FINE, Ben (2001): “The Social Capital of the World Bank”, FINE, B.s LAPAVITSAS, C.; PINCUS, J [Fs|: Development Policy in the Twenty-first Century. Beyond the Post-Washington Consensus. Routledge, London, pp. 136-154.The social capital of the World Bank’ Bon Fine Ieeoduetion ‘The noo of social apt ha hoe prominence, with rie ive yeas ftom nowhere toa vlley of survey arises and spc jot sue, Books edited to case sis have been publite, general volumes ae in pest, td Joureals hve povided for numberof sited elton Ls, bu se least late 1998 marked the opening os deticed website to the copie by the Wosld Bank, hepfwordlankar/poweycapia ee surely moo ‘ene thatthe rie of soil capital and ofthe pent Washing conta should wo neatly coincide. For » number of reasons, soit copia the “ream concep othe new Zomsenc. Fis i cepts ll the fess ‘che infrmacion-theoreicecnomis = it can be senate no mare ‘esponse co mae imperfections, Sod, allows the foal rule of he ew economic 0 be expres i on-ecoaemic terms, Ths soil ep an be undrtod a esewions or acne tha ae racoied to actet_ lr developmen, Tht by dhe same take, esac can fe peo ner liscipinty endenvour, and vice very fr ‘captain Full of ‘his ean be een fivouably from the pepectie of an-ernomsts that "hey ails’ the econaits and bring taken seculy by them Last social capitals sch achaoe and llembrcing mation, tat it con mea ‘whatere you wan iC, sherby eating exereny sali dicta tht power to the bande af hoe who otf Wooler (1998 fe enue, [its to Seven oe more deren areata application — economic develop tment pnfuncona families, pesormance fe schooling, commune Ie (Grr expan, democracy sed goverceaod ellen in, Not surpsingl, thems expt had snub oie 1 own both before (and indsperene of how) i was een up by the Weld Bank “These desved fm diferen adorn. On the oe hen nthe woth of Bourdieu who might be uncomfotably lated wihin the Matt tad (on, socal apa 8 braely undersond athe cultural or now economic ‘Couneerpre toa expletive aoion ef economic eit athe the processes of satiftation by which lames demarcate these te ‘epridace and cola advantage ~ a i the practices by which big hesitate World Bank 137 culrre and education ue formed and become the prnerieof« dominant ‘ht Crscialy sei capil for Bourdieu is bighly cone ad reduc ound up withthe ru of other comic abd sca enctcs. On the ‘thes hand, miateam economist Gary Becker (1.996) bas generalised his Iahly poplar! oocon of human capil hae of eros capa (0 include all idividal experience and nt ony hat roe sil), and ‘enon eapil has been exended co soil apo icaqporte the nh ‘ce ofall penonl cial ineracione Chicago socio James Coleman, ‘who wa rational che counterpart us well at caleage to Becket sande he other exurne to Boucdien Calman’ definition of sacl cpa it femal froma any socal aengemeats chat alow individuals nore Feil achieve chee gals. His otal focus was upon scans tain- ‘ment ani the (negtive) impact upon this oy more or le, yfunctona amuse the beter ene soil capa in tem of family background, te beter one doe a school. Sach at approach ba napted a wealth of emit: ical sues o ge date seein which perfomance (at shel or ohare) ‘actapuine ane af the chucteraties (hosed or oherwae).* ‘Whatever thee relative meri, the appacies of Beche/Colemae sod Bove ae icomyarible with oe snoter® Boards deploy he concep aly bch n cme of fe content and nie impiaine,Noe urpi tral he, be ha neeasngly dropped ur ofthe Perr, a socal capita ha tended robe urd ar an all-embracing wmbela unset which o gather anyching dae mighe be developmental oer than physical nd personal resources, In. cot, Coleman har been a source of impition ft [rooting socal capt. rom such ule Begining, socal capt bs wsdl nor aat Because it at been esvly cule by the Woekd ‘Bank, deeming ‘eny urslecively upon the gene bank of seabiy mad fed saci ear Many have welcomed che emergence of social capital as a progresine seknowialgemone of the importance of rating the eonemic 0 the soil fn fore rection of the ose ure econamiam tached the debe ‘Washington consensus (even if Ie oes pale vera ofthe MeNaezra, stance toward the fle ofthe tte i development), Whatever the validity (oF thee sentiment in practice, ey can sare chim co command he Feel! high ground — justying analysis on che bass of es inlunce ‘ther tan ie ea. Ip aio, the concept of sil capital cars Consdenble downside ofits own, especially when artied 0 the post ‘Washington consensus. Ie fils to ates properly ether capital of the soci icons rset aie so of pomer and conic, compare apa or economic and social components and places emphasis 00 ‘cil socey atthe expen fate abd poli. Tn sore, cl capil he sea complement to che conmnic analysis of the post Washington consensus ein dhe noerematket counterpart mathe impertioce, whether delibertly Jsignel ae sich or noe. The conomic a he pst Washington onsets and the cheoy of il epi158 Fine takes togeter have a gegancan spe with che potent c sallow up Aevlopmene rue, and to marginale sleratives genuinely ied 20 ‘lass tals an piel eeoomy Tn the second ston, we speci economic aplatos of saci capital sue considered: overall economic groweh and sivas povery. This i cause both counerie and nda