No -Spaces E. MICHAEL* Communicated by A. M. Gunason 1, Introduction, In this paper, we introduce a new class of (paracompact and separable) topological spaces, which contains all separable metrie spaces and is preserved by all operations normally encountered in algebraic topology. Defnnition 1.1. A collection © of (not necessarily open) subsets of X is a pseudobase for X if, whenever C C U with C compact and U open in X, then CC P C U for some Pe @. Observe that any base for X which is closed under finite unions must be a pseudobase for X. Recall that a regular space is separable metrizable if and only if it has a countable base. (In our terminology, regular spaces are ',). Analogously, we now make the following definition: Definition 1.2. An Ry-space is a regular space with a countable pseudobase. ‘The following is a summary of the principal properties of Ny-spaces. (A) All separable metric spaces—and all their regular quotient spaces—are X,-spaces. (Example 12.7 shows that a regular quotient space of an arbitrary X,-space need not be an Ne-space. See, however, Proposition 2.1 and (G)-(H) below.) (B) First-countable No-spaces are separable metrizable (and conversely). (A space is first-countable if each point has a countable base of neighborhoods.) (C) Locally compact X.-spaces are separable metrizable, (D) Every Ny-space is Lindelof (hence paracompact) and separable, and every open subset is an Py . (B) Any subset of an N,-space is an N,-space. (E) Any countable product of X,-spaces is an Ny-space. (G) Any image of an N,-space, under a continuous closed map, is an No-space. (H) If X and Y are X,-spaces, so is any adjunction space X U, Y. (See section 7 for definition of adjunction.) (D If (X, 5) is an Ny-space, then so is (X, 3’) for any regular topology 9° on X yielding the same compact subsets as 5. * Supported by N.S.P. Contract 112654. 983 Journal of Mathematics and Mechanies, Vol. 15, No. 6 (1966).984 ‘EB, MICHAEL (3) If X and Y are N,-spaces, so is the function space @(X, Y) with the compact-open topology. (This improves [14; Theorem 1].) (K) A regular space X is an X,-space if and only if k(X) is a quotient space of a separable metric space. (See section 8 for definition of k(X).) (L) A regular space is an N,-space if and only if it is a compact-covering image of a separable metric space. (Compact-covering maps are defined in section 7.) Note that (A) implies that countable CW-complexes are N,-spaces. ‘There are two other classes of spaces which have most of the above properties: Stratifiable spaces [2] (which are not Lindelof or separable, but which encompass all metrizable spaces), and cosmic spaces, which are discussed in section 10, Unfortunately, neither of these classes satisfies (J), even in the important special case where X is a closed interval (see [3] and Examples 12.1 and 12.2). It is thus precisely the validity of (J)—in the presence of the other properties— which constitutes the principal attraction of No-spaces. Our theorems are proved in sections 2-11. (Sections 2-8 are independent of each other, except that Lemma 5.1 is needed in section 6). ‘The paper con- cludes with section 12, which is devoted to examples. We will denote the reals by R, and the closed unit interval by I. I would like to thank H. H. Corson for some very illuminating conversations. He is directly responsible for several results in section 10, where specific acknowl- edgments will be made, 2, Proof of (A). If X is a separable metric space, then any countable base for X which is closed under finite unions is a countable pseudobase for X, s0 that X is an N,-space. To complete the proof of (A), it remains to show that every regular quotient space of a separable metric space is an Ny-space. We can, in fact, do somewhat better. Recall that X is called a k-space if a subset of X is closed whenever its intersection with every compact subset of X is relatively closed. Since every metrizable (more generally, first-countable) space is a k-space, it suffices to prove the following result. Proposition 2.1. If X is a k-space with a countable pseudobase, then so is any Hausdorff quotient space Y of X. Before proving Proposition 2.1, let us establish the following lemma, which is essentially known [4]. Lemma 2.2. Any quotient space of a k-space is a k-space. In fact, if X is a k-space and j : X — Y a quotient map, then E C Y is closed in ¥ whenever EC f(K) is closed in f(K) for every compact K CX. Proof. Suppose that EC Y satisfies this condition. To prove that H is closed in Y, we need only show that {-"(B) is closed in X, and hence only that f(B) CO K is closed in K for every compact K C X. But f"(E) A K is the inverse image, under j | K : K — (K), of E 1 f(K), and #7) {(K) was assumed closed in K. That completes the proof of the lemma.No-SPACES 985, Proof of Proposition 2.1. By Lemma 2.2, we need only show that Y has a countable pseudobase. Let @ be a countable pscudobase for