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Abstract: The Highway 2000 Project consists of the construction of a new expressway out of Kingston, Jamaica. It is a 3-lane dual
carriageway extending over 7 kilometers. The construction involved bridges with one crossing the Hunt Bay, interchanges, a 25-lane
toll plaza and several service buildings and other structures. The road alignment passes over mangrove swamps and pond areas where
the ground condition is predominantly soft and compressible peat and organic clay up to depth of more than 20 m. Controlled Modulus
Columns are used to improve the bearing capacity of the underlying soft soils and to reduce post construction settlement. This paper
presents the design of the ground improvement works and the construction procedure.
INTRODUCTION
on hr and the quality and degree of compaction of the embankment fill material.
wp(0)
wp(0)
ws(0)
ws(0)
w(z)
h
L
wp(L)
wp(L)
Description
1.1 - Fill
1.2 - Peat
1.3 - Medium
sand
1.4 - Clay
1.5 - Clayed
sand
1.6 - Sand
Elevation
From
To
(m)
(m)
+3.0
+1.0
+1.0
-8.0
4/5
0.1 - 0.2
6 - 10
0
CPT qc
(MPa)
(blows /
30cm)
-8.0
-11.0
18
12 - 20
20
-11.0
-16.0
15.5
0.5
0-2
-16.0
-17.5
18
4-6
10
-17.5
bottom
18
20
25
Rf (%)
qc (MPa)
10
NSPT
Bulk
density
(kN/m3)
18
11
20
0 4% 8%
u2 (MPa)
0 0.1
0.5
1
qc
10
15
20
(m)
Soil displacement
KsB =
Ri
Soft soil
Ti
Potential shear
failure surface
Substratum
The resisting shear force is induced by the differential displacement of the soil along each side of the potential failure surface which creates a differential soil displacement field and resisting solicitations around the inclusion (Fig. 5). The calculation
scheme involves the following steps:
Evaluation of the vertical reaction Ri in the CMC inclusion
which depends on the embankment height, CMC spacing and
diameter;
12Em
4
2.65 +
3
(2)
(1)
Ri
Mi
.D 4 .D 3 32
2
(3)
a d m = 5 MP a
M = N
a d m = 5
M =
MP a
(b)
Fig. 8(a) Stability and (b) settlement analysis for Fort Augusta
interchange access embankment
(a)
Foundation of the box bridge on piles would increase the differential settlement between the embankment and the bridge. To
minimize differential settlement, it was decided to found the
bridge on CMC inclusions in the same way as the access embankment.
specific treatment. Peat and clay material have liquid limit LL >
40% with plasticity index IP > 20%, and are thus not considered
liquefiable. Dense sandy layers # 2.4 and # 2.6, where NSPT = 20
to 35 and qc = 12.5 MPa, are too dense to liquefy.
Future bridge
CMC grid
1.4 m 1.4 m
CMC grid
2.0 m 2.0 m
CMC grid
1.4 m 1.4 m
CMC installation
E oed =
h
h
(4)
Fig. 11 Existing Hunts bay bridge and new bridge under construction
Table 3 Particular soil profile for Hunt Bay bridge
Elevation
Bulk
From
To
qc
Description
density
(m)
(m)
(MPa)
3
(kN/m )
2.1- Water
+2.5
-1.0
10
2.2- medium
-1.0
-2.5
18
3.0
sand
2.3- clayed peat
-2.5
-4.0
12
0.5
2.4- Silty sand
-4.0
-7.5
18
12
2.5- Organic
-7.5
-10.0
15.5
0.4
clay
2.6- Sand
-10.0
-12.0
18
13
2.7- Clayed
-12.0
-15.5
18
2.0
sand
2.8- Stiff sand
-15.5
-18.5
18
20.0
2.9- Stiff clay
-18.5
bottom
17
3.5
4-6
4
15 - 20
4
20 - 25
8
30
15 - 25
NSPT
(blows /
30cm)
CMC uses a displacement auger that displaced the soil laterally without any extraction of soil. In the case of loose sand,
the driving of a group of conical displacement columns, with
a replacement ratio of 1.5 to 6%, results in an immediate
compaction of the soil with densification ratio of 1.5 to 6%
(which is equivalent to multiply the SPT blow count by 1.3
to 2.8). This additional compaction tends to decrease the contractancy of the loose sand, and thus decreases its liquefaction potential;
min =1.4
The global increase in the factor of safety against liquefaction induced by the installation of CMC inclusions was estimated to an
approximate multiplication factor of 2.5 i.e. the factor of safety
can be increased by 2.5 (FS = 1.03) by the presence of the CMC
inclusions.
In order to provide an additional increase in the factor of
safety against liquefaction up to an acceptable value, the proposed solution was to install anti-liquefaction drains in order to
prevent any excess pore water pressure build up in the liquefiable
soil during an earthquake. Liquefaction parameters taken into account in the design of the liquefaction remediation drains are the
following:
-
td = Neq T = 30 0.5 = 15 s;
As a consequence,
Tad =
kH
td
w mv 3 .a 2
= 48
(5)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Combarieu, O. 1988. Amlioration des sols par inclusions rigides
verticales application ldification de remblais sur sols
mdiocres, Revue Franaise de gotechnique n44: 57-59
Combarieu, O. 1988. Calcul dune fondation mixte, Note
dinformation mixte LCPC
Seed R. & Booker J. 1976. Stabilization of potentially liquefiable
sand deposits using gravel drain systems, ASCE GT Journal
407 p201-255
Youd T. L. & Al. 2001. Liquefaction Resistance of Soils: Summary Report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF
Workshops on Evaluation on Liquefaction Resistance of Soils,
Journal of Geotechnical and environmental engineering / October 2001 / 817