ate Some todo well snd (0 ‘hei levels of sca apt. The next ection ut ite et me by oleing fm overew of the World Banks cil cpl webserver how ca Cpt s being deployed as a9 explanstorypanser Yor bother ac Ply The coelading reas reveal ow such deeply problematic theory Supers the evelving. post-Washington consensus apd the World Banks ptative oles both at Knowledge bank aod more sacoendly purveyor of Sid and poli svc. Growth and poverty According tothe World Bank's own Sefiniion* “The tetitiooal compton of natal capi, pyc o pode ‘pea and human capa esse Beene ce sci cpl Sil apa ferro he inertial and clr cobetence of sce, ‘he norm and values that gover interactions mang people andthe ‘hone which they ae embed Schl cape the gett ba ‘ocieis ogethee ad withouc which there can be a economic ero thoman welling. Withow soil opacity a lre wil collapse, tnd nays world prsentome very saemmplesof thi “Tha, cil epi ills ov evrshing a ec ley cence of in tex of stacad economic soli? Conan oe Grote (0997) Fete mining lnk explaining economic development, Te represents 2 ‘cksowledgenent of whet is mating fom peocdanical eanomic che foci ha Ben aken out by methodological iodividalum and can 0 be pe back in again, Forth om an empl pie of view ay spect of economic pearance that i tot explained by etna means ean be “eatod tobe due rosotl api ‘Consider economic giowch, for example Taina, maneecam ‘scones ttle yp the eimation of wha termed tu Protvcy to measure the contributions «0 economic growth Invokes + methal of elelaing the increase i carp dae fo incense i Inpmin, mach scoping abou Inet sips y 2 pe ene 2 ‘ouput by 3 perce, then there ie whet istered san 3 per cent ‘oncibcon 9 yom eat remains unespnied Te bas been pot down 0 technical progres for example, ad 8 such 8 dubbed che change in wal Feac(or inp) produce “Teo cuca ptt aed to be ma abou cis emit approach co ‘Tha ictal of th Word Bank 139 {row it, it hang been known oe fandamenaly awed a resale tf what is known a he Cambridge egue of eal eeay Essel che Indes mearoremens ae only legitimate i « wed a stone good fo oth consumpion and peodeton, which ean hurl be considered at sie. Without thi assumption, measured changes ia prelctvcy may ‘fle change in pie ov income datbaton mer tan penne hanger {n pndaciviy® Second, que spre fom the reli ofthe rameions ot sth es bad ad these ince pect competition and ful employ {rent ofall ranure, as well ar the requirement of «single goed, the ‘idl ool aro produ ix appropiate bed ‘onexpline? Te {the exten of or gore im undetending tbe contributions to growth In order to ilo an explain, atempss were ital mde eo tcl previouly ome spc inthe culations especialy tos tha neresed Alepeopoctionay. ‘Tvs, the incision of human apa ~ tht labour {epute were Becoming more skilled ~ aed othe empl explanation of, ‘ore ney ede the xen of the unexplained Uns ehe la decade oo, dite ts defences, messuemen of total factor preducviy td revved the rin mace by ich econo ve {Scene rowth wheter of individ economies ot secs of the cone) Now, honeer thas rman given way to wht Is Koowe a oogenous ‘crew growth theory” farther problem with te ol, exogenous growth ‘heory martha mpi tat per cain groweh mer woul conrerge ‘rot coueries given elt eHow of apa ad ecology. AS Spars tobe efte bythe emia evidence, with the persistence of he Uthdeveloped woe, choies have Been soughe to expan Why growth ees ie, xpsily through. diflrences in rater of prodaciety increase Simplifying enemas an anewer bas been found i ees of prod: thy incre in whch market imperections ae ttshted sto diflerences tn proweh raver and pot jst it iflerences inthe level of ouput sound ch growth res converge The lerate here! aod epi, as Isl waned eaplonive goth with a cousad or mae academic cot ‘anions since the mid 19805 Te has doe o because ee ia wie range of take impesesons upon which the they cane bated = arn teh tology, saving, eduction, finance, economies of ale, exerts, inergeneratonl tases, level of inequality ee a even non-economic ‘ribs such pital eine “Tally, empire work ar been based upon what ae termed Base ‘ype represions im which country or otercessctinalBrOwth ts ae ‘ttmted on inal lees utp, crease a fcr opt a before vd fy mumber of vais hae might teflee maker imperfections. Such tots ace Beeville by ange of theoreceal and emp! problems. The ‘Bar-ype essed oe relly eet the ery. Thi scar, 000 ‘sven one vatbl solu nan endogenas growth model, he Symes an becrne,hoxtendosly complicated, wich multiple equa end ‘onmpes psf adjustment too around them. Any partial eration140 Bow Fie Gf growth migherefece movement tomar, amay of ard one 0 moe "a paths. The Bao-type egress canoe disentangle such effet 1a scscom, many athe vrble thrown no the eres wl hensles be ‘eld toone noter pd shouldbe theo uch Thi bomeve pe tile becuse the nodes become echcaly to complies Tat nhl ‘omer asl ictorsand elton grow outcomesandprowth dynamics, ems, hae been leitiatly reduced to maple eereins to tex ‘amvergece by simply adding independent vaiabesearuie. "What is the elevance ofall of this fo the come appeouch 2 sei capil? The anmer i stighforard, Tere it le oer between the few growth theory andthe economic speach