X which is closed under finite unions, and let @ = {f(P) | P e ©}, where f : X + Y is the quotient map. We will show that @ is a pscudobase for Y. First, let us show that if @ C Y is compact and A C C is infinite, then there is a compact K C X such that f(K) C C and j(K) 0 A is infinite: Since C is compact, A has an accumulation point y ¢ C, so that A’ = A — {y} is not closed in Y. Hence, by Lemma 2.2, there is a compact H C X such that {(H) A A’ is not closed in j(H). Since Y is Hausdorff, f(H) A A'—and hence also {(H) \ A—must be infinite. Now C is closed in Y, and hence K = f(C) 1 H is closed in H and is thus also compact. But /(K) 0 A = {(H) OA (Since A C C), 80 f(K) M0 A is also infinite. ‘To show that @ is a pseudobase for Y, let @ C U, with @ compact and U open in Y, Let R, , Re, +++ be the elements of @ contained in U, and let Ri = R, U +++ UR, . Then Ry ¢ & for all n, so it suffices to show that C C Rt for some n. Suppose not. Pick y, © @ — Rf for all n, and let A = {y, | = 1,2, +++}. Since the Rf cover C and are increasing, A is infinite. Hence, as we showed above, there is a compact K C X such that f(K) C C and f(K) 7 A is infinite. But then K C f*(C) C f(U), 80 K C P C (U0) for some P ¢ ®, and thus 4(K) C f(P) C U. But then f(P) = R,, for some m, so that f(K) C Ra C RL, and hence Rf A is also infinite. But RJ 0A C {x -** Ya}, and this contradiction completes the proof. 3. Proof of (B) and (C). Call a point e X an r-point if it has a sequence of, neighborhoods U, such that, if 2, ¢ U, , then {2 , zt , +++} is contained in a compact subset of X; call X an r-space if all of its points are r-points, (Being an. r-space is formally a stronger property than being a q-space in the sense of [16]. ‘A. Athangel’skii has kindly pointed out in a letter that, in the presence of paracompactness, r-spaces and g-spaces are actually equivalent to each other as well as to the spaces of pointwise countable type which he defined in [1].) Clearly first-countable spaces are r-spaces, and so are locally compact spaces (and, more generally, p-spaces in the sense of Arhangel’skif [1]). To prove (B) and (C), it therefore suffices to prove the following result. Proposition 3.1. Every No-space X which is an r-space is separable metrizable. Proof. Let @ be a countable pseudobase for X. Sinee X is regular, it will suffice to show that {P° | P e 0} is a base for X (where P* denotes the interior of P). Suppose not. Then there is an ¢ e X, and an open U containing 2, so that zeP* C Vis false for every Pe @. Let U, , Uz, +++ be a sequence of neighbor- hoods of « as in the above definition of r-point. Pick an open V in X such that eeVCVCU,and let V, = VO U, for all n. Let P, , P,, +++ be an enu- meration of the elements of @ contained in U. By assumption, there is an986, EB. MICHAEL 25 Vq — Pyfor all n. Since 2, e Us, the closure C of {2 , 22 , +++} is compact. But © C VC U, 0 € C P, for some n, which is impossible since 2, ¢ P, . That completes the proof. 4, Proof of (D). Let X be an X,-space, with a countable pseudobase & We must verify the following assertions. (a) X is Lindelof: If a is an open covering of X, pick P, © © such that {P,, P2, +++} is a refinement of . If we now pick U, ¢ such that P, C U, , then {U,, Us, +++} is a countable subcovering of 4. (b) X is paracompact: ‘This follows from (a), since every regular Lindelof space is paracompact [9; p. 156, Theorem 28]. (©) X is separable: If we pick xp e P for P e @, then {zp | P eG) is clearly a countable dense subset of X. (@) Every open subset of X is an F, : Since X is regular, the collection {P| Pe} is also a pseudobase for X. Hence, if U is open in X, then U=UP|Pee,PCu}, so Uisan F, . 5, Sub-bases and pseudobases. Let 1 be a collection of open subsets of a space X. Then a collection @ of subsets of X is called a -pseudobase if, whenever C CU with C compact and U © 4, then @ C P C U for some Pe &. Lemma 5.1. Let § be a sub-base for a Hausdorff space X. Then X has a countable pseudobase if and only af it has a countable 8-pseudobase. Proof. Clearly any pseudobase for X is an $-pseudobase, Suppose, conversely, that & is a countable $-pscudobase for X. Let & be the collection of all finite unions of finite intersections of elements of @; then & > @ and Gt is closed under the formation of finite unions and intersections. We will show that & is a pseudobase for X. So let © C U, with C compact and U open in X, and let us find an R eG such that CCR CU. First, suppose that U e ®, where @ is the base for X generated by . Then U = 8,0 -+ OS, , where each 8, e S. By assumption, there are P; , «++, Py in @ such that C CP; C 8, fori = 1, +++, n. Nowif R= Pi -OP,, then Re G@and@ CRCU. Now let U be an arbitrary open set. Cover C with finitely many elements B,, +++ , By of @, all of which are subsets of U. Since C' is normal, it is the union of closed subsets C, , «++ , C, such that C, C B, for all ¢ [9; p. 171, V(a)). Applying the result of the previous paragraph, we can find Ry, «+ , R, in G such that CC Ry C By for all ¢. Now if R = Ry U +++ U Ry, then Re & and C CR C U, which completes the proof. 