefficient, a
(125 Hz)
0.15
0.01
0.02
0.18
0.14
0.18
0.07
0.27
1.00
0.25
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
156
300
156
10
4
20
4
15
17.5
5
Sxa
23.4
3.0
3.12
1.8
0.56
3.6
0.28
4.05
17.5
1.25
58.56
= 2.54 s
The reverberation time for the zone 2 in 125 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.54s. According to
the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of
the case study in 125 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
128 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Door
Window
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Wooden
Glass
Plastic/metal
Metal
-
RT
0.16
0.16 931
55.89
Absorption
coefficient, a
(500 Hz)
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.14
0.67
1.00
0.42
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
156
300
156
10
4
20
4
15
17.5
15
Sxa
6.24
6.0
7.8
0.4
0.24
0.8
0.56
10.05
17.5
6.3
55.89
= 2.67 s
The reverberation time for the zone 2 in 500 Hz (peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.67s. According to the
standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of the
case study in 500 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
129 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Door
Window
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Wooden
Glass
Plastic/metal
Metal
-
RT
0.16
0.16 931
51.69
Absorption
coefficient, a
(500 Hz)
0.04
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.14
0.67
1.00
0.42
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
156
300
156
10
4
20
4
15
17.5
5
Sxa
6.24
6.0
7.8
0.4
0.24
0.8
0.56
10.05
17.5
2.1
51.69
= 2.88 s
The reverberation time for the zone 2 in 500 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.88s. According to
the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of
the case study in 500 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
130 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Door
Window
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Wooden
Glass
Plastic/metal
Metal
-
RT
0.16
0.16 931
72.13
Absorption
coefficient, a
(2000 Hz)
0.07
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.14
0.87
1.00
0.50
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
156
300
156
10
4
20
4
15
17.5
15
Sxa
10.92
6.0
15.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.56
13.05
17.5
7.5
72.13
= 2.07 s
The reverberation time for the zone 2 in 2000 Hz (peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.07s. According to the
standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of the
case study in 2000 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
131 | P a g e
Material
Ceiling
Wall
Floor
Door
Door
Window
Furniture
Equipment
Opening
Human
Total absorption, A
Plasterboard
Painted concrete
Rubber
Glass
Wooden
Glass
Plastic/metal
Metal
-
RT
0.16
0.16 931
67.13
Absorption
coefficient, a
(2000 Hz)
0.07
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.10
0.02
0.14
0.87
1.00
0.50
Area, S (2 )
Or
Quantity
156
300
156
10
4
20
4
15
17.5
5
Sxa
10.92
6.0
15.6
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.56
13.05
17.5
2.5
67.13
= 2.22 s
The reverberation time for the zone 2 in 2000 Hz (non-peak hour) of absorption coefficient is 2.22s. According to
the standard of reverberation time, the comfort reverberation is between 1.0s 1.5s. The reverberation time of
the case study in 2000 Hz is over the standard comfort reverberation time.
132 | P a g e
Moreover, although there is a partition wall between zone 1 and zone 2, the sound reduction index of the
partition does not really reflect the sound intensity level and sound transmission between the two zones because
the partition wall does not really enclose and separate the two zones as there are gaps before and after the wall.
The transmission of sound is affected by the open concept planning of the gym as the sound is usually diffused
into the reception area. The same thing happened to the partition between zone 1 and zone 3, zone 1 and zone
4, zone 2 and zone 4, zone 2 and zone 5 where the partition wall contains a numbers of windows and a door.
Some of the windows are often kept opened and there is a gap left by the automated glass doors, allowing sound
to diffuse inter-zones, thus the transmission of sound is affected.
133 | P a g e
4.10 Recommendations
It can be summarized that the overall acoustic performance in the gym is not satisfying based on the calculations
during peak and non-peak hours. As a gym where noise is generated from the activities and the equipment,
several features of the design could be modified in order to improve the acoustic performance and quality of the
space. For example, the painting and the finishing of the wall and floor and the amount of the soft elements with
higher absorption coefficient. A layer of acoustical painting should be performed while fabric wrapped wall panels
should be installed at places where applicable. Ceiling wise, baffles are one of the effective and low cost
measures to actually assist in reducing reflective or reverberating noise, hence reducing airborne sound. On the
other hand, acoustic banners which are effective sound absorbers could be installed flush to the roof deck to
reduce sound intensity levels in harsh acoustical environment like gym. Installation of all these materials could
help in reducing the reverberation time to the optimum level while sound intensity levels are reduced
simultaneously to create a more peaceful environment, increasing speech intelligibility, communication efficiency
and quality of sound systems.
134 | P a g e
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