to sce xp Both ce [Sted on marke imperfections and incorporate romeconomc vals. The Aierence i hae gro theory ten tobe mare rly rote within the Aline of economic, whale socal apa! theory wander otide mat reno follows th the veknene fn he erp mets arched the new growth cry ery overs snl apie, Toec tht camo hae ‘plane diferences i growth aes in tts diferencia etal ‘ruse be treated wath coniceretlesepicm. Their here mpi {eal etd will neva have fled to ke scoun ofthe completed Aynamicr and einaton pecbems socinted with sch an exrcie* "Nowe theese economic pach socal apa ie confine che sed fits imgct on grow This ice alts both conned Individual ptformance, a suggested by Narayan and Prtchee 1997). Thee ‘aly ofncome diferences i Tnssian ila ibe upon «Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) of 6,000 peopl in eighyseven villages. Dts att called on sociacons~ membership fs barley, or example = ‘lear ates suc es compason akc, rec sad tolereee, The te the element of social cept aod te perceived ob «pte soa of bigs income for ipaiidunts who posses it bt, even more importa fo Inhabitines of village thet pnw feapetn ft iri ines swith the village. If the ilage has wel supported burl secey, everyone ‘enfite-even hae who do no beeng 'DPAs ar he Weld Banks way of undertaking surveys so thatthe poor can supply fine for thenalen what ee the kay cos i eng Sho are he poor and what eae at povery. Thi ito be welcomed Principle: However, thre sone glaring comadction inthe relationship EXteece recrcer andthe poo inthis repect. Te impor fr the eacher no 0 being analytic preconceptions to de sample survey, snd Also ot iteration I sspet tht rae ofthe poe 8 Taso ese ‘whet, has ever denied the condition ro be #cosequece of idea Secial pial. Popular paticpetion inthis ese mist cone cs pep estions nthe event, che sy suite mented nits conclsions, Br suggests she ihre ae five mechani by which social capital can increase income ‘cao connections inducing nore ecient government ehh bee ‘basil copilot Wild Bank 14 ‘monitoring: co-operation for local problem solving diffision of inoraions, les impede infrmation and lower tineton and informal se nce: ttc hat these may nly fl the ee of ince and oe irowth cae Grating the eatnce of ny fore ode lang sce {Spal eo income). However, the sd nly Fcses on scl eaial ha Embodid inviduas Tesving aside aiiton co national asecaions, ‘ore general nitions apaciy apd cull seaer I en, ome (are saben fo coablish car te elatnsip betwean soc cpl und Income dor ot rn in he oppose diecan, which would occu f ae ‘tho ae cher cons to consume more sil captor exciton goo) ‘This i dove by choosing a0 iastraeatl vaca test forthe effec of social pital on income which quire arable 0 be chon thei core [ied soso apa bu ne to snome. The choice made evel of tt eral code elage ‘Dp te cutios, the hein forthe sy, which can ble publicy for scl epi deomace Tn the pretace, Staelin (197, claims “This sadly provides quantifiable evidence that ilge-kvel soci ‘ipa "member in groupe with area chance = ig ‘cy as haueteld weve. Tn one ellng sti the sd ds {ht doe std aces i villgedeel socal epi increases house hold income per peson by 20 t 30 percent. BY comparison, a one Stand deviation i cooling ~ ely ce ational Jes of educ fon perpen = nase ices y aol 48 percent, “Thee ae, however suber of problems with thee conlsions which ae ble ob charcoal eer suc ierpstive of the india toes, que of dea, et Fust the results are die from cossction tnalyis alone, by comparing ville a ne poe in ime athe thy ex ning the experience of lage owe Sime, Toundesand wy tis ight be em, consider the follwing hyporheialexcumstancs. Suppose that {te dation of income crt Tarai vlage given at & ci ‘ion, But thatthe alloion of wine and lst terms of higher and Tomer income docs ied depend upon 2 corespanding distibrion of socal cpl acu the villages ‘The satital rere reported above wl flow. Cam pis 2 villge Hae tne it sca epi wil sl ‘ncreme i incor, However by ssampion, asthe distbaton of tcome 1 given, this can only be atthe expense of some other village. In exer ‘words, vilges wil be keying for avenge by laying cot mote and mere Fesurces en soca capital without any net gin by astumpion oft Sum. Millage high in sca copia may only proper atthe expense of hon ‘Second, she point in the ls pangeaph i esentlly about che eed fr x systemic analyse of the ele of Soil capa In 2 wa, for eimaton142 Bo ine purposes, his is ecogaised by che use of ee instrumental variable andthe Presumption thet ie is iodepedeot of income. Bat his vals? The Problem i thar nesty all the aries re rated o one anaber eth in Simple o in complee way. This cn only be dienangle by » more inclusive analyse, oth in tems of cploting the relaronhip between he erublog cine a pst, well inorprting the vtables Hit ae ene above village eve. "hie, socal capa specular ashe aod iis inapproprae einer porte iim a andaed may into sical analysis At very low levee of ‘cil capital ~ when the fist two anvils pe together form heft sssaciacion ~ there can only be negligtble pace. At very high level of {cial capitate same problem preva One more lab or member will ‘Shorting dent; seo tsb to arp ch interme of