6. Proofs of (//) and (F’). ‘That any subset of an Ne-space is an No-space, as asserted in (B), is trivial: Let A be a subset of an Ny-space X. Then A is surely regular, and if @ is a countable pseudobase for X, then {P A] Pe@} isa countable pseudobase for A.No-SPACES 987 Let us now prove (F). Proposition 6.1. Any countable product of No-spaces is an Ny-space. Proof. Let X = TJs: X,, where each X, is an N,-space. Surely X is regular. Let 8 be the sub-base for X consisting of all sets 7;"(U,), where U, is open in X, and i= 1,2, +++ ;by Lemma 5.1, it suffices to find a countable $-pseudobase. Let ®, be a countable pseudobase for X, , and let & be the collection of all «;'(P,), where P,; ¢ ®, andi = 1, 2, --- . To show that @ is an $-pseudobase, let C C #j'(U,), with C compact in X and U, open in X, . Then x(C) C Us and x,(C) is compact in X; , so there is a P; © ®; such that aC) CPC U,. But then CCP) Cr), and that shows that @ is indeed an $-pseudobase. In conclusion, note that (F) is actually a special case of (J). We have proved (F) separately because its proof is much simpler than that of (J). 7. Compact-covering maps. Proofs of (@) and (//). Call a continuous J:X— ¥ compact-covering if every compact subset of Y is the image of a compact subset of X. Proposition 7.1. If { : X — Y is compact-covering, and if X has a countable pseudobase, then so docs Y. Proof. Let @ be a countable pseudobase for X, and let us show that {{(P) | P © 0} is then a pseudobase for Y. Let C C U, with C compact and U open in Y, Pick a compact K C X such that f(K) = C. Then K C f*(U), so there is a P e @ such that K C P C f*(U). But now C C f(P) C U, and that completes the proof. ‘We will now consider some examples of compact-covering maps, and will use Proposition 7.1 to derive (G) and (H1) in Corollaries 7.3 and 7.5, respectively. For other applications of compact-covering maps, see Theorem 11.4 and the proof of Corollary 9.4, Proposition 7.2. If X is paracompact, and if f : X + ¥ is continuous, closed, and onto, then { is compact-covering. Proof. 'This is precisely the assertion of [15; Corollary 1.2]. Corollary 7.3. If X is an No-space, and if f : X —» ¥ is continuous, closed, and onto, then Y is an No-space, Proof. Since X is paracompact—and hence normal—by (D), and since any continuous closed image of a normal space is normal (20; Theorem 9], ¥ is normal and thus regular. By Propositions 7.1 and 7.2, Y has a countable pseudobase, Hence Y is an X,-space.988, E, MICHAEL It should be noted that, in contrast to closed mappings, open mappings, and hence quotient mappings, need not be compact-covering, so that the second part of (A) does not follow from Proposition 7.1. Examples are provided by [13; Example 4.1] and Example 12.7. Let A be a closed subset of X, and f : A > Y continuous. Then the adjunction, space XU, Y is obtained by taking the disjoint union X v Y and identifying each « ¢ A with f(x) © Y. Proposition 7.4. Let X and ¥ be paracompact, A C X closed, and f: A > Y continuous. Then the quotient map p:XVY7XU,Y #8 compact-covering. Proof. Denote X V Y by B, and X U, ¥ by F. Let @ C F be compact. Sinee p maps Y homeomorphically onto the closed subset p(Y) of F, the set p(C) Y is compact. Let G be the quotient space E/(A U Y), and let x : E — @ be the quotient map. Since X and Y are paracompact, so is E, and hence x (which is certainly closed) is compact-covering by Proposition 7.2. Define q : F > G by W@ =7@), if 2=p@). This q is well-defined, and it is continuous because p is a quotient map and @.°p = x. Hence q(C) is compact in G. Use Proposition 7.2 to pick a compact K CE such that x(K) = 9(C), and let Q=KUGPONY). ‘Then Q is compact in Z, and p(Q) D C because pK) DC — 2f¥), Pe") OY) = COPY). Hence if R = Q 1 p“\(C), then Ris also compact in H, and p(R) = C. That completes the proof. Before applying Proposition 7.4, we need the following lemma. Lemma7.5. Ij Xq (n= 1, 2, +++) have countable pseudobases, then so does their disjoint union X = V2., X,- Proof. If ®, is a countable pseudobase for X, , then the collection of finite unions of elements of U2., @, is a countable pseudobase for X. Corollary 7.6. If X and ¥ are Ny-spaces, then so is any adjunction space XU,Y. Proof. Since X and ¥ are paracompact, and hence normal, by (D), XU, ¥ is normal (and thus regular) by [8; Lemma 3.3]. Moreover, X V Y hasNo-SPACES 989 a countable pseudobase by Lemma 7.5, and therefore X U, Y has a countable pseudobase by Propositions 7.4 and 7.1. Hence X U, ¥ is an X,-space. ‘We conclude this section with some more applications of Proposition 7.1. Proposition 7.7. If the regular space X is covered by countably many closed No-spaces Ay, and if each compact CC X is covered by finitely many A, with each of which C has a compact