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MISANTLA, VER.
INGENIERA INDUSTRIAL
301-A
PABLO COLORADO POSADAS
ALGEBRA LINEAL
..
an 1 x1 +a n 2 x 2+ an 3 x 3 ++ ann x n =0
Es decir, Ax=0
..
an 1 x1 +a n 2 x 2+ an 3 x 3 ++ ann x n = y n
Es decir, Ax=y
x 1=2 ( n1 )
Solucin grfica:
x 2=3 ( n1 )
1
n
x 2=5
x n=n( nn)
x 1=x 4 +5
x 2=2
x 3=3+ x 4
Solucin grfica:
4) Solucin trivial: En esta solucin los valores obtenidos de las variables del
sistema todas tienen su valor igual a 0. Por ejemplo:
x 1=0
x 2=0
x 3=0
x n=0
x1
2 x 2 3 x 3 3 x 4=0
2 x1 +2 x 2 x 3 2 x 4=0
x 1 +3 x 3 +3 x 4 0
1 2 1 3 2 R + R 1 2 1 3
1
2
2 2 1 2
0 2 1 4
R1 + R3
1 0 3 3
0 2 4 0
(
(
)
)
1 3 2 R + R 1 0
0 1
R2 1 2
2
1
0 1 1 /2 2
0 1 1/2 2
2
2 R2 + R3
0 2
4 0
0 0
3 4
0 1 1
1 0 0 1
R3 1 0
R3 + R2 0 1 0 8 /3
0 1 1 /2 2
3
2
0 0
1 4 /3
0 0 1 4 /3
)
x 1x 4=0
8
x 2+ R 4=0
3
4
x 3+ x 4 =0
3
*El sistema tiene infinita solucin.
Ejemplo 2: Hallar la solucin del siguiente sistema homogneo.
x1
+ 2 x 2 x 3=0
3 x 1 3 x 2 +2 x 3=0
x 1 11 x2 +6 x3 =0
) (
1
2 1 3 R + R 1 2 1
1
2
3 3
2
0 3 1
R1 + R3
1 11 6
0 9 5
1 2 R + R 1 0 1/3
R2 1 2
2
1
0 1 1/3
0 1 1/3
3
9 R2 + R3
0 9
5
0 0
2
1
R 3 1 0 1 /3 3 R3 + R1 1 0 0
0 1 1 /3
0 1 0
2
1
0 0
1
R +R 0 0 1
3 3 2
( )
4 x1 +8 y 2
4 z 3 =4
3 x 1 +6 y 2 +5 z 3=13
2 x 1 + y 2 +12 z3 =17
| )( | )
( | ) ( | )
( | ) ( | )
( |) ( |)
4 8 4 4 R 1 2 1 1
1
3 6 5 13
3 6 5 13
4
2 1 12 17
2 1 12 17
1 2 1 1
3 R1 + R2 1 2 1 1
R
<
R
0 0 8 16 3
5 10 15
2 0
2 R1 + R 3
0 5 10 15
0 0 8 16
1 0 5 7
R 2 1 2 1 1
2
R
+
R
0 1 2 3
1 2 3
2
1 0
5
0 0 8 16
0 0 8 16
R 3 1 0 5 7 5 R3 + R1 1 0 0 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 0 1
8
2 R3 + R2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
x 1=3
y 2=1
z 3=2
3 x5 y 36 z =10
x +7 z=5
x+ y10 z=4
|) (
|)
( |) ( |)
3 5 36 10
1
1 10 4
1 0
7 5 R3 + R1 1 0
7 5
1
1 10 4
3 5 36 10
R1 + R2 1 1 10 4 R2 + R1 1 0 7 5
0 1
3 1
0 1 3 1
3 R 1+ R 3
2 R2 + R3
0 2
6 2
0 0 0 0
x=5+7 z
y=1+3 z
x7 z=5
y3 z=1
x1 + 2 x 2
3 x 1+
8 x 2+
5 x2 2 x 3
24 x3
3 x 4 =0
4 x 1 +
+4 x 3 3 x 1+ 5 x 2 + 6 x 3
4 x 4 =0
+3 x 4 =0
19 x 4=0
1
3
4
3
3 R1 + R2
4 R1 + R3
2 4 3
5 6 4
1 2
4 3
5 2 3
0 1 6 5
8 24 19 3 R1+ R 0 3 18 15
0 2
12 10
) (
)
(
) ( )
4
1 2
4 3 2 R + R 1
2
1
R2 0 1
6 5
0
3 R2 + R3
1 0 3 18 15
0
0 2
12 10 2 R 2+ R 4 0
x 2+6 x 35 x 4 =0
*El sistema tiene infinitas soluciones.
