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ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
1. INTRODUCTION
Electric arc furnace is a massive
generator of disturbing in electrical power
system. The three types of disturbing the
electrical power system are: generation of the
three phased harmonic currents, consuming
of an important reactive power and
unbalanced high power three-phase charge. In
the first two directions it can be used
harmonic filters and a reactive power
compensation installation. The effect of these
installations was analyzed using simulation
program PSCAD/EMTDC [13]. PSCAD
(Power System Computer Aided Design) is a
multi-purpose graphical user interface
capable of supporting a variety of power
system simulation programs. This release
supports only EMTDC (Electro-Magnetic
Transients in DC Systems).
To realize this study there is need to
solve some problems as: what is the model of
the electric arc, taking into account that
electric arc have a nonlinear voltage-current
characteristic; what is the electrical
installation scheme of the electric arc furnace
and which are the values of the electrical
parameters; what are the elements of the
harmonic filters and reactive power
the
125
126
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
127
Rr1 = 0,6908 m,
Rr 2 = 0,3640 m,
(13)
Rr 3 = 0,0372 m,
3
(M12 M13 ) +
2
j Lp1 0,5 M12 0,5 M13 = Rr1 + jLr1,
3
(M 23 M12 ) +
(8)
2
j Lp 2 0,5 M 23 0,5 M12 = Rr 2 + jLr 2 ,
Z r1 = Rp +
Z r 2 = Rp +
3
(M13 M 23 ) +
2
j Lp3 0,5 M13 0,5 M 23 = Rr 3 + jLr 3.
Z r 3 = Rp +
l ln l + l + d ij
d ij
(9)
M ij = 0
l2 + d 2 + d
ij
ij
Lr 2 = 8,9416 H .
(14)
128
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
129
+
A
RL
RL
RL
100 [MVA]
#1
Um1
B
#2
30 [kV]
Im2
Um2
C
110 [kV]
Im1
73.0 [MVA]
Im3
#1
Um3
0.000009542 [H]
IA2
0.00069 [ohm]
Uj2
0.0000089 [H]
IA3
0.000364 [ohm]
Uj3
0.000009542 [H]
0.000037[ohm]
C
0.56 [kV]
RA1
Uj1
B
#2
30kV
IA1
+
RA2
+
RA3
5.0
0.19
Da
-5.0
0.039
0.01
l2
Arc length
l2
l3
26
26
26
l3
cm
Cb
l1
cm
l1
cm
Db
0.04
Caa
15.6825
IA1
IA2
IA3
Um1
Um2
Um3
Im1
Im2
Im3
Uj1
Uj2
Uj3
15.5298
15.6825
l1
l1
N/D
D + +
Uth1
N
Caa
u1p
Db
D + +
u1n
Db
D
N
Ctrl
N/D
RA1
D
IA1 Arc resistance
B Comparator
- phase 1
-1.0
Cb
Db
D
N
Ctrl
B Comparator
N/D
N/D
u3n
+
F
Ignition voltage
for negative
semialternance,
phase 3
D
+
Arc resistance
- phase 2
A
u2p
RA3
B
u2n
D
IA3 Arc resistance
- phase 3
Ctrl = 1
N
N/D
Ctrl
A
Ia2
0.0
u3p
F
Ust3
F
IA3
Ctrl = 1
A
Ia3
0.0
Uth3
Ust3
B
u3n
D + +
F
IA3
D
A
u3p
N/D
Da
D + +
F
A
Ctrl = 1
A
Ia1
0.0
N
Caa
u2p
u2n
N/D
F
IA2
A
u1p
-1.0
F
IA1
B
u1n
Arc length on
phase 1
l3
F
Ust2
F
IA2
Cb
l3
Uth2
D + +
F
A
N/D
Da
D + +
Ust2
N/D
Arc length on
phase 2
-1.0
Cb
l2
positive semialternance,
phase 1
F
IA1
Ust1
F
Ust1 Ignition voltage for
Da
D + +
F
A
Arc length on
phase 1
N
Caa
l2
D
IA2
B Comparator
Fig. 2. The electric diagram for simulation using different values of the short network impedance.
RA2
130
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
Table 1.