intersection, then X is an Nq-space. Proof. Let A be the disjoint union V2, A, , and let x: A — X be the natural projection. Our assumptions imply that is compact-covering, so our assertion follows from Proposition 7.1 and Lemma 7.5. Corollary 7.8. If X is covered by a countable, locally finite collection of Ry-spaces A, , then X is a No-space. Proof. Since each A, is paracompact by (D), X itself must be paracompact, and hence regular, by [12, Footnote 2]. The corollary now follows immediately from Proposition 7.7. Corollary 7.9. A regular Lindeloj space X, which is locally an No-space, is an N-space. Proof. Since regular Lindeléf spaces are paracompact (9; p. 156, Theorem 28], X has a countable, locally finite open covering {U,}z.1 , where each U, is an N.-space. By [9; p. 171, V(a)], this covering can be shrunk to a closed covering {A,}f1 , and each A, is an Ny-space by (E). Hence X is an X,-space by Corollary 7.8. Corollary 7.10. If B is a separable Banach space, then its dual B* is an Ry-space in the weak*-topology. Proof. Let S, denote the closed sphere (= ball) of radius n about the origin in B*, Then each S, is compact metric, and each compact C C B* is a subset of some S, [10; Theorem 12.2]. Since B* is certainly regular, our result follows immediately from Proposition 7.7. (I. Namioka has kindly pointed out that this result remains true, with the same proof, if B is a separable complete metrizable locally convex space.) Corollary 7.10 raises the question of whether a separable Banach space B must be an X,-space in the weak topology. It follows at once from Corollary 7.10 that the answer is “yes” if the dual B* is also a separable Banach space, and 1; provides an example where the answer is “yes” even though the dual is not separable, (This was observed by J. Lindenstrauss, who pointed out that, in J, , all weakly compact sets are compact.) In general, however, the answer is “no”; in fact, Proposition 10.8 shows that, if X is a compact metric space, then @(X, R) is an N,-space in the weak topology if and only if X is countable. 8. Proof of (I). We begin with the following lemma, which is needed in the proofs of Proposition 8.2 and Theorem 9.3.990 E. MICHAEL Lemma 8.1. If isacompact subset of a topological space X, and if xy as, ++ isa sequence in X such that each neighborhood of Cin X contains all x, for large enough n, then K=CU {usm is compact. Proof. Let U be a collection of open subsets of X which covers K. Pick U,, +++, Us in U to cover C, and let U = U, U ++ UU, . Then U is a neighborhood of @ in X, and hence contains all but finitely many «, . ‘Thus the ¢,’s not in U can be covered by finitely many elements of , and hence so can K. That completes the proof of the lemma, Call two topologies on a set X k-equivalent if they yield the same compact subsets, and if they agree on each of these subsets. Note that, if both topologies are Hausdorff, then the second requirement is a consequence of the first. We are now ready to prove (I) in the following slightly generalized form. Proposition 8.2. If 5, and 3: are two k-equivalent topologies on a set X, then (X, 5) has a countable pseudodase if and only if (X, 32) does. Proof. Let us show that any countable pscudobase @ for (X, 5,) which is closed under finite intersections is also a pseudobase for (X, %,). Suppose not. ‘Then there exist C C U, where C is compact and U is 3,-open, such that for no Pe@isC CP CU. Let P,, Pz, +++ be an enumeration of the elements of & containing C, and let Py = Py +++ OP, . Then for each n there exists an te PL (X — U). Let K=CU {n,m ,+}. Now if V is a 5,-neighborhood of C, then Py C V for some N, so that x, eV for all n 2 N. Hence the assumptions of Lemma 8.1 are satisfied for (X, 5,), and we conclude that K is compact. Since UM K is relatively open in K (for 3, and hence for 5,), there is a 3,-open U’ in X such that UA K = UN K. Then C C U’, so 2, e U’ for large enough n. But that is impossible, since a, e(K — U) C (X — U’) for all n. This contradiction completes the proof. If X is a topological space with topology 3, then k(X) denotes the set X, topologized by calling a subset closed if its intersection with every S-compact subset of X is relatively S-closed. It is easily checked that k(X) is a k-space, and that it has the finest topology which is k-equivalent to 3. We therefore have the following corollary. Corollary 8.3. A topological space X has a countable pseudobase éf and only if k(X) does.No-SPACES, 991 Combining Corollary 8.3 and Proposition 2.1, we obtain the following result. Corollary 8.4. Suppose that X and Y are topological spaces, and that k(Y) is a quotient space of k(X). Then, éf X has a countable pseudobase, so does Y. 9. Function spaces. Proof of (J). If X and Y are topological spaces, then @(X, Y) will denote the space of continuous functions from X to Y, with ‘the compact-open topology. Recall that this is the topology which has a sub-base 8 consisting of all