A.

Definition Computers
Computer comes from the Greek language which literally means
Computare. Berdasarkan calculate this, the computer language is a tool
that perform arithmetic calculation process. While literally a computer is
an electronic device that has the ability to conduct a data processing
information in the form of text, images, or sounds to produce the desired
output. A computer wakes from analog and digital systems are
programmed and divided into units with computer functions
tertentu.secara outline consists of 3 parts: hardware (hardware), software
(software), and the user computer (brain ware).

B. History of Computers
Computer history and its development from the beginning until
now. According to some sources the inventor of the first computer was a
man named Charles Babbage. He is one of the most influential on the
development of computers. Starting from its discovery in the form of a
calculating machine which is the forerunner of the presence of the
computer until it is today.
1.First Generation ( 1944-1959)
In the visible image ENIAC computer,
which is the world's first electronic computer
which has a heavy weight of 30 tons, a length of
30 M and 2.4 M and require high electrical power
174 kilowatts.
Vacuum tube as a signal amplifier, is a hallmark
of the first generation computers . At first, the
vacuum tube (vacuum - tube ) is used as a
component of a signal amplifier. electronic
computer in the world that the ENIAC was
finished first. On the computer contained 18,800
vacuum tubes and weighs 30 tons. So large in
size, to the point that requires a separate classroom.
2. Second Generation ( 1960-1964)
Transistors are the hallmark of the second
generation computers. The raw material
consists of three layers, namely: "basic",
"collector" and "emmiter". Transistor is an
abbreviation of the transfer resistor, which
means to affect the durability between two of
the three layers, the power (resistor) that exist
in the next layer can also be affected. Thus, the
function of the transistor is a signal amplifier.
In 1960, IBM introduced a commercial
computer that utilizes transistor and
widespread use began to circulate in the
market. IBM - 7090 computer made in

America . Other second -generation computers were : IBM Serie 1400,

NCR Serie 304, MARK IV and Honeywell Model 800 .

3. Third Generation ( 1964-1975)

Integrated circuit or IC - Chip is a hallmark
of third generation computers. Which is then
translated into the concept of 0 and 1 in the
binary number system which is needed by
the computer. In every field there are 924
memory magnetic rings, each of which
represents one bit of information. Millions of
bits of information currently in the first single
chip with a very kecil.Komputer used for
automation was first introduced in 1968 by
the PDC 808, which has a 4 KB (kilo - byte)
memory and 8 bits for memory cores.

4. Fourth Generation (1975 - Present)

In 1971, Intel Corp and then develop the first microprocessor serie
4004. Examples of this generation was the Apple I Computer, developed
by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs by entering a
microprocessor on a computer circuit board.
Microprocessor is a typical chiri fourth generation
computer which is compaction thousands of
ICs into a Chip. Because the shape of the
smaller and increasing capabilities and price
offered is also getting cheaper. Microprocessor is
the
beginning of the birth of the personal computer.
5. Fifth Generation ( Now - Future )

In this generation is characterized by

emergence : LSI ( Large Scale Integration )
which is the solidification of thousands
microprocessor into a microprocesor. In
addition, it is also marked by the emergence
of the microprocessor and semi conductors.
Companies that make the micro-processor
include: Intel Corporation, Motorola, Zilog
and others. In the market we can see the
existence of a microprocessor from Intel
with models 4004, 8088, 80286, 80386,
80486, and Pentium . Pentium-4 is the
latest production of Intel Corporation are
expected to cover all the weaknesses that
exist in previous products, in addition, the ability and speed of the
Pentium-4 also increased to 2 GHz.

the

C. Computer Parts
1. Hardware
Hardware in the Indonesian language is also called hardware is
one component of a computer that is the nature of his instrument can be
seen and touched by humans directly or in the form of real , which serves
to support the process of computerization.
The main part of the computer is the CPU , which serves as the
brain of the computer. To be able to work, the CPU requires input device
for entering information or commands. The result will be output through
the output devices. Information or data can also be taken and stored from
and to the storage media.
Physically, the computer consists of several components that constitute a
system. Systems are components that work together to form a unity. If
one component fails, will lead to malfunction of a computer properly.
Computer components are included in the category of elements
(hardware). Based on the function, the computer hardware is divided into
three:
a. Input Devices
This unit serves as a medium for inputting data from the outside in
a memory and a processor for processing in order to produce the
necessary information. Data is entered into the computer system can form
the input signal and maintenance input. Shaped input signal data entered
into the computer system. While the shape of the input maintenance
program that is used to process the data entered. Thus, the input device is
not only used to enter data can also be used to enter the program.
b. Process Devices
Data processing device used to process the data. Data processor
includes a central processing unit (CPU /Central Processing Unit) and also
a microprocessor. CPU (Central Processing Unit ) is a tool that serves as a

data processor. CPU contains a series circuit that stores instructions and
data storage processing. Some of these circuits are the Motherboard,
Processor, Memory (RAM), Graphic Card ( VGA Card ), Sound Card (Sound
Card), Hard Drive, Floppy Disk Drive, DVD Room, Power Supply, CMOS
Battery, Fan, Heatsink, etc.
c. Output Devices
Printer
The printer is a printer with paper media tool , the results contained in
softcopy form that the computer is can be viewed without the need to use
the computer then printed on paper with the printer. Components : Drum,
Toner, Corona wire, Fuser, Laser scanners, Roller.