0 8 7
1 6 5
0 0 0
0 0 0
x 18 x3 +7 x 4 =0
4 x + y + z +w=1
2 x + y +3 z +5 w=0
x+ yzw=2
|) ( |)
( |)(
|)
( |)(
| )
4 1
1 1
1 1 2 3
2 1
3 5
1 1 1 1
1
0
0
0
1
R +R
2 3 1
3
R +R
2 3 2
1
R +R
2 3 4
1
0 R
R
0 4< 1
2
1 1 11 2
1 1 2 1 0
2 1
3 5 0
4 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 2
0 2 3 2 2 R2
0 1 5 7 4 2
0 3 5 5 7
R1 + R2
2 R1 + R3
4 R1 + R4
R 2+ R 1
R 2+ R 3
3 R2 + R 4
x y +2 z3 w=0
1 1
1 1 2
0 1 3 /2 1 1
0 1
5 7 4
0 3
5 5 7
0 1/2 2 1
1 0 1/2 2
1
R
1 3/ 2 1 1
3 0
1 3/2 1
1
7
0 7/2 8 3
0 0
1 16 /7 6/7
0 1/2 8 4 2 0 0 1/2 8 4
1
0
0
0
22
R +R
7 4 1
31
R + R2
7
4
16
R +R 3
7 4
| )(
0
1
0
0
0 22/7 10 /7
0 31 /7 2 /7 R 4
1 16 /7 6 /7 48
0 48/7 25 /7 7
( | )
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0 0 5 /24
0 0 97/48
1 0 1/3
0 1 25/48
x=
1
0
0
0
5
24
0
1
0
0
| )
0 22/7 10/7
0 31 /7 2 /7
1 16 /7 6 /7
0 1 25 /48
y=
97
1
z=
48
3
w=
25
48
x1
+ x 2 +2 x 3=1
3 x1 +3 x 3 +3 x 4 =6
2 x 1 + x 2 +3 x3 +x 4=3
x1 +2 x 2 +3 x 3 x 4=0
1
3
2
1
1
0
1
2
|) ( | )
|) ( |)
2 0 1 3 R + R
1
2
3 3 6
2 R1 + R3
3 1 3
3 1 0 R1+ R4
1 1
2 0 1
0 3 3 3 3
0 1 1 1 1
0 1
1 1 1
1 1
2 0 1 R + R 1
2
1
1 1 1
0
R4 < R 2 0 1
R 2+ R 3
0 1 1 1 1
0
3
R
+
R
2
4
0 3 3 3 3
0
x 2+ x 3x 4 =1
0
1
0
0
x 1=x 3x 4+ 2
1 1 2
1 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
x 1+ x 3 + x 4=2
3+ x 41
x2 =x
D1
D
D
; x 2= 2 x n= n
D
D
n
Ejemplo 1: Use la regla de gramer para hallar la solucin del siguiente sistema de
ecuaciones.