The powers
S (MVA)
Measure
values
Simulating
values
P (MW)
Q (MVAR)
Thdi (%)
Thdu (%)
72,25
48,63
52,43
10,29
0,546
16,83
7,3
73,51
47,36
55,97
5,35
0,644
8,44
3,17
10
Voltage (V)
D (MVAD)
The power
factor, kp
10
10
10
-1
10
-2
10
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
10
Frequency (Hz)
Low voltage current spectrum
10
Current (A)
10
10
10
10
10
Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 3. Current and voltage spectrum for low voltage line feed obtained by simulation
l2 = 16 cm ,
(15)
l3 = 12,5 cm
Based on relation (3), they lead to obtain the
values of the electric arcs voltage given by
the relation:
U th1 = 235 V
U th 2 = 200 V
131
(16)
U th 3 = 165 V
This results by comparing the results
+
RL
RL
Im 1
Um1
B
Im 2
100 [MVA]
#1
#2
Um2
C
110 [kV]
RL
30 [kV]
Im 3
73.0 [MVA]
#1
Um3
0.000009342 0.000364
[H]
[ohm]
IA2
Uj2
0.000009342 0.000364
[H]
[ohm]
IA3
RA2
Uj3
0.000009342 [H]
0.000364[ohm]
C
0.56 [kV]
RA1
Uj1
B
#2
30kV
IA1
+
RA3
5.0
0.19
Da
-5.0
0.039
0.01
l2
Arc length
l2
l3
26
26
26
l3
cm
Cb
l1
cm
l1
cm
Db
0.04
Caa
22.36
IA1
IA2
IA3
Um1
Um2
Um 3
Im 1
Im2
Im3
Uj1
Uj2
Uj3
14.7
9.38
l1
l1
Da
D
N/D
N
Cb
Da
D
D
+
B
u1n
N/D
B Comparator
D
IA1
RA1
Arc resistance
- phase 1
Cb
Ctrl
B Comparator
N/D
u3n
+
F
N/D
Ignition voltage
for negative
semialternance,
phase 3
D
+
Arc resistance
- phase 2
A
u2p
RA3
B
u2n
D
IA3 Arc resistance
- phase 3
Ctrl =
1
N
N/D
Ctrl
A
Ia2
0.0
u3p
F
Ust3
F
IA3
Uth3
Db
D
-1.0
Ctrl =
F
A
Ust3
+
A
u3p
N/D
F
IA3
A
Ia3
0.0
Da
D
B
u3n
Ctrl
N
Caa
u2p
u2n
N/D
F
IA2
Ctrl =
A
Ia1
Arc length on
phase 1
Cb
l3
l3
F
Ust2
Db
D
A
u1p
-1.0
N/D
N/D
l2
Uth2
+
F
A
F
IA2
Ust2
F
IA1
0.0
-1.0
N
Caa
u1n
Arc length on
phase 2
positive semialternance,
phase 1
l2
u1p
F
IA1
Db
D
Uth1
F
Ust1 Ignition voltage for
Ust1
+
F
A
Arc length on
phase 1
N
Caa
B Comparator
Fig. 4. The electric diagram for simulation using different values of the arc length.
D
IA2
RA2
132
IR
IR
IS
IS
IT
IT
I+
I+
III0
I0
ACTA ELECTROTEHNICA
Simulation using
Simulation using
different values of the
different values of
short network impedance
the arc length
-458,16-j1324,82
-219.22-1-j1292.5
1401,81
1310.99
-876,95+j1248,53
-875.5+j1453.2
1525,73
1696.55
1335,10+j76,29
1094.7-j160.7
1337,28
1106.44
-567,17-j1300,31
-575.47-j1214.3
1418,62
1343.77
109,48-j23,63
356.8-j77.09
112,00
365.03
-1e-029+j7,4e-013
4.83e-013+j4.06e-13
7,41e-013
6.3e-13
REFERENCES
1. Varadan, S., Makram, E.B., Girgis, A.A., A New
Time Domain Voltage Source Model for an Arc
Furnace using EMPT, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, vol. 11, No. 3, pg. 1685-1691,
July 1996.
2. Montanari, G.C., Loggini, M., Cavallini, A., Pitti, L.,
Zaminelli, D., Arc-Furnace model for the Study of
Flicker Compensation in Electrical Networks, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 9, No. 4, pg.
2026-2036, October 1994.
3. Tang, L., Kolluri, S., Mark, F. Mc-Granaghan,
Voltage Flicker Prediction for two simultaneously
operated Arc Furnaces, IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, vol. 12, No. 2, April 1997.
4. Collantes-Bellido, R., Gomez, T., Identification
and Modelling of a Three Phase Arc Furnace for
Voltage
Disturbance
Simulation,
IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 12, No. 4,
pg. 1812-1817, October 1997.
5. Petersen, H.M., Koch, R.G., Swart, P.H., R. van
Heereden, Modelling Arc Furnace Flicker and
Investigating Compensation Techniques, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, pg. 1733-1740,
1995.
6. Chen, M.T., Ussing FFT in measurement of voltage
flicker, IEEE Proceedings General Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 144, No. 2, pg. 175-180, March
1997.
7. Deckmann, S.M., Rabelo, G.F., A Quality Index
Based on Voltage Flicker and Distortion
Evaluations,
IEEE
Proceedings
General
Transmission and Distribution, vol. 2, pg. 235-241,
February 1997.
8. Jang G.; Wang W.; Heydt G. T.; Venkata S. S.; Lee
B., Development of Enhanced Electric Arc Furnace
Models for Transient Analysis , Electric Power
Components and Systems, Volume 29, Number 11,
1 November 2001, pp. 1060-1073(14)