Apparatus used:

1.Vernier caliper (0.02mm)

2.Vernier depth gauge(0.02mm)
3.Micrometer (0.01mm)
4.Micrometer depth gauge(0.01mm)
5.Vernier height gauge(0.02mm)
6.Radius gauge (0.01mm)
Question 1
1.Assignable error(aka systematic error)- it is constant and has
a definite cause and affect accuracy in measurement.
Ex:1. Zero error in a measuring a instrument ( balance, vernier
caliper).
2. Measuring temperature with a wrongly calibrated resistance
thermometers.
2.Random error- caused by fluctuations
technique or in the instrument used.

in

measurement

Ex:1. Parallax error during scale reading.

2. Obtaining fluctuations in values from a mass balance of an
object taken several
times
Question 2
1.Pressure Error: occur when require pressure is not applied using
an instrument during measurement whereby either the pressure is
too high or too low which may lead to variation in values obtained.
Ex: For a DTI, the contact point must be perpendicular to the
surface of a shaft( in out of roundness expt) else there may be
inaccuracy in measurements.
2.Angular Error:
Ex: In machining shafts in lathe, if the shaft and lathe are
misaligned, the diameter may not be as expected after machining
process.
3.Error due to yielding:
Ex: when clamping a bar at both ends. The force exerted by the
apparatus can cause yielding in the bar, thus disrupting any
measured value to be taken.

Question 3
Errors associated with height gauge are:

Scribing and measuring stability being affected by burrs

present at the base. If so, it must be removed using an
oilstone.

Accumulated dust on the leaf spring of the slider and

reference face of the main scale causes poor sliding motion.

Sliders ability to move during scribing. The slider clamp must

therefore always be tightened.

When clamping the slider, the scriber edge might move up by

up to 0.01mm.

Affected parallelism between the scriber mounting bracket,

scriber measuring face, and reference surface of the base is
0.01 mm or less. the scriber must not be moved forward or
backwards during measurement because movement can
cause errors.

Parallax error resulting from poor positioning of line of sight.

Dust on the surface plate can affect the measurement.

Question 4
The legal Metrology Services is responsible for:
1. Calibration & Maintenance of measurement standards which
are traceable to international standards. ( Traceabilityunbroken chain of comparisons relating to an instrument's
measurements to a known std)

2. Control of weighing and measuring equipment used in trade to

ensure that the instruments are accurate & used correctly and
they meet the requirements of the Legal Metrology Act
3. Control of goods to ensure that they are properly labeled and
contain the quantity declared on the packages as per the
Legal Metrology Act.
Services:

Sizing of instruments
On Request Calibration
Supervision of use of weighing and measuring instruments
Control on goods (Prepacked Commodities)
Certificate of Suitability
Investigation of complaint
Information and advice

Question 5
Vernier calibration

Clean and remove dirt from jaws of vernier caliper

Make sure the system move back and forth without hindrance,
if not clear hindrance.

Next comes the zero reading check. Bring the jaws in

contact with each other and check the reading on the dial. It
should be zero. If this is not the case then set it manually to
zero.

Insert a 0.500 inch standard gauge block between the jaws

used to measure outer diameters. Both the jaws should be in
contact with the block but do not press the jaws too tightly on
the surface. Record the reading accurate to 3 dp. Take at least
three readings to eliminate any inconsistency while
measuring.

Step 4 should be repeated with a 1 inch gauge block and

afterwards with a 4 inch block. Note the readings.

Question 6
End measurement: slip gauges also known as end bars.. they are
gauge block with a high degree of flatness and parallelism . they are
used in combination by wringing the blocks together. Usually made
of hardened allow steel having a tolerance of 0.0002 mm, they are
manufactured in different thickness to enable building up of any
dimension within any range.

Line measurement: Metre rule is the measuring device whose

range is equal to the distance at 0 degrees Celsius between axes of
two meridian lines engraved on the platinium iridium bar deposited
at the International Bureau of Weights And Measurements. Its level
of accuracy is to 0.1 cm.