sets WC, U) = {fe e(X, Y)1iC) CU}, with @ compact in X and U open in Y. ‘We need the following two lemmas, the first of which is known, [9; p. 223, Theorem 5]. Lemma 9.1. Let X be Hausdorff, and C C X compact. Then the map (x, f) + f(@), from C X e(X, ¥) to Y, is continuous. Before stating the next lemma, let us agree to denote by s¢(Y) the set of all non-empty compact subsets of Y. Recall that a function ¢ : X — x(Y) is upper semi-continuous if {ee X |6@) CV} is opon in X for every open V in Y. Lemma 9.2. Let X be a k-space, Y regular, and K C €(X, Y) compact. Then the function @ : X —+ K(Y), defined by $@) = 1@ |feK}, is upper semi-continuous. Proof. Let C C X be compact, let de = ¢ | C, and let us show, first of all, that $¢ is upper semi-continuous. So lot V be open in Y. We must show that, if xe C and @(2) C V, then x has a neighborhood U in C such that (2) C V for all 2 ¢ U. Vor each f © K, use Lemma 9.1 to find a neighborhood U; of « in C, and a neighborhood W, of f in @(X, Y), such that g(z) « V whenever ze U,; and ge W, . Cover K by finitely many of the W,, and let U be the intersection of the corresponding U, . ‘Then U is a neighborhood of x in C which satisfies all our requirements, Let us now show that ¢ is upper semi-continuous. Let V be open in Y, and let U = {zeX |$@) CV}. ‘Then UNE = {xe€ | dele) CV} for every compact C in X, so U () C is relatively open in C from the result of the previous paragraph. Since X is a k-space, this implies that U is open in X and that completes the proof.992 E. MICHAEL We are now ready to prove (J). For technical reasons, it will actually be easier to prove the following slightly stronger result. Theorem 9.3. Ij X is a Hausdorff space with a countable pscudobase, and éf Y is an X,-space, then €(X, Y) és an No-space. Proof. Since Y is regular, so is €(X, Y) by (9; p. 222, Theorem 4]. It remains to show that @(X, Y) has a countable pseudobase. Suppose, first, that X is a k-space. Let @ and & be countable psoudobases for X and Y, respectively, both closed under finite intersections. Let § be the collection of all WE,R) = {fe eX, Y) |fP) CR, with P e @ and R e &. By Lemma 5.1, it will suffice to show that § is an S-pseudobase, where 8 is the sub-base for @(X, Y) described at the beginning of this section. To do that, let K CWE, 0), with K compact in €(X, Y), C compact in X, and U open in ¥. We must find Pe@and Re @ such that CCP and KP)CRCU, where K(P) denotes {f(x) | fe K, xe P}, for then KCWE@,R) CWE, 0), as required. Let us find such P and R. let V = {reX | K@) CU}. Then C C V, and V is open in X by Lemma 9.2. Let P; , P2 , «++ be an enumeration of all P e @ such that CC P C V, and let PL = Py +++ OV Pa for all n. Also, let R, , R, , +++ be all the R e @ such that R C U. It suffices to show that KP.) C Ra for some n, Suppose there were no such n. Then, for each n, there is an x, e PZ such that K(@,) € R, . Let A=CU (tr ,a2, 7°} If WD C and W is open, then CC PC (VW) for some Pe @, s0 Py CW for some N, and thus z, © W for n = N. Hence Lemma 8.1 applies, and we conclude that A is compact. Using Lemma 9.1, it follows that K(A) is compact. Since A C V, we have K(A) C U, so K(A) C R, for some n. In particular K(e,) C R, , which is a contradiction. Tt remains to settle the case where X is not a k-space. Since X has a countableRNo-SPACES: 993 pseudobase, so does k(X) by Corollary 8.3. Hence, as was shown above, e(k(X), Y) is an Ne-space. But e(X, Y) is, topologically, a subspace of e(k(X), ¥), so @(X, Y) is an Ny-space by (E). That completes the proof. ‘The assumptions in Theorem 9.3 cannot be weakened, at least when X is completely regular. In fact, Y must be an X,-space as soon as €({}, Y) is one, while Proposition 10.3 shows that X must be an N,-space as soon as €(X, R) is one. We will now prove a result about the space s¢(X) of non-empty compact: subsets of X. Recall that s¢(X) is topologized by taking as a sub-base all collections of the form {A e &(X) | A C Uj or {Ae K(X) |A OU * 9}, with U open in X, If X is a metric space, this is the topology generated by the familiar Hausdorff metric on 3¢(X). Corollary 9.4. A space X is an Ne-space if and only if (X) is one. Proof. If s(X) is an N,-space, then so is X, because the map « — {2} is a homeomorphism from X into s(X). Suppose, now, that X is a Ny-space. Since X is regular, so is 3(X) by [11; 4.9.10], and it suffices to show that (X) has a countable pseudobase. Let K be the Cantor set. Define the continuous function : €(K, X) > «(X) by #(/) = {(K). Since €(K, X) is an Ny-space by Theorem 9.3, it will suffice, by Proposition 7.1, to show that ¢ is a compact-covering, which means that every compact @ C (X) is the image of some compact A C e(K, X). Now if X were metrizable, this would precisely be the assertion of (16; Corollary 1.2]. ‘The general case is easily reduced to the metrizable case as follows: If B = (Ua, ‘then B is a compact subset of X (sce, for instance, (11; 2.5.2]), and is therefore metrizable by (E) and (C). We can therefore apply the result cited above to B instead of X, yielding a compact A C e(K, B) such that ¢(A) = . That completes the proof. 