the ‘pumber of individual soci itercions, the level of sil espe 0 Simgce will ake the fem of ete Shape — limited to begin wich a ting apy before tailing of? Ic follows tac the relconshipe being ‘stimu are not line, shar apa devntios are ot likely 10 be onstae and that the dramatic impact expected of sci api unlikely matriliear the botorn ofthe deibution iced at poverty alle ion uit pare fom any systemic efecer diced i he previ age ru lowing om mee rl imasieety fom the previous pie, social copia i able o be subject hehe tect ~ bt in eeton Sod ines ime. The hight conducive o multiple elite, epeclly fvery tape Consequently the ratte may be meaning» coelion erwees frome and scl cepa rested by high and lw equilib. As rele ring soil captl by one stard devition all at awe the [roperonnte elect fr the pu of cui ie by ten wanda devincion Bringing macy of che previow poins together, it becomes necessary ‘xpi the ditbuton of high an low euiiba at well a the mecha ‘ane by bic wlager become alcatel to them. Sigefcly es fen ‘aimed dhe social caves marke by long esa pit ia building feup ur tha cam be destoyed telly sap 8 ties ts, 0 on sc noc place char and events esc, sch 8 pone ares ‘dieu, mighe hve generated ba the disesbuion of come at the scan ef social capi though asignment to diferee ei? “They would br coreaced bene nual aes Tn sore, projecting co th urban conten, such stds sem to be sophis- tiated way of ming tha ony gets cal capa he ete of ther ‘eighbouroads, they need no Lage be ghetto ined ha thee ee 0 Tiger be any ghecos ll More gener, he price fs bone ei tushood coud e higher if ony ll owe pies were bigher in thet seighboutool. Exploration of sich propston isnot without worth. Tey {alur shoe the ways which gets can ake place, Howes hy ‘hominid value une they se sac a we sting, no leas These pital of the Wild Bank 143 law the csng spre ma wok cons Fut, te weakness died shove can be addressed o » greater or laser extent on piece ss Thken tog, However, thy ae Tale to be sntaceble I is cela ‘hore important o ade the sacl ad itr spciiciis of the ce Sradessovolved whether, sj, of Tamia as whole oe of odividal ilges, tan i sto refine the imation echnigues in view of model Speceion, mulcoliestiy, ited variables, mull eli, ese ‘ection a epesenaive of ime series sd te like, Surfers beware the undercurrents Growth and povery at jue ro aplicacions of sca capi in prviing 3 ‘musing explanatory link and policy pamcea. More brody, the. Weld, ‘Binks social mete os primary been ongsiaed arid eo. theme One ste apr ares of soil capital ~ i, conan ‘Site pble in chy aed ge teeter Coney op "ine ad iene, economic, toe td migration, educaton, een: ‘ne fiance, belt, sugtion std popu, infermaion enon), ery and economic deveapmece. Un devlopene, wae supply a faa. Each of the topes ude wih «page of fo et ‘uly incloing one ee me ey readings sod propntion. That si tapi may have 2 downside also explicly fecopased ia moc of ‘how acount, So mca capital an be pod o bad depending on hw toed or enmple the posit of presure toward oe of eld abot 8 ‘eco consequence ol gilt in the sca on economics, te ad tigation, bur ie doc fo murane menon inthe ect onthe ay Getic dors, however, view fal bigest prea cbc 0 Freedom of con. More general, the Weld Bank's scialapial web pages sae the flowing chanctritis. Pt, hey tend vo be Simple ane eduction. Th the etry under conf begin by agaetng that cot the sergale oer sce resoutes sng ver copeting gals between t80 oF tne paces. The fay seen te building Dock i he geet om of soci capa for the ager soc, shy aero ‘lent and difnce for wbich inser erganistion a bedging po ie to beset agin the penile confit. The rca pont i ht cath of the ares covered der cach ofthese st wo thee hs on, onto aod ich inelcinltitions, These ste efivey atid dere import tail capil at an ening cone. Te parca “Teun tothe coer of oil cpio chewhere To World Bak er: tive bow eho hs become rdiced 1 range of eeoeypen, eter ‘lever rurally sing entre at rps engasing i cote Second, srl cape o Be ee in tems of rw Bond eft, ach sia pritve od eco side Ines goad but ican a be144 Bow Fie bd if iis improperly used oi exclsve Excinscally, can complement Me mates but cam ala oetruc it tally, sil cpa smo yout lave to ue the ones you know but tlt you know them! Thur iahicencepeneue Benefit ren tei clue eto of ert they brech norms for sound commercial exons, sch a doing Pasa ‘outside the cammaity, chy my be parishes Sock analyte! Fame: ‘wot of couse, bs the Beets of dl eee content ~ soil eae [everaly goo be can be bad ran complemen but might sabe for fhe masket 20 more ols any outame can be eplined, end ply vice is equaly ele the xen of bucking tbe nares ‘Third, while rarely embracing explicitly socially recor potions, {he ewo previous characteris ae highly conducive to omaaeced views ofthe abjecs of study The entry unde Social capital ean prevent cme ea ‘lence’ efscinly condones snrder by marly acktomiedging thet sce piel ba coca secsty system, [es fot uncommon twit = farang mae of chering people wha have spree «tie In sume EE they il bene ion or ber tefoeesurng the eulpie avert he thee Ta gene, the fly ad civil sce are perceived pine Iaflence_ but