Monitor
Function : To display images, movies, and writing. Components : Backlight,
Liquid Crystals.

2. Software
Software is a program code that is systematically arranged in such
a way to achieve a goal. On any computer system, there must be software
because no interaction between brain ware software (no explanation
below) with the hardware does not allow that we can see but can not be
touched. Software or computer software based distribution can be divided
into several types, namely paid software, free software or free (Freeware,
Free Software). Paid software is software that is distributed for commercial
purposes, any users who wish to use or obtain the software by way of
purchase or pay at the who distribute them. Users who use paid software
are generally not permitted to distribute the software freely without
permission no publisher. This paid software such example is the system of
Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Adobe Photoshop, and others.
Freeware or free software is copyrighted computer software which
is free to use without restriction of time, different from shareware, which
requires users to pay (for example, after a certain period of time trials or
to obtain additional functions). The free software developers often create
a free tool freeware "to be donated to the community", but also still want
to retain their rights as a developer and have control over future
development. Freeware is also defined as any program that is distributed
free of charge, without any additional cost. A prime example is a suite of
browser and mail client and Mozilla News, also distributed under the GPL
(Free Software). Free Software is more directed to freely use, but not

necessarily free. In fact, his name is because it is free to try open source
software (Open Source) and therein lies the essence of freedom : the
programs under GPL , once obtained can be used, copied, modified and
redistributed freely. So free software does not lead to free purchase but
the use and distribution. Once out of the license we can find a variety of
ways to distribute the software, including freeware, shareware or Adware.
This classification affects the way in which the program is marketed, and
independent of software licenses to which they belong.
3. Brainware
Brainware is any person engaged in the activities of the use of
computer or data processing system. Brainware also can be interpreted as
an intellectual device operate and explore the capabilities of computer
hardware and computer software. Without this brain ware impossible
hardware and sophisticated software that can be utilized. Based on the
level of utilization, computer brain ware is divided into two levels :
1. Administrator
Administrator is the person in charge of managing an operating
system and programs running on a computer system or computer
network.
2. Operators
Operators are regular users who only use an existing computer
system or call him simply using apilkasi-specific applications. Depth at the
top of the brain ware/general user of a computer system. Actually in the IT
field is still a lot of brain-ware other computer-like brain ware Technician,
Graphic Designer, Network Specialist, etc.

D. The Types of Computers

Computers distinguished by the types and variations. Where each

has its advantages and disadvantages. Types of computers that exist at
this time are:
1. Computer Servers
A computer with specs and special functions. This type of
computer has a good working performance and strong, because it is a
central computer from a network or the Internet with the number of users
that much, this kind of computer is able to work 24 hours continuously.
Other than that the computer is able to serve the needs of different users
at the same time, for example, send data, read data, receive data, write
data, and others. There are several terms of computer servers :
Mail Server is a server computer that hold the entire address and
data from emails.
The web server is a computer server that is used to store all the
data a website that will be accessed by all users via the Internet.
The file server is a computer server that serves save all user files.

The proxy server is a server computer that serves to control the

data traffic.
2. Personal Computer
Type personal computer are:
a. Computer Desktop
Desktop derived from the Top Desk and where the desk has a
meaning table, while the top means over. A desktop computer is a
computer that is usually located at the top of the table. This type of
computer is relatively large and has a component input, processing and
expenses terpiah and connected via cable or wireless media (wireless).
Position Monitor, CPU, keyboard, mouse, speakers and others are not in a
single unit. This computer also called a working computer. The desktop
computer has a variety of specifications and functions. specification
desktop computers are not always determine its function, but it all
depends on the users who use it.
b . Portable Computers (Notebook)
Portable computers known as notebook/laptop has the same
function as the personal computer in general, the only difference being
the shape and size of the device. Size smaller portable computers and
practical so Flexybel and easy to carry. Portable computers have some
kind of variation by size, including :
1. Standard Notebook/Laptop
Standard notebook/laptop is a computer the size of a notebook
alone, which is now widely used student, students, professors,
entrepreneurs, researchers, and so on. Notebook has a size which is
almost identical to the paper quarto, that is 8 x 11 inches, the thickness
ranges from 1 to 1 inches and weighs between 4 to 6 kg.
2. Subnotebook
Subnotebook is a computer whose size is between notebook and
laptop computers. Computer size is slightly smaller than a notebook
because there are some devices that are not installed, usually disk
Netbook. This computer is often called a handheld computer. This
computer does not require electricity , but the usual small batteries (size
AA). The downside of this is the computer screen is too small and the
keyboard is slightly smaller than the standard size, making it difficult for
the user.