10. Cosmic spaces and ©,(X, Y). Call a collection & of (not necessarily open) subsets of X a point-pseudobase for X if, whenever « e U with U open in X, then 2 ¢ P C U for some Pe @. Call X cosmic if it is regular and has a countable point-pscudobase. (Point-pseudobases are called “nets” by A. Archangel’skif, and cosmic spaces have been considered (namelessly) by Archangel’skit and H. H. Corson). Our definition immediately implies Lemma 10.1. Bvery Xy-space is cosmic. Examples 12.1-12.4 show that the converse of Lemma 10.1 is false. ‘The following result provides some characterizations of cosmic spaces, and explains the origin of the term “cosmic” (Continuous-image Of Separable Metric). (Anyone who can think of a better explanation will be awarded two free reprints of this paper.)994 EB. MICHAEL Proposition 10.2. ‘The following properties of a regular space X are equivalent. (a) X is cosmic, (b) X is a continuous image of a To-space with countable base. (©) X és a continuous image of a separable metric space. Moreover, the maps in (b) and (e) ean be chosen one-to-one. Proof. (a) > (b). Let @ be a countable point-pseudobase of X. Let ¥ be the set X, topologized by taking @ to be a sub-base, ‘Then Y is a Hausdorff space with a countable base, and the identity map from Y to X is continuous. (b) — (¢)_ This follows from a theorem of Ponomarev [19], which implies that every Ty-space Z with a countable base @ is a continuous image of a separable metric space M. (Proof. Let S be the product of countably many copies of 6, each carrying the discrete topology. Let M C S be the set of all B = (B,, B,, +++) e 8 such that {B, , Bz, «--} is a base at some (necessarily unique) 2» Z; then f(B) = 2» defines a continuous f from Mf onto Z). (©) > (b) Obvious. (b) > (a). Let ¥ be separable metric, and f : Y + X continuous and onto, If @ is a countable base for Y, then @ = {/(B) | Be G} is a countable point- pseudobase for X° In conclusion, any map satisfying (b) and (c) can clearly be restricted to a suitable subset s0 as to be one-to-one and still have range X. That completes the proof. Cosmic spaces enjoy all of the properties claimed for No-spaces in the introduction, with the exception of (K) and (L) (which can be replaced by Proposition 10.2), (B) (soe Example 12.1), and, crucially, (J) (see Examples 12.1 and 12,2). The other properties are casily disposed of: First, Proposition 10.2 implies that any regular continuous image of a cosmic space is cosmic, and that settles (A), (G), and (11). Both (10) and () follow immediately from the definition and Proposition 10.2, while (D) and (1) can be proved just as they were for No-spaces. Finally, we verify (B) for a cosmic space X as follows (the proof given in section 3 for Ny-spaces is not applicable): By (D) and (F), X is a paracompact space and the diagonal in X X X is a Gs ; henee, by Okuyama [18, Theorem 1'], X must be metrizable if it is locally compact (or, more generally, an M-space in the sense of KX. Morita (17]). The following result exhibits some relationships between cosmic spaces and Ne-spaces. I am very grateful to H. I. Corson for calling the implications (© = (a) and (c) > (a) to my attention. We will write €(X) for @(X, R), and K will denote the Cantor set. Proposition 10.3. The following properties of a completely regular space X are equivalent. (a) X isan Nyspace. (b) €(X) is an Ry-space. (©) €(X) is cosmic. @ eK, X) is an Ry-space.Ro-SPACES 995 (©) @(K, X) is cosmic. @ K(X) is an N-space. (@) %(X) és cosmic. Proof. The implications (b) — (c), (d) — (e), and (f) > (g) follow from Lemma 10.1. Further, (a) —»> (b) and (a) > (4) follow from (J), while (a) + () is Corollary 9.4. It remains to prove (c) > (a) and (¢) —+ (g) — (a). (c) > (a). Let © be a countable point-pseudobase for €(X). For each P ¢ ®, let P* = {eX | gz) >0 forall geP}. We will show that {P* | P e 6) is a pseudobase for X. Let CC U, with C compact and U open in X. Since X is completely regular, there exists a continuous {:X— I such that f(C) = 1 and f(X — U) = 0. Let V = {ge @(X) |g@) >0 if reC}. ‘Then V is open in €(X) and j e V, so there exists a P e @ such that fe P C V. But then € C P* C U, and that completes the proof of (c) — (a). (©) > @). Define the continuous function ¢ : €(K, X) — «(X) by o(f) = f(K). Since every compact subset of X is metrizable by (E) and (C), and every non-empty compact metric space is a continuous image of K, the map ¢ is onto. Hence our implication follows from the fact that any regular continuous image of a cosmie space is cosmic, (g) — (a). Let @ be a countable point-pseudobase for X(X). For each P e ®, let P* = (Jo. We will show that {P* | P @} is a pscudobase for X. Let € C U, with C compact and U open in X. Let w= {Ae