they cen be neacve where ctropeon and centelem tte cmvecrned, Brco mose imporant, chug, i whee & exideds The publi sector i abou go goversance hued on caltorion with, and ‘ection co, the private sector and cil scky, Oxherwie politic, teade unions, big busines organisation, might ust 8 wel nt exis. Fourth, ther i nothing in aaa epic terme eo rock Worl Bake thinking and peace expecially in ight ofthe pose Washington conse. “There even shine af riqueof ablation snd eran edjenen Macroeconomists ae tecogising dae while open eae an yield many economic beefs 1 attns, those bene are nee evenly Jitibted fmong the popace The dangers thee growth which benefits only 2 Stall minority of the ppulation iocteses inequality aed en end € teva Gininegrson hin tar lately at he sandr of loving in soir Trp worn one pneryacapiatopiceco2. en Taken together, however, i at 0 much the limited ad bined content “ofthe ents tat tiga he cope of intended covers THE ws bulk of soil theory nd policy is being ieorported under he umbrella ‘cial caja. This ascent is hel confirmed by cesidrtion ofthe ‘Saba of surat of aries tht ar attache to the wee Thea fev surnbered the bundecis and cover « bewikiing ty of epic [Ar cime of writing, ewo-thitl of the ales make mo ference soci ‘piel at all! Many pnt i emergence A ube of he betes, Sian forthe Word Bask crough the Univenty of Michie without ‘igi hon’ approval af he exe, conten par such a cel capi ‘has pital of he Weld Bank 145 is ord in thi atic por a selec ewe asta eo ise che ateetuan appetite ofthe soa copia daabase ia erm of ts sujet Inater One, fom the Aeaal Reo of Suly of flteen yeas ogo, Roy (Go, cme tha the works of EP Thompsta, Bcington Moore and {Charis Tilly “oes ample evidence of soil capital, although cis term ‘nn nti oe athe time Tsrpece ea ach weal disaie wih he fist these serons ad egret with the second! The second ebstat is fom ‘he Sede! Quorn, Borger (1995) Tet an acoun ofthe ie itrie ‘lw Polish ant Jonah bethess wh vrived he Holceise ad, prem hr dew pen sod developed thee soca capil by ding 0m shoe, ‘ens thse two dc le, scl capital ecampases cas ation ad Ihetrcalclunge as well at tcl agency and srocture inthe Very ‘esilied conten of Holos survivor esearcht “The website inate tat the notion of vocal capital i Being sed co cover anyhing that ft dtl econo. Ths leaves dein Aly sad soagccly ip + sate of chon, and, yet, sacl capi nen Complements the sence he pone Washington conenes, lowing ‘Smplcetly wo ocororat te sal andthe econome Such come ‘Gon are boot by eumiation os numberof tliessached C0 the ‘Word Banks webice One of thee be erin of Social Capital Tiinise ‘Working Paps. The fist two cover the ele socenal prope for Funding wer the sitive, World Bank (1998) These are exeemely ‘ivere and ad nea sveey ithe aml ed ply tes oe than to impove ei apt, often ucorforaly ar an ogeisingconepe Tred the propel st marked by dee of tnanimiy in eg unas tordefne scl cpi sacri and neding to operational Junin ‘he cour feet earch = “Asecond stale the Emil Discsion Group on Soil Capital. Like ny Inet dssion frum Fe coneine mach that of very Poo quay, tht ic dee ao ince me gems The vel impression ioe of confsion ‘nd ambiguity around what sci capa apd how i should be meatus, [As Waccoped by the meso Michael Weoleock, a thes posing While soci capil conforms impeicely co standard economic forms of Capital sch Peal xt nome serves at 44 etl meer for feciing dscns aces ditipinary. sectoral, 0d regional lines. The eo human capt Cocation and weaning) sles fom simla peablem, bu Irom shaky beginnings ithe ely 196De hat come enarmously elf in ee a gen these abeantive ses takes nto considemtion at the highest ews of chor reseach ane Fry. One hopes thar cal capital, hough inherendly les conc, Til come wo tcupy# silar pace mantra discsions some hese dom eine Inthe second ite of the newaketes, Voth comments tht the ideas146 Ben Fine eying socal capa tae long ben known sclogy bur thee the current usges oversimpliing scl thoy by peering i appli. [As Wooleoce respon Teen ee ‘Seve cites, not without justin, have vied thi concern eat callasing an entire disciple st single variable specially oe with such economic overtone) ita tawety, but there a eet tha Ae pleased hae mainsteu sviolgi iss ae fly beng given ee ‘Bae ar the highest levels. Free, te etm socal capita sh gd ruckerng sprain tec! Tse to se with hae In fhe ler camp, while endoning that revous mets should ernmi themelns ro maseing the Grade erate In sho, asic, itegity ca be ended of igh ence whatever that igh be. ‘In he eighth ise, without moder response, Legge aces ha sci capital is metaphor buc he ade Clecyehe mreapor hs retrieval and chi seme Bethe in| sor fore rcene scendaney -- even hee the gueton of aan ‘eats be shed. Opponents be seit geronysek te Che teem ‘socal capil ats way of exercising leverage policy debates lominated by oct famework Therese dscsion tobe fad hey sbout de pli f he meen, migration and use of his nlunce atthe “This sue wil be taker up in the concluding ema, Before dha, consider the sation of sec eaptal a metaphor Tes an atc deere ‘don noc least because metaphors abound when ie comes to socal epi Seis are understn in tems of