Question 7
756 mm in tantamount to 75.6 cm. a metre rule would by the
measuring device of choice since the value to be measured fall
within its range of values. Thus avoiding iterations and therefore a
reduction in errors. Moreover the level of accuracy needed is fully
provided by the ruler. 756 mm represent 75.6 cm which can be
easily measured from a meter rule

Question 8
1. Voluntary standards- are safety standards developed through
collaboration and research of best safety practices.
Consumer Product Safety Commission staff promotes safety by
monitoring or providing technical support for voluntary standards
activities for a wide range of consumer products. Voluntary
standards committees are open to the public for participation and
membership for a nominal membership fee. An example of that is, if
one is designing a non-toy children's product that contains a cord,

there are a few different standards, including the toy safety

standard, that exist and that may provide helpful guidance for the
manufacturer in determining the safe length of cord or string to be
used n the other hand,

2. mandatory standards- are law, and there are penalties and

consequences for selling products that do not comply. The
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) enforces
mandatory product safety and information standards, and bans on
unsafe goods declared under the Competition and Consumer Act
2010 (CCA). There are two types of mandatory product standards:
Safety standards - goods must comply with particular performance,
composition, contents, methods of manufacture or processing,
design, construction, finish or packaging rules.
Information standards - prescribed information must be given to
consumers when they purchase specified goods.
Examples of mandatory standards are: labelling for cosmetics,
tobacco products and care labelling for clothing and textile products

Question 9
National standards: (primary std) - Used for ref/calibration +
used in labs, product development centers.

Secondary standards: Close copies of primary stds + available to

public + used in industries, quality control.
+These are close copies of primary standards w.r.t design, material
& length. Any error existing in these standards is recorded by
comparison with primary standards after long intervals. They are
kept at a number of places under great supervision and serve as
reference for tertiary standards. This also acts as safeguard against
the loss or destruction of primary standards.
Working standards:(tertiary std) - Not crucial specifications +
used in training centers (schools) +e.g. rulers
+These standards are similar in design to primary, secondary &
tertiary standards. But being less in cost and are made of low grade
materials, they are used for general applications in metrology
laboratories.
Question 10

Traceability is a term used to describe the unbroken chain of

comparisons that qualify measurement equipment to national or
international standards. A quantity is measured with measurement
equipment. Measurement equipment is calibrated with standards. A
standard can be calibrated with a primary standard or it may be
calibrated with another standard, known as a transfer standard.
Transfer standards are calibrated by NIST or other internationally
recognized standards organizations. Traceability certificates should
state which standards have been used to calibrate the instruments.
Primary standards are standards of the highest accuracy available.
The following diagram illustrates the hierarchy of the traceability
chain:

Basic Elements of a Calibration Program are:

Testing and calibration procedures are documented.
Tests to check calibration are performed on a scheduled basis. The
schedule should be readily accessible.
Adjustments to the equipment are made based on test results.
Confirmation labeling shall indicate when the equipment is next due
for calibration.
Measurement equipment that is deemed not to require calibration
shall be identified as such.

The tests performed will verify that the measuring equipment used
can provide the necessary accuracy and repeatability.
A system to provide evidence of traceability to national or
international standards is used. Certificates of traceability should be
available for each standard.
Calibration records are maintained.

ADDITIONAL NOTES
1.Accuracy-degree to which a measurement conforms to the true
value or standard
2.Precision- closeness of several measurements to each other.

Primary length std (aka international stds) - Used for

ref/calibration + used in labs, product development centers.
Secondary stds- Close copies of primary stds + available to public
+ used in industries, quality control.
Tertiary stds- Not crucial specifications + used in training centers
(schools) +e.g. rulers
2 Types of primary length std:
1. Line std- Distance between 2 engraved lines from a scale (e.g.
metre ,yard)
2. End std-distance between end faces of the std (e.g. slip gauge
aka gauge blocks , end bars)