3 x+ y z=0
D=
x+ y+ z=0
yz=1
3 1 1
1 1 1 =3 (11 )1 (1 )1 (1 )=6+11=6
0 1 1
0 1 1
Dx = 0 1 1 =1 ( 01 )1 ( 01 )=1+1=2
1 1 1
| |
| |
3 0 1
D y = 1 0 1 =3 ( 01 )1 ( 1 )=31=4
0 1 1
3 1 0
Dz = 1 1 0 =3 ( 1+0 ) 1 ( 1+0 )=31=2
0 1 1
z=
Dz 1
=
D
3
3 x+ y z=0
x=
D x 1
=
D
3
( 13 )+( 23 )( 13 )=0
y=
Dy 2
=
D 3
2 1
1+ + =0
3 3
3 x2 yz=3
|
|
|
|
2 x y+ z=4
x2 y+ 3 z =3
|
|
|
|
3 2 1
D= 2 1 1 =3 (3+2 ) +2 ( 61 ) 1 (4 +1 )=3 (1 )+ 2 ( 5 )(3 )=10
1 2 3
3 2 1
D x = 4 1 1 =3 (3+2 ) +2 ( 123 ) 1 (8+3 ) =3 (1 ) +2 ( 9 )1 (5 )=20
3 2 3
3 3 1
D y = 2 4 1 =3 (123 )3 ( 61 )1 ( 64 )=3 ( 9 ) 3 (5 )1 ( 2 )=10
1 3 3
3 2 3
Dz = 2 1 4 =3 (3+8 )+2 ( 64 ) +3 (4+1 ) =3 (5 )+ 2 ( 2 ) +3 (3 )=10
1 2 3
x=
20
=2
10
621=3
y=
10
=1
10
z=
10
=1
10
3 x2 yz=3
3 ( 2 )2 ( 1 )( 1 )=3
3=3
x+ y+ 2 z +w=3
2 x +3 y2 w=6
3 x2 y+ z =2
3 yz +3 w=5
| |
1 1
2 1 2 R + R 1 1
2 1
1
2
2 3
0 2
0 1 4 4
D=
=1 (153 )+ 4 (15+9 )4 (5+ 15 )
2 R 1+ R 3
3 2 1 0
0 5 5 3
0 3 1 3 0 R 1+ R 4 0 3 1 3
18+ 4 (6 ) 4 ( 20 )=122
||
| [(
3
1
2 1
1 1/3 2/3 1 /3 6 R + R
1
2
R
0 2 1 6 3
0 2
Dx= 6 3
2 R1 + R 3
2 2 1 0 3 2 2 1 0
5
3 1 3
5
3 1 3 5 R1 + R4
1 1/3
2/3 1/3
0
5
4
0 =3 5 28 + 26 4 16 8
9 9
9
9
0 4 /3
7/3 2/3
0 4 /3 13/ 3 4 /3
) (
)]
[ ( ) ( )] ( )
54
24
122
4
=3
=122
9
9
3
3 5
| |
|
|
| | |
1 3
2 1
2
6
0 1 2 R1 + R2
Dy=
3 2 1 0 3 R1 + R3
0 5 1 3
||
1
3
2 1
0 12 4 4 R2
0 11 5 3 12
0
5
1 3
1
3
2
1
0
1 4 /124 /12
0 11
5 3
0
5
1
3
1 3
2
1
11 R2 + R3 0 1 4 /124 /12
16 16
=12 4 /3 2 /3 =12
+
=0
8/ 3 4 /3
9
9
5 R2 + R 4 0 0 4 /3 2 /3
0 0 8/3 4 / 3
1 1
3 1 2 R + R
1
2
2
3
6
2
Dz=
3 R1 + R3
3 2 2 0
0 3
5 3 0 R1 + R 4
1 1
3 1
0 1 124 =1 [ 1 (33+15 )+12 (15+9 ) 4 (25+33 ) ]
0 5 11 3
0 3
5 3
| |
1 1
2 3
9 6 2 R1+ R 2
Dw= 2 3
3 2 2 2 3 R1 + R3
0 3
5 5
1 1
2 3
0 1 4 12 =1 1 (2511 )+ 4 (25+33 ) 12 ( 5+15 )
[
]
0 5 5 11
0 3
5 5
x=
122
=1
122
y=
1+0+ 2 ( 1 ) +2=3
0
=0
122
z=
1+ 4=3
3=3
122
=1
122
w=
244
=2
122
x+ y+ 2 z +w=3
x+ y+ z+ w=1
2 x +3 z +2 w=5
3 x y +w=2
| | |
1 1 11
2 R 1+ R 2
D= 2 0 3 2
3 1 0 1 3 R1 + R2
0 2 53
||
2 y+5 z +3 w=12
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
R
0 2 1 0
2 0
1 1 /2 0
2
0 4 3 2
0 4 3 2
0 2
5 3
0 2
5 3
| |
1
2 (9+10 )+ (12+4 ) =2 [ 14 ] =6
2
1
1 1 1 5 R + R
1
2
0 32
Dx= 5
2 R1 + R 3
2 1 0 1
12 2 5 3 12 R1 + R3
1
1
1 1
0 5 2 3 =[ 5 (18+20 )+ 2 (9+30 ) 3 (7+ 20 ) ]
0
1
2 3
0 10 7 9
| | |
1 1 11
2 R1 + R2
Dy= 2 5 3 2
3 2 0 1 3 R1 + R3
0 12 5 3