x(X)|4 CU}. ‘Then 11 is open in K(X), and C e U, so there exists a Pe @ such that Ce PC Ww. But then © C P* C U, and that completes the proof. The remainder of this section will be devoted to the space @,(X, Y) of con- tinuous functions from X to Y with the topology of pointwise convergence. As Example 12.2 will show, @,(X, Y) need not be an X,-space when X and Y are No-spaces (even with ¥ = R), and @,(X, ¥) need not be cosmic when X and Y are cosmic (even with X = I). We do, however, have the following result. Proposition 10.4. If X is a cosmic space and Y is an N,-space, then C,(X, Y) is cosmic, Proof. By Proposition 10.2, there exists a continuous map w from a separable metric space Mf onto X. Now €(M, Y) is an Nr-space by (J), so that e(M, Y), and a fortiori the coarser space €, (A, Y), is cosmic. But f > f ou maps @,(X, Y) homeomorphically into €,(M, Y), and hence @,(X, Y) is cosmic, Heneeforth, we will write ©,(X) for e,(X, R).996. E. MICHAEL Proposition 10.5. The following properties of a completely regular space X are equivalent. (a) X is cosmic, (b) ©,(X) és cosmic, (©) X is homeomorphic to a subset of ©,(M) for some separable metric space M. Proof. (a) — (b). ‘This follows from Proposition 10.4. (b) > (©). If €,(X) is cosmic then, by Proposition 10.2, there exists a one-to- one continuous map u from a separable metric space M onto @,(X). The map {fou maps €,(€,(X)) homeomorphically into €,(1). Since X is completely regular, the map « — 4, where #(f) = f(z), maps X homeomorphically into ©,(€,(X)). The composition of these two homeomorphisms therefore embeds X in @,(A2), and that completes the pro: (©) > @). This follows from Proposition 10.4, and the fact that any subset of a cosmie space is cosmic. ‘The remainder of this section is largely the work of H. H. Corson, and Proposition 10.8 is entirely due to him. Lemma 10.6. If X is a cosmic space, then ©,(X, @,(X)) and e(X, @,(X)) are cosmic if and only if X is countable. Proof. If X is countable, then €,(X) is a subset of a countable product of lines. Hence the same is true of €,(X, @,(X)), while €(X, @,(X)) is cosmie by Proposition 10.4. Suppose, now, that X is uncountable. It will suffice to show that e,(X, €,(X)) is not hereditarily separable, for then the same will be true of e(X, @,(X)). Now observe that ©,(X, €,(X)) can be identified with the space e;(X X X) of separately continuous functions on X_X X, equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence. Hence it will suffice to show that, for each z ¢ X, there exists f, © @{(X X X) such that f(z, 2) = Land f,(x, 2) = 0 for x + 2, for then {f. | 2 © X} is an uncountable, discrete (in the induced topology) subset of ex(X x X). Since X is cosmic, X X X is normal and the diagonal A is a @, in X X X, so there exists a continuous u : X X X — I which is 0 precisely on A. For each zeX, define f, :X X XR by 2u(e, ue, v) + u@,2) + ue, ») 1.@,2) = 1. Clearly f, is continuous everywhere except at (2, 2), and there it is separately continuous because f,(x, 2) = f.(¢, y) = 1 for all x, y eX; hence f, e @:(X X X). Since f,(¢, 2) = 1 and f.(x, 2) = 0 if x + 2, we see that j, has all the required properties, and that completes the proof. We are now ready to determine under what conditions @,(X) is an No-space. Ly) = if @D+@2No-SPACES 997 Proposition 10.7. If X is completely regular, then €,(X) is an No-space if and only if X is countable. Proof. If X is countable, then @,(X) is a subset of a product of lines. Suppose, now, that X is uncountable, and that €,(X) is an No-space. Then €,(X) is cosmie by Lemma 10.1, so X is cosmie by Proposition 10.5, and hence ©,(X, €,(X)) is cosmie by Proposition 10.4. But that contradicts Lemma 10.6, which completes the proof, If X is compact, €(X) is a Banach spaco; let €,(X) denote this Banach space in its weak topology. Clearly, ,(X) carries a finer topology than €,(X). Proposition 10.8. (Corson). If X is a compact Hausdorff space, then ©,(X) is an Ny-space if and only if X is countable. Proof. Let S denote the unit sphere (= ball) of €(X), and let S, (resp. S.) denote $ considered as a subspace of ©,(X) (resp. €,(X)). By [73 Theorem 5], a subset of S is compact in S, if and only if it is compact in S, ; hence, by (1), S, is an No-space if and only if S, is one. If X is countable, @,(X) is an No-space by Proposition 10.7, hence so are 8S, and S, , and therefore s0 is nS, forn = 1, 2, «++ . Since each compact subset of ©,(X) is bounded, and hence a subset of nS for some n, it follows that €,(X) is an X,-space (for if @, is a countable pseudobase for nS, , then (U,2: ©, is a countable pseudobase for @,(X)). If X is not countable, then Proposition 10.7 implies that €,(X), and thus ©,(X, (1, 1), isnot an X,-space. Hence 8, = €,(X, [-1, 1]) isnot an Xy-space, hence neither is S, , and hence neither is €,(X). That completes the proof. 