whether they do or do no have the sual of bowing cab, a raid ud ek, cao ang oe [Scare being driven in Rome a opposed to Hetink (Razer 1997) OF “ura, sme ofthe metaphors ave ben deve to rater olen exten {fom analytical cour, a wth exerts, tat and network Otets ssc seleterencalin the my in which genet aed eco ae undeso, {or example. In this respec, the Biggest metaphor ofall that of hcl "Spi nether tena hich eno be antl undestord ee be wondered how cllectin of metaphors can Be che musing Ky ea dee: opment Tloweve, one metaphor that I wish co pura, and sis popular mone gene i the context of development and change, is tat fest Steuer withouc socal capital are sick and will no develop nes they bein more of pd ue appopritely In ote erm at hsb 8 ‘ated octinally chi secant to sail engnecting, alent case ply deignd to encenage certain types ef snoction the which Ineemalse excermalties approetely, and to dacurage others that do. ‘Thal apa of he World Bank 147 Furies, (oan extent hat ot proporinsely represented i the Lie fur, heath pactones heave Ine pil begun owe the metepe tf socal cpa to explain mvt Ipdividas or varios socal sat i beam thick of weil apt. Thr en, wee, ished evidence tha individual shel cond ‘lone! by both blue tod relive standards of living Fei or ‘ample, bd forthe eat ofthe poor bus felted. "Thy clemenes of sca deprvaton ted woe created with and i face ene aoutet, wich detroeail fect 20 belch The ler i not Simpy» mer of acess 10 medica ete bur alo dependent on mote [roel capac, and cipaitin, icing scablity Tor psyholoia {Toit equalities lta oot etd wih able rein ‘Tenn icomeinuaies wien. Cromesectonl sede an be a oot befor canal conchsonr snd pli, since, ifthe poor ae eaete fo ‘multe the rich they do nes doo a standard of ealth as the ich become ‘her. ire to recognize these pitts leads to ineficenies, since more ‘my be tn dealing meicly with il lh an er consequcces han [puted even by tse benefiting fom sequal. These poses can bea find and ined by teerence sn grete detail (0 the types of seca ‘Erivaion concerned, bow they come sbout and the srs flees (0 sive ty lend Yer the whe of he paragraph has ben weten without Teeene co soil capital, Why i eed Conchuting remarks esi capita sa meta for ese ad vice versa hen we ae cage in nfo ees In any cto aplastic self a nap Propsiote metaphor Tot base i mote akin go + eligin. fe Tsing link es enbeme but ieee can be en everywhere as ‘teh ace lowers and igh ree har ex downside an stale Feveen ged and evi there i he psp of «promised ld: hay fin! st se preva over coc, based more on belie than i on eon, although thor Bell colve wound, and are epesented and ‘erred, ressngly complex scripts and 0 00. ‘Buc wha pce does acl ep ccpy inthe Cathlicpost-Wsington opcoment af the Lathe Washington conesus? Lee me begin by ‘lesing two ees of judgement on more ety, prediction. I have ‘epatl (Pine 1998 p. 1) tat Benue mainstream economists depend ravi upon formal moses, she wage notions attache to social tal sould erie nero mace inpecetons ad sacl incracion ai Tul connections. This core, bu | ws also ofthe view, les xpi {ited hn sich considersons mould courage Sight himself as bxng [rot Wesbingon pone, rm employing te frm Th, in sen, ms 38 ‘ioowedgemen of i nlc ieee and coining rane ups fis oem intocts a1 4 muthematal economist Ihave been proven BONE145 Ben Fie within ele more chan yest. In ht Pebic Lecture, Sige (1998) ‘ote a section fo saci capital tha is indiingibae in ue frm the ‘sea oftmalites that ae ap bouncflelewhere Subnet, cach fit Inajor paps allows for ales pain teen to sei apa. Thi at Fear disurbing impairs. ist, whatever the mes of Seige’ infrmstion thea eonomice, hes headed critique of dhe Washington consis om a dependent, analytical perspstive. His adoption of socal apt jot one pace of fence, among mach me, hac hei being eoaped be mare dipl- ‘racic ad less widesanging in pursing the iplains oh challenge 0 Bec eomcaes, ‘Second, a i evden in Seigers Prebisch Letue and aber Wood Bl publcanone thar draw upon the pos-Wathington cms, the clon facion of che oorecnomie by the economics itt severe setback 10 Sovelopment si, with key topic sucha ndutriiaion, gener ad tei, being heey sipped oftheir empiri and iellectnl tdi ‘dons. AS in che World Development Repore on Knowledge, fr example, che procedure is one af economic reductionism tothe eliiaton sores, ‘who kows what, and otherwise lewing the nomeduable sch at he acre of knowlege el eher han rppoediy bj nernton, i Ste of chaotic nd gentry Snrganaio “Third ard as coral the form aken in the pose Washingon conven by the economic colonisation of the acl ses i exteely ‘ceaided. Tete isan appropriation ofthe sia by the economic a ice vers. In ater words, mle economic aajsis and ecoomie bare Ten grnced broaer rent th ratonhip is nor mcproaed, THs [haps expats she gene dsopoinement with Suge policy pepe {her many of which remain Ile changed fom tho ofthe Washing ‘onsesus “On the ther and, the non-ecooomie thin he Bank an cade themes ‘they ae beng taken more seouly a the ‘sono enroach pon thet ceri. Fourth, during the 1980, atthe deeeriou feof the Washingcon consent Wete recognise in bath the economic and soca aren, aj ‘near with « buman fice repesented the World Banke reponse «0 he ‘eguive consequences of 8 policies for poverty ger, te einen [Se The fos were incrported, however fly eal and genuinely {ito the probe o policy serve. With be pcr Washngton consensus eoleacig social capt, fret steps ken im hehe cere bcoee Incorporate! snalyally, albeit on + hmied ba, Saal ebjetivs ix Tngly become an ivtrament ar well at 4 rage nthe bande of he ‘connie In addin, a Builder snd Dube (1998) have recog’, {Seta captal looms para sre nieve ohamanse the Work Bk, lecorponting the cte economy, ational account om » ender erp ‘he, nt-bowtold retour allation ad stunt nd 3 "Thal bas eo my second error ~ the presumpti ha acl capt Theil pial of he Vir Bak 149 sould provide she concep Limited bass on which he post Washingon| ventas woud both ares fetes aan the developmental Sate Sidetep the eng literture” Ar i evdene from he work of Peet Evan such an astesimene Ix comec inthe wider debe wound socal ‘opi. However, despite the ncuron of ne of hit pena mesic hey feeling, buh te cconmic and these te ei ele’ om ee Weed [Bak teumen of soil capital In eter word, economists we allowed, Under the bec of soit eaptal © adres asucs fom which chy have Previoly been ecaded bu non-conomier do noe ade cir the ‘onomic or the ste, This in sharp coast £9 the hopes expres by ‘Wookcock (198, p 186) for sacal eapial “The challenge fr developmen ceo and policymaker alike is to ‘Benth mectaias ha wl eee, narcare, ad usa he pes fe combinations of cial elainshipe conducive eo buldig dyamic arsciptory site, surteinable equitable economic, ad aot ‘Gedo tare emp ae), What is ee evidence for this atermene of ecusion of the deelop- mental stat onthe i of roca capil ee lig ovis fom the Stractre and contet of he. Weld Banks sac-cpial website. The ppogtemme i srmed ine she Division fr Environmentally aod Soc [Stnnabe Developmen, From the penpective of non-economic nova hes ben allowed an alse limi! een #8 log abi nly [Beaches the borders oft econony an the sate. The economies peng five anamboguol las ou by Cale (1998), aking out « protected {tonal testo that Belong to exenamie, which hen bach fines Stu is an-conomic vl socey and how i¢ shouldbe undestoed ~ an Sinended externality tht not cerwise intel by sleive ner ‘cons bermeen goverment, Fem ot huieeld Pera a an exeleeraton to chose Li} fom of sail inerction in hich the irl ofa extetality mat deed lesen £0 the paspon of suaciion, Tit ir ecae im ci sociey the mst Imaiy ef soca neracions whic sero extealis eTike thie ‘Thee ate shre major exceptions: sacl inertions which ae ‘Sviosy prone designed! for inernalising externalities ‘The fine of thes goverment whch an berger ean srngemen or er ming fmny ofthe problems of colecive action The second the Fm: within the fg cesouces are alloted pariy by nome proces ad this permit neraliacion of exter The tied the bowchold: within the Rowiebald resources ae allocated by ton trae pacer which ineraie eeralicis. However, its geen Serie vo monk witha concpt af cv soil expt stich ead he ‘tives 0 pnerens, the itr organiation a he frm, and the130 Bes ine icertal organisation of the household, ply because we eed havea Inge comps of work on them, and partly Bcase they res difereat from her soil interactions. I wil refer the soil Ineo which exclude he organzacion of government andthe internal organi. ‘lon ofthe fim athe hoaacold a ‘ii soy Ci sity th ieclaer the inemtion of household, che intercon o firms, tl the iteerscion berween bosch and Bem “This of coe, a emackably pecolativeundertanding of ul ie, let alone the huhol, fem and goverment, bed onan nical exten” tion of reocleial eceaomice thou reeteae tos mit let on che Imevaings of the terme and whether i analytically speoprate Contre socity at socio ineracton in thi ahion, Thee i alio presumprion of independence Beween the varios ise ha ae spl ofr panne conseration ‘Wher, homever, doc this lave the concep of scial capital? Thee art those who segue that 8 prt of the pone Washington conenaw ore {erway opens up more pongresive anal snd paley agendas despie fhe concept snoreemngs, may of which ae recognised. Sac sem beth psicion adopted by Wooleock, ow within the Word Bank, but eis sm extremely common position more generally. Howevet a wat raised inthe E-mail Discusion Group on Seca Capital, the emergece and eveution of social capital highly icllecullypolticed, A case could be made hat {e provider Tatewerk fer combating ecnamim in the sal siecet ‘mote gene dou such an outcome wil comet tion plea the [pense a a roger eeoomicaayss within socal theory. The respects foe Engering sucess with the Word Bale ons speed arly ces (of tcal capital ase een mare bleak, with co-oprion rather than criti ‘he moe likly reste Jur ar ecenomis cloning the social scene, 2 ‘he pose-Wathingtn fonsenaasiocaporter the dinent apis Reo” [bert predcraoand socleapital calories sca teary Seca sents ‘Me vruggling for satu within che Wook Balk and elie they ave won ‘ome cough engaging with economia over toca capial=* Whatever the flim of tee sae of schiwement, ha notte bass on which Fee ‘lise development iad othe wake ofthe Washingeon consensus “The metaphor of misting