1 1
1 1
0 3
2 0 =[ 3 (9+ 10 )1 (15+24 ) ] =3 ( 1 )9=6
0 5 3 2
0 12 5 3
| | |
| | |
1 1
1 1
5 2 2 R1 + R2
Dz= 2 0
3 1 2 1 3 R1 + R3
0 2 12 3
1 1 1 1
Dw= 2 0 3 5 2 R1 + R2
3 1 0 2 3 R1 + R3
0 2 5 12
|
|
1 1
1 1
0 2 3 0 = 2 (15+24 ) 3 (12+ 4 ) =2 ( 9 )3 (8 ) =6
[
]
0 4 52
0 2 12 3
1 1
1 1
0 2 1 3 =[ 2 (36 +25 )1 (48+10 ) +3 (20+6 ) ]
0 4 3 5
0 2
5 12
22+3842=18
x=2
y=1
z=1
w=3
x+ y+ z+ w=1
21+1+ 3=1
1=1
10 x+10 y +10=140
|)(
| )
| ) (
| )
2
R +R
1 2/3 2/3 34/ 3 R 1 2/3 2 /3 34/3
2
3 2 1
0 50/3 20 /3 280/3
0
1
2/5 28/5
50
10
0 10/3 10 /3 80/ 3
0 10/3 10 /3 80/3
R2 + R 3
3
3
2
R +R 1 0 0 6
1 0 2/5 38/5 R 1 0 2/5 38 /5
3
5 3 1
0 1 2/5 28/5
0 1 2/5 28 /5
0 1 04
2
2
0 0 2 8
0 0 1 4
R3 + R 2 0 0 1 4
5
| )(
| )
( |)
x=6
y=4
z=4
340=340
X= Especie 1
Y=Especie 2
z=Especie 3
x+ 3 y +2 z=25000
x+4 y + z=20000
( | )
2 x +5 y +5 z=55000
| )
1 3 2 25000 3 R + R 1 3 2 25000 3 R + R
1
2
2
1
1 4 1 20000
0 4 1 5000
2 R1+ R3
R 2+ R 3
2 5 5 55000
0 1 1 5000
x+ 5 z=40000
| )
1 0 5 40000
0 1 1 5000
0 0 0
0
yz=5000
x0
y0
z0
x=400005 z y=z 5000
40000
5
40000+5 z 0 z5000 0
5 z 40000 z 5000
z 8000
[ 5000 z 8000 ]
x=15000
y=0
z=5000
Ejemplo 3: Un fabricante de caf quiere mezclar 3 tipos de granos en una mezcla final de
producto, los 3 tipos de granos le cuestan 1.20 pesos, 1.60,1.40 por libra,
respectivamente. El fabricante quiere mezclar un lote de 40000 libras y tiene un
presupuesto de 57000 para la compra de caf, al mezclar el caf, una restriccin es que
la cantidad usada del componente 2 debe ser el doble del componente 1. Calcule en
libros la cantidad de cada componente.
x 1+ x 2 + x 3=40000
6
8
7
x 1+ x2 + x 3=57600
5
5
5
21x 2=0
( | )
( | )
( | ) ( | )
1 1
1 3 2
1 1
1
6
40000
40000
R
R
+
R
6 8 7
2
1
2
57000 5 1 2 0
9600
2 0 1
5 5 5
5
5
0
8000
2 R1 + R3
2 1 0
0 3 2
5
0 0
1
1 0
2 16000
R2 + R1
1 24000
2 R 2+ R 3 0 1
2 16000
1
0 0
x 1=8000 libras
x 2=16000libras
x 3=16000 libras
x 1+ x 2 + x 3=40000
8000+16000+16000=40000
40000=40000
1
2 16000
1 24000
2 16000
1
| )
1
3
4359
1
250000 5000 30000 21795000
R1
50
25
50
31000 4000 15000 31767000
250000 31000 4000 15000 31767000
56000 10000 35000 61225000
56000 10000 35000 61225000
| )
1
3
4359
1
1
3
4359
1
1
50
25
50
R2
310000 R1 + R2
R +R
50
25
50
11
23766 50 2 1
2200 0
1
560000 R1 + R3 0 2200 22200 4741200
1200 R2 + R1
111
11
0 1200 32200 12404200
0 1200 32200 12404200
| ) (