Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Prepared under
QIP-CD Cell Project
Volumetric Efficiency
The inside surface of most intake
manifolds are usually made smooth to
maximize the volumetric efficiency.
Two-stroke Engines
Turbulence
is
detrimental
in
the
scavenging process of two-stroke cycle
engines. This is because, the incoming air
mixes more with the exhaust gases, and a
greater exhaust residual will remain within
the cylinder.
Swirl
The rotational motion of the fluid mass within
the cylinder is called swirl. Swirl greatly
enhances the mixing of air and fuel to give a
homogeneous mixture within a short time. It is
also a main mechanism for very rapid spreading
of flame front during the combustion process.
Swirl motion
Helical port
Tangential injection
Contoured valve
7
Swirl Theory
Swirl can be simply modelled as solid body
rotation, i.e., cylinder of gas rotates at an angular
velocity, .
Swirl Ratio: It is a dimensionless parameter to
quantify the rotational motion within the cylinder,
and is defined in two different ways in technical
literature:
angular speed
=
( SR )1 =
engine speed
N
( SR )2
(1)
(2)
9
Swirl Ratio
angular speed
=
( SR )1 =
engine speed
N
( SR )2
(1)
(2)
The
figure shows
how
swirl
ratio
changes through a
cycle of the engine.
During intake, it is
high, decreasing after
BDC
in
the
compression
stroke
due to viscous drag
with the cylinder walls.
Paddle-wheel Model
The volume within the cylinder is idealized to
contain an imaginary paddle wheel that has no
mass. As the wheel runs, gas between the blade
turn with it with the result that all the gas rotate at
one angular velocity.
The mass moment of inertia (I) of cylinder gas is:
2
1 2 1 B
mB 2
I = mr = m =
2
2 2
8
where , m = mass of the gas,
and B = bore = diameter of rotating mass
= I
12
Swirl
Many engines have a wedge shape cylinder head
cavity or a bowl in the piston where the gas ends
up at TDC.
Squish
Squish is the radial flow occurring at the end of the
compression stroke in which the compressed
gases flow into the cavity in the piston or cylinder
head.
14
Tumble
As the piston reaches TDC the squish motion
generates a secondary flow called tumble, where
rotation occurs about a circumferential axis near
the outer edge of the cavity or piston bowl.
15
Tumble
16
Crevice Flow
Within the engine combustion chamber, there are
tiny crevices which get filled with air, fuel and
exhaust gas during the cycle. These crevices
include:
clearance between the piston and the
cylinder walls (80 % of total)
imperfect fit in the threads of spark plug
or fuel injector (5 %)
gaps in the gasket between head and
block (10-15 %)
un-rounded corners at the edges of
combustion chamber and edges of valve
faces.
17
Crevice Flow
Although this crevice volume is of the order
of 1-3 % of the total clearance volume, the flow
into and out of it greatly affects the engine
performance.
In an SI engine, air-fuel mixture is forced into
these crevices, and some of the fuel ends up in
engine exhaust thereby lowering thermal
efficiency.
As fuel is added towards the end of the
compression stroke in a CI engine, less fuel gets
into the crevice volume.
18
Piston Rings
Most pistons have two or more compression
rings and atleast one oil ring. Compression rings
seal the clearance gap between the piston and
the cylinder walls. The oil ring scrape off most of
the lubricating oil splashed on the cylinder wall,
and return the oil to the crankcase.
19
Piston Rings
Various designs of piston rings to minimize
the leakage flow through the gap where the
two ends meet.
20
Summary
Efficient operation of an engine depends
upon high turbulence in the air-fuel mixture,
and the generated flows of swirl, squish and
tumble. Swirl is the rotational motion generated
in the cylinder during intake and compression,
squish is the radial inward motion that occurs as
the piston moves toward TDC, and tumble is
created by squish motion and the shape of the
clearance volume. All these motions enhance
proper operation of the engine.
21
Summary
Crevice flow is another flow motion that
occurs during engine operation. Although
crevice volume is only a small percent of the
total combustion chamber volume, the flow
into and out of it affects combustion and
engine emissions. Some of the gas flow in the
crevice between the piston and cylinder
walls gets past the piston into the crankcase,
where it raises the crankcase pressure and
contaminates the lubricating oil.
22
References
Crouse WH, and Anglin DL,
DL (1985), Automotive Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
2. Eastop TD, and McConkey A, (1993), Applied Thermodynamics for Engg.
Technologists, Addison Wisley.
3. Fergusan CR, and Kirkpatrick AT, (2001), Internal Combustion Engines, John
Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
1.
Wisley.
Web Resources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
http://www.mne.psu.edu/simpson/courses
http://me.queensu.ca/courses
http://www.eng.fsu.edu
http://www.personal.utulsa.edu
http://www.glenroseffa.org/
http://www.howstuffworks.com
http://www.me.psu.edu
http://www.uic.edu/classes/me/ me429/lecture-air-cyc-web%5B1%5D.ppt
http://www.osti.gov/fcvt/HETE2004/Stable.pdf
http://www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid457.php
http://www.tpub.com/content/engine/14081/css
http://webpages.csus.edu
http://www.nebo.edu/misc/learning_resources/ ppt/6-12
http://netlogo.modelingcomplexity.org/Small_engines.ppt
http://www.ku.edu/~kunrotc/academics/180/Lesson%2008%20Diesel.ppt
http://navsci.berkeley.edu/NS10/PPT/
http://www.career-center.org/ secondary/powerpoint/sge-parts.ppt
http://mcdetflw.tecom.usmc.mil
http://ferl.becta.org.uk/display.cfm
http://www.eng.fsu.edu/ME_senior_design/2002/folder14/ccd/Combustion
http://www.me.udel.edu
http://online.physics.uiuc.edu/courses/phys140
http://widget.ecn.purdue.edu/~yanchen/ME200/ME200-8.ppt 24