lnk ad soc glue symbole peety the compromise and limited erin of engagement betwen economists sb ‘ecient mihi the Wold Bank. Both agie hat the economics tas {led so tha they aed (0 splemen the economic With the oc Thi is the concen ofthe econamite, even if the maar smd ofthe nom ‘onomite, Ths, tenomin seek to ncorgorte the soa ponents fo ve fe taken sei. Now is this tap on ileal cacae Coming terms with ane another Thee is «tt undemtanding over fol Economists eat that hie economic engineering, terse ows ab secu adjstment and sabilsatin, bas faltered Benue of ‘hes capitalof he Wold Bonk 131 nck of ateion othe sci che omeonaiss Hold out he poses af ‘cht comer to compe ener oy td nen Comes the psy of the World Bak analy reins Soctulenged ot fs becuse eh pend what peed to bean npn for mareconmi. The law karly gong 0 en Ih he rata oped hss abou ely ben opel bythe push om te oer side oppor to thee ‘cialis nce gloss nk tnt sen oe eialy ‘Sliced ber the ono ofthe poe Washington cones indepedene tants od nn-eonsss edt cote the high teed nial tein Wing eblaied od soil cpl inthe {onto ofthe put Waingon comer, To ovo wos ber costae Su lpm te knowlege tr othe Wt Bank wheter a ed iter wnpad nolo in ther ps bates Notes 1 Tiectape dm i et ie (199) wa competed wl in ie | ‘emt Fellow om the UK Bzqnomi sl Sol Resch Coc {eS rt oe nae H027100 vy Toe New Reva [Eve commer and suppor co work oscil apt Nowe, times ae Since me pee cao al fat bee aed wowed epimers, fim ene besa hes Eee" in pir och to on sal cpa nd er Ses fee eri ssl mesa, oe kv cae he (08) acl Spo iy ag ney eee nang, Fos ‘he reveled ther chan reoived by thir joint conference: Bourdieu and Grae 990 “Tes an cman frm 6 ech ofthe Sal Cap Iniinive ‘erg ape Wilco 998, p. 196 bare, jo fal ent by dfn ‘Sutpmanmasig ten te samen enced oni on Indazaminar ops fal ape nee collective lon etn scout be wer ota he tne hal deine Pees Mt ey Se Hau C972 sad 107) and Po C980, Fer fl aco of wh allows, se Fn (19556) Fe helist ged sch cont fn garn pemonn, ec example, Keak sl ke (199) tel Temple (199) eal Re wed at eve te ‘at sd sss vale el eed othe a of nie dn, ie mes poe sete gener by prom oe 9a ‘Sl ie gdb carr ‘imei tacts the posic quale 0 of bow we measur xia Spe ete orm eo model eee re fer dca Nae eee enna accmande hast Tete estes Clebsen Mie Ea ond Nant Altar Esoe tn Corer Sead Aa, OECD Neos, isl ~ tartar od deep tthe132 Benim hefner nd te dee on Web Nee se tose pln ht trl capa bull ope ef sppeny, oy eked at elton FS PS AS te eben, pslen ilarm und aecopiva oe RS Se ee Mand. wach wos wh Se Wo ako 12 RerGrotucr an ven Hate (1558: “The Sec Capita Inti sine ro cnt co bh se con ‘icemng fs capl a i re: Atm na ‘tt apy growing hereon ial atl et put Fae et povidone an goer sce copa sa esl memo 13 Mncack’ (1996 on matt ccapring the Fs ow page of hi tice, eee wh te clleece Ne sonele Bre saps’ a Medeor Stee 14 NO mont of she mean ae dwn im Ween eprint in med on Slog coon spe fue ol pa 15 Risto al orl ment oe ccs gn ston onl acu wit be Sng ob ie oe 16 Ser however, Boy (1997) Kwacha 97) 15 SS: fare, Wilson (195), bette Mucor ad yc (199) for « 1a Seeha 199, 1 easel et . Wahtege Tnvarsons more powell eves at iterenton for Scherwne 21 St ditelclatn;Ea 1996, 2 Foran sono te earing pon of ci choy wich he Word Bask, tthe emg of ial seis gu» Fld op the osm {errand (1995 ond He 1935 23 Sc anc (1999) fo eh le of Wend Bak sce acetic engi References man, F197) Pale hekh and cil city: Undestnngad vaig he “one Aster ant Naw Zand Jae of Pai Hat 31) 633 eer ©1936) denna Ts Combeg, th Hart Uninray Pres epee (0999) “Agency race an Jewish sural the Hae ie ‘Moy ay”, Seon ure SP 13-36 urn, Pan J Cole) (1991) Sea Cham fo & Changi Su, ‘ose MesewPre Bullen Dard N Dak (1998) Sutin with what we he ~ bsg devel fmeer eens co eal mer Aral evn ol tazar epeo ‘Commun Agency fr Seal oui Suh Air, en, hes ol of be Word Bank 193 cig om ened tte ei i suena PEL cao rnen ate enim rr coe sete ge eo ate cee ee per anmcene ae ees Eee mappa ea ae 715990 rom Becker Boies: Economics confronts de sci cece, rae nt gs are eee ree cht Gracie aera eee ae ne tyra te Toray mage aN ae can ta ce cpm setae pepsi eet sie cat thet kes ta ERE EE cme nay yeuc cmt ie Se ou ER siemens WBE eae anasto t set a amr rm 1 cary fo apn re ac pope ens eee, aah ETAL rigect cman ie peices ee perme mil ap a Tanai, Poly Rem Working Pape, 1796 ae134 Be ine Song, M1997) ‘dena intctins, socal capil and scenic tito: ‘Refecnson a taped dimen, European ban for Resmi td Deveopmene, Waring Par no. 23 Ros, A. 998) ‘Ging things doe in a anode sy: Social api ‘meen Ra Ws Bak Sa! Capa nate, Wn Roy, (1980 ‘Clas cn pd seca change in bl perp’, Anal “if Sambi: 308, Send} 198) Ans aS Als soc yeoemanc: ine "io theca ese, Pecan ate S88 mine ‘Sergei. 991) Yrs Runyan 9979 Sth, J (938) "Tomar ew paar fr develpment Seep plcies in pres, Prose Lear, UNCTAD, ett “ele (998 Tal only, gl nd pow ia Aaa of ‘Ar noni 73 309-67 ‘Wilken, RT990) Uni: The Alicia of lea, Lenten: Roe tedee Wookork M: (1998) Soci api and ecotencdevelpmat: Tonal «te ea syns poty feo Thy on Say S70 1S 08 ‘Wort Bik 1995) "Te inte en dingy montage mesangial “apt Tet of pepo pened or Rags Well Bake Seal Cpa nie, Working Per