11. Characterizations. Proof of (K) and (L). We begin with three Lemmas which are needed in the proof of Theorem 11.6 below (which contains (K) and (L)). Our first Lemma is a very special case (via Lemma 10.1) of ‘Theorem 9.3, but the direct proof is so short that it seems worthwhile to outline it here. (Cosmic spaces are defined in section 10; W(A, B) denotes the sot of all fe €(X, ¥) such that f(A) C B). Lemma 11.1. If X is a compact metric space, and if Y is an Ne-space, then (X,Y) és cosmic. Proof. Since Y is regular, so is C(X, Y) by (9; p. 222, Theorem 4]. Let & and & be countable pscudobases for X and Y, respectively, and let us show that the collection of all finite intersections of sets W(P, R), with P © and Re G, is a point-pseudobase for €(X, Y): Suppose that f e W(K, U), with K compact in X and U open in ¥, Then K C f(U), so K C PC f*WU) for some P e @. Hence f(P) C U, so there exists an Re @ with ((P) CR CU. But then feW@,R) C WK, 0), and that is all we have to show.998 E. MICHAEL Our next lemma deals with compact-covering maps (section 7) and k-spaces (ection 2). Lemma 11.2. If ¥ isa Hausdorff k-space, any compact-covering map f:X — ¥ is a quotient map. Proof. Suppose that B C Y with f"(B) closed in X, To show that B is closed in Y, we must show that B (\ C is compact for every compact CC ¥. But C = f(K) for some compact K C X, so that f"(B) () K is compact, and hence so is its image B \ C. That completes the proof. Our last lemma deals with k(X) (see section 8). For any f : X > Y, Iet fs : k(X) —> k(Y) denote the map j, but with the new topologies on its domain and range. Lemma 11.3, If f:X — Y is continuous, then so is fy : k(X) > bY). Proof. We must show that, if © C X is compact, then f | Cs C= f(C) is continuous. (Since f(C) is compact, Y and k(Y) induce the same topology on it.) But that follows from the continuity of f. Theorem 11.4. The following properties of a regular space X are equivalent. (a) X is an N,-space. (b) X és the image, under a compact-covering map, of a separable metric space. (©) K(X) is the image, under a compact-covering quotient map, of a separable ‘metric space. (a) K(X) és a quotient space of a separable metric space. Proof. (a) — (b). Let K denote the Cantor set, and define ¢:eK, X)xK>xX by #(f, t) = {(. Since K is compact, ¢ is continuous by [9; pg. 223, Theorem 5]. Now €(K, X) is cosmic by Lemma 11.1, so, by Proposition 10.2, there exists a continuous map u from a separable metric space S onto @(K, X), Define v:SXKOX by ¥G, 4) = d&@), D. Since ¢ and u are continuous, so is y. If C C X is compact (and thus is metrizable by (C) and (E)) and non-empty, pick f e @(K, X) such that /(K) = C, and then pick s e S such that u(s) = f; then {s} X K is a compact subset of S X K, and ¥({s} X K) = C. Hence is compact-covering. (b) + (©). Let f : M — X be compact-covering, with M separable metric. By Lemma 11.3, fy : M — k(X) is continuous (remember that metric spaces are k-spaces, so M = k(M)). Hence f, is compact-covering along with /. By Lemma 11.2, f, is also a quotient map. (©) > @). Obvious.Nv-SPACES 999 (a) (a). It follows from Proposition 2.1 that k(X) has a countable pseudo- base. Since X has the same compact sets as k(X), and fewer open sets, X also has a countable pseudobase, so X is an N,-space. The following corollary characterizes quotient spaces of separable metric spaces. (For a characterization of quotient spaces of arbitrary metric spaces, see [6; Corollary 1.14].) Corollary 11.5. The following properties of a regular space are equivalent: (a) X és an X,-space and a k-space. (b) X is a quotient space of a separable metric space. Proof. (a) — (b). This follows from (a) — (d) of Theorem 11.4, since, when X is a k-space, k(X) = X. (b) = (a). This follows from Proposition 2.1, That completes the proof. The quotient map in Corollary 11.5 cannot, in general, be chosen open, or closed, or even, more generally, hereditarily quotient (meaning that the restriction to every inverse sot is a quotient map). If it could, then every subset of a k- and X,-space would have to be a k-space (by Proposition 2.1), and Example 12.6 shows that this is not the ease. In conclusion, let us note that the equivalence of (a) and (b) in Theorem 11.4 can be used to give an alternative proof of Corollary 9.4. 12, Examples. All the examples in this section are independent of one another, except that Example 12.7 is based on Examples 12.1 and 12.5 We begin with four examples of cosmie spaces (see section 10) which are not N,-spaces. Our first example deals with the “butterfly space” Y of L. F. MeAuley, which is defined as follows: Let Y be the upper half-plane, and let A C ¥ denote the z-axis, Points in Y — A have ordinary plane neighborhoods. A base for the neighborhoods of a point p e A consists of all sets N.(p)(e > 0), where N,(p) consists of p together with all points q e Y having distance P. ‘Then z,(C) is compact in P, s0 x2(C) is finite, and hence #,(C) ( N is closed in P. 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